<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dr. Clodomiro Picado Twight (1887-1944)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>José María</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Instituto Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>4</fpage>
<lpage>5</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Médicos piden declarar &quot;Emergencia Nacional&quot; el vertido de aguas de los Hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gourzong Taylor</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Academia Nacional de Medicina  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>6</fpage>
<lpage>7</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tipificación molecular de los antígenos leucocitarios humanos, Estado del arte y perspectivas para los transplantes de células madre en Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular typing of Human Leukocyte Antigens, State-of-theart and Perspectives for Stem cell Transplantation in Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arrieta-Bolaños</surname>
<given-names>Esteban</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salazar-Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Lizbeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines Maestría en Microbiología</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El sistema de antígenos leucocitarios (Human Leukocyte Antigen) es el más polimórfico en el ser humano. Su función la realiza regulando la respuesta inmune mediante su unión a moléculas como el receptor de células T, participando en la presentación de antígenos y el reconocimiento de lo propio en el organismo. Su papel central en la respuesta inmune así como su polimorfismo convierten a estos genes en un factor fundamental en la terapia con trasplantes, siendo su importancia máxima en los trasplantes de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas. Consecuentemente, la tipificación de estos antígenos en los estudios de compatibilidad ha sido desarrollada de manera paralela y en las últimas décadas se ha avanzado grandemente en su comprensión y caracterización. Varias metodologías moleculares son las que predominan actualmente para la tipificación de los antígenos de histocompatibilidad leucocitarios. La información obtenida de estas caracterizaciones ha permitido la aparición de bancos de donantes de células madre y unidades de cordón umbilical, los cuales amplían la probabilidad de encontrar un donador compatible para el paciente. Los programas de trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas en nuestro país requieren de un avance en las tecnologías disponibles para tipificación de estas moléculas, así como de la instauración de un registro nacional de donantes basado en su tipificación molecular. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar el estado del conocimiento actual sobre los antígenos leucocitarios humanos, su genética, su tipificación, sus utilidades y protocolos a seguir en la tecnología de los trasplantes de células madre.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Human Leukocyte Antigen genetic system is the most polymorphic in humans. It plays a central role on immune response regulation by its interaction with molecules like the T-cell receptor, participating in the antigen presentation process and self-recognition. This role added to its polymorphism make the human leukocyte antigens a fundamental factor for transplantation, especially when it comes to hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Consequently, techniques for human leukocyte antigen typing for compatibility studies have experienced great development over the last decades. Various molecular typing methodologies currently predominate for this characterization. Information obtained with these technologies has prompted the development of stem cell adult donor registries and cord blood banks which raise the probability of finding a suitable compatible donor for patients in need of transplantation. Stem Cell Transplantation Programs in Costa Rica urgently need the updating to molecular typing technologies for patient-donor compatibility studies. Moreover, the creation of a National Stem Cell Donor Registry and the pursuing of the public Cord Blood Bank need to be addressed. The present review aims to present state-of-the-art concepts and knowledge on human leukocyte antigen genetics, typing strategies and protocols, and applications on stem cell transplantation. Additionally, perspectives for Costa Rican development on these areas are given.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>antígenos HLA</kwd>
<kwd>prueba de histocompatibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>células madre hematopoyéticas</kwd>
<kwd>bancos de donantes</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>HLA antigens</kwd>
<kwd>histocompatibility testing</kwd>
<kwd>hematopoietic stem cells</kwd>
<kwd>donor banks</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Roitt</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brostoff</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Male</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Immunology</article-title>
<source>Immunology</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>6th</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Mosby</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Choo</surname>
<given-names>SY</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The HLA system: genetics, immunology, clinical testing, and clinical implications</article-title>
<source>Yonsei Med J</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>48</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Reisner</surname>
<given-names>EG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beutler</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lichtman</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Coller</surname>
<given-names>BS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kipps</surname>
<given-names>TJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Human leukocyte and platelet antigens</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Williams Haematology</article-title>
<source>Williams Haematology</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>5</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>McGraw-Hill Inc</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Contreras</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lubenko</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoffbrand</surname>
<given-names>AV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lewis</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Antigens in human Blood</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Postgraduate Haematology</article-title>
<source>Postgraduate Haematology</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Butterworth Heinemann</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>WH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>AF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Current opinion on human leukocyte antigen-G in China</article-title>
<source>Chin Med J (Engl)</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>120</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<source></source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ji</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>KM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ji</surname>
<given-names>YH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of a novel HLA-A*0278 allele in a Chinese family</article-title>
<source>Tissue Antigens</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>65</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>TF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hou</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tu</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hwang</surname>
<given-names>WY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yeoh</surname>
<given-names>AE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ng</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of nine new HLA class I alleles in volunteers from the Singapore stem cell donor registries</article-title>
<source>Tissue Antigens</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>68</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kanga</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Panigrahi</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mehra</surname>
<given-names>NK</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Asian Indian donor marrow registry: All India Institute of Medical Sciences experience</article-title>
<source>Transplant Proc</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>39</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abdeen</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McErlean</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moraes</surname>
<given-names>ME</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Torres</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Campiotto</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Galvão</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of three novel alleles of HLA-DRB1 and HLAA in the Brazilian population</article-title>
<source>Tissue Antigens</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>69</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shaw</surname>
<given-names>BE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Immunogenetic factors in donors and patients that affect the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</article-title>
<source>Blood Cells Mol Dis</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>40</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rocha</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Labopin</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sanz</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arcese</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schwerdtfeger</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bosi</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Acute Leukemia Working Party of European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group; Eurocord-Netcord Registry: Transplants of umbilical-cord blood or bone marrow from unrelated donors in adults with acute leukemia</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>351</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>van der Helm-van Mil</surname>
<given-names>AHM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Verpoort</surname>
<given-names>KN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Breedveld</surname>
<given-names>FC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huizinga</surname>
<given-names>TWJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Toes</surname>
<given-names>REM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>de Vries</surname>
<given-names>RRP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles are primarily a risk factor for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and are not an independent risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis</article-title>
<source>Arthritis and Rheumatism</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>54</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Amirzargar</surname>
<given-names>AA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Khosravi</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dianat</surname>
<given-names>SS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alimoghadam</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ghavamzadeh</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ansaripour</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Association of HLA class II allele and haplotype frequencies with chronic myelogenous leukemia and age-at-onset of the disease</article-title>
<source>Pathol Oncol Res</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>13</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flomenberg</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baxter-Lowe</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Confer</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fernandez-Vina</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Filipovich</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horowitz</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of HLA class I and class II high-resolution matching on outcomes of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation: HLA-C mismatching is associated with a strong adverse effect on transplantation outcome</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>104</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Petersdorf</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>AG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">High resolution donor HLA-matching: saving lives</article-title>
<source>CIBMTR Newsletter</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>12</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Maury</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Balère-Appert</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chir</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Boiron</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Galambrun</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yakouben</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">French Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC): Unrelated stem cell transplantation for severe acquired aplastic anemia: improved outcome in the era of high-resolution HLA matching between donor and recipient</article-title>
<source>Hematologica</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>92</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Klein</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haagenson</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baxter-Lowe</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Confer</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eapen</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">High-resolution donor-recipient HLA matching contributes to the success of unrelated donor marrow transplantation</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>110</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Petersdorf</surname>
<given-names>EW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Anasetti</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gooley</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Radich</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Malkki</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Limits of HLA mismatching in unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>104</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O’Shea</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bunce</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tiercy</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Argüello</surname>
<given-names>JR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Firman</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular typing shows a high level of HLA class I incompatibility in serologically well matched donor/patient pairs: implications for unrelated bone marrow donor selection</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>92</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prasad</surname>
<given-names>VK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kernan</surname>
<given-names>NA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heller</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O'Reilly</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>SY</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">DNA typing for HLA-A and HLA-B identifies disparities between patients and unrelated donors matched by HLA-A and HLA-B serology and HLADRB1</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>93</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shankarkumar</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pawar</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ghosh</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Implications of HLA sequence-based typing in transplantation</article-title>
<source>J Postgrad Med</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>54</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morishima</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sasazuki</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Inoko</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Juji</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Akaza</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yamamoto</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The clinical significance of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele compatibility in patients receiving a marrow transplant from serologically HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR matched unrelated donors</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2002</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>99</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Klein</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Haagenson</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baxter-Lowe</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Confer</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eapen</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">High-resolution donor-recipient HLA matching contributes to the success of unrelated donor marrow transplantation</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>110</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shaw</surname>
<given-names>BE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marsh</surname>
<given-names>SG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mayor</surname>
<given-names>NP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Russell</surname>
<given-names>NH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">HLADPB1 matching status has significant implications for recipients of unrelated donor stem cell transplants</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>107</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shaw</surname>
<given-names>BE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gooley</surname>
<given-names>TA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Malkki</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Madrigal</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Begovich</surname>
<given-names>AB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horowitz</surname>
<given-names>MM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The importance of HLA-DPB1 in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>110</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">HLA Expression Variant Alleles</article-title>
<source>Question corner, ASHI Quarterly</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hurley</surname>
<given-names>CK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baxter-Lowe</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Logan</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Karanes</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Anasetti</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weisdorf</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">National Marrow Donor Program HLA-matching guidelines for unrelated marrow transplants</article-title>
<source>Biol Blood Marrow Transplant</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>9</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kamani</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spellman</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hurley</surname>
<given-names>CK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barker</surname>
<given-names>JN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>FO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Oudshoorn</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">National Marrow Donor Program. State of the art review: HLA matching and outcome of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplants</article-title>
<source>Biol Blood Marrow Transplant</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>14</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liao</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>JY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>ZP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>X</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>JS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Indiscernible benefit of high-resolution HLA typing in improving long-term clinical outcome of unrelated umbilical cord blood transplant</article-title>
<source>Bone Marrow Transplant</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>40</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Petersdorf</surname>
<given-names>EW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gooley</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Malkki</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horowitz</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical significance of donor-recipient HLA matching on survival after myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation from unrelated donors</article-title>
<source>Tissue Antigens</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>69</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hurley</surname>
<given-names>CK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maiers</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marsh</surname>
<given-names>SG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Oudshoorn</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Overview of registries, HLA typing and diversity, and search algorithms</article-title>
<source>Tissue Antigens</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>69</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Montero</surname>
<given-names>GM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alvarez López</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>López Bermejo</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moya Quiles</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Muro Amador</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Descriptive study of activity of the bone marrow donor registry and bank from the Murcia Region (southeast of Spain) (1994-2004)</article-title>
<source>An Med Interna</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>23</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<source></source>
<year>23 d</year>
<month>e </month>
<day>ju</day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Oudshoorn</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>van Walraven</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bakker</surname>
<given-names>JN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lie</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>V D Zanden</surname>
<given-names>HG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heemskerk</surname>
<given-names>MB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hematopoietic stem cell donor selection: the Europdonor experience</article-title>
<source>Hum Immunol</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>67</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moraes</surname>
<given-names>JR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alencar</surname>
<given-names>IS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moraes</surname>
<given-names>ME</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pereira</surname>
<given-names>NF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pasquini</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tabak</surname>
<given-names>DG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Almost 50,000 volunteers participate at Redome, the Brazilian Bone Marrow Donor Registry</article-title>
<source>Transplant Proc</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>36</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>du Toit</surname>
<given-names>ED</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Borrill</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schlaphoff</surname>
<given-names>TE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The South African bone marrow registry (SABMR) in 2004</article-title>
<source>Transfus Apher Sci</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>32</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tiercy</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stadelmann</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chapuis</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gratwohl</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schanz</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Seger</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Quality control of a national bone marrow donor registry: results of a pilot study and proposal for a standardized approach</article-title>
<source>Bone Marrow Transplant</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>32</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schmidt</surname>
<given-names>AH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Biesinger</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baier</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Harf</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rutt</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aging of registered stem cell donors: implications for donor recruitment</article-title>
<source>Bone Marrow Transplant</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vojvodi</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Popovi</surname>
<given-names>SL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive calculation of effectiveness of a regional bone marrow donor registry in Vojvodina, Serbia</article-title>
<source>Coll Antropol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>31</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kollman</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Abella</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baitty</surname>
<given-names>RL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beatty</surname>
<given-names>PG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chakraborty</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Christiansen</surname>
<given-names>CL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of optimal size and composition of the U.S. National Registry of hematopoietic stem cell donors</article-title>
<source>Transplantation</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>78</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tipos de diseño en estudios de investigación biomédica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arguedas-Arguedas</surname>
<given-names>Olga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>16</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez-Gómez</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual de investigación clínica</article-title>
<source>Manual de investigación clínica</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial ICIC</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Determinantes del control adecuado en pacientes diabéticos, aplicación del análisis multinivel para Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aparicio-Llanos</surname>
<given-names>Amada</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morera-Salas</surname>
<given-names>Melvin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro Centroamericano de Población </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Establecer una aproximación a las variables individuales y grupales que determinan el adecuado abordaje del diabético desde los servicios que brindan las áreas de salud de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social. Métodos: El diseño del estudio es de tipo no experimental, transversal y se usó un modelo de regresión logística multinivel para el análisis. Los datos se obtuvieron de la muestra recopilada por la Dirección de Compra de Servicios de Salud de enero a diciembre del 2004, de personas diabéticas atendidas en las diferentes áreas de salud de la CCSS. Se utilizó información de dos niveles de análisis; nivel 1 (diabético) y nivel 2 (áreas de salud) y como variable dependiente el resultado de la prueba de hemoglobina glicosilada. Resultados: El 49,9% de la muestra son pacientes controlados, la mediana de la edad es superior a los 60 años, un 66% de la muestra son mujeres y el 76.6% de los pacientes presentaron índice de masa corporal entre sobrepeso y obesidad. En promedio las áreas de salud en estudio, tienen 7 años de haber iniciado la reforma, su nota media en los compromisos de gestión en los últimos cinco años es de 87%, la población media adscrita es de aproximadamente 40 mil habitantes y un 22% de su población tiene hasta educación secundaria. Los resultados de la regresión logística multinivel, revelan que a medida que aumenta la edad del diabético aumenta la probabilidad de estar controlado y que las mujeres diabéticas tienen menor probabilidad de estar controladas que los hombres, los diabéticos pertenecientes a las áreas de salud que iniciaron tempranamente la reforma y los que presentan mejores resultados en los compromisos de gestión, presentan mayor probabilidad de estar controlados, aunque este último hallazgo no es significativamente estadístico, después de controlar por las demás variables del modelo. Discusión: Aproximadamente entre 6% y 10% de la varianza en el control del diabético, después de controlar por las variables explicativas, es atribuible a las diferencias entre áreas de salud.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: To establish an initial approach to individual and group variables that determine adequate interventions of diabetic patients of local health services of the Costa Rican Social Security local. Methods: The study design is non-experimental, cross-sectional and applies multi-level logistic regression. The data were obtained from a sample chosen from the Health Services Purchasing Direction, and includes diabetic patients cared for at local levels from January to December 2004. The information was used at 2 levels of analysis; level 1 (individual) and level 2 (group), and glycosilated hemoglobin was used as a dependent variable. Results: Forty-nine percent were controlled,patients with a median age above 60 years, 66 % of the sample were women, 76,6% with a body mass index (BMI) reflecting overweight and obesity. On the average, the local health services in the study had 7 years since initiating the reform process, and their average score on the &amp;ldquo;Commitment of Management&amp;rdquo; for the last 5 years was 87 %, the average population covered was 40 thousand inhabitants, and 22 % of them had high school education. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that as diabetic patients aged the probability of achieving control also increased, women had a lower probability of being under control as compared to men, diabetic patients belonging to the local health services that inititiated their reform earlier, and those belonging to health services achieving higher scores on the &amp;ldquo;Commitment of Management&amp;rdquo; had a higher proability of being under control, even though this finding is not statistically significant, given the other model variables. Discussion: Approximately between 6 % and 10 % of the variance in the diabetic patient control, is explained by differences within local health services, after controling other intervening variables.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobina A glicosilada</kwd>
<kwd>regresión logística</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobin A</kwd>
<kwd>glycosylated</kwd>
<kwd>logistic models</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Le Galès-Camus</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Enfermedades no Transmisibles</article-title>
<source>Enfermedades no Transmisibles</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wild</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roglic</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Green</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sicree</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>King</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>27</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morera</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Variabilidad geográfica y factores explicativos de las tasas de hospitalización por problemas de salud susceptibles de resolverse ambulatoriamente: el caso de Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Estudios de economía aplicada</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>24</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jimeno</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Molist</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Franch</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morato</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Otzet</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pons</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnosticando la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: en atención primaria, con la glucemia basal y la hemoglobina glicosilada es suficientes</article-title>
<source>Aten Primaria</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>34</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rosero Bixby</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación del impacto de la reforma del sector de la salud en Costa Rica mediante un estudio cuasiexperimental</article-title>
<source>Rev Panam Salud Pública</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>15</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Goldstein</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Multilevel Statistical Models</article-title>
<source>Multilevel Statistical Models</source>
<year>apri</year>
<month>l </month>
<day>19</day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Institute of Education, Multilevel Models Proyect</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rasbash</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Steele</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Browne</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Prosser</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A User’s Guide to MlwiN Version 2.0: Version 20. Documentation version 21e</article-title>
<source>A User’s Guide to MlwiN Version 2.0: Version 20. Documentation version 21e</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Centre for Multilevel Modelling Institute of Education University of London</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hox</surname>
<given-names>JJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Applied Multilevel Analysis</article-title>
<source>Applied Multilevel Analysis</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Ámsterdam </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>TT Publikaties</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Nuevos instrumentos de análisis de los determinantes de la prescripción y prestación farmacéutica</article-title>
<source>Nuevos instrumentos de análisis de los determinantes de la prescripción y prestación farmacéutica</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Barcelona </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Masson</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus</article-title>
<source>Diabetes Care</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>23</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wooldrigge</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Introducción a la econometría: un enfoque moderno</article-title>
<source>Introducción a la econometría: un enfoque moderno</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Internacional Thomson Editores, S.A</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cuxart</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Riba</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Associationism and electoral participation: a multilevel study of 2000 spanish general election</article-title>
<source>Associationism and electoral participation: a multilevel study of 2000 spanish general election</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Departament d’Economia i Empresa Universitat Pompeu Fabra</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Goldstein</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Browne</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rasbash</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Partitioning variation in multilevel models</article-title>
<source>Partitioning variation in multilevel models</source>
<year>2002</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Institute of Education</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Snijders</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bosker</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling</article-title>
<source>Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>1</edition>
<publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks^eCA </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Stata statistical software: release 8.0</article-title>
<source>Stata statistical software: release 8.0</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>College Station^eTexas </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Stata Corporation</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual MLWIN</article-title>
<source>Manual MLWIN</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ariza</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Camacho</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Londoño</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Niño</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sequeda</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Solano</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Borda</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Factores asociados al control metabólico en paciente diabético tipo 2</article-title>
<source>Salud Uninorte. Barranquill (Col)</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valdez-Figueroa</surname>
<given-names>IA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aldrete-Rodriguez</surname>
<given-names>MG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alfaro-Alfaro</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Influencia en el control metabólico del paciente diabético tipo II</article-title>
<source>Salud pública de Méx</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>35</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Durán-Varela</surname>
<given-names>BR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rivera Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Franco-Gallegos</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Apego al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2</article-title>
<source>Salud Pública de Méx</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>43</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Díaz-Grávalos</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Palmeiro-Fernández</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Casado-Górriz</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arandia-Garcia</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Portuburu-Izaguirre</surname>
<given-names>MM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vázquez-Fernández</surname>
<given-names>LA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cumplimiento de los objetivos de control metabólico en diabetes mellitus en el medio rural de Ourense</article-title>
<source>Rev Esp Salud Pública</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>80</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Experiencia de 10 años con cirugía mínimamente invasiva del tórax, en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ten Years Experience with Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mainieri-Hidalgo</surname>
<given-names>José Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Dr. Rafael Á. Calderón Guardia Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>26</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Analizar lo útil que ha sido el desarrollo de la toracoscopía en el Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia. Materiales y métodos: Con el fin de valorar la experiencia adquirida con la cirugía mínimamente invasiva del tórax durante los primeros 10 años, se estudiaron los datos clínicos de 788 pacientes tomados de una base de datos del Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax, desde marzo de 1999 a marzo del 2009. Resultados: Se encontró que durante el período de 10 años un 25% de las intervenciones del servicio se realizaron por toracoscopia. Este porcentaje subió a un 49% durante los dos últimos años del período estudiado. Se analizaron los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes que fueron sometidos a procedimientos diagnósticos o a resecciones tumorales. En el 97.4% de los pacientes que fueron intervenidos con fines de diagnóstico se obtuvo el mismo; los tumores que resultaron de más difícil diagnóstico, fueron los del mediastino, en dos de los cuales el patólogo solicitó un espécimen más grande. No se realizaron procedimientos mayores por este método. No se dio ningún caso de mortalidad. El porcentaje de conversión fue de un 2.6% y de este 20% fue por sangrado y 80% para realizar un procedimiento mayor. Conclusión: El procedimiento de toracoscopia ha revolucionado el campo de la medicina, en donde antes se utilizaban métodos como la toracotomía para cirugías menores, esto ha permitido realizar intervenciones y procedimientos complejos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran resultados satisfactorios para el paciente y de gran utilidad para la institución.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: To analyze the usefulness of VAT Surgery at the Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Hospital. Materials and Methods: With the purpose of assessing the experience acquired with the practice of VAT Surgery during the first 10 years, clinical data of 788 patients treated via thoracoscopic procedures at the Thoracic Surgery Department via, from March 1999 to March 2009, was studied. Results:During this 11 year period, 25% of the department’s surgical procedures were performed via a thoracoscopic approach; however, during the last 2 years of this percentage increased to 49%. Clinical records of patients that underwent diagnostic procedures or resections of neoplasms were analyzed. Diagnosis was obtained in 97.4% of patients subjected to diagnostic procedures. Tumors that were more difficult to diagnose were those of the mediastinum, in 2 of these cases the pathologist requested a larger sample. No major procedures were performed by this method. There was no mortality. The conversion percentage was of 2.6%, in 20% was because of bleeding and in 80% in order to perform a major procedure. Conclusion: Thoracoscopy has revolutionized the field of medicine, superseding previous approaches such as a toracotomy for simpler procedures, allowing surgeons to perform complex operationts with lesser morbidity. The results obtained show both satisfaction for patients and usefulness for the institution.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Thoracoscopy</kwd>
<kwd>VATS surgery</kwd>
<kwd>hyperperhidrosis</kwd>
<kwd>neumothorax</kwd>
<kwd>mesothelioma</kwd>
<kwd>empyema</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jacobaeus</surname>
<given-names>HC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="de">Ueber die Moglichkeit die Zystoskopie bei Untersuchung seroser Honlungen anzuwenden</article-title>
<source>Munchen Med Wehenschr</source>
<year>1910</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>57</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>DeCamp</surname>
<given-names>PT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mosely</surname>
<given-names>PW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scott</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diagnostic Thoracoscopy</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>1973</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>16</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Doolabh</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horswell</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huber</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huber</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Prince</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Meyer</surname>
<given-names>DM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mack</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: indications and results</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>77</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chamorro</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garita</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mainieri</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miranda</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Robelo</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Salazar</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis mediante simpatectomía toracoscópica: Experiencia en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Rev Med Broncopul</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chamorro</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Robelo</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garita</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miranda</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mainieri</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Salazar</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hiperhidrosis primaria, tratamiento mediante simpatectomía por videotoracoscopia</article-title>
<source>Act Médic Costarric</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>48</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sendt</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Foster</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hau</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Early thoracoscopic debridement and drainage as a definite treatment for pleural empyema</article-title>
<source>Eur J Surg</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>161</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Landreneau</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Keenan</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hazalrigg</surname>
<given-names>SR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mack</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Naunheim</surname>
<given-names>KS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopy for empyema and hemotórax</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>109</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Viallat</surname>
<given-names>JR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rey</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Astoul</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Boutin</surname>
<given-names>Ch</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopic talc poudrage pleurodesis for malignant effusions: A review of 360 cases</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>110</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Colice</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Curtis</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Deslauriers</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heffner</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ligth</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Littenberg</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sahn</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weinstein</surname>
<given-names>KA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yusen</surname>
<given-names>RD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Medical and surgical treatment of parapneumonic effusions: An evidence-based guideline</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>118</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Trastek</surname>
<given-names>VF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Deschamps</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pairolero</surname>
<given-names>PC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Videothoracoscopic wedge excision of the lung</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>54</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carballo</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maish</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jaroszewski</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holmes</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) as a safe alternative for the resection of pulmonary metastases: a retrospective cohort study</article-title>
<source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>4</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wakabayashi</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brenne</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>AF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopic ablation of blebs in the treatment of recurrent or persistent spontaneous pneumothorax</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>48</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Melvin</surname>
<given-names>WS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Krasna</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mc Laughlin</surname>
<given-names>JS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopic management for spontaneous pneumothorax</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>103</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Walter</surname>
<given-names>DA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Forty</surname>
<given-names>J PW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morritt</surname>
<given-names>GN</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for spontaneous pneumothorax</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>58</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>KH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>HK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>JY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>JT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wen</surname>
<given-names>YS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Choi</surname>
<given-names>SS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Transaxillary minithoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax</article-title>
<source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>61</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Takahama</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kushibe</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kawaguchi</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kimura</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Taniguechi</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: Is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>125</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mainieri</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Putvinsky</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mainieri</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Mesotelioma pleural en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Acta Méd Costarric</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>48</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tomaszek</surname>
<given-names>SC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cassivi</surname>
<given-names>SD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>KR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nichols</surname>
<given-names>AC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Deschamps</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wiglie</surname>
<given-names>DA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical Outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy</article-title>
<source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>84</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Udawa</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ueno</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kinoshita</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Rationale for video-assisted radical esophagectomy</article-title>
<source>Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>57</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chou</surname>
<given-names>SH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kao</surname>
<given-names>EL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>CHCH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chuang</surname>
<given-names>HY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>MF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Sympathetic hypertensive syndrome: a possible surgically curable type of hypertension</article-title>
<source>Hypertens Res</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>28</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Resultados obstétricos y neonatales de pacientes secundigestas con antecedente de cesárea, Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, 2006-2007</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome in Second-Pregnancy Patients with One Prior Cesarean Section at a Costarican Hospital</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Leal-Mateos</surname>
<given-names>Manrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Giacomin-Carmiol</surname>
<given-names>Loretta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moya-Sibaja</surname>
<given-names>Rafael Ángel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Calderón Guardia  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Calderón Guardia Servicio de Obstetricia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital Calderón Guardia Servicio de Obstetricia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Analizar los resultados obstétricos y neonatales de pacientes con antecedente de cesárea. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizaron 306 historias clínicas de pacientes gestantes atendidas en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (HCG) del 1 de enero de 2006 al 31 de diciembre de 2007. Las variables maternas relacionadas con el control prenatal fueron edad e indicación obstétrica que motivó la cesárea anterior. Las variables relacionadas al parto fueron edad gestacional, tipo de parto, complicaciones obstétricas y días hospitalización. Las variables neonatales fueron peso al nacer, Apgar a los 5 minutos, complicaciones neonatales, necesidad de reanimación neonatal y de hospitalización del recién nacido y días de hospitalización. Resultados: El 59,1% de las pacientes analizadas sometidas a prueba de parto tuvieron un parto vaginal exitoso. El porcentaje de complicaciones maternas fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de pacientes a las que se les realizó cesárea intraparto. La ruptura uterina se presentó en el 1,3% Ninguna madre o producto falleció como consecuencia de esta complicación. El porcentaje de complicaciones neonatales fue semejante entre los grupos. No obstante, la necesidad de reanimación neonatal fue significativamente mayor en los productos de madres a las que se les realizó una cesárea electiva. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que en el HCG una prueba de parto en pacientes secundigestas con antecedente de cesárea parece ser segura. Los porcentajes de parto vaginal exitoso, complicaciones obstétricas y de rotura uterina son semejantes a los reportados en la literatura internacional.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: To analyze neonatal and obstetric outcomes in second-pregnancy patients with 1 prior cesarean section. Materials and methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study. We analyzed 306 medical records of patients treated at the Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Hospital (HCG), from January 1st 2006 to December 31st of 2007. Maternal variables associated to prenatal control were age and obstetrical indication of the previous cesarean delivery. Variables associated to delivery were gestational age, type of delivery, obstetric complications, and length of hospital stay. The neonatal variables were weight at birth, 5 minute Apgar score, neonatal complications, need for neonatal resuscitation or newborn hospitalization and length of hospital stay. Results: 59, 1% of the patients with 1 prior cesarean section had successful vaginal delivery. The percentage of maternal complications was significantly higher for those who underwent a cesarean section during labor. Uterine rupture occurred in 1,3% of the cases and no maternal or neonatal deaths were found as a consequence of such complication. The percentage of neonatal complications was similar for both groups. The need for neonatal resuscitation was significantly higher in the group that underwent an elective caesarean delivery. Conclusion: Our results show that at the HCG from January 1st 2006 to December 31st of 2007, a vaginal delivery in second-pregnancy patients with 1 prior caesarean delivery appears to be safe. The percentage of successful vaginal deliveries, obstetric complications and uterine rupture were similar to those reported in international literature.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Parto vaginal post cesárea</kwd>
<kwd>cesárea anterior</kwd>
<kwd>secundigesta</kwd>
<kwd>complicaciones neonatales</kwd>
<kwd>complicaciones maternas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villar</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valladares</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wojdyla</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zavaleta</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carroli</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Velazco</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: The 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America</article-title>
<source>The Lancet</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>367</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vaginal birth after cesarean birth-California 1996-2000</article-title>
<source>MMWR</source>
<year>2002</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>51</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery</article-title>
<source>ACOG Practice Bulletin</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<issue>54</issue>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flamm</surname>
<given-names>BL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Once a cesarean, always a controversy</article-title>
<source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>90</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Coleman</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Erickson</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schulkin</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zinberg</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sachs</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: Practice patterns of Obstetrician-Gynecologits</article-title>
<source>Obstet Gynecol Survey</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>60</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shipp</surname>
<given-names>TS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Trial of labor after cesarean: So, What are the risks?</article-title>
<source>Clin Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>47</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cahill</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Macones</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: Evidence-based practice</article-title>
<source>Clin Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mercer</surname>
<given-names>BM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gilbert</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Landon</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spong</surname>
<given-names>CY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leveno</surname>
<given-names>KJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rouse</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Labor outcome with increasing number of prior vaginal births after cesarean delivery</article-title>
<source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>111</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Flamm</surname>
<given-names>BL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Geiger</surname>
<given-names>AM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: An admission scoring system</article-title>
<source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>90</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gyamfi</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Juhasz</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gyamfi</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stone</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Increased success of trial of labor after previous vaginal birth after cesarean</article-title>
<source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>104</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Landon</surname>
<given-names>MB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hauth</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leveno</surname>
<given-names>KJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Spong</surname>
<given-names>CY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leindecker</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Varner</surname>
<given-names>MW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>351</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chauhan</surname>
<given-names>SP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>JN</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henrichs</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morrison</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Magann</surname>
<given-names>EF</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Maternal and perinatal complications with uterine rupture in 142,075 patients who attempted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a review of the literature</article-title>
<source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>189</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Macones</surname>
<given-names>GA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peipert</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nelson</surname>
<given-names>DB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Odibo</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stevens</surname>
<given-names>EJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stamilio</surname>
<given-names>DM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Maternal complications with vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a multicenter study</article-title>
<source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>193</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Doherty</surname>
<given-names>EG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eichenwald</surname>
<given-names>EC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cesarean delivery: Emphasis on the neonate</article-title>
<source>Clin Obstet Gynecol</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>47</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Roth-Kleiner</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wagner</surname>
<given-names>BP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bachmann</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pfenninger</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Respiratory distress syndrome in near-term babies after caesarean section</article-title>
<source>Swiss Med Wkly</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>133</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevalencia de disfunción cardiaca contráctil y tiroidea en pacientes con taquicardia sinusual inapropiada</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac Contractile and Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez-Sotelo</surname>
<given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bogantes-Pereira</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramírez-Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital México Servicio de Cardiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Introducción: El síntoma palpitaciones es frecuente en la consulta médica. Se valoró retrospectivamente la prevalencia de disfunción contráctil miocárdica y de disfunción tiroidea en un grupo de pacientes con taquicardia sinusal inapropiada. Material y métodos: De todos los registros electrocardiográficos de 24 horas (Holter) realizados en el servicio de cardiología del Hospital México, Costa Rica, en el año 2006, se eligieron los que resultaron con taquicardia sinusal inapropiada, definida como frecuencia cardiaca promedio mayor de 80 latidos por minuto (lpm) o bien la presencia de múltiples episodios de taquicardia sinusal sin correlación fisiológica. Se analizaron los factores demográficos, la presencia de disfunción contráctil miocárdica por ecocardiograma y la función tiroidea (medición de T3, T4, TSH). Se excluyeron del análisis a los pacientes con cardiopatía estructural conocida de previo. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 105 registros (81 mujeres, 24 hombres) de un total de 380 (27,6%). La edad promedio fue 38,97 años (rango de 9-81 años). La frecuencia cardiaca promedio fue 86,23 lpm. (108-71), la máxima promedio 143,19 lpm (189-111) y la mínima promedio 55,7 lpm (89-22). En 49 pacientes, se documentó la fracción de eyección, encontrándose un valor promedio normal (0,6, rango 0,7-0,45); en 29 pacientes se obtuvieron los resultados de función tiroidea, en promedio, T4 libre y TSH estuvieron en límites normales (1,48 ng/dL y 1,7 mUI/L respectivamente). Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes que consulta por palpitaciones cuyo resultado del Holter es taquicardia sinusal inapropiada, no tiene disfunción contráctil miocárdica ni disfunción tiroidea. Por tanto, en este grupo de pacientes no se justifica valorar estos parámetros en forma rutinaria.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Justification: Palpitations are a frequent complaint during medical consultation. In a group of patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia, we retrospectively, assessed the prevalence of cardiac contractile and thyroid dysfunction Materials and methods: We selected from all 24 hour Holter studies performed during 2006 at the Cardiology Service of the México Hospital (Costa Rica) those of patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia, defined as mean heart rate equal o greater than 80 beats per minute (bpm) or multiple episodes of sinus tachycardia without physiologic explanation. We analyzed demographic data, echocardiographic presence or absence of systolic cardiac dysfunction and thyroid function by means of TSH and total T3-4. We excluded from the analysis those patients with known cardiac disease. Results: We selected 105 Holter registries from 380 studies, 27,6% or 81 were women, and 24 men. Mean age was 38,97 years old (range 9-81). The mean heart rate was 86,23 bpm (108-71), mean maximal heart rate 143,19 (189-111) and mean minimal heart rate 55,7 (89-22) bpm. In 49 patients an ejection fraction was available; a normal mean value of 0,6 (0,7-0,45) was reported. In 29 patients thyroid function tests were obtained and the mean value of free-T4 y TSH were between normal limits (1,48 ng/dL and 1,7 mUI/L respectively). Conclusion: The majority of patients consulting for palpitations and in whom a Holter analysis results in inappropriate sinus tachycardia, have no cardiac contractility nor thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, in this group of patients it is not justified to evaluate these parameters routinely.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Taquicardia sinusal inapropiada</kwd>
<kwd>fracción de eyección</kwd>
<kwd>Disfunción cardica contráctil</kwd>
<kwd>Electrocardiograma de 24 horas</kwd>
<kwd>función tiroidea</kwd>
<kwd>inadequate sinus tachycardia</kwd>
<kwd>ejection fraction</kwd>
<kwd>thyroid function</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kalman</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Inappropriate Sinusal Tachycardia: an Update</article-title>
<source>Cardiac Electrophysiol Rev</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Delacretaz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Supraventricular Tachycardia</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>354</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Parajon</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moreno</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moro</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Taquiarritmias supraventriculares</article-title>
<source>Medicine</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>9</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grupp</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Postural Tachycardia Syndrome</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>117</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morillo</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Guzmán</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Taquicardia sinusal inapropiada: actualización</article-title>
<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>60</volume>
<issue>^s3</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brady</surname>
<given-names>PA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Low</surname>
<given-names>PA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>WK</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Inappropriate sinus tachycardia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and overlapping syndromes</article-title>
<source>Pacing Clin Electrophysio</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>28</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Araya</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Palpitaciones, lipotimia y síncope</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual de arritmias cardiacas</article-title>
<source>Manual de arritmias cardiacas</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen-Scarabelli</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scarabelli</surname>
<given-names>TM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical review: Neurocardiogenic Syncope</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>2004</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>329</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grubb</surname>
<given-names>BP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kanjwal</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kosinsky</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The postural Tachycardia Syndrome: a Concise Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment</article-title>
<source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>17</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olgin</surname>
<given-names>JE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zipes</surname>
<given-names>DP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Libby</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bonow</surname>
<given-names>RO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mann</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zipes</surname>
<given-names>DP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Specific arrhythmias: diagnosis and treatment</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine</article-title>
<source>Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>8</edition>
<publisher-loc>Philadelphia^ePa </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Saunders</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Klein</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ojamaa</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid Hormone and the Cardiovascular System</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>344</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Klein</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Danzi</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid disease and the Heart</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>116</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Primer caso de hemoglobina Köln (codon98 GTG&gt;ATG) en Costa Rica</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">First case of hemoglobin Köln (codon98 GTG&gt;ATG) in Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cartín</surname>
<given-names>Walter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Suárez</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Kathia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Berta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jensen</surname>
<given-names>Evan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abarca</surname>
<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Laboratorio de Estudios Especializados e Investigación  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Servicio de Hematología  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Programa Tamizaje Neonatal Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr.Carlos Sáenz Herrera  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>40</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La exposición a ciertos medicamentos puede provocar anemia hemolítica con presencia de cuerpos de Heinz en sangre periférica. Esta anemia puede presentarse por sobredosis de medicamentos, tanto en individuos sanos como en personas con deficiencias enzimáticas como la glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa, o en presencia de hemoglobinas inestables. Este reporte muestra un caso de anemia hemolítica con cuerpos de Heinz, debido a la presencia de una hemoglobina inestable, cuyos estudios moleculares y HPLC confirmaron el primer caso descrito de hemoglobina Köln (Val98Met) en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Exposure to certain drugs may result in hemolytic anemia with the appearance of Heinz-bodies in red blood cells. This type of hemolytic anemia may occur by simple drug overdosage in absence of any known abnormality, such as in normal persons or in patients with erithroid enzyme defects (e.g. G6PD deficiency) or unstable hemoglobins.¹ The present report shows a Heinz-body hemolytic anemia because of an abnormal hemoglobin. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and molecular analysis confirmed the first case of Hemoglobin Köln in Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hemoglobina</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobinopatía</kwd>
<kwd>anemia hemolítica</kwd>
<kwd>Köln</kwd>
<kwd>Hemoglobin</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobinopathy</kwd>
<kwd>hemolytic anemia</kwd>
<kwd>Köln</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hutchison</surname>
<given-names>H.E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pinkerton</surname>
<given-names>P.H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Waters</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Douglas</surname>
<given-names>A.S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lehmann</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beale</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hereditary Heinz-body aenemia, thrombocytopenia, and haemoglobinopathie (Hb Köln) in a Glasgow family</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>1964</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>2</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Galacteros</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Loukopoulos</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fessas</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kister</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arous</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bohn</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hemoglobin Köln occurring in association with a beta 0 thalasemia: Hematologic and functional consequences</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>74</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hoyer</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kroft</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Color Atlas of Hemoglobin Disorders: Acompendium based on proficiency testing</article-title>
<source>Color Atlas of Hemoglobin Disorders: Acompendium based on proficiency testing</source>
<year>2003</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>College of American Pathologist</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Allen</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burgoyne</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Groat</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>C.M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>White</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of hemoglobin Köln erythrocyte Membranes With malondialdehydereacted normal erythrocyte membrane</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>64</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>De Furia</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Oxygen affinity in hemoglobin Köln disease</article-title>
<source>Blood</source>
<year>1972</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>39</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Imai</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tiendtadakul</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Opartkiattikul</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Luenee</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Winichagoon</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Svasti</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fucharoen</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Detection of haemoglobin variants and inference of their functional properties using complete oxygen dissociation curve measurements</article-title>
<source>Br J Haematol</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>112</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El trabajo médico y conflicto de intereses en la CCSS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez Sotelo</surname>
<given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>42</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ecología -Salud y enfermedad</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jaramillo-Antillón</surname>
<given-names>Juan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Desde hace muchos años, el ser humano viene alterando el medio ambiente, debido a la explotación y destrucción masiva de bosques y selvas que ha ocasionado, y por la contaminación ambiental de ríos, mares y de la atmósfera, causada por los productos de deshecho de sus fábricas, ingenios y del empleo de los combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo y gas). Con ello ha provocado cambios climáticos severos y el llamado &quot;efecto invernadero&quot; que está causando por un lado, huracanes con inundaciones, y por otro sequías amplias que provocan destrucción del ambiente con: pérdidas de hogares, fuentes de trabajo y áreas de cultivo y dando lugar a la aparición de nuevas enfermedades y activación de viejas, causando serios problemas de salud. A menos que se logre crear una nueva conciencia ecológica, el hombre podría estar en un callejón sin salida con gran peligro para la humanidad.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>For years, human being have altered nature due to excessive exploitation and massive destruction of forest, and through the contamination of Rivers, seas and the atmosphere via the disposal of products as well as its fabrication and the disproportionate utilization of fossil fuels (carbon, oil, and natural gases). Doing so, humans have caused severe climate changes and the so called &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot; wich in one hand have caused hurricanes with great gloods, and in very distinct cases it has created vast droughts which have led to the destruction of habitats, home, jobs and agricultural areas bringing along new diseases and triggering many old ones exalting various health problems. Unless human nature finds the will or is enlightened by a &quot;new ecological conscience&quot; in a global spectrum, humankind might be leading civilization down a road with no exit risking the sanity and existence of humanity.</p></abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Almanaque Mundial 2007: Cambios climáticos y sus efectos</article-title>
<source>Almanaque Mundial 2007: Cambios climáticos y sus efectos</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Almanaque MundialTelevisa</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Balling</surname>
<given-names>Jr. Robert</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Keep ool About Global Warming</article-title>
<source>The Wall Street Journal</source>
<year>20 N</year>
<month>ov</month>
<day>em</day>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barcott</surname>
<given-names>Bruce</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ice Paradise</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>215</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Benedick</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ozone Diplomacy; New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet</article-title>
<source>Ozone Diplomacy; New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Cambridge </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Harvard University Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brown</surname>
<given-names>Lester.R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Could food shortages bring down civilization?</article-title>
<source>Scientific American</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>300</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cohen</surname>
<given-names>Joel. E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Human population grows up</article-title>
<source>Scientific American</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>293</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Draper</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The climate betrayed him- Australia’s dry run</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>215</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Crisis del agua también problema en países ricos</article-title>
<source>La Nación</source>
<year>17 a</year>
<month>go</month>
<day>st</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Editorial: Elephant Be Gone</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>215</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Actividades que producen más emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero</article-title>
<source>El Financiero</source>
<year>29 J</year>
<month>un</month>
<day>io</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The Inmune System - The innate and the Acquired</article-title>
<source>The Inmune System - The innate and the Acquired</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Emory University</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gonzales</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Los cambios en el Amazonas afectan todo el Continente: Conferencia del Dr. Arnoldo Carneiro</article-title>
<source>La Nación</source>
<year>11, </year>
<month>Fe</month>
<day>br</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hansen</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lanza</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Climatic Change: Understanding Global Warming</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">One World</article-title>
<source>One World</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San Fe^eNuevo México </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Health Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Holland</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An eden for sharks</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>211</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jaramillo</surname>
<given-names>J Antillón</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Viejas y Nuevas Enfermedades</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina</article-title>
<source>Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial UCR</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jaramillo</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El ser humano y el daño a la Ecología- Y la Cultura Contra el Mundo</article-title>
<source>El ser humano y el daño a la Ecología- Y la Cultura Contra el Mundo</source>
<year>juli</year>
<month>o,</month>
<day> 2</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia (EUNED)</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jenkis</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Who murdered the Virunga gorillas</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2008</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>214</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Klinkenborg</surname>
<given-names>Verylyn</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The sparrows of Merritt Island are no more</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>218</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Magee</surname>
<given-names>Bryan</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Schopenhauer: Historia de la Filosofía</article-title>
<source>Schopenhauer: Historia de la Filosofía</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Barcelona </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ed. Blume</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Musser</surname>
<given-names>George</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">The climax of the humanity</article-title>
<source>Scientific American</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>293</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Informe en el Día Mundial del Agua</article-title>
<source>EFE para La Prensa Libre</source>
<year>22 m</year>
<month>ar</month>
<day>zo</day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Still Waters- The global fish crisis</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>Apri</year>
<month>l </month>
<day>20</day>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>O’Dowd</surname>
<given-names>Adrian</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Infectious doseases are spreading more rapidly than ever before, WHO warns</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>335</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sagan</surname>
<given-names>Carl</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Falta un Pedazo de cielo- El ozono</article-title>
<source>Falta un Pedazo de cielo- El ozono</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Madrid </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ediciones B, S. A</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sachs</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Moving beyond Kyoto</article-title>
<source>Scientific America</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>296</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Crossroads for the Planet Earth</article-title>
<source>Crossroads for the Planet Earth</source>
<year>2005</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>293</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Informe Mundial de las Naciones Unidas: Calentamiento Global de La Tierra es un hecho irreversible</article-title>
<source>La Nación</source>
<year>3 fe</year>
<month>br</month>
<day>er</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wallace</surname>
<given-names>Scott</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Last of the Amazon</article-title>
<source>National Geographic</source>
<year>2007</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>211</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Walsh</surname>
<given-names>Cristopher</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fischbach</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New Ways to Squash Superbugs</article-title>
<source>Scientific American</source>
<year>2009</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>301</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Grupo de análisis de los Sistemas de Agua: Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano</article-title>
<source>Grupo de análisis de los Sistemas de Agua: Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano</source>
<year>2006</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>^eNueva York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Peter Gleick. Naciones Unidas</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">COSTA RICA EN EL EXTERIOR</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>49</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000100013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">FE DE ERRATAS</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>39</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
</articles>
