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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022008000300002</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Controversias de la ooforectomía profiláctica bilateral durante la histerectomía electiva</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Profilactic bilateral ooforectomy during elective hysterectomy</article-title>
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<institution>,Hospital de las mujeres Servicio de Ginocología </institution>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>131</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El término ooforectomía profiláctica implica que los ovarios son normales al ser removidos quirúrgicamente y que se realiza por posibles beneficios futuros, tales como la prevención de cáncer de ovario o evitar reintervenciones quirúrgicas ginecológicas por patología en el anexo remanente. Sin embargo, se ha sugerido que la producción de andrógenos en los ovarios perimenopáusicos tiene un papel prominente en la calidad de vida y el bienestar sexual de la mujer. Al igual que se ha relacionado la ooforectomía bilateral con un aumento en la enfermedad cardiovascular y la mortalidad en mujeres que no usaron terapia de reemplazo hormonal. Hasta que exista evidencia inequívoca proveniente de estudios controlados, aleatorizados y adecuadamente diseñados, la ooforectomía profiláctica bilateral coincidente con una histerectomía electiva en pacientes de bajo riesgo para cáncer de ovario, debe ser considerada con gran cautela. La evidencia actual sugiere que la decisión de realizarla o no durante una histerectomía electiva, se basa más en opinión que en estudios aleatorizados bien diseñados y de peso metodológico, pudiéndose no justificar la realización de tan elevado número de ooforectomías profilácticas en la práctica clínica actual.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The term prophylactic oophorectomy implies that the ovaries are normal at the time of their surgical removal and that it is performed for possible future benefits, such as prevention of ovarian cancer or to avoid eventual gynecological surgical interventions. However, it has been suggested that the production of androgens in the ovaries in perimenopausal women has an important rol in the quality of life and sexual well being. Bilateral oophorectomy has also been related with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in women that did not use hormonal replacement therapy. Until more research of better methodological quality becomes available, prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of an elective hysterectomy in ovarian cancer low risk women should be approached with great caution. The poor and limited evidence suggests that the decision to perform or not a prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy at the time of an elective hysterectomy, is mostly opinion-based than evidence-based, and it does not justify the elevated number of prophylactic oophorectomies seen in current clinical practice.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>terapia reemplazo hormonal</kwd>
<kwd>Ovariectomy</kwd>
<kwd>prophylactic oophorectomy</kwd>
<kwd>hysterectomy</kwd>
<kwd>hormone replacement therapy</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este artículo se analizan dos facetas importantes de las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes. Por un lado, las características de los microorganismos que las causan, por otro, las características del ser humano que promueven o contribuyen al surgimiento de las enfermedades infecciosas. Desde el punto de vista microbiano, se pueden identificar tres aspectos fundamentales. Primero, los patógenos emergentes son predominantemente virales, seguidos por los bacterianos. Numéricamente los virus ARN dominan, constituyendo el 37% de todos los patógenos emergentes. Los virus ARN predominan entre los virus patógenos emergentes que aparentemente entraron en las poblaciones humanas en las últimas décadas, como VIH y el coronavirus asociado al SARS. Segundo, los patógenos emergentes no se asocian a un único tipo de hospedero, sino que usualmente tienen amplio rango de hospederos que incluye varios órdenes de especies de mamíferos y no mamíferos. En efecto, la mayoría de las infecciones emergentes son de origen zoonótico. Tercero, los patógenos emergentes tienen un cierto grado de flexibilidad biológica que les permite aprovecharse de nuevas oportunidades epidemiológicas para ingresar a las poblaciones humanas. Las enfermedades infecciosas no son un problema reciente sino que han estado &quot;emergiendo&quot; a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad y es posible identificar, al menos, cuatro transiciones históricas. La última de esas transiciones es la globalización actual. Muchos factores antropogénicos inciden en el surgimiento de las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes, incluyendo eventos sociales, comportamiento humano, cambios ambientales, políticas en salud pública, procedimientos médicos y otros.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this review, 2 relevant aspects of emerging infectious diseases are analyzed: the characteristics of the microorganisms causing such infections and the human facts that promote or contribute to emerging infectious diseases. Three important characteristics of microbes involved emerging infectious diseases are identified. First, predominant emerging pathogens are virus and bacteria. ARN viruses constitute 37% of all emerging pathogens. ARN viruses have been predominant among viral emerging pathogens that impacted human populations during the last decades, including HIV and SARS-associated coronavirus. Secondly, emerging pathogens affecting human populations are not associated to a unique type of host, but to a broad range of hosts including different orders of mammals and non-mammal species. In fact, most of the infectious diseases affecting human populations are zoonotic. Thirdly, emerging pathogens have biological flexibility that allows them to take advantage of new epidemiological opportunities to enter into new human populations. Infectious diseases are not a recent issue, on the contrary, they have been emerging throughout human evolution and, at least, 4 historic transitions are identified. The last one is globalization. Several anthropogenic factors influence the occurrence of emerging infectious diseases, including social events, human behavior, environmental changes, public health policies, medical procedures, among others.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>enfermedades emergentes</kwd>
<kwd>salto de especie</kwd>
<kwd>zoonosis</kwd>
<kwd>transiciones históricas</kwd>
<kwd>Globalización</kwd>
<kwd>emerging diseases</kwd>
<kwd>species jump</kwd>
<kwd>zoonosis</kwd>
<kwd>historical transitions</kwd>
<kwd>globalization</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra virus dengue en el cantón de Golfito (2005) y en el Distrito Central de Puntarenas (2005-2006), Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue seroprevalence in Golfito and the central district of Puntarenas, Costa Rica 2005-2006</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee-Lui</surname>
<given-names>Margarita</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Alfaro-Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
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<surname>Quesada-Johnson</surname>
<given-names>Aryam</given-names>
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<surname>Taylor-Castillo</surname>
<given-names>Lizeth</given-names>
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<surname>Hun-Opfer</surname>
<given-names>Laya</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica CIET </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>152</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivo: La primo infección con el virus dengue varía desde asintomática hasta cuadros muy severos, como el dengue hemorrágico o el síndrome de choque por dengue. El Distrito Primero de Puntarenas ha sido una de las poblaciones más afectadas desde 1993, cuando aparecieron los primeros brotes, hasta hoy, con una disminución de la incidencia en los últimos años. La región Brunca fue la segunda en incidencia en el país en 1998, y si bien la endemicidad se ha mantenido, no existen estudios epidemiológicos sobre la prevalencia de esta enfermedad; los datos que aporta el Ministerio de Salud corresponden a la incidencia de casos clínicos en un período determinado. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia en el Distrito Primero de Puntarenas y en Golfito para conocer la vulnerabilidad de la población de sufrir fiebre hemorrágica por dengue y analizar la situación asociada a los datos epidemiológicos de estas regiones, tales como edad, sexo y ubicación geográfica, ya que una población susceptible es la que presenta una alta seroprevalencia, unida a condiciones de hacinamiento y alta densidad vectorial. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con el método EPI descrito por la OMS. Se recolectaron 210 muestras de suero en cada distrito, se desarrolló y estandarizó una prueba de ELISA de captura de antígeno para la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG contra dengue, usando como referencia el método de reducción de placas de Dulbecco considerado estándar de oro. Resultados: La seroprevalencia contra dengue fue del 43.8% (92) y del 90% (189) en los distritos de Golfito y Central de Puntarenas, respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas respecto al sexo, la edad y la localidad. Se obtuvo un 83% y un 95% de correlación en Golfito y Puntarenas, respectivamente, entre los casos sintomáticos y la serología con el método estandarizado. Un 32% y un 42% del total de seropositivos en cada localidad afirmaron no haber padecido fiebre por dengue, lo cual refleja, por tratarse de una muestra representativa, que existe al menos un porcentaje similar en el resto de la población con infección asintomática. Conclusión: La seropositividad de la población contra el virus dengue en el distrito Central de Puntarenas es muy alta, y aunque Golfito ha sido un distrito con reporte de baja incidencia para dengue desde 1998 hasta la fecha, este estudio demuestra que cerca del 50% de la población presenta anticuerpos contra el virus, lo que significa un alto riesgo de desarrollar dengue hemorrágico en estas localidades en una futura infección por un serotipo diferente. Por lo tanto, es recomendable que las autoridades de salud realicen cambios en el desarrollo de estrategias integrales con la colaboración de la comunidad, el gobierno y las autoridades de Salud, para de mejorar los programas de prevención y control de la enfermedad.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification and objectives: Dengue infection could be asymptomatic or it can produce a mild acute febrile illness, dengue fever, or a severe illness, such as hemorrhagic dengue or shock syndrome (DHF/SSD). Illness severity depends upon various risk factors like viral characteristics, infestation of the vector as well as host factors; presence of more than 1 dengue virus serotype and secondary infections. Since 1993 when the first cases of dengue were reported in Costa Rica Puntarenas’s First District population has been 1 of the most affected areas, although there has been a decline in the incidence over the last years. The Brunca Region was the second with high incidence of dengue in 1998 and since then cases have been reported permanently. The national incidence is based on the clinical cases weekly report by the Ministry of Health, but there are no seroepidemyological studies to determine the seroprevalence of the disease. Determining IgG antibodies prevalence against dengue at the First Puntarenas’s District and at Golfito district will allow us to better understand the incidence and calculate the percentage of the population at risk of developing DHF/SSD associated with the epidemiological data. Methods: For the seroprevalence study we collected 210 sera samples from each region and used an IgG capture ELISA developed and standardized in our laboratory using as reference the Dulbecco Plaque Method. Samples were obtained utilizing the EPI method (Expanded Program on Immunization) described by the World health Organization (WHO). Results: The study showed 43.8% (92) and 90% (189) prevalence in the districts of Golfito and Puntarenas respectively, no significant differences in gender, age and geographical location were found. We determined an 83% in Golfito and a 95% in Puntarenas correlation between serology and symptomatic cases and 42% from total seropositive people in each region denied having clinical symptoms. Since this is a representative sample study we can affirm that a similar percentage of asymptomatic cases occur in the general population. Conclusions: Seropositivity against dengue virus in the First Puntarenas’s District population is very high (90%) and although the Golfito District has been reported with a low prevalence since 1998, this study shows that near 50% of the population is seropositive with the consequent risk for DHF/SSD. It is very important to continue this type of seroepidemiological studies in other regions of the country to verify the real threat of this disease in order to take the necessary preventive measures.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>dengue</kwd>
<kwd>dengue hemorrágico</kwd>
<kwd>seroprevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>síndrome de choque por dengue</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiología</kwd>
<kwd>vector Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>dengue fever</kwd>
<kwd>dengue hemorrhagic fever</kwd>
<kwd>seroprevalence</kwd>
<kwd>dengue shock syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>vector Aedes aegypti</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Caracterización de un grupo de pacientes con esquizofrenia en el Valle Central de Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Characterization of a group of schizophrenic in the Central Valley of Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>Javier</given-names>
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<name>
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<given-names>Michael</given-names>
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<surname>Raventós</surname>
<given-names>Henriette</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Texas en San Antonio Centro de Ciencias de la Salud </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital México </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca </addr-line>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>159</lpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivo: la esquizofrenia es una enfermedad crónica con importantes repercusiones sociales que afecta al 1% de la población mundial. Se describe las características de la esquizofrenia en una muestra de pacientes del Valle Central de Costa Rica. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal en esquizofrénicos diagnosticados a través del proceso de mejor estimado diagnostico según la cuarta edición del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSMIV). Resultados: de 260 esquizofrénicos, 186 (71.5%) son varones y 74 (28.5%) mujeres, la edad promedio de entrevista es 38.95 años (Desviación Standard (DS): 11.37), menor en los varones (37.54 años, DS: 10.46) que en las mujeres (42.49 (DS: 12.81, p&lt;0.05), el 44.96% presenta el subtipo indiferenciada, 29.07% paranoide, 15.89% desorganizada y 10.08% para otros subtipos. La edad de inicio es en promedio 21.39 años (DS: 7.21) y la edad del primer tratamiento es 22.26 años (DS: 6.55) sin diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres, 159 (85% de varones) nunca se ha casado versus 47 (63% de mujeres)(p&lt;0.05). El 54.1% de las mujeres son laboralmente activas en comparación con el 23.1% de los varones (p&lt;0.05) a pesar de una similar escolaridad 7.82 años (DS: 3.68) (p&gt;0.05). El número de hospitalizaciones es en promedio 5.49 (DS: 5.24), (p&gt;0.05), los sujetos solteros presentan tendencia a un mayor número de ingresos (17.25 internamientos). El 49.6% ha sufrido al menos un síndrome depresivo mayor, 7.5% de los varones presenta abuso y el 22.0% dependencia al alcohol; 7.7% de sujetos presenta abuso y el 7.3% dependencia a sustancias (p&gt;0.05). Discusión: Nuestros pacientes presentaron características clínicas y demográficas similares a lo observado en otras poblaciones. Más de la mitad de los individuos tenían antecedente de síntomas afectivos siendo los depresivos los más frecuentes. Los varones solteros constituyeron el grupo con peor pronóstico, mayor desempleo y mayor tendencia a presentar reingresos hospitalarios. Sin embargo, dicho hallazgo podría ser explicado por la organización económica de los hogares y el rol social del varón en nuestra sociedad. Conclusión: los varones y las mujeres EZ del VCCR muestran una misma edad de inicio de enfermedad, el subtipo predominante en ambos grupos es el indiferenciado con el antecedente de síntomas depresivos. Los varones presentan un mayor índice de desempleo, mayor consumo de sustancias lícitas e ilícitas y mayor número de hospitalizaciones que las mujeres.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification and Aim: schizophrenia is a chronic illness with important social consequences. It is found in 1% of the world population. We describe the characteristics of schizophrenia in a sample of patients from the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Methods: descriptive, transversal study of schizophrenic patients diagnosed with the best estimate diagnosis process based on DSMIV criteria. Results: out of 260 schizophrenic subjects, 186 (71.5%) are males and 74 (28.5%) females, average age at interview is 38.95 years (SD: 11.37), lower in males (37.54 years, SD: 10.46) than females (42.49 (SD: 12.81, p&lt;0.05), 44.96% are undifferentiated, 29.07% paranoid, 15.89% disorganized and 10.08% other subtypes. Average age of onset is 21.39 years (SD: 7.21) and age at first treatment 22.26 years (SD: 6.55) with no significant difference between males and females, 159 (85% of total males) have never been married compared to 47 (63% of total females) (p&lt;0.05). Fifty four pointone percent of women are currently employed compared to 23.1% of males (p&lt;0.05) even with similar 7.82 years of education (SD: 3.68). The number of hospitalizations is 5.49 (SD: 5.24), (p&gt;0.05), those who are not married have a trend of more hospitalizations (17.25); 49.6% of the subjects have had at least one major depressive syndrome; 7.5% of males present alcohol abuse and 22.0% alcohol dependence; 7.7% have substance abuse and 7.3% substance dependence (p&gt;0.05). Discussion: our sample showed similar clinical and demographic characteristics to other populations. More than half of the sample had affective symptoms, depressive symptoms were the most frequent. Single males had the worse prognosis, lower employment rate and higher number of hospitalizations. Nonetheless, this finding could be explained by the economical organization of the household and the social role of males in our society. Conclusions: schizophrenic males and females from the Central Valley of Costa Rica showed the same age of onset. In both groups, the most frequent schizophrenia type was undifferentiated with history of depressive symptoms. Males had higher unemployment rate, more substance use and more number of hospitalizations than females.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>esquizofrenia</kwd>
<kwd>mejor estimado diagnóstico</kwd>
<kwd>Valle Central de Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>schizophrenia</kwd>
<kwd>best estimate diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>Central Valley of Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0001-60022008000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Índice de masa corporal pregestacional y ganancia de peso materno y su relación con el peso del recién nacido</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Pre gestation body mass index and maternal weight gain, its relationship with new born weight</article-title>
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<institution>,Hospital Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia Servicio de Obstetricia </institution>
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<year>2008</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>160</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Explorar en el sistema de salud nacional la relación existente entre el índice de masa corporal pregestacional y la ganancia de peso materno durante el embarazo, y su relación con el peso del recién nacido. Asimismo, pretende investigar su relación con factores adversos tanto maternos como fetales, al momento de la labor de parto. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal para cumplir con los objetivos del estudio. Mediante un muestreo consecutivo se analizaron 360 historias clínicas de pacientes gestantes atendidas en el Servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital &quot;Dr. Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia&quot; entre el 1 de enero y el 28 de febrero de 2008. Las variables maternas relacionadas con el control prenatal que se incluyeron fueron: edad en años cumplidos, peso en kilogramos, talla en metros, índice de masa corporal (kg/m2), ganancia de peso en kilogramos por trimestre y en total durante la gestación. Las variables relacionadas al parto que se analizaron fueron: edad gestacional en semanas cumplidas, tipo de parto, duración de la labor de parto y expulsivo, realización de episiotomía y presencia de desgarros. Las variables neonatales que se estudiaron fueron: sexo; peso al nacer en kilogramos; talla en centímetros; circunferencia cefálica en centímetros; puntuación Apgar a los 5 minutos; clasificación según peso/edad gestacional; presencia de distocia de hombros; lesiones fetales como fracturas, dislocaciones, o parálisis nerviosas, entre otras; necesidad de reanimación neonatal y requerimiento de hospitalización del recién nacido. Resultados: Si se toma como referencia al grupo con un IMC normal, se puede observar que el porcentaje de recién nacidos pequeños para edad gestacional (PEG) y el de recién nacidos grandes para edad gestacional (GEG), fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con un IMC bajo y con obesidad, respectivamente. Hubo una relación significativa entre la duración de la labor de parto y el IMC pregestacional de embarazada. Asimismo, la presencia de distocia y lesión fetal se observó más frecuentemente en pacientes con obesidad. Se pudo observar también como la ganancia de peso durante la gestación se relaciona también con la antropometría neonatal. No solo se determinó un aumento en el peso, talla y circunferencia cefálica de aquellos productos de madres que ganaron más peso de lo aconsejado por la norma, sino que el porcentaje de productos grande para edad gestacional fue mayor en este grupo. No obstante, al analizar la influencia de la ganancia de peso sobre la labor de parto, no se evidenció una diferencia significativa entre ellas. Si se toma como referencia al grupo con una ganancia de peso adecuada durante el embarazo, se puede observar que el porcentaje de recién nacidos pequeños para edad gestacional (PEG) fue semejante entre este y los que presentaron una ganancia de peso menor a la recomendada, mientras que el de recién nacidos grandes para edad gestacional (GEG) fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con una ganancia de peso mayor a la aconsejada. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demostró que el índice de masa corporal y la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo influye sobre el peso de los recién nacidos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: To explore the relationship between pregestational body mass index (BMI) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy with the newborns weight in the national health system. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study. Three hundred and sixty medical records from pregnant patients seen at the Obstetrics Service of the Calderon Guardia Hospital were analyzed. Maternal variables related to the prenatal birth control were: age, weight, height, body mass index (kg/m2), weight gain per trimester and total weight gain through pregnancy. Labor and delivery variables included were: gestational age, mode of delivery, labor and expulsive period duration in minutes, episiotomy and presence of perineal tears. Neonatal outcomes analyzed were: sex, birth weight and height, cephalic circumference, 5 minutes Apgar score, wight/age relationship, shoulder dystocia, fetal lesion, need for neonatal resuscitation or newborn hospitalization. Results: Taking as a reference the group with normal BMI, the percentage of both either small for gestional age (SGA) and large for gestional age (LGA) newborns was higher in the group of low BMI and obesity, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between the length of labor and pregestational BMI. The presence of dystocia and fetal lesion were more frequent in obese patients. Weight gain during gestation was found to be related with neonatal authropometric measurements. The products of mothers whose weight vas higher than advisible weighted more, were taller and had a larger cephalic circumference and in general they were larger than expected for their gestational age. There was no significant difference between the influence of weight gain during pregnancy and the labor variables. Taking as a reference the group with adequate weight gain during pregnancy, the percentage of SGA and LGA newborns was similar between this group and the one with lower weight gain. In contrast, the incidence of LGA newborn was higher in those patients with greater weight gain. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that BMI and weight gain during pregnancy influences the newborn weight.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Índice de masa corporal</kwd>
<kwd>ganancia de peso materno durante el embarazo</kwd>
<kwd>peso del recién nacido</kwd>
<kwd>Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</kwd>
<kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
<kwd>weight gain during pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>newborn weight</kwd>
<kwd>Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Justificación y objetivo: Se evaluó in vitro la precisión en el flujo de nutrición enteral en bombas peristálticas de nutrición enteral con el fin de determinar si ésta puede ser una variable que cause errores en la administración de la fórmula. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron 13 bombas de infusión enteral del tipo peristáltico mediante la aplicación de un modelo de laboratorio que simulaba la administración a un paciente. Se usó para todos los casos una fórmula estándar diluida de la manera recomendada por el fabricante. Con un volumen meta de 240 mL. Se programó en cada bomba un flujo de infusión de 40 mL por hora. Para cada caso según el tiempo de infusión, se calculó el flujo de infusión real y a partir de la diferencia se calculó el porcentaje de error. Resultados: En 12 de las 13 bombas se detectó un error por exceso que fue de 7.5% hasta 52.5%. Solo una bomba, de marca distinta a todas las demás demostró un error de 0 mL/h con respecto a lo programado. Ninguna bomba mostró un déficit en el volumen de infusión. Conclusión: En la mayoría de las bombas evaluadas se detectó un porcentaje de error por exceso que supera lo estipulado por el fabricante.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification and aim: To evaluate in vitro the accuracy of volume infusion of peristaltic enteral nutrition pumps to determine if this variable may be responsible for error’s in the administration of nutrition support. Materials and Methods: Thirteen pumps were evaluated through simulation using a model that resembles the administration of enteral nutrition to a patient. For every case, we used an standard formula diluted as recommended by the manufacturer. A volume of 240 mL was programmed to be infused at 40 ml per hour. For each case, time was measured until finishing the volume, comparing to the programmed time and calculating the delivery error. Results: In 12 of 13 pumps, we detected error by excess, which varied from 7.5% to 52.5%. Only one pump showed an error of 0%. None of the pumps demonstrated infusion less than programmed. Conclusion: Most of the pumps analysed demonstrate high percentage of error in comparison to what is accepted by the manufacturer.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>bombas</kwd>
<kwd>nutrición enteral</kwd>
<kwd>infusion pumps</kwd>
<kwd>enteral nutrition</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022008000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Neutropenia crónica e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Chronic neutropenia and human immunodeficiency virus infection</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Noguera-Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Ronald A</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Boza-Cordero</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Dr. Max Peralta Jiménez </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Infectología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino con neutropenia crónica e infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, con una revisión de los posibles mecanismos patogénicos. Las alteraciones hematológicas como anemia, trombocitopenia y leucopenia se presentan asociadas con frecuencia a la infección aguda por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Al establecer la terapia antirretroviral y disminuir la actividad del virus, estas alteraciones tienden a mejorar. Sin embargo, algunos fármacos antirretrovirales, como la zidovudina, poseen toxicidad medular y pueden producir o empeorar las alteraciones hematológicas en estos pacientes, lo cual lleva a cambios en los esquemas de tratamiento. Los citotóxicos y antimetabolitos empleados en el tratamiento de neoplasias asociadas tienen conocida actividad depresora sobre la médula ósea. Algunos antimicrobianos utilizados en la profilaxis de infecciones poseen también toxicidad hematológica conocida, como el trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, por lo que deben ser utilizados con precaución en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Por otro lado, se plantean mecanismos alternativos que causan neutropenia en estos pacientes, como la formación de anticuerpos antineutrófilos, daño primario del progenitor granulocítico, por desbalance en la producción de neutrófilos, por anticuerpos contra la glicoproteína gp120 de la cápside viral del VIH, y deficiencias vitamínicas. En el caso del paciente neutropénico febril, en quien se sospecha infección bacteriana grave, se pueden utilizar los factores estimulantes de las colonias de granulocitos para aumentar los conteos absolutos de neutrófilos y mejorar la recuperación clínica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A case of a male with chronic neutropenia and human immunodeficiency virus infection is presented along, with a review of possible pathogenic mechanisms. Hematological abnormalities as anemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia are frequently associated with acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. As antiretroviral therapy establishes and viral activity diminishes, hematological disturbances improve. However, some antiretroviral drugs, e.g., zidovudine, exhibits medullary toxicity and it can worsen the hematological findings in these patients, forcing subsequent changes on therapeutic schemes. Cytotoxics used in associated neoplasms have known antimedullary activity. Some antimicrobial agents like trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, used prophylactically, also exhibit medullary toxicity, because of this, they should be used with caution or should be avoided. Finally, other mechanisms which can cause neutropenia are enlisted: formation of anti- neutrophiles antibodies, primary damage of granulocyte progenitor, imbalance of neutrophil production, antibodies against gp120 viral envelope glycoprotein, or vitamins deficiencies. The approach of the neutropenic febrile patient in whom severe bacterial infection is suspected, includes the use of granulocyte-colonies stimulating factors in order to increase the absolute neutrophil count and to achieve a better clinical outcome.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Neutropenia crónica</kwd>
<kwd>terapia antirretroviral</kwd>
<kwd>infección por VIH</kwd>
<kwd>factor estimulante de las colonias de granulocitos</kwd>
<kwd>efectos adversos</kwd>
<kwd>Chronic neutropenia</kwd>
<kwd>high activity antiretroviral therapy</kwd>
<kwd>HIV infection</kwd>
<kwd>granulocyte-colony stimulant factors</kwd>
<kwd>adverse effects</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022008000300011</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La hiperplasia estromal seudoangiomatosa es un hallazgo histológico benigno, relativamente infrecuente, caracterizada por aumento de la densidad mamaria, proliferación de fibras colágeno y del estroma que forma pseudoespacios capilares vacíos anastomosados entre sí. La etiología no es clara, pero tiene una marcada influencia hormonal. Tanto clínica como radiológicamente puede semejar lesiones benignas y malignas. La histología es fundamental para hacer el diagnóstico definitivo. Se reporta el caso clínico de una mujer herediana de 40 años con una masa mamaria derecha, deformante, asimétrica, de crecimiento rápido, dolorosa y multirecidivante, que finalmente resolvió con una mastectomía subcutánea.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast is a rare benign disease, which was described by Vuitch in 1986. The etiology is not clear, but an hormonal influence has been demonstrated. To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy is required primarily to distinguish a malignant disease like low grade angyosarcoma, a fibroadenoma or a Philloides tumor; these entities are similar in their clinical and imaging features. We present herein the case of a 40 year old female that presented with a fast growing, painful, recurrent breast mass, initially treated as fibrocystic breast disease but the histopathology later demonstrated the lesion to be a pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, which is very infrequent. Finally she underwent a sucutaneuos mastectomy, and the diagnosis was again confirmed. An extensive review of current literature confirmed that mastectomy is better, especially in cases with diffuse and recurrent tumors.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>hiperplasia estromal seudoangiomatosa</kwd>
<kwd>tumor filoides mamario</kwd>
<kwd>mastopatía fibroquística de la mama</kwd>
<kwd>ginecomastía</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia</kwd>
<kwd>ginecomastia</kwd>
<kwd>philloides tumor</kwd>
<kwd>benign fibroquistic breast changes</kwd>
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