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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220020004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022002000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Premio Dr. Rodolfo Céspedes Fonseca al mejor trabajo publicado por Acta Médica Costarricense: Enero-Diciembre 2002</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>139</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</article>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220020004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022002000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Incorporación de tecnología médica en nuestro país: reflexiones de cómo hacerlo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flores Montero</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>140</fpage>
<lpage>141</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220020004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022002000400003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Clínicas del tratamiento del dolor: fundamentos para su implementación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abed Raduan</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital México </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>142</fpage>
<lpage>143</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220020004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022002000400004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevalencia y factores predictivos del dolor por cáncer</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas-Solano</surname>
<given-names>José R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas-Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Isaías</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Nacional de Control del Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>144</fpage>
<lpage>148</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El dolor en los enfermos de cáncer constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, afectando frecuentemente la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Su prevalencia e intensidad varía según el sitio de origen del tumor, el estadío de la enfermedad, la prescripción incorrecta de analgésicos y algunas variables sociodemográficas. La epidemiología del dolor por cáncer es esencial para establecer prioridades al definir políticas de atención del dolor y de cuidados paliativos. Se presenta una revisión y análisis de la literatura mundial, en torno a la prevalencia y los factores predictivos del dolor por cáncer.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cancer pain is recognized as a public health problem world-wide, and frequently affects the quality of life of cancer patients. Its prevalence and severity varies according to the primary site, the stage of the disease, the adequacy of the analgesics prescribed, and some sociodemographic variables. Knowledge of the epidemiology of cancer pain is essential to establish priorities on cancer pain and palliative care policies. A review of the literature on the prevalence and predictive factors of cancer pain is presented.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>dolor canceroso</kwd>
<kwd>cáncer</kwd>
<kwd>prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiología</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivo: En Costa Rica las placas PA de tórax se toman con kilovoltajes bajos (&amp;lt;100 kVp), en contraposición con las recomendaciones internacionales. El estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar que al aumentar el kilovoltaje, la visualización de los datos diagnósticos de objetos de bajo contraste mejora y las dosis entregadas disminuyen. Métodos: Aun total de 11 pacientes se les tomó una placa de alto kVp y otra a bajo kVp. Sobre la piel del paciente se colocaron 2 cristales TLD-100 para cuantificar las dosis de entrada, que posteriormente fueron analizados en la Sección de Dosimetría del Laboratorio de Física Nuclear de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Utilizando el criterio anatómico, 28 médicos radiólogos compararon los hallazgos radiológicos para ambas técnicas. Resultados: Al aumentar el kilovoltaje se encontró que las dosis promedio de entrada a la piel disminuyerón en un 40% y el contraste de las imágenes, disminuyó entre un 10% y un 50%. La sumatoria general para el análisis del criterio anatómico fue de 448 puntos positivos, lo que indica que el grupo de médicos visualizó mejor las estructuras anatómicas con la técnica del alto kilovoltaje. Conclusiones: La optimización del estudio del tórax con base en la razón beneficio versus riesgo radiológico, señala que la técnica del alto kVp deberá ser implementada en nuestro país, pues disminuye la dosis de radiación entregada al paciente, objetivo primordial dentro de la protección radiológica, y permite una mejor visualización de la anatomía del área estudiada, por parte del médico.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220020004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
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<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022002000400006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hemodilución isovolémica preoperatoria en pacientes con histerectomía radical por cáncer de cérvix: experiencia de 12 casos en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</article-title>
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<institution>,CCSS Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia </institution>
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<institution>,CCSS Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Servicio de Ginecología Oncológica</institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>44</volume>
<fpage>155</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación: El cáncer de cérvix es la patología neoplásica más frecuente entre la población femenina. En casos de invasión localizada, la histerectomía radical puede considerarse un tratamiento curativo, sin embargo, el sangrado transoperatorio significativo hace necesaria la transfusión en muchos casos, con todas las complicaciones que esta conlleva. Hasta donde sabemos, no hay ningún estudio publicado en la bibliografía nacional, acerca de la técnica de hemodilución isovolémica para reducir los requerimientos transfusionales en estas pacientes. Objetivos: a) Hacer experiencia clínica con la Hemodilución isovolémica en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía radical por cáncer de cérvix; b) Evaluar la utilidad de la Hemodilución isovolémica como un método para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue prospectivo. Se seleccionó en forma consecutiva a todas las pacientes sometidas a histerectomía radical por cáncer de cérvix, del Servicio de Ginecología Oncológica del Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, entre los meses de enero de 2000 a enero de 2001. Se realizó sangría, a través de una línea arterial, un volumen hemático calculado con base en el peso y el hematocrito de la paciente. La sangre autóloga fue retransfundida al término de la cirugía. Resultados: Un total de 12 pacientes fueron incluidas en el estudio. La edad promedio fue de 55,5 + 10,4 años. La mayoría tuvo el cáncer de cérvix en estadío I-B1 (n = 10), el resto, en el estadío I-B2 (n = 1) y I-A2 (n = 1). Se obtuvo un promedio de 1208 ml de sangre autóloga por paciente. El procedimiento fue bien tolerado, excepto en una, quien presentó compromiso hemodinámico atribuible a la sangría. Al comparar los valores basales con los obtenidos antes de la retransfusión, se observó un descenso promedio de la hemoglobina, hematocrito y plaquetas de 4,2 g/dl, un 14,4% y 52.000 &amp;#956;l, respectivamente. Ninguna de las pacientes amerit&amp;#963; transfusi&amp;#963;n de sangre alog&amp;#953;nica. Conclusiones: La hemodilución isovolémica preoperatoria es una técnica sencilla y eficaz para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía radical por cáncer de cérvix. Se asocia con una baja incidencia de complicaciones, pero es recomendable la vigilancia estrecha del estado hemodinámico transoperatorio, en especial durante el momento de la sangría.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification: Cervical cancer is the most frequent neoplasic pathology among the feminine population. In cases of localized invasion, radical hysterectomy should be considered a curative treatment. However a significative transoperative bleeding makes a transfusion necessary in many cases, with all the complications that this endures. As far as we know there is not a published study about the isovolemic hemodilution technique to reduce the transfusional requirements in these patients in the national literature. Objective: Demonstrate that the isovolemic hemodilution reduces the necessity of allogeneic blood transfusion in patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy. Materials and methods: The study was prospective. All of the chosen patients, were selected in consecutive order and they received radical hysterectomy due to cervical cancer in stage I-B1 (n=10), the rest of the patients were in stage I-B2 (n-1) and I-A2 (n=1). Attaining an average of 1208 ml of autologous blood per patient. The procedure was well toler-ated, except one case where the patient presented hemodynamic compromise attributable to the blood withdrawing. Comparing the basal values with the ones obtained before retransfusion, we observed an average decrease of the hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets of 4.2 g/dl, 14.4% and 52.000 &amp;#956;l respectively. None of the patients required allogeneic blood transfusion. Conclusions: The preoperative isovolemic hemodilution is an easy and effective technique to reduce the necessity of allogeneic blood transfusion in patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy due to cervical cancer. It‘s related with a low incidence of complications, but is recommended a lose vigilance of the transoperative hemodynamic state, especially during the time of the blood withdrawing.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anemia</kwd>
<kwd>hemodilución</kwd>
<kwd>sangrado</kwd>
<kwd>cáncer</kwd>
<kwd>complicaciones</kwd>
<kwd>transfusión alogénica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022002000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El edema pulmonar postobstructivo (EPPO) es una complicación postoperatoria cuyo manejo adecuado depende de un diagnóstico etiológico correcto. El EPPO se clasifica en dos tipos. El tipo I es secundario a la obstrucción aguda de la vía aérea superior. Por su parte, el tipo II ocurre luego de corregir quirúrgicamente una obstrucción crónica de la vía aérea. Fisiopatológicamente, el mecanismo que explica el cuadro es una disminución marcada de la presión intersticial en el nivel pericapilar pulmonar resultante de la inspiración forzada. Lo anterior produce fuga capilar y el consecuente edema de pulmón. El manejo de este cuadro requiere de soporte respiratorio que incluye ventilación mecánica e incluso presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP). El pronóstico es muy bueno si el diagnóstico es correcto y oportuno. Se reportan 3 casos que ilustran la entidad, su diagnóstico y manejo.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Postobstructive pulmonary edema (POPPE) is a postoperative complication and its approach depends on an appropriate diagnosis. POPPE can be classified in two types. POPPE type I is caused by acute upper airway obstruction , and type II is due to chronic obstruction. The mechanism of this entity is a marked decrease in pericapilar interstitical pressure in the lung that results in capillary leakage and edema. Its treatment requires mechanical ventilatory support including positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Its prognosis is very good if the diagnosis is done appropriately. We report three cases that illustrate its diagnosis and treatment.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Edema pulmonar postobstructivo</kwd>
<kwd>complicación postoperatoria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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