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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022004000500001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">11 de Octubre: día del médico</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Robles Arias</surname>
<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>10</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>04</fpage>
<lpage>04</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front>
</article>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022004000500002</article-id>
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<surname>Yung Li</surname>
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<institution>,Hospital México  </institution>
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<month>10</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>04</fpage>
<lpage>04</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022004000500003</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Obesidad: problema de salud pública</article-title>
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<name>
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</name>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Asociación Costarricense de Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición  </institution>
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<month>10</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>05</fpage>
<lpage>06</lpage>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<month>10</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<year>2004</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
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<lpage>14</lpage>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La prevalencia de obesidad mundial en los últimos 20 años ha aumentado exponencialmente observándose la misma tendencia en Costa Rica. El índice de masa corporal es la medida más aceptada con la cual medir obesidad hoy en día. La obesidad se asocia cada día a más patologías incluyendo cáncer e insuficiencia cardiaca todo lo cual lleva a mayor morbimortalidad. La regulación del peso corporal no sólo es un balance entre aporte y consumo energético sino que hay una serie de factores endógenos y endocrinológicos que regulan el peso y composición corporal a largo plazo y que muy probablemente está relacionado a la génesis de la obesidad. El paradigma del tratamiento debe cambiar hacia uno donde se vea esta enfermedad como una enfermedad crónica y enfocarla como tal con el mantenimiento a largo plazo de modificación de estilos de vida y el tratamiento crónico con fármacos. El tratamiento farmacológico disponible hoy en día para tratar la obesidad sirve no sólo para producir pérdida de peso sino que se ha demostrado que esto a largo plazo tiene beneficios sobre reducción de incidencia de diabetes mellitus así como de los eventos cardiovasculares.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The prevalence of obesity around the world has risen dramatically in the last 20 years and Costa Rica is following this trend. Body mass index is still the most widely used measuring unit used to define obesity. Obesity is associated with several medical conditions and every day it is associated with new ones including cancer and heart failure all of which will increase morbidity and mortality in these patients. Body weight regulation is not just determined by energy expenditure and consumtion but there are several endocrine signals that will determine body weight and composition. Our view of the treatment of obesity should change and recognize it and treat it as a chronic disease with maintenance of lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatment over the years. Nowadays we have treatment that will not only produce weight loss but will also reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La obesidad constituye uno de los mayores problemas que sufre el mundo actual, y muy unido al crecimiento económico y tecnológico está el sedentarismo (inactividad física). Si bien el aumento en la ingesta calórica es un factor determinante en la patogenia de la obesidad, la importancia de los factores genéticos, como predisponentes en ella, es innegable. El papel de la leptina y su asociación con el neuropeptido Y y la insulina como reguladores del centro de la saciedad, parecen tener gran relevancia en la patogenia de la obesidad, así como también el papel de la adiponectina y la resistencia a la insulina. El ejercicio físico en sinergismo con la restricción calórica llevan a una disminución del peso graso con un aumento de la masa muscular; una mejora de la resistencia a la insulina produce cambios en el perfil lipídico, aún sin que haya pérdida de peso y disminución en la presión arterial, sin olvidar, por supuesto, las mejorías a nivel psicosocial. El ejercicio aeróbico, su intensidad y volumen, son los determinantes principales en la prescripción del ejercicio y los que producen mejores resultados en nuestro organismo; no obstante, para lograr cumplir las metas de un programa de este tipo hay que lograr consistencia, adherencia y disfrute del ejercicio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Obesity constitutes one of the major problems in our days, very close to the economic and technologic growth is the sedentarism (physical inactivity). Even if the increase in caloric intake is a determinant factor in obesity’s pathogenesis, the importance of genetic factors is undeniable. The role of Leptin in asociation with Neropeptide Y and insulin as regulators of the satiety center seems to have great relevance in obesity`s pathogenesis as well as the role of adiponectin in obesity and insulin resistance. Physical exercise in sinergistic action with caloric restriction, will lead to a decrease in fat weight and increase muscular mass, improves insulin resitance, leads to changes in the lipid profile even without weight loss; and decrease blood pressure, not forgetting of course, improvement psychosocial. Aerobic exercise, its intensiy and the volume of exercise are the main determinants in its prescription and the ones that produce better outcomes in our organisms, however, to accomplish this goals in an exercise program we have to achieve consistency, adherence and to enjoy exercising in the first place and then we will guarantee the succes of an exercise program prescription.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital San Juan de Dios </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los tumores hipofisiarios funcionantes más frecuentes son los productores de prolactina (prolactinomas), hormona de crecimiento (acromegalia) y ACTH (síndrome de Cushing). Existe mucha controversia con respecto al diagnóstico y manejo de estas patologías. Este artículo presenta una guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de tales tumores hipofisiarios, y ha sido elaborado por la Asociación Costarricense de Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición. La causa más frecuente de acromegalia son los tumores hipofisiarios productores de hormona de crecimiento. El diagnóstico usualmente se retarda varios años luego de haberse iniciado los cambios, por lo lento que se producen las manifestaciones clínicas. El tratamiento inicial de elección consiste en la cirugía, reservándose tratamiento médico con análogos de somatostatina como primera elección, para casos donde ha fallado el tratamiento quirúrgico. Otra posibilidad de tratamiento consiste en la radioterapia, cuya eficacia se ve limitada por el tiempo necesario para hacer efecto. Con respecto a las hiperprolactinemias, se deben descartar otras causas que produzcan elevación de prolactina. Si se identifica un prolactinoma, el tratamiento va a ser médico en la mayoría de los casos, reservándose la cirugía para aquellos macroprolactinomas con compromiso visual que no han reducido de tamaño con el tratamiento médico. El tratamiento de elección consistió en agonistas dopaminérgicos, y en Costa Rica la elección será bromocriptina, aunque hay otras opciones como cabergolina y quinagolide. En la enfermedad de Cushing existen diferentes pruebas de diagnóstico, tanto para tamizaje como para diagnóstico confirmatorio. El tratamiento inicial debe ser cirugía, seguida por radioterapia. En este caso el tratamiento médico es mucho menos eficaz que en las otras dos entidades.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The most frequent functioning pituitary adenomas are those who that produce prolactin (prolactinomas), growth hormone (acromegaly) and ACTH (Cushing’s disease). There are different opinions about the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. We present here the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of these tumors made by the Costa Rican Association of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition. The main cause of acromegaly is a pituitary tumor that produces growth hormone. The diagnosis is usually made several years after the disease has started because the physical changes occur very slowly. The initial treatment should be surgery and when it fails, medical therapy with octreotide is the main choice. Radiotherapy can be used although it is limited by the long time it takes to start its effect. If there is hyperprolactinemia, other causes of prolactin elevation should be ruled out. If a prolactinoma is identified, the treatment almost always will be with dopamine agonists. Surgery should be performed only in macroprolactinomas with visual field changes that do not shrink with medical treatment. The first choice for medical treatment will be bromocriptine although there are other agents like cabergoline and quinagolide. In Cushing´s disease, there are different tests for screening for hypercortisolism, after which a confirmatory test should be performed. Initial treatment should be surgery followed by radiotherapy. In these cases, medical treatment is less effective than in other pituitary tumors.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>acromegalia</kwd>
<kwd>prolactinoma</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad de Cushing</kwd>
<kwd>guías de tratamiento</kwd>
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