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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000400001</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">La vacunación en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<fpage>192</fpage>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Dr. Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia: el médico</article-title>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>210</lpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El Síndrome del Menor Agredido en cuya génesis participan múltiples factores biopsicosociales, afecta a niños de todas las edades alrededor del mundo, principalmente a niños pequeños y con ciertos factores de riesgo. Aunque los daños físicos que produce suelen ser transitorios, pueden ocurrir secuelas físicas y generalmente psicológicas persistentes, o la muerte. En Costa Rica existe amplia legislación que ampara al menor contra los maltratos, correspondiéndole al equipo del sistema de salud nacional salvaguardar su salud y, en muchos casos, su vida. En este contexto, le compete al médico ser un ejecutante habilidoso en la valoración clínica a través de la cual se aborde al paciente. Desde el interrogatorio no revictimizante, el personal de salud debe realizar un abordaje inmediato conducente a evitar mayor lesionología para con el niño del que se ha abusado física y sexualmente, y para lo cual debe comprender temas tales como: establecimiento de la compatibilidad del mecanismo y fisiopatología del trauma, diagnóstico diferencial y evaluación clínico forense, además de contar con elementos que identifiquen indicadores psicológicos en la dinámica traumatogénica del menor. Especial atención debe prestarse a la toma, conservación y manipulación de las muestras biológicas en casos de delitos sexuales. con el fin de evitar la pérdida de evidencia forense.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The battered child syndrome, whose genesis involves multiple biopsychosocial factors, affects children of all ages around the world, especially young children with certain risk factors. Although the physical damage that occurs could be temporary, physical scars can also occur and, particularly, psychological ones, that are usually persistent or even death. In Costa Rica there is a comprehensive legislation that protects children against abuse, corresponding to the national health system team to safeguard their health and often their lives. In this context, it is up to the Doctor to be a skilled performer in the clinical assessment through which the patient is to be addressed. From a non revictimizing interrogation, health personnel should make an immediate approach conductive to avoid further damage to the child who has been physically and sexually abused. Such personnel should understand the mechanism and pathophysiology of trauma, the differential diagnosis and the clinical forensic assessment, in addition to be able to identify psychological indicators of the origin of the child’s trauma. Particular attention should be given to the seizure, storage and handlingof biological samples in cases of sexual crimes in order to avoid the loss of forensic evidence.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>battered child syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>shaken child syndrome</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0001-60022010000400006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Costo-efectividad del uso de la Vareniclina versus las alternativas existentes para la cesación del fumado usando el modelo BENESCO en la población adulta costarricense</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cost-Effectiveness of Varenicline versus all Interventions for Quitting Smoking Cessation in the Adult Population of Costa Rica using the BENESCO Model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Lutz-Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Manfred</given-names>
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<given-names>Eric</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Pfizer  </institution>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>211</fpage>
<lpage>220</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: El uso del tabaco es uno de los problemas de salud más serios a nivel mundial y es una adicción prevenible, por esto, la disponibilidad de tratamientos para dejar de fumar representa grandes beneficios tanto para la salud individual como para el sistema institucional. Ante la utilización de nuevos tratamientos, en especial la vareniclina, se deben evaluar comparativamente las alternativas disponibles en Costa Rica, ya que no hay claridad en cuál es la mejor opción terapéutica y cuál genere una mejor relación de costo-efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio fue modelar la razón costo-efectividad de las diferentes opciones terapéuticas en la cesación del tabaquismo disponibles en Costa Rica utilizando el modelo BENESCO. Métodos: se utilizó el modelo BENESCO para simular la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la población de fumadores costarricenses de ambos sexos entre los 18 y 99 años de edad. En este modelo, los fumadores realizan un único intento para dejar de fumar al inicio de la simulación. Las estrategias que se compararon fueron: vareniclina, bupropión, reemplazo de nicotina, autodeterminación (sin intervención) y las charlas motivacionales grupales. Las afecciones relacionadas con el tabaquismo que se tomaron en cuenta fueron infarto agudo del miocardio, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, accidente vascular cerebral y cáncer de pulmón. La prevalencia, incidencia de eventos y mortalidad fueron obtenidas y calculadas a partir de datos de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social y del Instituto sobre Alcoholismo y Farmacodependencia. Los costos de las enfermedades fueron calculados y actualizados a septiembre del 2008. Se llevaron a cabo análisis determinístico, probabilístico y de sensibilidad. Resultados: De todas las estrategias para la cesación del tabaco, Vareniclina fue la alternativa que obtuvo la menor mortalidad y morbilidad en los años de estudio del modelo. En relación a los costos, Vareniclina resultó ser la opción menos dispendiosa a partir de los 5 años. A los 2 años, las charlas resultaron ¢3.443.167 más económicas con respecto a Vareniclina. La alternativa que obtuvo la mayor cantidad de años ganados ajustados por calidad de vida, y de años de vida ganados, fue Vareniclina. La Vareniclina resultó ser la opción más efectiva en función del costoincremental, es decir, la alternativa clínicamente más efectiva y menos costosa. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que Vareniclina es la alternativa más costoefectiva para la cesación del fumado en comparación con Bupropión, terapia de reemplazo de Nicotina, la autodeterminación y las charlas de motivación. Se comprobó que el uso de Vareniclina significa un ahorro económico importante para el sistema de salud y las instituciones de salud que la utilicen ya que reduce la morbilidad y los costos relacionados con las enfermedades asociadas al tabaco.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: Smoking is one of the most serious health problems worldwide and it is a preventable addiction; this is why the availability of treatments to quit smoking represents important benefits to each individual’s health as well as to the institutional systems. Given the arrival of new treatments, especially Varenicline, the alternatives available in Costa Rica must be evaluated comparatively because it is not clear which therapeutic option is the best. The objective of this study is to model the cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic options for smoking cessation available in Costa Rica using the BENESCO model. Methods: The BENESCO model was used to simulate the morbidity and mortality of the smoking population of Costa Rica, in both genders, between 18 and 99 years old. In this model, each smoker makes only one attempt to quit smoking at the beginning of the simulation. The strategies to quit smoking that were compared were: Varenicline, Bupropion, Nicotine replacement therapy, self determination cessation and motivational talks. The diseases related to smoking that were included were: Coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke and lung cancer. The prevalence, annual incidence and mortality were obtained and calculated from the Costa Rica Social Security data base and the Institute of Alcoholism and Pharmacodependence of Costa Rica. The costs of the diseases were calculated and updated to September, 2008. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: Of all the strategies for smoking cessation, Varenicline was the herapeutic alternative that obtained less mortality and morbility in the years studied with the model. Regarding costs, Varenicline was also the less expensive option from the fifth year. On the second year, motivational talks were ¢3.443.167 less expensive than Varenicline. The intervention that obtained the largest number of Quality-adjusted life years and Life years gained was Varenicline. Varenicline was the most effective option in the cost-incremental analysis, this means, it was clinically more effective and less expensive. Conclusion: The results obtained suggests that Varenicline is the most cost- effective intervention for smoking cessation in comparison with Bupropion, NRT, unaided cessation and motivational talks. It was proven that the use of Varenicline represents an important economic savings for the health system and the heath institutes that use it since it reduces morbidity and the costs related to the associated-smoking diseases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Farmacoeconomía</kwd>
<kwd>costo-efectividad</kwd>
<kwd>Vareniclina</kwd>
<kwd>BENESCO</kwd>
<kwd>cesación de fumado</kwd>
<kwd>prevalencia de vida</kwd>
<kwd>Pharmacoeconomics</kwd>
<kwd>cost-effectiveness</kwd>
<kwd>Varenicline</kwd>
<kwd>BENESCO simulation model</kwd>
<kwd>smoking cessation</kwd>
<kwd>life prevalence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Hospital San Carlos Servicio de Neonatología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños. Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>221</fpage>
<lpage>226</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: La traqueostomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico utilizado en el manejo de la vía aérea en los pacientes pediátricos y neonatales. Los objetivos fueron describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, las indicaciones y complicaciones de niños traqueostomizados egresados del Servicio de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1996 y diciembre del 2007. Metodología: Se revisaron, en forma retrospectiva, los expedientes clínicos de todos aquellos niños a los que se les realizó una traqueostomía, egresados del Servicio de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal del Hospital Nacional de Niños, en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2007. Resultados: Durante el periodo estudiado se egresaron 48 pacientes con traqueostomía. El promedio de traqueostomías realizadas por año fue de 3.9. El peso promedio al nacer fue de 2192 g. La edad promedio a la que se efectuó la traqueostomía fue de 44 días. La principal indicación para realizar la traqueostomía fue ventilación mecánica prolongada por displasia broncopulmonar, en 23 pacientes. Las complicaciones relacionadas con la traqueostomía se presentaron en el 40,4% de los casos. Se egresaron vivos un total de 29 pacientes (61,3%) y fallecieron 18 (38,8%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes a los que se les realizó traqueostomía eran pretérminos (61,7%) y con un peso al nacer menor de 2500 g (57,44%). Las principales indicaciones para realizar la traqueostomía fueron: displasia broncopulmonar, miopatías, estenosis subglótica, hemangiomas, anomalías craneofaciales y malacias. Las principales complicaciones tempranas fueron obstrucciones de la cánula, decanulaciones accidentales, complicaciones de la herida. Las complicaciones tardías más frecuentes fueron granulomas, obstrucciones de la cánula. Ningún paciente del estudio presentó complicaciones asociadas con la cánula traqueal, que le provocaran la muerte.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: Tracheotomy is a surgical procedure used in the management of the airway in pediatric and neonatal patients. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics, clinical indications and complications of tracheotomized children discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Service of the National Children’s Hospital &quot;Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera &quot;(HNN). Methods: We reviewed, retrospectively, the clinical records of all those children who underwent tracheotomy and were discharged the Neonatal Intensive Care Service of HNN in the period between January 1996 to and December 2007. Results: During the study period 48 patients were discharged with a tracheotomy. The average number of tracheotomies performed per year was 3.9. The average birth weight was 2192 g. The average age at which the tracheotomy was performed was 44 days. The main indication for tracheotomy was prolonged mechanical ventilation for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 23 patients. The tracheotomy-related complications occurred in 40.4% of cases. A total of 29 patients (61.3%) were discharged alive and 18 died (38.8%). Conclusions: Most patients who underwent tracheotomy were preterm (61.7%) and with a birth weight less than 2500 g (57.44%). The main indicators for tracheotomy were bronchopulmonary dysplasia, myopathies, subglottic stenosis, hemangioma, craniofacial anomalies and malacia. The main early complications were obstruction of the cannula, accidental decanulacions and wound complications. The most common late complications were granulomas, obstruction of the cannula. No study patient had complications associated with tracheal tube that could cause his death.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Traqueostomía</kwd>
<kwd>neonatos</kwd>
<kwd>cuidados intensivos complicaciones</kwd>
<kwd>neonatal</kwd>
<kwd>Tracheotomy</kwd>
<kwd>neonates</kwd>
<kwd>neonatal intensive care</kwd>
<kwd>complications</kwd>
<kwd>indications</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0001-60022010000400008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Síndrome de hombro doloroso</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Painful Shoulder Syndrome</article-title>
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<given-names>Galia Constanza</given-names>
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<given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
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<surname>Moreno-Cordero</surname>
<given-names>Ana Yendry</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Clìnica Marcial Fallas Díaz  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Oficinas Centrales de la CCSS  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>227</fpage>
<lpage>231</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: La consulta por hombro doloroso está dentro de las primeras diez causas de consulta en fisiatría y afecta a un alto porcentaje de población económicamente productiva. El 5,47% de los nuevos casos en 2008, referidos a fisiatría de una clínica metropolitana, correspondieron a personas que consultaron por hombro doloroso. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer cómo se presenta el síndrome de hombro doloroso en la población descrita, lo que incluye también determinar las variables demográficas de la población que consulta y los tratamientos empleados Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva descriptiva en 171 expedientes clínicos de los usuarios que consultaron por síndrome de hombro doloroso (en CIE códigos M75 y subsiguientes), en 2008, en una clínica metropolitana periférica, que atiende a una población de 400 000 habitantes provenientes de área rural, urbano marginal y urbana, con servicios de segundo nivel (especialidades médicas). Se registraron variables demográficas, diagnóstico y evaluación clínica, imágenes diagnósticas y tratamientos empleados, entre otros. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 55,5 años, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino (74,3%) y al lado derecho (45%). Se confirma la coexistencia con diabetes (20,9%) y trastornos depresivos (15%).Esta investigación es la primera nacional que menciona la fibromialgia (4,3%) como factor simultáneo a la patología de hombro. En cuanto al tratamiento, se están realizando intervenciones de alta calidad acerca de ejercicio, infiltraciones y administración de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Conclusión: Muchas de las variables clínicas y demográficas descritas para hombro doloroso en otras publicaciones son válidas para esta población (género, edad, lado, comorbilidades). También se reporta una posible relación entre fibromialgia y dolor de hombro. El registro de la evaluación clínica mínima de calidad puede mejorar. La calidad en la atención del paciente cumple las normas internacionales mínimas propuestas, aunque es recomendable protocolizar.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: A painful shoulder is between the ten most frequent causes of consultation to a physiatrist. It affects a large percent of the economically active population. 5.74% of the new cases referred to the physiatrist of a metropolitan clinic during the year 2008, corresponded with a painful shoulder. The aim of this study was to investigate how the painful shoulder appears in this population. This includes the study of the demographic variables of the consulting population and the treatments that were used Methods: We reviewed 171 medical clinical records retrospectively of patients that consulted for a painful for shoulder shoulder syndrome during 2008 in the physiatry service of a Metropolitan health clinic that serves a population of 400 000 inhabitants from rural, urban marginal and urban areas with a second level of medical attention (specialized medical attention). Indicators like demographic variables were registered together with diagnostic and clinical evaluations, diagnostic imaging and treatments used. Results: The average age of the patients was 55 years, 74.3% were females and in 45% the right side was involved. Frequent associated diseases were diabetes (20.9%) and psychiatric diseases (15%). A relationship between shoulder pain and fibromyalgia was found (4.3%). Treatment accomplished quality goals with prescription of exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and infiltration as proposed by other authors. Conclusion: This population followed demographic and clinic characteristics described by other authors for shoulder pain (age, gender, shoulder side). This is the first national research that shows a relationship between fibromyalgia and shoulder pain. Physical examination register could improve. Quality treatment follows international parameters.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hombro doloroso</kwd>
<kwd>factores de riesgo</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasonido</kwd>
<kwd>infiltración</kwd>
<kwd>ejercicio</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes</kwd>
<kwd>shoulder pain</kwd>
<kwd>risk factors</kwd>
<kwd>ultrasound</kwd>
<kwd>infiltration</kwd>
<kwd>exercise</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Definiciones operativas para la prevención y control de la leptospirosis en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>Juan José</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital San Carlos </institution>
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<lpage>239</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: La leptospirosis es la enfermedad zoonótica más frecuente a nivel mundial y requiere de una vigilancia epidemiológica eficiente. Se evaluaron las definiciones operativas del Protocolo para la prevención y control de la leptospirosis de Costa Rica. Método: Estudio transversal en dos etapas, una descriptiva y otra analítica, mediante un modelo clínico-predictivo por regresión logística. Los datos se obtuvieron del Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología y Leptospira del INCIENSA (enero de 2001 a junio de 2003). Resultados: De 568 registros, se eliminaron 154 por no contar con la información para la correcta clasificación del protocolo de leptospirosis. De los 414 registros analizados ninguno cumplió con los criterios de caso confirmado, por lo que se utilizó una definición ampliada tomada de la bibliografía (caso confirmado= serología &amp;#8805; 1:800); así, hubo 52 casos confirmados y 368 sospechosos. Solamente la cefalea (OR= 0.5; IC95% 0.2 -1.1) y el sexo masculino (OR 3,01; IC 95% 1.2-8.1) mostraron asociación significativa con el diagnóstico de leptospirosis. Al agrupar las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, las combinaciones cefalea + mialgias + antecedentes epidemiológicos (OR 3,8; IC 95% 1,1-14,9) y síntomas sistémicos + antecedentes epidemiológicos (OR 0,01; IC 95%1,2-18,9), mostraron asociación con el diagnóstico de leptospirosis, aunque entre ellas hubo alta correlación (Kappa &gt; 0,8). Conclusión: Con los datos existentes y mediante la metodología empleada, no fue posible validar las definiciones establecidas por el protocolo ni generar definiciones operativas aplicables a nivel nacional, así como tampoco fue posible establecer una definición de caso probable.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: Leptospirosis is the most frequent zoonotic disease all over the world and requires of an efficient epidemiologic surveillance. The operative definitions of the &quot;Protocolo para la prevención y control de la Leptospirosis&quot; (Protocol for the prevention and control of Leptospirosis) in Costa Rica, were evaluated. Methods: This is a two-step cross-sectional study: a descriptive and an analytic study through a clinical-predictive model using logistic regression. Data was taken from the Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología y Leptospira at INCIENSA (from January 2001 to June 2003). Results: From 568 files, 154 were eliminated because they lacked the basic information to classify them according to the protocol. Any of the 414 analyzed files satisfied the criteria for confirmed case; thus, an alternate-expanded definition according to literature (confirmed case= serology &amp;#8805; 1:800), was used. Then, there were 52 confirmed cases and 368 suspicious cases. From all variables analyzed independently, only headache (OR= 0.5, IC95% 0.2 -1.1) and male sex (OR 3.01; IC 95% 1.2-8.1) had significant association with the diagnosis of leptospirosis. When grouping clinical and epidemiological variables, the combinations headache + myalgia + epidemiologic background (OR 3.8; IC 95% 1.1-14.9) and systemic symptoms + epidemiologic background (OR 0.01; IC 95%1.2-18.9), had significant association with the diagnosis of leptospirosis, even though they were highly correlated (Kappa&gt;0,8). Conclusion: With available data and the analysis here carried out it was not possible to validate the case definitions in the protocol, nor create new operative definitions that can be applied in Costa Rica, as well as a definition for probable case.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leptospirosis</kwd>
<kwd>vigilancia epidemiológica</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Leptospirosis</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiologic surveillance</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0001-60022010000400010</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Experiencia con la reconstrucción quirúrgica de las deformidades de la pared torácica</article-title>
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<institution>,Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax y Cardiovascular </institution>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>240</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas, indicación para realizar la intervención y los resultados de la cirugía de pacientes con deformidades de la pared torácica. Métodos: Con el fin de obtener la información, se analizaron 32 expedientes clínicos que pudieron ser ubicados y la información incluida en la base de datos del Servicio de otros 13 pacientes operados en el servicio de Cirugía de Tórax del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia por Pectus Excavatum o Pectus Carinatum, desde enero de 1998 a enero del 2010. Resultados: Se encontraron 29 pacientes operados por Pectus Excavatum y 16 por Pectus Carinatum, de los cuales 37 fueron varones y 8 mujeres. La edad osciló entre 13 y 24 años con un promedio de 16 años. En 28 pacientes la única indicación para la cirugía fue la afección sicológica causada por la deformidad y en 17 se presentó además algún síntoma como disnea con el ejercicio, dolor torácico o palpitaciones. En 26 de los 29 pacientes operados por Pectus Excavatum se utilizó una barra de metal para mantener el esternón reducido en posición normal mientras se consolidaba, retirándola a los seis meses y en los últimos tres la reducción se efectuó con una malla de polipropileno que funcionó igual, pero con la ventaja que no requiere reintervención para retirarla. Los resultados se evaluaron en forma subjetiva de acuerdo a la satisfacción manifestada por el paciente y a la nota del médico; encontrando en un caso de Pectus Excavatum recidiva de la deformidad pero no de los síntomas. Los otros 44 manifestaron desaparición de los síntomas en los casos sintomáticos y mejoría estética de la deformidad, pero en cuatro casos se produjo cicatriz queloide. Un paciente operado por Pectus Excavatum presentó a los cinco meses, una complicación al desplazarse la barra y causar un hemotórax que requirió la colocación de una sonda de tórax para evacuarlo. En 10 pacientes se debió colocar sonda de tórax por neumotórax trans- operatorio. No se documentaron otras complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las deformidades del Pectus Excavatum y Pectus Carinatum que presentan síntomas restrictivos o afección sicológica por la deformidad estética, se pueden reparar con baja morbilidad y salvo los casos que desarrollan cicatriz queloide, resultados estéticos muy aceptables. La técnica de utilizar una malla en lugar de la barra de metal, funciona igual con el beneficio de que se evitan las potenciales complicaciones por el desplazamiento del metal y no requiere la reintervención para retirarla.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aim: To analyze the clinical data, the indications and results for the surgical reconstruction of the chest wall deformities. Methods: With the purpose of assessing the information, clinical data of 45 patients treated with surgical procedures for Pectus Excavatum (PE) and Pectus Carinatutm (PC) in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Hospital Calderón Guardia during the period of January 1998 to January 2010, was analyzed. Results: During this period 29 patients were surgically treated for PE and 16 for Pectus Carinatum, 37 male and 8 female. Ages started from 13 to 24 with a median of 16 years. In 28 patients the surgical indication was the emotional stress caused by the deformity, 17 had in addition to that, symptoms like dyspnea during exercise, chest pain or palpitations. In 26 of the 29 patients operated for PE a metal bar was utilized to hold the sternum in position and removed 6 months later and in the last 3 patients a polypropylene mesh was used with the same function with no need of reintervention to remove it. The results were subjectively evaluated according to the patient’s satisfaction and the medical notes. In one patient with PE the deformity recurred but not the symptoms. In forty four patients the symptoms disappeared and there was a cosmetic satisfaction but 3 developed hypertrophic scars. One patient, five months after the surgery, had a dislodged sternal bar and hemothorax needing a chest tube for evacuation and removal of the bar. Ten patients had a chest tube for opening of the pleura during the surgical procedure. There were not deaths and no other complications were documented. Conclusion: Surgery for correction of the PE and PC deformities with physiologic alterations and cosmetic patient suffering could be performed with low morbidity and good cosmetic results, except for the patients who develop hypertrophic scars. A polypropylene mesh substitutes the metal bar and does not need a reitervention to be removed.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pectus excavatum</kwd>
<kwd>pectus carinatum</kwd>
<kwd>pared torácica deformidades</kwd>
<kwd>pared torácica cirugía</kwd>
<kwd>pectus excavatum</kwd>
<kwd>pectus carinatum</kwd>
<kwd>chest wall deformities</kwd>
<kwd>chest all surgery</kwd>
<kwd>funnel chest</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La importancia del cáncer, en el ámbito mundial, reside en que esta enfermedad ocupa, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el primer lugar como causa de muerte, seguido de cerca por las enfermedades cardiovasculares. En Costa Rica, fallecieron 16700 personas en el 2006, de las cuales 3751 fueron por cáncer. Ahora sabemos que los mismos genes que producen la vida, pueden provocar cáncer y causarnos la muerte, cuando son alterados por mutágenos del ambiente o en pocos casos lesionados antes de nacer el niño. Se conoce que ciertos genes de crecimiento y división celular normal al alterarse, producen cáncer por su presencia (oncógenos) y otros, los genes que regulan o frenan la división celular normal, si están ausentes o lesionados, dan también lugar a la aparición del cáncer, todo ello debido a que producen enzimas y proteínas que alteran la función de esos genes. Por lo tanto, no hay una sola causa que provoque un cáncer, sino que existen múltiples factores que evitan o aceleran la aparición de un tumor.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The importance of cancer worldwide derives from de fact that it is the number one cause of death, closely followed by cardio-circulatory diseases, according to the WHO. In Costa Rica, during 2006, 16700 people died, 3751 from cancer, corresponding to 23% of the total deaths. With the breakthrough of the genetic code in the last few years, the advancements in the causes of cancer have centered in the genes and the proteins they produce. Today we know that the same genes that create life may provoke cancer and death, when they are altered by mutagens acquired in the environment or in a few cases damaged before birth. It is known that certain growth and normal cell division genes, when altered produce cancer (oncogenes), others, such as the genes that regulate or stop normal cell division, if absent or damaged, may also produce cancer, all due to the production of enzymes and proteins that alter the function of such genes and as long as they are not repaired by the repairing genes that are constantly at work preventing the apparition of a tumor. But, there is not one only cause that provokes cancer, there are several others factors that prevent or accelerate the apparition of a tumor.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Comenzaba la década de los 60 y nuestro grupo nerviosamente iniciaba lecciones en los hospitales de San José. En aquellos años, el estudiante de medicina empezaba su contacto con pacientes, por lo menos 1 ó 2 años después de iniciada la carrera. El estudio del ser humano normal que ya habíamos concluido, continuaba con el del enfermo, y más adelante aprenderíamos el tratamiento. La enfermedad descrita en el libro, de pronto se convertía en un enfermo, y es a este quien hoy veíamos, cohibido pero inquisidor, en la cama de un hospital. Los profesores nos enseñaban a interrogar y a examinar a los pacientes, y cada gesto suyo, cada pregunta, cada maniobra, eran celosamente guardados en la memoria de los educandos. Con claridad percibíamos, aun a temprana edad, las diferencias entre los especialistas, y casi de manera involuntaria, cada quien iba tomando partido y escogía su futuro camino. Fue durante esos tempranos años, cuando mi vida se cruzó con la de 7 maravillosas personas y excelentes cirujanos, que marcaron para siempre mi destino y, sin quererlo ellos, me hicieron inclinarme por la cirugía. Dos eran serios y profundamente académicos: el Dr. Manuel Aguilar Bonilla y el Dr. Vesalio Guzmán Calleja; 3, decididos, incansables y muy hábiles: el Dr. Longino Soto Pacheco, el Dr. Claudio Orlich Carranza y el Dr. Carlos Prada Díaz, y 2, abordables, prácticos, joviales y amistosos: el Dr. Fernando Valverde Soley y el Dr. Randall Ferris Iglesias….</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During the early 60´s our class just started clinical lessons in different hospitals of San Jose. In those years the medical student became in contact with patients 1 or 2 years after initiating his or her career. The study of the normal human being continued with that of the diseased and later on we would learn how to treat our patients. The disease described in our textbooks, suddenly was a reality, a person lying in a hospital bed, shy but inquisitive. Our teachers taught us how to interrogate and to examine those individuals, and every gesture, every question, every maneuver they did, was jealously kept in our minds. However even at an early stage, we clearly perceived, the differences between medical branches and practitioners, and involuntarily, every one was leaning towards this or that specialty. It was during those years when 7 wonderful persons and excellent surgeons, crossed the path of my life, inspiring me to follow their steps and to embrace a surgical career. Two were classic academicians, Dr. Manuel Aguilar Bonilla and Dr. Andres Vesalio Guzman Calleja, 3 were determined, tireless and highly skilled, Dr. Longino Soto Pacheco, Dr. Claudio Orlich Carranza, y el Dr. Carlos Prada Diaz, and 2 were, although well prepared, unassuming, practical and openly friendly, Dr. Fernando Valverde Soley y el Dr. Randall Ferris Iglesias....</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>cirujanos</kwd>
<kwd>motivación</kwd>
<kwd>educación médica</kwd>
<kwd>surgeons</kwd>
<kwd>motivation</kwd>
<kwd>medical education</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022010000400013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prostatectomía radical laparoscópica: primeros dos casos realizados por urólogos costarricenses</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: First Two Cases Performed by Costa Rican Urologists</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>López-Arias</surname>
<given-names>Roy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González-Salas</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Rafael A. Calderón Guardia Unidad de Urología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>257</fpage>
<lpage>259</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022010000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se reportan los primeros dos casos de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL) realizada por urólogos costarricenses. La PRL se realizó con colocación de 4 trócares luego de poner la cámara en cicatriz umbilical. El tiempo operatorio total fue de 240 y 205 minutos, la pérdida de sangre estimada fue de 150 y 100 ml respectivamente. Se extrajeron las próstatas con vesículas seminales por una incisión umbilical de 3 cm. Un dreno cerrado con succión se externalizó por una de las incisiones de los trócares de 5mm. No hubo complicaciones trans ni post operatorias. La estadia hospitalaria post operatoria fue de 3 y 2 días, el dreno se retiró al tercer y segundo día post operado y las sondas Foley se retiraron a los 14 días. Las próstatas pesaron 27 y 23 gramos, los puntajes Gleason fueron de (3+4) y (3+3) ambos tuvieron márgenes negativos, sin infiltración vascular ni nerviosa. La PRL es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo para hombres con cáncer de próstata órgano confinado realizable, seguro y reproducible. Con mejor resultado cosmético y menor dolor posoperatorio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We herein report the first two cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) performed by Costarican Urologists. Two 50 and 64-year-old patients respectively, with an adenocarcinoma of the prostate with Gleason scores (3+ 3) 6, diagnosed trough transrectal ultrasonografic guided biopsies, indicated by an elevation of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal rectal digital examination (DRE). The LRP was performed transperitonealy with Montsouris technique using standard laparoscopy instruments and high definition laparoscopic video tower. After placing a 10mm camera port through the umbilicus, the procedure was accomplished with 4 trocars. The entire operative time was 240 and 205 minutes, whereas the blood loss was 150 and 100 ml respectively. The extraction of the specimens with seminal vesicles was through a 3 cm. umbilical incision. A closed drainage system was left in place through one of the 5mm port incisions. There were no complications trans or post operative, the time of hospitalization was 3 and 2 days respectively, and the drain was retrieved third and second day postoperative. Moreover, an indwelling Foley catheter was removed 14 days in an outpatient setting. The pathology department reported that both prostates weighed 27 and 23 grams each, and had a Gleason score (3+ 4) 7 and (3+3) 6 respectively. In addition, both specimens were reported to have negative margins, without neurovascular infiltration. In conclusion, LPR is a safe, feasible and reproducible a minimally invasive procedure for men with confined prostate cancer, with better cosmesis, less bleeding and less postoperative pain.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Laparoscopia</kwd>
<kwd>cáncer de próstata</kwd>
<kwd>prostatectomía radical</kwd>
<kwd>Laparoscopy</kwd>
<kwd>prostate cancer</kwd>
<kwd>radical prostatectomy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0001-600220100004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>260</fpage>
<lpage>260</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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<journal-title>Acta Médica Costarricense</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Acta méd. costarric</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
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<publisher-name>Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Investigación Costarricense en Revistas Extranjeras</article-title>
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<institution>,  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>262</fpage>
<lpage>262</lpage>
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