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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Las parasitosis intestinales más frecuentes en la población infantil del área de salud de San Ramón de Alajuela</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y Objetivo: Las parasitosis intestinal por helmintos y protozoarios continuan teniendo gran impacto en la salud de muchas poblaciones alrededor del mundo. El presente es un estudio para determinar la frecuencia de dichas parasitosis en niños de 1 a 12 años en el área de salud de San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Método: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron muestras de heces de 5250 niños de 1 a 12 años de diciembre de 1999 a noviembre de 2000. Esta población representa cerca de un 29% de la población infantil de 1 a 12 años de la zona, de acuerdo con la población estimada según los compromisos de gestión. Las muestras de heces fueron solicitadas por los médicos tratantes por sospecha de parasitosis intestinal, y a las mismas se les realizó frotis y extendidos simples con la técnica de solución salina y lugol. Se completaron los datos a través de una revisión de expedientes médicos. Resultados: En total un 40.4% de la población estudiada presentó parasitosis intestinal. Se presentaron 1478 casos de protozoarios en las muestras de heces y 645 casos presentaron hallazgo de helmintiasis. Dentro de los protozoarios los más frecuentemente encontrados fueron E. histolytica, E. coli y G. intestinalis. Entre las helmintiasis predominaron la E. vernicularis, S. stercoralisyH. nana. Del total de niñas, 30.7% presentaron parasitosis intestinal contra un 49.7% de los varones. Conclusión: El presente estudio evidencia una disminución en la frecuencia de helmintiasis, la cual seguramente obedece a las campañas masivas que se han hecho, mientras que el incremento en los protozoarios probablemente se deba a que no se ha tomado en cuenta la terapia combinada de antiparasitarios en los protocolos de atención a la población infantil.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Background and aim: Intestinal parasitosis by protozoa and helminths, remains a public health problem in many places around the globe. The present study aimes to determine the frequency of these parasitosis in children between 1 and 12 years old in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Method: In this retrospective study 5250 fecal samples of children between 1 and 12 years old were studied. The samples were collected and examined from December 1999 to November 2000. The samples were ordered by the treating physician, in patients whom they suspected as having intestinal parasitosis. The information was obtained from the medical files of each patient. Results: Of the 5250 cases studied 40.4% had parasites in the fecal sample. A majority of the cases corresponded to protozoa (1478 samples), and 645 samples were positive for helminths. Among the protozoa found the most frequent ones were E. histolytica, E. coli yG. intestinalis. Among the helminths E. vernicularis, S. stercoralisand H. nana were the most frequent ones. With regard to sexdistribution 30.7% of the girls had parasitosis compared to 49.7% of the boys. Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infection remains highly frequent among the pediatric population. There has been a reduction in the frequency of helminths due to massive control campaigns. However, protozoa have emerged due to a lackof combined antiparasitic therapy in these campaigns.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022001000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, 1995-1999</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Boza-Cordero</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
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<surname>Barrantes-Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Edith</given-names>
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<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>07</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>127</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación: La resistencia a antibióticos por parte de bacterias patógenas es un grave problema mundial. Su control ha sido difícil pero deben hacerse todos los esfuerzos por realizarlo. Conocer la epidemiología en las diferentes regiones y países se constituye en parte importante de este control. Este estudio se llevóa cabo con el fin de analizar el comportamiento de la resistencia en el hospital San Juan de Dios, centro de atención nacional de adultos de aproximadamente 700 camas. Materiales y métodos: El estudio se basóen los datos obtenidos en los años 1995-1999 ya que en 1995 se inició el empleo de equipo automatizado VITEK® en este hospital. Se analizaron 2817 aislamientos de cocos Gram positivos (CGP) y 7626 de bacilos Gram negativos (BGN) obtenidos de todos los sitios anatómicos y fluidos corporales. Por ser un estudio retrospectivo, no se pudo definir cuáles aislamientos provenían de infecciones intra o extrahospitalarias. Resultados: Staphylococcus aureus fue el CGP más frecuentemente aislado, mientras que el BGN más frecuente fue Escherichia coli. En más de 90% de los estafilococos aislados se demostróresistencia a la penicilina. La resistencia a la oxacilina en S.aureus se incrementóde 35% en 1995 a 52% en 1999 mientras que en los estafilococos coagulasa negativa, pasóde 70 a 77% en el mismo periodo. La resistencia a la cefalotina en S.aureus pasóde 35 a 50% mientras que en los estafilococos coagulasa negativa pasóde 65 a 76%. La resistencia a la clindamicina en ambos grupos bacterianos se mantuvo relativamente estable. No se demostróresistencia a la vancomicina. La mayoría de los enterococos aislados correspondieron a E. faecalis, 75% de ellos fueron sensibles a la penicilina y 50% no mostraron sinergismo de la gentamicina con los antibióticos que actúan sobre la pared. No se encontraron enterococos vancomicina resistentes. En las enterobacterias se observó un aumento importante de la resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación. E. colimostró un aumento de la resistencia a ceftazidima de 10% en 1995 a 35% en 1999, mientras que Klebsiella pmeumoniae pasó de 0% a 52% para el mismo antibiótico en ese periodo. Con respecto a cefotaxima, mientras que en E.coli se incrementó la resistencia de 5 a 12%, en K. pneumoniae se modificó de 5 a 24%. Esto podría deberse a la presencia de ß-lactamasas de espectro ampliado. La sensibilidad a ciprofloxacina en E. colial igual que en K. pneumoniae se mantuvo estable. En cuanto a amicacina, E.coli pasó de 0% de resistencia en 1995 a 15% en 1999 y K. pneumoniae de 20 a 32%. En Enterobacter cloacae se demostróaumento importante de la resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación y a amicacina no asía la ciprofloxacina. En todas las enterobacterias se mantuvo una baja resistencia al imipenem. En cuanto a BGN no fermentadores, se demostró en Pseudomonas aeruginosa un aumento de la resistencia a la mayoría de los antibióticos con excepción del imipenem y ceftazidima. No obstante Acinetobacter calcoaceticus presentóun incremento importante de la resistencia a amicacina (de 20 a 72%), a cefalosporinas de tercera generación (de 0 a 61%) y ciprofloxacina (57%), manteniendo alta sensibilidad sólo a imipenem (95%).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Background and aim: Antimicrobial resistance results in increased morbidity, mortality and costs of health care. Therefore, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals must be part of infection control programs. The Hospital San Juan de Dios is a tertiary health care center in Costa Rica with 700 beds for adults. Since 1995, an automatized system (VITEK®) is used in our bacteriology laboratory allowing an adequate control of the resistance patterns of bacterias isolated from different sites. The aim of this report is to describe the susceptibility to some antibiotics found in bacterias isolated from different sites from 1995 to 1999 and to determine their changes in resistance. Materials and Methods: Were reviewed. The files of the bacteriology laboratory of the hospital was done. We analized bacterial strains from 1995 to 1999. Data from 1996 were incomplete and were not studied. All isolates were analized in the automatized system VITEK®. Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from blood or sputum were studied by the E-test method and their sensitivity ranges met the NCCLS criteria. Results: We studied 2817 Gram positive cocci (GPC) strains and 7626 isolates of Gram negative bacteria (GNB). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently GPC specie found and Escherichia coliwas the most common GNB. More than 90% of staphylococcal species produced ß-lactamase and were resistant to penicillin. Resistance to oxacillin (methicillin) in Staphylococcus aureus increased from 35% to 52% in this period. In coagulase negative staphylococci the resistance to this antibiotic was very high (70-77%). Susceptibility to cephalotin and clindamycin in Staphylococcus aureus was similarly high (50-60%) in the years studied and in coagulase negative staphylococci (Staphylococcus epidermidis) the resistance stayed in high levels (65-70%). There were not resistance to vancomycin in the staphylococci analyzed. Ninety eight per cent of the 61 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were susceptible to penicillin. Susceptibility to penicillin was observed in 80% of 483 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty percent of the enterococci showed synergism between gentamicin and cell-wall active agents. Only a few isolates of Enterococcus faecuim were analized and no resistance to vancomycin was found. Resistance to aminoglycosides was demonstrated in 50% of enterococci isolates. Regarding enterobacterias, Escherichia colistrains presented high resistance to ampicillin (60%), sulfa trimetoprin (60%) and a decrease in the susceptibility to ceftazidime from 90% in 1995 to 65% in 1999, to cefotaxime from 95% to 88%, from 67% to 57% to cephalotin and from 100% to 85% to amikacin in the same period. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was 10% in 1995 and 20% in 1999. Regarding Klebsiella pneumoniae, resistance to amikacin increase from 20% to 32%, to ceftazidime from 0% to 52%, to cefotaxime from 5% to 24% but susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was high in the period (80-90%). Resistance to ampicillin was present in more than 90% of the K.pneumoniaeisolates and to cephalotin in more than 50% of this bacteria. Enterobacter cloacae showed high resistance patterns to ampicillin (&gt;95%),cephalotin (&gt; 90%) and ceftazidime (2550%). In non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli, resistance to amikacin (20%-72%) ceftazidime (42%-61%) and ciprofloxacin(58%) was documented in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa an increase in the resistance to amikacin (15%-30%) and ciprofloxacin(20%-37%) were noted. In all BGN strains studied, a high susceptibility pattern to imipenem (from 88% in Ps. aeruginosa and 95% in Ac. calcoaceticus to 100% in enterobacterias) were observed. Discussion: We analized these findings and compared them with those found in the medical literature. High resistance patterns to penicillin and oxacillin in staphylococci strains were documented. High resistance in GNB to ampicillin, cephalotin, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin was observed. High susceptibility patterns to imipenem in GNB were found. Key words: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, bacterial infections, beta-lactam resistance, vancomycin resistance, pneumococcus drug resistance, broad spectrum ß-lactamases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>resistencia a antibióticos</kwd>
<kwd>antibióticos</kwd>
<kwd>infecciones bacterianas</kwd>
<kwd>resistencia a beta lactámicos</kwd>
<kwd>resistencia a vancomicina</kwd>
<kwd>enterococos</kwd>
<kwd>enterobacterias</kwd>
<kwd>resistencia en neumococos</kwd>
<kwd>ß-lactamasas de espectro ampliado</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Resumen: La incidencia y la prevalencia de las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) en nuestro medio y en otros países en vías de desarrollo son desconocidas. A pesar de que contamos con una extensa cobertura en salud, vemos con frecuencia adultos no tratados con este tipo de padecimientos. Debido al crecimiento demográfico y a la disminución de la mortalidad infantil el médico actual se enfrenta a más enfermos con CC, a los cuales debe diagnosticar, referir para tratamiento y aconsejar. Con el objeto de conocer más de la realidad nacional específica en este campo y a la edad en el momento del diagnóstico estudiamos todos los pacientes egresados de los Hospitales Generales del área metropolitana con CC, ya que a éstos son referidos desde todo el territorio nacional. Se escogió el año 1998, para que la investigación fuera reciente y para observar al menos 2 años de seguimiento después del tratamiento. Hubo un total de 45 pacientes, 75% mujeres, y 25% hombres, con un rango de edad de 15 a 64 años. La mayoría habían nacido en San José. Las CC encontradas en orden de frecuencia fueron: CIA(66.6%), CIV (11.5%), Tetralogía de Fallot (4.4%), y un caso de cada una de las siguientes: coartacion de la aorta, estenosis aórtica, anomalía de Ebstein, tronco arterioso común, Bloqueo AV congénito y aneurisma roto del seno de Valsalva. En 61.53% de los enfermos el diagnóstico se hizo a edades mayores a los 10 años, y el 81% estaban entre 20 a 40 años. El examen definitivo más utilizado fue la ecocardiografía. De las 34 mujeres, 12 tuvieron hijos, hubo 48 partos vaginales, y 8 cesáreas sin complicaciones. Una paciente con CIA tuvo un hijo con CIA. Treinta y dos individuos fueron intervenidos durante el año en estudio, y todos sobrevivieron. La clase funcional (NYHA) postoperatoria esI en 30 de ellos. Otras razonesde internamiento a los hospitales fueron obstétricaso para tratamiento médico. Veinticuatro pacientes trabajan normalmente, y dos son ya pensionados, nueve han tenido problemas en el desempeño de sus funciones, uno con Síndrome de Down y uno con tronco arterioso no trabaja, y en nueve no se pudo obtener este dato. Como se puede deducir de los datos presentados, nosotros estamos diagnosticando tardíamente nuestros pacientes con CC comparados con otras latitudes. Una mayoría llega a los Hospitales metropolitanos con el diagnóstico hecho. También se ve que el tratamiento quirúrgico se realiza exitosamente y que los sujetos se reintegran en buen número a la fuerza laboral y procrean normalmente. El estudio sugiere que existe un número de enfermos que aún no consultan o no son descubiertos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The incidence and prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) in Costa Rica and other underdeveloped countries is unknown. In spite of having a broad nationwide heath coverage we still see untreated adults with CHD. Given the demographic growth and the decline in infancy mortality the modern physician faces a larger number of people with CHD, whom he has to diagnose, refer or advise. In order to learn more about our own reality, particularly of adults with CHD, we studied all the patients discharged fromthe metropolitan area hospitals. We choose the year of 1998 in order to have recent information, and to provide us with al least 2 years of follow up data. There were 45 adults, 75% were women and 25% were males, with a range of 15 to 64 years of age. Most of them had been born and came from the province of San Jose. Sixty six percent of the patients had atrial septal defect, 11.5% had ventricular septal defect, 4.4% had Tetralogy of Fallot and there wasa case each of aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, Ebstein’s anomaly, truncusarteriosus, congenital AV block, and sinus of Valsalva fistula. In 61,53% the diagnosis was made when they were older than 10 years of age. In 81% of the adults the diagnosis was made when they were 2040 years old and in 19%, when they were between 46 to 65 years old. Echocardiography was the most utilized and definitive exam. Of the 34 women, 12 had children, there were 48 vaginal deliveries and 8 csections without mortality or complications. One ASD patient had a child with ASD. Thirty two patients were corrected during the year of the study and all survived their surgeries. Obstetrical indications and medical treatment were the other reason for hospital admission. The NYHA functional class was I in 30 of 32 individual submitted to surgery. Twenty four subjects were employed and 2 had already retired. One patient with Down’sand one with truncusarteriosus who had refused surgery were disabled. Nine individuals had problems performing a job and in 9 this information was not recorded. From these data we can gather that the diagnosisof CHD is been made late in comparison with other countries. Most of the patients are referred to the metropolitan area with the diagnosis already made. The surgical treatment is highly successful and the patients are able to join the work force and procreate normally.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe un paciente masculino de 35 años, costarricense, con un cuadro de trastornos intestinales inespecíficos, de 3 años de evolución, intensificados en el último mes previo a su internamiento, siendo diagnosticado con VIH y mediante colonoscopía se le diagnosticó una enfermedad inflamatoria colónica por tuberculosis e histoplasmosis intestinal, la cual resolvió en su totalidad luego de nueve meses de tratamiento antifímico y antifungico.</p></abstract>
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