<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las úlceras de presión</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Freer-Bustamante</surname>
<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevención de la transmisión perinatal del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Porras Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>León Bratti</surname>
<given-names>María Paz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>48</fpage>
<lpage>49</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Connor</surname>
<given-names>EM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sperling</surname>
<given-names>RS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gelber</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>331</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wortley</surname>
<given-names>PM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lindegren</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fleming</surname>
<given-names>PL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Successful implementation of perinatal HIV prevention guidelines</article-title>
<source>MMWR</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<issue>rr06</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: A meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>340</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dunn</surname>
<given-names>DT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Newell</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ades</surname>
<given-names>AE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breast-feeding</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>340</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estadísticas sobre el SIDA</article-title>
<source>Estadísticas sobre el SIDA</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Control del SIDA</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Base de datos de la CVIH-HNN</article-title>
<source>Base de datos de la CVIH-HNN</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Hospital Nacional de Niños &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera&quot;</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Importancia clínica de la proteinuria en diabetes mellitus</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Figueroa</surname>
<given-names>Valentín</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Urroz-Cárcamo</surname>
<given-names>Karla M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arguedas-Chaverri</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>50</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación: Ante la creciente incidencia de Diabetes Mellitus en la población joven, y en vista del pobre nivel de control metabólico alcanzado mundialmente para dicha enfermedad, es necesario encontrar métodos sencillos, prácticos y a nuestro alcance, para detectar en forma muy temprana la aparición de las complicaciones crónicas propias de la Diabetes. Así se lograría evitar, ó al menos enlentecer, la evolución natural de una enfermedad muy limitante para quien no conoce lo suficiente de cómo vivir con ella, o una vez advertido y debidamente instruido en sus implicaciones, hace caso omiso de lo que se recomienda. Objetivo: Revisar la más reciente evidencia de utilidad y disponibilidad de los distintos métodos de evaluación de la albuminuria, para mejorar el abordaje del paciente diabético, con o sin nefropatía. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de publicaciones de los últimos 10 años. Conclusiones: 1) A todo paciente DM Tipo 1 luego de 5 años de ser diagnosticado y a todo paciente DM tipo 2 al momento del diagnóstico, debe realizársele medición de proteinuria. 2) Las tiras reactivas para determinar la micro y macroalbuminuria son confiables en relación con la medición de la orina de 24 horas. 3) Los factores más importantes dentro de la evolución de la nefropatía diabética y que exigen un agresivo manejo son: un buen control metabólico y el manejo antihipertensivo. 4) Los otros factores son importantes, pero su intervención es discutible.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Background: Due to the growing incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in a younger population, and in view of the poor level of metabolic control reached worldwide for this illness, it is necessary to find simple and practical methods, within our reach, in order to detect the appearance of the chronic complications of Diabetes in very early stages to avoid or at least slow down the natural evolution of them. Aim: To review the most recent evidence of the utility and readiness of different methods to evaluate albuminuria, in order to improve the approach of the diabetic patient, with or without nephropathy. Methodology: Bibliographical review of publications of the last 10 years. Conclusions: a) All patient with DM type 1, 5 years after their diagnosis and all diabetic patient type 2 at the moment of the diagnosis should have a measurement of their proteinuria. b) The reactivate strips to determine the micro and macro-albuminuria are reliable and correlate well with the meansurement of albuminuria in a 24 hours orine. c) The most important factors that inside in the evolution of the diabetic nephropathy and that demand an aggressive management are: a good metabolic control and the control of the blood presure.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>Nefropatía Diabética</kwd>
<kwd>Albuminuria</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiencia Renal</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Winocour</surname>
<given-names>Ph</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Microalbuminuria</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>304</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jarret</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Viberti</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Argyropulus</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hill</surname>
<given-names>RD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mahmud</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murrells</surname>
<given-names>TJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Med</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mogensen</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Microalbuminuria Predicts Clinical Proteinuria and Early Mortality in Maturity Onset Diabetes</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>310</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Viverti</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hill</surname>
<given-names>RD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jarret</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Argyropoulus</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mahmud</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Keen</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical Nephropathy in Insulin- Dependent Diabetes</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1982</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mattock</surname>
<given-names>MB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barnes</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Viberti</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Keen</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burt</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hughes</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
<given-names>AP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Microalbuminuria and Coronary Heart Disease in NIDDM</article-title>
<source>Diabetes</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>47</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nauchin</surname>
<given-names>MK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kawano</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Uyama</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shaiiki</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dohi</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Discordance between retinopathy and nefropathy in type 2 Diabetes</article-title>
<source>Nephron</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>80</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pennoi</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chaturved</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tolmud</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cotroneo</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Manto</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nannipieri</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Loung</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fuller</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>Diabetes</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>47</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Randomized Placebo-Controlled trial of Lisinopril in Normotensive Patients with Insulin-dependent Diabetes and Normoalbuminuria or Microalbuminuria</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>349</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tonolo</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ciccaresse</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brizzi</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Puddu</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zecchi</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reduction of Albumin Excretion Rate in Normotensive Microalbuminuric type 2 Diabetic Patients During Long-Term Simvastatin Treatment</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bakris</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stein</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetes Nephropathy</article-title>
<source>Disease-a-month</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>39</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetic Nephropathy Position Statement, American Diabetes Association</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morrison</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Neilson</surname>
<given-names>EG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sheeram</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alan</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wassertein</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kobonin</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetic Nephropathy</article-title>
<source>Disease a Month</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>44</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Poinier Zuny</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New México: Preserving the Diabetic kidney</article-title>
<source>The Am J of Family Practice</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>46</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bennet</surname>
<given-names>PH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haffner</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kasike</surname>
<given-names>BL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Keane</surname>
<given-names>WF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mongensen</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parving</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetic Renal Disease Recomendations</article-title>
<source>Am J of Kidney Diseases</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>45</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zelmanovitz</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gross</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Oliveira</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>de Acevedo</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Proteinuria is Still Useful For The Screenning and Diagnosis of Overt Diabetic Nephrophaty</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mogensen</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Viberti</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Petrein</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kuter</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hasslacher</surname>
<given-names>Ch</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoffman</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Multicenter Evaluation of the Micral-Test II: Test Strip and Inmunologic Rapid Test for The Detection of Microalbuminuria</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and progession of long-term complications in insulino-dependent Diabetes</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>329</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Intensive Blood Glucose Control with Sulphonylureas or Insulin Compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 33)</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>352</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of intensive Blood Glucose control policy with metformin on complication in Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 34)</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>352</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tight Blood Presure Control and Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular complication in Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 38)</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>317</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of Atenolol and Captopril in Reducing: Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular complication in Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 39)</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>317</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bangstad</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Osterby</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hartmann</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berg</surname>
<given-names>TJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hanssen</surname>
<given-names>KF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Severity of Glomerulopathy predicts Long-Term Urinary Albumin Excretión Rate in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chaiken</surname>
<given-names>RL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eckert-Norton</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bard</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Banerji</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Palmisano</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sachimechi</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Levovitz</surname>
<given-names>HE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hiperfiltration in African-American patients with type 2 Diabetes</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ranid</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brosh</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ravid-Safran</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Levi</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rachmani</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Main Risk Factores For Nephropathy in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are plasma Cholesterol levels; mean Blood Presure and hyperglycemia</article-title>
<source>Arch Intern Med</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>158</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease in People with Diabetes</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Annegall</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hougaard</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Borch- Johnsen</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parving</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Risk Factor for Development of incipient and overt Diabetes Nephropathy in Patients with non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Prospective Observational Study</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>314</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Lesiones vasculares abdominales: El desafío del cirujano de trauma</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>Juan A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Navarro-Soto</surname>
<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Forno</surname>
<given-names>Walter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Roldan</surname>
<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivas</surname>
<given-names>Luz María</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salim</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rowe</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>Demetrios</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Southern California Medical Center  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>63</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: Las lesiones vasculares abdominales presentan los mayores índices de mortalidad y morbilidad de entre todas las lesiones que puede sufrir un enfermo traumático. Método: Revisión de la clínica, diagnóstico, vías de abordaje y tratamiento de los pacientes con lesiones vasculares intraabdominales, basada en la experiencia en el manejo de 302 enfermos. Resultados: Las heridas penetrantes abdominales constituyen entre el 90%-95% de las lesiones que afectan a los vasos abdominales. La lesión abdominal multiorgánica es frecuente. Los hallazgos clínicos compatibles con hemoperitoneo o peritonitis y la ausencia de pulsos femorales son tributarios de laparotomía. En los pacientes que presentan paro cardio-respiratorio, se debe realizar toracotomía de urgencia para masaje cardiaco abierto y pinzamiento aórtico. La mortalidad global es del 54%, la exsanguinación representa el 85% de la misma. El síndrome compartimental en el abdomen y en las extremidades, así como el círculo vicioso de la acidosis, la hipotermia y la coagulopatía son las principales complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las lesiones vasculares abdominales presentan una alta mortalidad y morbilidad. El conocimiento anatómico del retroperitoneo y de las vías de abordaje de los vasos así como una exploración clínica adecuada ayudaran a disminuir las complicaciones y la mortalidad de estos pacientes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: Abdominal vascular injuries have a very high mortality and morbidity rates among trauma patients. Methods: This is a clinical review of the diagnosis, surgical procedures, and treatment of patients with abdominal vascular injuries, based on the clinical experience from 302 patients presenting this type of injury. Results: Penetrating injuries account for 90% to 95% of all abdominal vascular injuries. Mutiple organ injuries are frequent. The clinical sings of a hemoperitoneum and or peritonitis and the absence of femoral pulses are indications for laparatomy. In the patients with cardio-pulmonary arrest, an emergent thoracatomy with open cardiac mássage and cross clamping of the aorta should be performed. The global mortality rate is 54%. Exsanguination accounts for 85% of these deaths. The compartment syndrome of the abdomen and limbs, as well as the cronic cycle of ascidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathies are the principle complications. Conclusions: Abdominal vascular injuries have a high mortality/morbidity rate. The precise knowledge of the retroperitoneal anatomy and the surgical approaches to access these vessels, as well as the adequate clinical evaluation will assist in lowering the mortality and complications rates of these patients.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>lesiones vasculares abdominales</kwd>
<kwd>clínica</kwd>
<kwd>tratamiento</kwd>
<kwd>Abdominal vascular injuries</kwd>
<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>surgical procedures</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lejarraga</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Abdominal Vascular Injury</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Trauma Handbook</article-title>
<source>Trauma Handbook</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Austin </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Landes Biosciences Co</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hanpeter</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gomez</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chahwan</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Orduna</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McDuffie</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Exsanguination: Textbook of Critical Care</article-title>
<source>Exsanguination: Textbook of Critical Care</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Philadelphia </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Saúnders Co</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Exsanguination from Penetrating Injuries: Trauma Quarterly</article-title>
<source>Exsanguination from Penetrating Injuries: Trauma Quarterly</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Mauro L Eds</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lerardi</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jacobs</surname>
<given-names>LM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bennett-Jacobs</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="enen">ExsanguinationEmergency Care Quarterly: Evolving Issues in Emergency and Trauma Care</article-title>
<source>Guest Editor</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stone</surname>
<given-names>HH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Strom</surname>
<given-names>PR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mullins</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Management of the major coagulopathy with onset during laparotomy</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>197</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rotondo</surname>
<given-names>MF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwab</surname>
<given-names>CW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McGonigal</surname>
<given-names>MD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Damage control: An approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury</article-title>
<source>J Trauma</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>35</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ivatury</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cayten</surname>
<given-names>CG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Abdominal Vessels</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The Textbook of Penetrating Trauma</article-title>
<source>The Textbook of Penetrating Trauma</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Baltimore </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Williams and Wilkins</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Graham</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mattox</surname>
<given-names>KL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Abdominal Vascular Injury Trauma</article-title>
<source></source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>McGraw Hill</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maull</surname>
<given-names>KI</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Clevland</surname>
<given-names>HC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Towel clips, silos, and heroic forms of wound closure</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Advances in Trauma and Critical Care</article-title>
<source>Advances in Trauma and Critical Care</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Year Book Medical Publishers</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>FA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The abdominal compartment syndrome</article-title>
<source>Surg Clin North Am</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>76</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ortiz</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Richardson</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Abbreviated laparotomy and planned reoperation for critically injured patients</article-title>
<source>Am Surg</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>215</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morris</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eddy</surname>
<given-names>VA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Binman</surname>
<given-names>TA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The staged celiotomy for trauma. Issues in unpacking and reconstruction</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>217</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Staged laparotomy for the hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy syndrome</article-title>
<source>Am J Surg</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>172</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Franciose</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Staged physiologic restoration and damage control surgery</article-title>
<source>World J Surg</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rich</surname>
<given-names>NM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vascular Trauma</article-title>
<source>Surgical Clinics of North America</source>
<year>1973</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>53</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>DeBakey</surname>
<given-names>ME</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Simeone</surname>
<given-names>FA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Battle injuries of the arteries in World War II: An analysis of 2,471 cases</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1946</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>123</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hughes</surname>
<given-names>CW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Arterial repair during the Korean War</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1958</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>147</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rich</surname>
<given-names>NM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baugh</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hughes</surname>
<given-names>CW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Acute arterial injuries in Vietnam: 1,000 cases</article-title>
<source>J Trauma</source>
<year>1970</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>10</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chahwan</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hanpeter</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Forno</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gambaro</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Operative Management and Outcome of 302 Abdominal Vascular Injuries. AAST-OIS Correlates well with mortality</article-title>
<source></source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<conf-name>Southwestern Surgical Congress</conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Theodoru</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murray</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cornwell</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Velmahos</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality and Prognostic factor in Penetrating Injuries of the Aorta</article-title>
<source>J Trauma</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>40</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bitondo</surname>
<given-names>CG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mattox</surname>
<given-names>KL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Civilian trauma in the 1980’s: A 1-year experience with 456 vascular and cardiac injuries</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>199</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mattox</surname>
<given-names>KL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Feliciano</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burch</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Five thousand seven hundred sixty cardiovascular injuries in 4459 patients. Epidemiologic evolution 1958 to 1987</article-title>
<source>Ann Surg</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>209</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Voystock</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Khatri</surname>
<given-names>VJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kerstein</surname>
<given-names>MD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gutierrez-Lizardi</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Toracotomía en el Centro de Urgencias</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Procedimientos en el Paciente Critico</article-title>
<source>Procedimientos en el Paciente Critico</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>III</volume>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc>Monterrey </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ediciones Cuellar</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hanpeter</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The Futility of Liberal Utilization of Emergency Department Thoracotomy</article-title>
<source>The Futility of Liberal Utilization of Emergency Department Thoracotomy</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<conf-name>Proceedings of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma</conf-name>
<conf-date>September 1998</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Baltimore Maryland</conf-loc>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>EE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cogbill</surname>
<given-names>TH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jurkovich</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Organ Injury Scaling III: Chest wall, abdominal vascular, ureter, bladder and urethra</article-title>
<source>J Trauma</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asensio</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berne</surname>
<given-names>JD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chahwan</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hanpeter</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Demetriades</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Velmahos</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Traumatic Injury to the Superior Mesenteric Artery</article-title>
<source>American Journal of Surgery</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>178</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis microbiológico de úlceras de presión en pacientes del Centro Nacional de Rehabilitación (CENARE)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villalobos-Camacho</surname>
<given-names>Karla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández-Guerrero</surname>
<given-names>Mercedes</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arteaga-Acevedo</surname>
<given-names>Susana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montero-Mejía</surname>
<given-names>Federico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Laboratorio Clínico Milenium  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro Nacional de Rehabilitación  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>64</fpage>
<lpage>69</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivo: Las úlceras de presión son áreas localizadas de tejido necrótico que tienden a desarro-llarse cuando los tejidos blandos son comprimidos entre una prominencia ósea y una superficie externa. La principal complicación de estas lesiones es que pueden constituirse en focos primarios de infecciones bacterianas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis microbiológico de las úlceras de presión en pacientes de las unidades de Lesionados Medulares, Neurotrauma y Fisiatría General del Centro Nacional de Rehabilitación para determinar cuáles bacterias aerobias predominan en dichas lesiones y determinar el perfil de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de los aislamientos bacterianos. Métodos: En este estudio se incluyeron 50 muestras recolectadas de 35 úlceras de presión en un total de 22 pacientes con daños en la médula espinal atendidos durante el período de agosto de 1998 a marzo de 1999. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en medios convencionales para el aislamiento de bacterias aerobias. La identificación de los aislamientos se realizó mediante pruebas bioquímicas y el sistema Vitek®. El perfil de susceptibilidad a antibióticos se realizó mediante la técnica Kirby-Bauer con respaldo por el sistema Vitek®. Resultados: Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativa, S. intermedius y A. baumannii, los cuales presentaron resistencia contra diversos antibióticos. No se encontró ningún aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente en las lesiones estudiadas. A lo largo del estudio se observó variabilidad en los perfiles de resistencia en aislamientos de P. aeruginosa de un paciente durante su internamiento, lo cual sugiere adquisición de genes de resistencia y sustitución de cepas. Los perfiles de resistencia sugieren una posible transmisión intrahospitalaria de cepas de P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativa y S. intermedius. Conclusiones: El presente estudio indica que la biota bacteriana encontrada en las úlceras de presión en pacientes con lesiones medulares del CENARE está constituida principalmente por P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativa, S. intermedius y A. baumannii, que muestran resistencia a diversos antibióticos y que son probablemente de origen intrahospitalario.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Background and aim: The pressure sores are areas of necrotic tissue that develop when soft tissues are compressed between a bone and an external surface. Bacterial infections are the main complication of the pressure sores. The aim of this study was to perform a microbiological analysis of pressure sores in order to determine the bacterial aerobic flora in patients admitted to the units of Medullary Injuries, Neurotrauma and General Fisiatry of the National Center of Rehabilitation and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates. Methods: 50 samples collected from 35 pressure sores in 22 patients, during the period from August 1998 to March 1999, were included in this study. Samples were cultured in conventional media for the isolation of aerobic bacteria. Identification of isolates were performed by standard biochemical tests and Vitek® system. Susceptibility tests were carried out by disk diffusion test and the Vitek® system. Results: P. aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, S. intermedius and A. baumannii were the most frequently isolated aerobic bacterial species, which showed resistance against several antibiotics. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found. Several isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from different sores in a single patient. These isolates showed variability in the resistance patterns during the hospitalization, suggesting acquisition of resistance genes and reinfection with phenotypically distinguishable strains. The observed resistance patterns suggest a putative intrahospitalary transmission of P. aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and S. intermedius. Conclusions: Multiresistant P. aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, S. intermedius and A. baumannii are the main bacterial components of the biota in the ulcer sores in patients of CENARE. Phenotypic traits suggest intrahospitalary dissemination of these bacteria among patients and institutional measures should be implemented to control such dissemination and to improve the use of antimicrobials against multiresistant bacteria.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>úlceras de presión</kwd>
<kwd>resistencia a antibióticos</kwd>
<kwd>infecciones intrahospitalarias</kwd>
<kwd>Acinetobacter</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudomonas</kwd>
<kwd>Staphylococcus</kwd>
<kwd>Enterobacteriaceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kanj</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wilking</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Phillips</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Continuing medical education: pressure sores</article-title>
<source>J Am Academ Derm</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>38</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Patterson</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bennett</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Prevention and treatment of pressure sores</article-title>
<source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>43</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goode</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tarquine</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Allman</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers and risk of death</article-title>
<source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>44</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A guide to specimen management in clinical microbiology</article-title>
<source>A guide to specimen management in clinical microbiology</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Washington, D.C </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shigei</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Isenberg</surname>
<given-names>HD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Test methods used in the identification of commonly isolated aerobic Gram-negative bacteria</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical microbiology procedures handbook</article-title>
<source>Clinical microbiology procedures handbook</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Washington, D.C </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pratt-Rippin</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pezzlo</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Isenberg</surname>
<given-names>HD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of commonly isolated aerobic Gram-positive bacteria</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical microbiology procedures handbook</article-title>
<source>Clinical microbiology procedures handbook</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Washington, D.C </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villanova</surname>
<given-names>PA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Perfomance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing: approved standard M2-A4</article-title>
<source>Perfomance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing: approved standard M2-A4</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Isenberg</surname>
<given-names>HD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>D’Amato</surname>
<given-names>RF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murray</surname>
<given-names>PR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baron</surname>
<given-names>EJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pfaller</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tenover</surname>
<given-names>FC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yolken</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Indigeneous and pathogenic microorganisms of humans</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Manual of clinical microbiology</article-title>
<source>Manual of clinical microbiology</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>6</edition>
<publisher-loc>Washington </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montgomerie</surname>
<given-names>JZ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shick</surname>
<given-names>DG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">pH and water content of Pseudomonas aeruginosa- and Klebsiella pneumoniae-colonized perineal skin of men with spinal cord injuries</article-title>
<source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>18</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montgomerie</surname>
<given-names>JZ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Infections in patients with spinal cord injuries</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>25</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bush</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jacoby</surname>
<given-names>GA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Medeiros</surname>
<given-names>AA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A functional classification scheme for b-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure</article-title>
<source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>39</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Da Silva</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leitão</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peixe</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Emergence of carbapenem-hydrolizing enzymes in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates</article-title>
<source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>37</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Marques</surname>
<given-names>MB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brookings</surname>
<given-names>ES</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moser</surname>
<given-names>SA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sonke</surname>
<given-names>PB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Waites</surname>
<given-names>KB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of nosocomial isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and synergistic activities of nine antimicrobial combinations</article-title>
<source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Voss</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Doebbeling</surname>
<given-names>BN</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The worldwide prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</article-title>
<source>Int J Antimicrob Agents</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>5</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Interim guidelines for prevention and control of staphylococcal infections associated with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin</article-title>
<source>Morb Mort Weekly Rep</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>46</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kloos</surname>
<given-names>WE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bannerman</surname>
<given-names>TL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci</article-title>
<source>Clin Microbiol Rev</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chambers</surname>
<given-names>HF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications</article-title>
<source>Clin Microbiol Rev</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>10</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Massova</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mobashery</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Kinship and diversification of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and b-lactamases</article-title>
<source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>42</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Blanc</surname>
<given-names>DS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Petignat</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moreillon</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Entenza</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eisenring</surname>
<given-names>MC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kleiber</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Unusual spread of a penicillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone in a geographic area of low incidence</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>29</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Relaciones del perfil lipídico con variables dietéticas, antropométricas, bioquímicas, y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes universitarios</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ulate-Montero</surname>
<given-names>Guido</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Aileen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>70</fpage>
<lpage>76</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivos: La enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, al igual que otras enfermedades crónicas, tiene su origen en la infancia y la adolescencia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas, el nivel de actividad física y los componentes de la dieta que se relacionan y además podrían predecir los niveles plasmáticos de colesterol, LDL, HDL y triglicéridos en estudiantes jóvenes costarricenses. Métodos: La muestra estudiada la formaron 110 estudiantes (59 mujeres y 51 hombres) de la Universidad de Costa Rica con edades entre los 17 y 20 años, seleccionados aleatoriamente del total de estudiantes que ingresaron en 1996. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos, de la dieta, la bioquímica sanguínea y el consumo de oxígeno. Las relaciones entre el perfil lipídico (variables dependientes) y el resto de variables evaluadas (independientes) se analizaron por medio de coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y modelos de regresión múltiple (stepwise). Resultados: Los niveles de colesterol total y de LDL se relacionan de manera directa y significativa (p&lt;0.01) con el porcentaje de grasa corporal y los triglicéridos. La relación entre las LDL y el consumo máximo de oxígeno fue inversa (p&lt;0.05). Los niveles altos de triglicéridos, de ácido úrico, de cintura, de índice de masa corporal y de ingesta de B6, se relacionaron significativamente (p&lt;0.05) con concentraciones bajas de HDL. Aproximadamente, un 50% (R2 = 0.459) de la variabilidad del colesterol, es explicado por el sexo, los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos, de HDL y de potasio. Conclusiones: Se encontró que en individuos jóvenes, el sexo y ciertas variables antropométricas, como el índice de masa corporal, la relación cintura/cadera y el porcentaje de grasa corporal, presentaron las asociaciones más importantes con los niveles séricos de los lípidos y las lipoproteínas evaluados. Además, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, los niveles plasmáticos de ácido úrico y potasio, el consumo de fibra, B6, vitamina C y ácido fólico también se relacionaron significativamente con el perfil lipídico.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Background and objectives: It has been estimated that coronary heart disease, as well as other chronic diseases, has its origins in infancy and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in Costa Rican young students, the relation of anthropometric and biochemical parameters, fitness level and dietary composition to the serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides) Population and methods: A sample of 110 youths (59 female and 51 male) between ages 17 and 20 years, were randomly selected from the total of new students that initiated at the University of Costa Rica in 1996. Pearson correlation coefficients were first used to evaluate associations between the lipid profile and anthropometric, biochemical, dietetic and fitness parameters. A stepwise regression procedure was used to identify independent associations between the variables. Results: Total serum cholesterol and LDL levels correlate positively and significantly (p&lt;0.01) with percent body fat and triglyceride levels. LDL was inversely associated with maximum oxygen consumption (p&lt;0.05). Greater levels of triglycerides, uric acid, waist, body mass index and B6 intake were significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with lower HDL concentrations. Approximately 50% (R2 = 0.459) of the cholesterol variability is explained by sex, triglyceride, HDL, and potassium serum levels. Conclusions: Since adolescence, sex and anthropometric variables like body mass index, waist/hip relation and percent body fat, presented the greater associations with lipid and lipoprotein serum levels. Also, maximum oxygen consumption, uric acid and potassium plasmatic levels, fiber, B6, vitamin C and folic acid intake were significantly correlated with the lipid profile.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Enfermedad coronaria</kwd>
<kwd>factores de riesgo</kwd>
<kwd>perfil lipídico</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>adolescencia</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary disease</kwd>
<kwd>risk factors</kwd>
<kwd>blood cholesterol</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>adolescence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castelli</surname>
<given-names>WP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garrison</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>WPF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Abbott</surname>
<given-names>RD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kalousdian</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kannel</surname>
<given-names>WB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels: The Framinghan Study</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<year>1986</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>256</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solberg</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Strong</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions: a review of autopsy studies</article-title>
<source>Arteriosclerosis</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lavie</surname>
<given-names>CJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid and lipoprotein fractions and coronary artery disease</article-title>
<source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>68</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stamler</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dyer</surname>
<given-names>AR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shekelle</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Neaton</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stamler</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship of baseline major risk factors to coronary and all-cause mortality, and to longevity: findings from long-term follow-up of Chicago cohorts</article-title>
<source>Cardiology</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>82</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>O’Keefe</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lavie</surname>
<given-names>CJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McCallister</surname>
<given-names>BD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Insights into the pathogenesis and prevention of coronary artery disease</article-title>
<source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>70</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McGill</surname>
<given-names>HC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McMahan</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determinants of atherosclerosis in the young. Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in the youth (PDAY) research group</article-title>
<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>82</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bao</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Newman</surname>
<given-names>WP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tracy</surname>
<given-names>RE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>338</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mahoney</surname>
<given-names>LT</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: The Muscatine Study</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>27</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Webber</surname>
<given-names>LS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wattigney</surname>
<given-names>WA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tracking of serum lipids and lipoproteins from childhood to adulthood: The Bogaluda Heart Study</article-title>
<source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>133</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lauer</surname>
<given-names>RM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Clarke</surname>
<given-names>WR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Factors affecting the relationship between chilhood and adult cholesterol levels: the Muscatine Study</article-title>
<source>Pediatrics</source>
<year>1988</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>82</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Porkka</surname>
<given-names>KVK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Viikari</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Akerblom</surname>
<given-names>HK</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tracking of serum HDL-cholesterol and other lipids in chilhood and adolescents: The cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study</article-title>
<source>Prev Med</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fuster</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gotto</surname>
<given-names>AM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Libby</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Loscalzo</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McGill</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Task Force 1: Pathogenesis of Coronary Disease: The Biologic Role of Risk Factors</article-title>
<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>27</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hayes</surname>
<given-names>KC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Khosla</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dietary fatty acids and cholesterolemia</article-title>
<source>FASEB J</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mensik</surname>
<given-names>RP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Katan</surname>
<given-names>MB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 27 trials</article-title>
<source>Arterioscler Thromb</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>12</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Keys</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>JT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Grande</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet</article-title>
<source>Metabolism</source>
<year>1965</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>14</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Durstine</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haskell</surname>
<given-names>WL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins</article-title>
<source>Ex Sport Sci Rev</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khoury</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morrison</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kelly</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horvitz</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Glueck</surname>
<given-names>CJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clustering and interrelationships of coronary heart disease risk factors in schoolchildren, ages 6-19</article-title>
<source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
<year>1980</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>112</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Smoak</surname>
<given-names>CG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burke</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Webber</surname>
<given-names>LS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harsha</surname>
<given-names>DW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Relation of obesity to clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
<source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>125</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>De Fronzo</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ferrannini</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Insulin resistance: A multi-faceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic heart disease</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>14</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bao</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wattigney</surname>
<given-names>WA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Persistence of multiple cardiovascular risk clustering related to syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
<source>Arch Intern Med</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>154</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fernández-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ulate-Montero</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Factores de riesgo de enfermedades de arteria coronaria en universitarios de 17 a 19 años de edad</article-title>
<source>Rev Invest Clin</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aragón-Vargas</surname>
<given-names>LF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fernández-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>AS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fisiología del ejercicio: respuestas, entrenamiento y medición</article-title>
<source>Fisiología del ejercicio: respuestas, entrenamiento y medición</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castro</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación del estado nutricional de adultos</article-title>
<source>Evaluación del estado nutricional de adultos</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Oficina de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whitney</surname>
<given-names>EN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cataldo</surname>
<given-names>CB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rolfes</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Understanding normal and clinical nutrition</article-title>
<source>Understanding normal and clinical nutrition</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc>St. Paul </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>West Publishing Company</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montero</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Valoración del uso de fotografías para estimar el tamaño de porción de alimentos</article-title>
<source>Valoración del uso de fotografías para estimar el tamaño de porción de alimentos</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
<source>Pediatrics</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>89</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular risk in early life: The Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
<source>Current Concepts</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Daniels</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morrison</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sprecher</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Khoury</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kimbal</surname>
<given-names>TR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>99</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hegsted</surname>
<given-names>DM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ausman</surname>
<given-names>LM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dallal</surname>
<given-names>GE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data</article-title>
<source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>57</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tenkanen</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pietila</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Manninen</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mantarri</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The triglyceride issue revisited</article-title>
<source>Arch Intern Med</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>154</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bao</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Begum</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Elkasabany</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berenson</surname>
<given-names>GS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of Syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made of black and white subjects: The Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
<source>Diabetes</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>49</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Muñoz</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Faiges</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rivero</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Perfil lipídico de adolescentes urbanos costarricenses</article-title>
<source>Alimentos y Salud</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>2</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scriver</surname>
<given-names>CR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beaudet</surname>
<given-names>AL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sly</surname>
<given-names>WS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valle</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease</article-title>
<source>The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>7</edition>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>McGraw-Hill</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rexrode</surname>
<given-names>KM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Manson</surname>
<given-names>JE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Antioxidants and coronary heart disease: observational studies</article-title>
<source>J Cardiovas Risk</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kivlighn</surname>
<given-names>SD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>YG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Suga</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fogo</surname>
<given-names>AB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reappraisal of the pathogenesis and consequences of hyperuricemia in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease</article-title>
<source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>33</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Leyva</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wingrove</surname>
<given-names>CS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Godsland</surname>
<given-names>IF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stevenson</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The glycolytic pathway to coronary heart disease: a hypothesis</article-title>
<source>Metabolism</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>47</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rimmer</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Looney</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of an aerobic program on the cholesterol levels of adolescents</article-title>
<source>RQES</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>68</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Armstrong</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Simons-Morton</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Physical activity and blood lipids in adolescents</article-title>
<source>Pediatr Exerc Sci</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Recomendaciones para la prevención de la transmisión perinatal del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>León Bratti</surname>
<given-names>María Paz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Porras Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital México </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant IHV-1 infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmissions in the United States</article-title>
<source>Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant IHV-1 infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmissions in the United States</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Connor</surname>
<given-names>EN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sperkling</surname>
<given-names>RS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gelber</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type I with zidovudine treatment</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>331</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The european mode of delivery collaboration: Elective cesarean section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomized clinical trial</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>353</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1- a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>340</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Complicaciones Vasculares del Paciente Diabético</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alvarado-Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kozak</surname>
<given-names>GF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Management of Diabetic Foot Problems</article-title>
<source>Management of Diabetic Foot Problems</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LoGerfo</surname>
<given-names>FW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gibbons</surname>
<given-names>GW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pomposelli</surname>
<given-names>FB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Campbell</surname>
<given-names>DR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quist</surname>
<given-names>WC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Trends in the care of the diabetic foot: Expanded roll of arterial reconstruction</article-title>
<source>Arch Surg</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>127</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wheat</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>SD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henry</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kernek</surname>
<given-names>CB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Siders</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kuebler</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetic foot infections: Bacteriologic analysis</article-title>
<source>Arch Intern.Med</source>
<year>1986</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>146</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pfeifer</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schumer</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical trails of diabetic neuropathy: past, present, and future</article-title>
<source>Diabetes</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>44</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Akbari</surname>
<given-names>CM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>LoGerfo</surname>
<given-names>FW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease</article-title>
<source>J Vas Surg</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pomposelli</surname>
<given-names>FB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jepsen</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gibbons</surname>
<given-names>GW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Campbell</surname>
<given-names>DR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
<given-names>DV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gauchan</surname>
<given-names>BM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A flexible approach to infrapopliteal vein grafts in patients with diabetes mellitus</article-title>
<source>Arch Surg</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>126</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hemangioendotelioma Epitelioide Pulmonar: reporte de un caso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monterroso-Azofeifa</surname>
<given-names>Victoria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Otero-Reyes</surname>
<given-names>Douglas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Naranjo-Quirós</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Segura-Fonseca</surname>
<given-names>Juan José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar-Vargas</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>84</fpage>
<lpage>88</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En 1983 se reportaron 20 enfermos con un tumor pulmonar raro que fue entonces llamado IVBAT, por sus siglas en inglés (tumor intravascular bronquio-alveolar). Los pacientes se presentaron con numerosos nódulos pulmonares, de crecimiento lento, cuyos hallazgos histológicos variaban desde una apariencia benigna granulomatosa hasta una claramente maligna sarcomatosa. Eventualmente se demostró que el tumor era de origen vascular y se le llamó hemangioendotelioma epiteliode (HEE). Poco después se describió en otras regiones anatómicas. Reportamos aquí el primer caso costarricense de esta estirpe histológica y de presentación pulmonar. Un hombre de 42 años de edad, nos fue referido en fase final con metástasis generalizadas, aunque en buenas condiciones generales. Se le practicó una biopsia pulmonar para definir la histología, pero falleció poco tiempo después sin responder a la terapia instituida. Dieciséis años antes se le habían descubierto nódulos pulmonares pequeños bilaterales y mediante una biopsia abierta se le hizo el diagnostico de HEE. Como el curso de su enfermedad fue considerado estable durante ese tiempo había sido seguido clínicamente. Se comparó el material de la biopsia inicial con el de la reciente, encontrándose mucho mayor celularidad y atipia en la última. Se efectuaron análisis inmunohistoquímicos con un panel de anticuerpos, que permitió establecer la naturaleza vascular del tumor. El HEE es un tumor muy raro, de crecimiento lento y de bajo potencial metastásico, a pesar de ser de origen vascular. Llama la atención el fenómeno de dependencia hormonal de este tumor, que se plantea en la literatura, y que sugiere otras avenidas terapéuticas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In 1983 an uncommon type of lung tumor was reported in 20 patients, it was then named IVBAT (intravascular, bronchioalveolar tumor). The patients presented with multiple slow growing pulmonary nodules, that ranged microscopically from (apparently) benign looking granulomas to clearly developed sarcomas. Eventually the tumor was found to be of vascular origin, and was called epithelioid hemangio endothelioma (EHE), later on it was also reported in other anatomical regions. We describe here, as far as we could find, the first costarican case of this particular neoplasia. A 42 year old male was referred to us with disseminated metastatic disease. He had been seen 16 years prior with asymptomatic, bilateral, small lung nodules. At that time he underwent a lung biopsy and the diagnosis of epitheliod hemangioendothelioma was made. He had remained stable, on no therapy, until his current and final presentation. We elected to biopsy his lung again to verify the histology and to see weather the tumor had undergone differentiation. He did not respond to chemotherapy and died shortly thereafter. The original lung biopsy material was compared to the recent one, finding much more cellularity and atypiae in the latter one. Immuno-histochemistry studies were carried out on the tissue samples and the endothelial origin of the tumor was demonstrated. EHE is an unusual type of neoplasia, it grows very slowly and has low metastatic potential in spite of its vascular origin, interestingly some authors have shown a hormonal dependency and this needs to be explored to see if therapeutic applications can be developed.</p></abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dail</surname>
<given-names>DH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Liebow</surname>
<given-names>AA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gmelich</surname>
<given-names>JT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Friedman</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miyai</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Myer</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Intravascular, bronchiolar, and alveolar tumor of the lung (IVBAT): an analysis of 20 cases of a peculiar sclerosing endothelial tumor</article-title>
<source>Cancer</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>51</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Corrin</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Manners</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Millard</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weaver</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Histogenesis of the so-called &quot;intravascular bronchioalveolar tumor&quot;</article-title>
<source>J Pathol</source>
<year>1979</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>128</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weiss</surname>
<given-names>SW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Enzinger</surname>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a vascular tumor often mistaken for a carcinoma</article-title>
<source>Cancer</source>
<year>1982</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ishak</surname>
<given-names>Kg</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sesterhenn</surname>
<given-names>Ia</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goodman</surname>
<given-names>ZD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rabin</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stromeyer</surname>
<given-names>FW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: a clinico-pathologic and follow up study of 32 cases</article-title>
<source>Hum Pathol</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>15</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dietze</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Davies</surname>
<given-names>SE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Portmann</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: a clinicopathological and histochemical study of 12 cases</article-title>
<source>Histopathology</source>
<year>1988</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>15</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Haidar</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Batman</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the penile shaft</article-title>
<source>Brit J Urol</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ellis</surname>
<given-names>Ts</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwartz</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Starr</surname>
<given-names>JK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Riedel</surname>
<given-names>CJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the vertebral column: case report and review of the literature</article-title>
<source>Neurosurgery</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nora</surname>
<given-names>FE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scheithauer</surname>
<given-names>BW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the brain</article-title>
<source>Am J Surg Pathol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Begbie</surname>
<given-names>SD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bell</surname>
<given-names>DR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nevell</surname>
<given-names>DF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Mediastinal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a patient with type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case report and review of the literature</article-title>
<source>Am J Clin Oncol</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pinet</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Magnan</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garbe</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Payan</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vervloet</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aggressive form of pleural epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: complete response after chemotherapy</article-title>
<source>Eur Respir J</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Crotty</surname>
<given-names>EJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McAdams</surname>
<given-names>HP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Erasmus</surname>
<given-names>JJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sporn</surname>
<given-names>TA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roggli</surname>
<given-names>VL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the pleura</article-title>
<source>AJR</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>175</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bollinger</surname>
<given-names>BK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Laskin</surname>
<given-names>WB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Knight</surname>
<given-names>CB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epitheliod hemangioendothelioma with multiple site involvement</article-title>
<source>Cancer</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>73</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>de Nictolis</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brancorsini</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goteri</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Prat</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioma of the heart</article-title>
<source>Virchows Arch</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>428</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mentzel</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beham</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Calonje</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Katenkamp</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fletcher</surname>
<given-names>CDM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epitheliod hemangioendothelioma of skin and soft tissues: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases</article-title>
<source>Am J Surg Pathol</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weiss</surname>
<given-names>SW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ishak</surname>
<given-names>KG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dalil</surname>
<given-names>GH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sweet</surname>
<given-names>DE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Enzinger</surname>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and related lesions</article-title>
<source>Semin Diagn Pathol</source>
<year>1986</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dean</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haggitt</surname>
<given-names>RC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O_Hara</surname>
<given-names>CJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver in young women: relationship to oral contraceptive use</article-title>
<source>Am J Surg Pathol</source>
<year>1985</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>9</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ohori</surname>
<given-names>NP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yousem</surname>
<given-names>SA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sonmez-Alpan</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Colby</surname>
<given-names>TV</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Estrogen and progesterone receptors in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, epitheliod hemangioendotheliloma and sclerosis hemangioma of the lung</article-title>
<source>Am J Clin Pathol</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>96</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mukundan</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Urban</surname>
<given-names>BA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Askin</surname>
<given-names>FB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fishman</surname>
<given-names>EK</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: atypical radiological findings of a rare tumor with pathologic correlation</article-title>
<source>J Computer Assisted Tom</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hung</surname>
<given-names>CF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jeng</surname>
<given-names>LB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>WC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>DY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>PP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>MF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Liver transplantation for epitheliod hemangioendothelioma</article-title>
<source>Transplant Proc</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Elias</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ryan</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sulkes</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Collins</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aisner</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Antman</surname>
<given-names>KH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Response to mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine in 108 patients with metastatic or unresectable sarcoma and no prior chemotherapy</article-title>
<source>J Clin Oncol</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Idilman</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dokmeci</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beyler</surname>
<given-names>AR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bastemir</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ormeci</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aras</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ekinci</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Uzunalimoglu</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>De Maria</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Van Thiel</surname>
<given-names>DH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Succesful medical treatment of an epitheliod hemangioendothelioma of the liver</article-title>
<source>Oncology</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>54</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""></article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""></article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>91</fpage>
<lpage>92</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
</articles>
