<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022006000100001</article-id>
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<institution>,FACS/ FCCP/ FAHA  </institution>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
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<lpage>4</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022006000100003</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Nutrición enteral temprana, en pacientes con abdomen abierto</article-title>
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<surname>Sánchez-Arias</surname>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>12</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Observar la factibilidad de la nutrición enteral en el paciente crítico quirúrgico con abdomen abierto y valorar su avance y posibles complicaciones. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo de los pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidado Intermedio Quirúrgico de la Sección de Cirugía del Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia, con abdomen abierto, de junio de 2003 a noviembre de 2004, y en quienes se colocó una sonda de nutrición en yeyuno. Resultados: Se observaron 15 pacientes, con una edad promedio de 46 años, con abdomen abierto y acceso nasoyeyunal el 80% y yeyunal directo el 20%, a los cuales se les inició nutrición enteral temprana (36 hrs) con una fórmula polimérica, a razón de 23cc/hr, que se avanzó a razón de 6.6cc/día, por un promedio de 9 días, alcanzando un 80% de ellos el 80% de sus requerimientos estimados, en 4.6, días. No hubo mortalidad en la serie, aunque sí intolerancia al régimen (33.3%), principalmente por persistencia de fístula; tales pacientes se pasaron a nutrición parenteral. Conclusiones: La nutrición enteral puede usarse en pacientes con abdomen abierto, si se les procura un acceso yeyunal y se les proporciona en volúmenes y aumentos discretos, de acuerdo con la condición del intestino.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Ojective: To observe enteral nutrition feasibility in patients with &quot;open abdomen&quot; their evolution and complications. Methods: This is an observational study of patients with &quot;open abdomen&quot; who were admitted to the Intermediate Care Unit of the Surgical Service at the Calderón Guardia Hospital between june 2003 to November 2004, with a yeyunal access for nutrition. Results: Fifteen patients were studied with an average age of 36 years, all of them with open abdomen and jejunal access, who got early enteral nutrition (36 hrs) with a polymeric formula, starting at 23 cc/hrs and were then advanced 6.6cc/ daly for 9 days, reaching 80% of the patients, 80% of threir requirements in 4.6 days. There was not mortality but 33% did not have good tolerance because of persistent leakage. Those were accordingly changed to total parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: Enteral nutrition can be used in patients with open abdomen if they have a jejunal access and are fed with small volumes and are advanced slowly according to the function of their small bowel.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Nutrición enteral temprana en paciente crítico</kwd>
<kwd>nutrición enteral en paciente con abdomen abierto</kwd>
<kwd>nutrición enteral</kwd>
<kwd>Early enteral nutrition</kwd>
<kwd>open abdomen</kwd>
<kwd>nutrition in critical care</kwd>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Tamizaje de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en atención primaria</article-title>
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<surname>Laclé</surname>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: Actualmente en Costa Rica debería considerarse la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, un problema de salud pública, por el impacto de sus complicaciones crónicas tanto en el ámbito individual y familiar, como en lo económico, en la escala nacional. Su detección y tratamiento temprano ha demostrado que reduce la carga de sus complicaciones, por lo que su tamizaje podría ser oportuno en personas que tengan factores de riesgo asociados. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar los resultados de la implementación de un tamizaje de la diabetes tipo 2 a nivel de atención primaria, en personas en riesgo de desarrollada. Metodología: El tamizaje se efectuó durante el año 2000, en la población adulta con al menos un factor de riesgo asociado, en 6 Equipos Básicos de Atención Integral en Salud (EBAlS), del Área de Salud 3 de Desamparados. Este se incorporó en el quehacer diario del EBAIS, sin alterar su programación. Se utilizaron cuatro estrategias para la realización del tamizaje: la oportunista, la selectiva, las programadas a grupos cautivos u organizacionales, y las jornadas de atención comunal o nacional. Resultados: Durante 2000 se lograron captar 174 diabéticos, diagnosticados por primera vez, o que ya lo eran, pero que no estaban registrados al carecer de control en el EBAlS, aunque vivían en el área. La estrategia predominante fue la oportunista, cuya responsabilidad recayó principalmente en el médico. La estrategia programada se realizó por medio de &quot;jornadas&quot; durante las ferias de salud en cada EBAlS y en el Día Mundial de la Diabetes, como parte de la jornada nacional; la cautiva se llevó a cabo en el Hogar Diurno de Ancianos. La selectiva, mediante visita domiciliar, fue mínima, por falta de glucómetros. Estas estrategias permitieron que la cobertura de captación aumentara de un 50% a finales de 1999 a un 70.2% a finales de 2000, considerando la cobertura como el porcentaje dado por el número de pacientes diabéticos captados o registrados en cada EBAIS, entre el número de personas diabéticas estimadas para cada EBAlS (considerando su prevalencia igual al 5% de la población de 20 y más años). Conclusión: Costa Rica puede lograr la detección temprana y tratamiento oportuno de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, por medio de un tamizaje en subgrupos poblacionales de alto riesgo. El esfuerzo ya se está haciendo con la estrategia oportunista. Este estudio demuestra que esta no solo se puede implementar efectivamente, sino que, además, puede realizarse con muy poco esfuerzo. Ahora bien, la organización del Sistema de Salud con base en la Atención Primaria, permitiría desarrollar otra de las estrategias de tamizaje para obtener una mayor cobertura sin alto costo, es decir, el tamizaje domiciliar. Logísticamente existen las condiciones para realizarlo; lo que se necesita es llevar a cabo un estudio comunitario controlado para ver su costo- beneficio. Si el resultado de este estudio es favorable, se podría implementar en toda Costa Rica como parte de la atención integral de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, convirtiendo al país en pionero en el mundo en esta estrategia.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus today must be considered a public health problem in Costa Rica, since it has a great impact in the quality of life of the patients and their families, due to its chronic complications and also in the Social Security System due to its costs. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment decrease the burden of its complications. Therefore, Diabetes screening in a high risk population should be considered beneficial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of a screening intervention in primary care in high risk persons. Methodology: Screening was implemented along the year 2000 in the adult population with at least one risk factor of 6 Primary Health Centers, incorporated in the daily routine of the primary hea1th care attention. Four different strategies were used: the &quot;opportunistic&quot; during the regular medical consultation, a selective one during home visits, programmed, directed to captive groups or social organizations, and &quot;Jornadas&quot; during community or national health fairs. Results: During the year 2000, 173 new diabetic patients were registered by the health centers, either they were newly diagnosed or where known diabetics that lived in the area, but were not following control there. The predominant strategy was the &quot;oportunístic&quot;, relaying the responsibility especially upon the physician. The programed strategy in &quot;Jornadas&quot; was undertaken during Health Fairs of the Primary care centers and during the World Diabetes Day, the 14 of November. The selective strategy was not perform systematically since there were no glucometers for the primary health care assistant that does home visits. The proper registration or &quot;coverage&quot; of the diabetic patients of the Health Center Area increased from 50% in 1999 to 70.2% in 2000, considering the former as the percentage of diabetic patients under control or registered divided by the number of diabetics accounted for each health center, considering a prevalence of 5% of the population 20 years and older. Conclusion: Costa Rica can accomplish an early detection and prompt treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 2 by screening intervention of high risk individuals. This is already being done with through the &quot;opportunistic&quot; strategy. This study shows that this strategy can be effectively implemented and that it can be operational with little effort. Our Health Care System, based in a primary health care setting, is in position to develop other screening strategies that could give higher coverage with lower costs: such as home visit screening by the primary health assistant. Logistically the conditions are given, however this intervention requires a community study to determine its real cost-benefit. If the results were favorable, such intervention could be implemented as part of diabetes care in the whole country, making Costa Rica a pioneer in the world in this kind of intervention.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2</kwd>
<kwd>tamizaje</kwd>
<kwd>detección temprana</kwd>
<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus type 2</kwd>
<kwd>early detection</kwd>
<kwd>screening</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220060001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
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<article-id>S0001-60022006000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mesotelioma pleural en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<surname>Maineri-Hidalgo</surname>
<given-names>José Alberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>24</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El mesotelioma es una neoplasia originada en las membranas serosas que tapizan las cavidades celómicas y recubren las vísceras que contienen, cuyo desarrollo se ha relacionado con la exposición al asbesto. El presente estudio describe las características de los casos de mesotelioma pleural diagnosticados en los 3 hospitales nacionales de adultos de Costa Rica. Se revisaron los archivos de patología de los 3 hospitales nacionales generales del Seguro Social de Costa Rica y se encontraron 29 casos reportados de mesotelioma pleural, durante el período comprendido entre 1972 y 2002. Se estimó una tasa para 2002, de 1 caso por cada 2 millones de habitantes. Quince casos estudiados fueron mujeres y 14, hombres, con una edad promedio de 54 años. La presentación clínica fue, en 20 casos, derrame pleural, y los síntomas más frecuentes fueron disnea, dolor torácico, tos, fiebre y deterioro del estado general. La enfermedad se detectó en todos los pacientes por radiografía de tórax y el método para obtener la muestra para diagnóstico histológico, en 15 casos, fue la toracotomía; en 8, la biopsia pleural; en 4, la toracoscopía, y en 2, la autopsia. En 5 casos la biopsia pleural fue reportada inicialmente como adenocarcinoma. El diagnóstico histológico fue de mesoteliomas fibrosos en 16, (10 malignos y 6 benignos); 11 mesoteliomas epiteliales, todos malignos, y 2 mesoteliomas mixtos malignos. El tratamiento en los casos benignos fue cirugía y ninguno recidivó. Dos casos de mesoteliomas malignos se resecaron, uno de ellos con una neumonectomía extrapleural con pericardiectomía y resección del diafragma, pero la supervivencia no fue mejor que del resto de los malignos, ya que ningún caso superó los 6 meses. La quimioterapia y la radioterapia tampoco demostraron mejorar significativamente la evolución de la enfermedad.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>After reviewing the pathology service archives of the 3 national general hospitals of the Costarrican Social Security Health System, 29 cases of pleural mesothelioma were found between 1972 and 2002. The incidence rate in 2002 was 1 case per 2 million; there were 15 females and 14 males, with a mean age of 54 years. Twenty cases presented with pleural effusion being dyspnea, chest pain, cough, fever and weight loss the most frequent symptoms. The disease was detected in all the cases because of an abnormal chest X-rayo The method used to obtain tissue for histological diagnosis was thoracotomy for 15 cases, pleural biopsy in 8, thoracoscopy in 4 and autopsy in 2. The histological diagnosis in 16 cases was fibrous mesothelioma, 10 malignant and 6 benign, 12 were epithelial (all malignant) and 2 were malignant mixed mesotheliomas. The treatment in all the benign cases was surgical resection and none recurred. Two of the malignant lesions were resected, 1 had an extrapleural pneumonectomy along with pericardial and diaphragmatic resection, but the survival was not better than the rest of the malignant cases, with an average survival rate for all of them of only 6 months. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy showed no additional benefit.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>mesotelioma</kwd>
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<kwd>mesothelioma</kwd>
<kwd>pleural mesothelioma</kwd>
<kwd>pleural tumors</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El concepto de salud ha sobrepasado el entorno propiamente sanitario y cada vez más, tiene otras implicaciones sociales, la institución de salud es hoy en día una actividad compleja donde no solamente se gestiona la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades de los usuarios sino al recurso humano encargado de su atención. Asimismo en la actualidad se reconoce la importancia del recurso humano para la organización y surge el concepto de &quot;presentismo&quot;, referido a aquellos trabajadores que sufren enfermedades que los obligarían a ausentarse del trabajo pero que se presentan a trabajar sin cumplir eficazmente sus funciones. Al respecto y en relación con el presentismo, se debe tomar en cuenta que los efectos adversos o accidentes durante la atención de servicios de salud se encuentran asociados a factores fisiológicos, psicológicos y ambientales e implican desde el punto de vista administrativo, una falla en la productividad, que afecta tanto al usuario del servicio como al trabajador. Se debe considerar que este grupo profesional se ubica entre los grupos de riesgo del presentismo y que con el fin de administrar y reducir el presentismo se requieren estrategias preventivas por parte de la gerencia de salud.</p></abstract>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La miocardiopatía espongiforme es una forma infrecuente de miocardiopatía congénita, resultado de la interrupción del desarrollo embrionario endomiocárdico normal, que produce la no compactación del miocardio ventricular (miocardio no compactado). El ecocardiograma bidimensional y el doppler en color permiten el diagnóstico de la entidad, siendo sus principales características las múltiples trabeculaciones y recesos que se comunican directamente con la cavidad ventricular. Existe una alta incidencia familiar de esta enfermedad, asociada con anormalidades del cromosoma Xq28. Presentamos dos casos ilustrativos en dos hermanos jóvenes, de raza negra, diagnosticados mediante eco cardiografía doppler codificado en color, en el Hospital Regional Dr. Tony Facio Castro de Limón.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium or &quot;spongy myocardium&quot;, is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy resulting from an arrest in normal endomyocardial embryogenesis. The characteristic echocardiographic findings of this disease consist of multiple myocardial trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses communicating with the left ventricular cavity. Familial occurrence has been observed linked to the Xq29 chromosome. Two cases in young black brothers are presented, both have the typical clinical and echocardiographic features of the disease, the diagnosis was made at the Tony Facio Castro Regional Hospital of Limón.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Miócardopatía espongiforme</kwd>
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<front>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Functioning paragangliomas are rare tumors that produce catecholamines. They originate from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells. They are frequentIy malignant and are associated with high incidence of persistent or recurrent disease after their primary treatment. Tumor size and the presence of metastatic disease are the main prognostic factors for the outcome of these patients. The majority are located in the retroperitoneum. The diagnosis involves the determination of an excessive non physiological production of catecholamines; and afterwards its location, imaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance are able to find the tumor in most cases. The most effective treatment modality is surgery. We present here the case of a 32 y-o female who came in with facial and thoracic hyperhidrosis and hypertension. She underwent laparoscopic removal of a left retroperitoneal paraganglioma and became cured.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>paraganglioma funcional extraadrenal</kwd>
<kwd>feocromocitoma</kwd>
<kwd>hipertensión arterial</kwd>
<kwd>adrenalectomía laparoscópica</kwd>
<kwd>extra adrenal paraganglioma</kwd>
<kwd>pheocromocytoma</kwd>
<kwd>arterial hippertension</kwd>
<kwd>laparoscopic adrendectomy</kwd>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>neumonía lipoidea</kwd>
<kwd>neumonía por aspiración</kwd>
<kwd>neumonía en come fuego</kwd>
<kwd>lipoid pneumonia</kwd>
<kwd>aspiration pneumonia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La enfermedad vascular cerebral es la principal causa de hospitalización neurológica en el mundo. Costa Rica no es la excepción; en nuestros hospitales cada día es más frecuente el número de pacientes que ingresan con infartos cerebrales isquémicos. Esta común enfermedad obedece a la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas como la hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, tabaquismo y la alta expectativa de vida de los costarricenses, todos considerados factores de riesgo. Aproximadamente un 80% de los infartos cerebrales son isquémicos secundarios a la oclusión arterial aguda de un territorio vascular específico; el restante 20% corresponde a la variante hemorrágica. Las secuelas neurológicas secundarias a esta entidad son la principal causa de discapacidad crónica en los pacientes y conllevan una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Aunque muchos sufren el infarto cerebral isquémico en forma aguda, otro grupo de pacientes experimenta uno o varios episodios previos de isquemia cerebral transitoria, lo cual los pone en riesgo de sufrir un infarto cerebral isquémico durante un periodo corto, es decir, son pacientes vulnerables. Esta revisión pretende actualizar los conocimientos médicos, especialmente para aquellos que trabajan en la atención primaria y en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias, que reconozcan a este grupo de pacientes y les brinden la atención médica necesaria para de prevenir un infarto cerebral isquémico. La isquemia cerebral transitoria debe ser considerada como una emergencia neurológica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Stroke is the first cause of neurological hospitalization in the world. Costa Rica is not the exception, in our hospitals the amount of patients who are admitted with ischemic stroke increases every day. This condition is more common due to the high prevalence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, besides smoking and the high costarrican life expectancy, are all considered risk factors for development of a stroke. Approximately 80% of the strokes are ischemic in nature secondary to an acute arterial occlusion of an specific vascular territory, the remaining 20% are of hemorrhagic origin. The neurological impairment secondary to strokes, in these patients is the main cause of chronic disability and is related with high morbility and mortality. Although many individuals have an acute ischemic stroke, other patients will have 1 or more events of transient ischemic attacks, indicating that they are at risk for an ischemic stroke in a brief period of time. This article reviews the current medical knowledge, and is written especially for general practitioners and emergency physicians, so they can recognize the patients at risk and prevent them from having an ischemic stroke. Transient ischemic attacks must be considered a neurological emergency.</p></abstract>
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