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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Seroprevalencia de los virus de la Hepatitis A y B en grupos etarios de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>Mayra L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Zaida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Holst</surname>
<given-names>Ileana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Somogye</surname>
<given-names>Teresita</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cunningham</surname>
<given-names>Lowella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Visoná</surname>
<given-names>Kristen A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Estado de Louisiana Centro Internacional de Investigación Médico </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>10</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>158</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y Objetivos: Debido a la persistencia de casos y brotes de hepatitis viral A y B en el país, junto con la observación de un aumento importante de infecciones por el tipo A en la población de adultos, se planteó la necesidad de establecer la prevalencia de estos dos tipos de hepatitis en diferentes grupos etarios en nuestro país. Métodos: La seroprevalencia de los virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) y de hepatitis (VHB); fueron investigadas en 873 muestras de niños pre-escolares menores de 7 años de la encuesta nacional de nutrición en 1996; 614 niños escolares de 9 a 15 años de una encuesta de nutrición de la Universidad de Costa Rica realizada en 1997 y 996 muestras en adultos, estudiantes y funcionario de esta misma universidad recolectadas en 1994. Las muestras se analizaron por anticuerpos totales contra al VHA (anti-VHA total), VHB antígeno de superficie (HbsAG) y anticuerpos totales contra la proteína del núcleo o &quot;core&quot; (anti-HBc total). Resultados: Se encontró un 6.8%, 13.2% y 71.7% de anti-VHA total en los prescolares, escolares y adultos, respectivamente, con una creciente prevalencia en relación con la edad. La presencia de estos anticuerpos en los escolares estuvo asociada con la escolaridad de los padres y su condición socieconómica; siendo mayor cuando los padres tenían un menor nivel de escolaridad (24% con secundaria incompleta versus 7.6% con nivel educativo superior) y entre padres sin capacitación técnica o profesionales (16% versus 8.7% en los padres con estudios superiores). También se encontró una diferencia en la prevalencia de anti-VHA entre estudiantes de escuelas públicas (19.5%) versus privadas (6.9%). En los preescolares, el único grupo con representación estadística geográfica; la provincia de Guanacaste presentó un riesgo de 2 a 3 veces mayor de tener anticuerpos contra el VHA (21%) que los niños procedentes de otras provincias, lo cual es concordante con los datos relacionados con condiciones socioeconómicas más bajas, falta de agua potable, letrinización y hacinamiento en las áreas rurales. En cuanto a los marcadores de VHB, se encontró una prevalencia de 0.5%, 0.2% para HbsAG y 2.8%, 0.3% y 4.0% para el anti-HBc total en preescolares, escolares y adultos, respectivamente. No hubo ninguna relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas o la edad, para estas prevalencias, pero el anti-HBc fue más alto en los hombres (6.9% en hombres y 2.3% en mujeres). Conclusiones: Al comparar los datos obtenidos en décadas en Costa Rica sobre estos dos tipos de hepatitis se encontró que la hepatitis B, sigue teniendo un patrón epidemiológico similar de baja prevalencia, mientras que la hepatitis A presentó un cambio de patrón durante la infancia, al pasar de una prevalencia alta a intermedia a baja. Este cambio requiere de una intervención oportuna para evitar brotes epidémicos y un aumento en el número de casos severos en jóvenes y adultos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification and objetives: Due to persistence of acute cases and outbreaks of viral hepatitis A and B in our country and the observation of an important increase of type A infections in the adult population, it was considered necesary to establish the prevalence of these two types of hepatitis in different age groups in our country. Methods: Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A (HAV) and viral hepatitis B (HBV), was studied in a population which included 873 pre-scholar children &lt; 7 years from a national nutritional survey in 1996; 614 scholar children 9-15 years from a national nutritional survey carried out by the University of Costa Rica during 1996 and 1997, and 996 samples from students and personnel from this same university collected during 1994. These samples were analyzed for total antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV total), HBV surface antigen (HbsAg) and total antibodies against core (anti-HBc total). Results: The percentage of anti-HAV was established to be 6.8%, 13.2% and 71.7% for the pre-scholar children, scholars and adults, respectively, with an increasing prevalence related to age. The presence of antibodies in the &quot;scholar group&quot; was associated with education level of the parents and their socioeconomic status, being higher for parents with a lower education level (24% with incomplete high school versus 7.6% with higher education level) and among parents with-out technical or professional training (16% versus 8.7% in the parents with higher education level). Also, it was a difference between the presence of anti-HAV among students from public schools (19.5%) versus private schools (6.9%). In the prescholar children, which was the only group with geographic statistical significance, the province of Guanacaste showed a 2-3 times higher risk to have HAV antibodies (21%) than in children from other provinces. This is in concordance with data related to low socio-economical status, lack of potable water and poor sanitary conditions. The study shower a prevalence of HBv markers to be 0.5%, 0.2% and 0.2% for HbsAg, and 2.8%, 0.3% and 4.0% for anti-HBc in pre-scholars, scholars and adults, respectively. There was no relationship between the socioeconomic status or age, with these prevalences; but the anti-HBc was found to be higher in men (6.9% in men and 2.3% in women). Conclusions: When comparing the data obtained in earlier decades in Costa Rica for these two types of hepatitis, it was found that hepatitis B continues to have a similar epidemiological pattern during childhood from a high prevalence. This change requires an adequate intervention to avoid epidemic outbreaks and increase in the number of severe cases in the young and adult population.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Distrofia Miotónica es una enfermedad multisistémica de herencia autosómica dominante. El defecto molecular es una expansión del trinucleótido CTG presente en la región 3' no codificante (3´UTR) del gen DMPK, localizado en el cromosoma 19q13.3. El objetivo del estudio fue implementar el diagnóstico molecular de la Dm con el fin de contribuir a mejorar el manejo clínico de los pacientes afectados y a que el consejo genético sea más certero y preciso. El estudio se realizó en pacientes con diagnóstico mediante el uso de técnicas molecular, a saber, la hidridación de Southern y la PCR. Se obtuvo el diagnóstico molecular de 84 pacientes de 21 diferentes familias; en 34 se diagnosticó el defecto molecular. En 21 personas de familias donde se comprobó que segrega la mutación, el gen resultó normal. En 29 pacientes de ocho familias no se encontró la mutación. Se observó una correlación positiva entre la severidad de la enfermedad y el número de repeticiones CTG. Aquellos casos que resultaron negativos probablemente sean pacientes con mutaciones en otros genes, ya sea PROMM/DM2 u otras miotonias hereditarias. El diagnóstico molecular debe usarse como herramienta para logra la clasificación clínica de los pacientes. El abordaje correcto de la enfermedad, debido a que todavía no existe tratamiento, debe incluir, además del manejo clínico interdisciplinario, la prevención mediante el consejo genético basado en el diagnóstico molecular preciso de la condición de portador o portadora.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Hidridación de Southern</kwd>
<kwd>PCR</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación: La oclusión trombótica de las venas cerebrales o senos durales es una causa menos frecuente de enfermedad cerebrovascular que la trombosis arterial. Sin embargo; los estudios epidemiológicos indican que esta entidad no es tan inusual como o ser pensaba previamente. Hasta donde sabemos, no hay ningún estudio publicando al respecto en la literatura nacional, siendo precisamente el motivo del presente trabajo. Objetivos: Identificar las características demográficas, clínicas y diagnósticas de los pacientes que sufrieron una trombosis de senos venosos durales. Describir los métodos terapéuticos empleados y la evolución que tuvieron estos pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de 11 casos diagnosticados de trombosis de senos durales en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1996 a enero de 1999. Se analizaron los posibles factores de riego, formas de presentación clínica, estudios de radio imagen y tratamiento empleado. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 32,6 años. Un 18,2% fueron varones, mientras que el 81,8% correspondió a mujeres. Las manifestaciones más frecuentes fueron: cefalea (100%), vómito (91%), déficit motor 882%), alteración del sensorio (73%), papiledema (54,5%), crisis convulsiva (54,5%) y datos de irritación meníngea (36,4%): el signo del delta vacío se documentó en 27,3% de los estudios tomográficos. El seno sagital superior fue el más frecuentemente afectado (91%). Se anticoaguló con heparina intravenosa al 54, 5% de los casos. Conclusiones: Aunque somos conscientes de las limitaciones de nuestra serie, nuestra intención ha sido llamar la atención sobre una patología vascular cerebral, que aunque no es tan frecuente como su contraparte arterial, debe tenerse en consideración por sus potenciales efectos sobre la salud del paciente. El conocimiento adecuado de esta condición es importante, debido a que aún cuando los síntomas son severos, la reversibilidad puede ser completa.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification: The thrombotic occlusiom of the cerebral veins or dural sinuses is a less frequent cause of stroke than arterial thrombosis. However; the epidemiologic studies indicate that this entity is not as unusual as it has been thougth previously. Up to where we know, there is no study published in the national literature being this, in fact, the reason of the present work. Aim: To identify the demographic, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of patients that suffered dural sinuses thrombosis. To describe the therapeutic methods used and the evolution of these patients. Materials and methods: Clinical files of 11 diagnosed cases of dural sinues thrombosis in the Hospital Dr. Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia were revised, in the period between January of 1996 to January of 1999. The possible risk factors, clinical presentation, radiologic studies and treatment used were analyzed. Results: The average age was of 32,6 years. 18,2% were male, while 81,8% corresponded to women. The most frequent manifestations were: headache (100%), vomit (91%), focal deficit (82%), alteration of the mental status (73%), papilledema (54,5%) seizures (54,5%) and data of meningeal irritation (36,4%). The sing of the empty delta was documented in 27,3% of the tomographic studies. The superior sagittal sinus was the most frequently affected (91%). Anticoagulation with intravenous heparin was used in 54,5% of the cases. Conclusions: Although we are aware of the limitations of our report, our intention has been to cal the attention on a cerebral vscular disease that although it is not as frequent as arterial thrombosis, it should be taken into consideration because of its potential effects on the patient´s health. The appropriate knowledge of this condition is important, because even when the symptoms are severe, the reversiblity can be complete.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Trombosis</kwd>
<kwd>seno dural</kwd>
<kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
<kwd>anticoagulación</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022001000400004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ultrasonografía transvaginal e histerosonografía en el diagnóstico de patologías endometriales</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar Mora</surname>
<given-names>Ronald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Calderón Zuñiga</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital de las Mujeres </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital de las Mujeres Clínica Servicio de Ginecología</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>10</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022001000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y Objetivo: A pesar que en los últimos años la ultrasonografía transvaginal se ha convertido en una gran herramienta en la evaluación de pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal, ha mostrado cierta limitación en el diagnóstico de patología endometrial. La infusión salina intracavitaria en el momento de la realización de la sonografía ha demostrado ser un método más preciso. En el siguiente trabajo el objetivo principal fue comparar la sensibilidad y especificidad del ultrasonido transvaginal versus el uso de la histerosonografía en el diagnóstico de estas patologías. Metodología: treinta y seis pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal fueron seleccionadas de forma consecutiva, según referencia para ultrasonografía vaginal. A todas se les realizó un ultrasonido transvaginal y luego la histerosonografía, siendo los resultados comparados con el diagnóstico histológico, el cual fue considerado como el &quot;estándar dorado&quot;. Resultados: 38% de las pacientes mostraron un endometrio normal, el 30% tuvo pólipo endometrial, 30% tuvo hiperplasia endometrial, 19% miomas intramurales y/o adenomiosis y 7.6% miomas submucosos. La sensibilidad y especificidad del ultrasonido transvaginal fue de un 42,8%, y 91,6% respectivamente, comparada con de 92.8% y 100% para al histerosonografía. Conclusiones: La histerosonografía es más precisa en el diagnóstico de patología endometrial enpacientes con sangrado uterino anormal.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification and objectives: In spite than in the last year the vaginal ultrasound has become a powerful tool in the evaluation of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, it has shown some limitations for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology. Intracavitary saline infusion during the ultrasonographic procedure, has shown to be a more sensitive method. Our main objetive was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the vaginal ultrasound versus the histerosonography in the diagnosis of various endometrial pathologies. Methodology: In this study, 36 patients with the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding were selected consecutively as they were refered for vaginal ultrasound. All of them had vaginal ultrasound and then histerosonography, comparing the results with the histologic diagnosis as the &quot;gold estandar&quot;. Results: Thirty eight oercent had normal endometrium 30% had endometrial polyp, 305 had endometrial hyperplasia, 19% intramural myomas and/or adenomyosis, and submucus myomas were found in 7.6% of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity for the vaginal ultrasound was 42.8% and 91.6% and for the histerosonography were 92.8% y 100% respectively. Were conclude that histerosonography was more precise in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sonohisterografía</kwd>
<kwd>histerosonografía</kwd>
<kwd>endometrio</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasonido transvaginal</kwd>
<kwd>pólipos endometriales</kwd>
<kwd>miomas intrauterinos</kwd>
<kwd>hiperplasia</kwd>
<kwd>endometrial</kwd>
<kwd>postmenopausia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220010004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022001000400005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Abdomen agudo y embarazo: placenta percreta</article-title>
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<aff id="A02">
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<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>10</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>178</fpage>
<lpage>181</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spontaneous uterine rupture, without a history of trauma or associated infection by placenta percreta is an extremely rare pathology and it's responsible for high maternal morbidity and mortality. The prenatal diagnosis of placenta precreta is important to avoid catastrophic results after the obstetrical disorder and different procedures are used to get to this goal. We present here a case of placenta percreta and a revision of cases with this diagnosis from 1994 to 1999 at the Monseñor Sanabria Hospital, and a review of the literature.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hemorragia obstétrica</kwd>
<kwd>placenta percreta</kwd>
<kwd>embarazo</kwd>
<kwd>Obstetric Hemorrhage</kwd>
<kwd>placenta percreta</kwd>
<kwd>pregnancy</kwd>
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