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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Biocompatibility: a criterion for conservation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Skutch</surname>
<given-names>Alexander F</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>481</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A rich ecosystem like a tropical rain forest contains three categories of organisms: (1) the sustainer green photosynthetic plants of all growth forms, their pollinators, seed dispersers, and protectors from injurious insects, and mostly obscure decomposers of dead matter that replenish the soil’s fertility; (2) the associates or &quot;guests&quot;, a diverse group that appears to be neither necessary for the maintenance of the ecosystem nor injurious to it; and (3) the &quot;enemies&quot;, predators great and small, parasites external and internal, pathogens, etc. that torture, mutilate, or destroy members of the first two categories, which coexist harmoniously, rarely injuring one another. I urge conservationists to give preferential treatment to these compatible categories, ceasing to apply inadequate resources to the protection or increase of members of the third category, if nor trying to eliminate some of them. By promoting biocompatibility, or compatible biodiversity, instead of biodiversity of undefined limits, we might make a more harmonious, productive, and enjoyable natural world.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Conservation</kwd>
<kwd>biocompatibility</kwd>
<kwd>compatible biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>harmony</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Lista de algas del Area de Protección Yum Balam, Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Díaz-Martín</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
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<surname>Espinoza-Avalos</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,ECOSUR  </institution>
<addr-line>Chetumal Quintana Roo</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,SEMARNAP  </institution>
<addr-line>Cancún Quintana Roo</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>487</fpage>
<lpage>492</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A checklist on benthic marine algae of the Yum Balam Reserve, Quintana Roo, México, is presented. All species are &quot;new records&quot; for the area because this is the first study for the locality, 122 taxa were identified, 55 are species of Rhodophyta, 44 Chlorophyta and nine Phaeophyta. Batophora oerstedii v. occidentalis, Halodictyon mirabile, Hypoglossum involvens and Polysiphonia ramentacea are new records for the Yucatán Península.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Inventory</kwd>
<kwd>checklist</kwd>
<kwd>benthic algae</kwd>
<kwd>Yum Balam Area</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán Península</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>México, D. F. </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>493</fpage>
<lpage>513</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A current floristic and phytogeographic knowledge of native Mexican Bromeliaceae is presented. There are 22 genera of Bromeliaceae recorded from the country that include 326 species. The genus Ursulaea with 2 species is endemic to Mexico, while Hechtia with 48 of its 50 species has its principal center of diversity in the country. Tillandsia (175 spp), Hechtia (48 spp) and Pitcairnia (46 spp) are the genera with the greatest number of species. We present a comparative analysis of Mexican Bromeliaceae with that of other American regions that have recently published accounts for the Family, particularly the Mesomerican area, Venezuela, Ecuador, and the Guianas. Our results led us to the conclusion that all these floras should be considered as distinct. We observe a progressive decrease of the Simpson index value related with the remoteness of the Mexican area. A general analysis of the species numbers of Mexican bromeliad genera shows a distinct preference of the species for coniferous and oak forests, followed by tropical caducifolious forests. There is also significant representation of the family in other vegetation types such as cloud forests and tropical perennifolious forests. Generally Mexican Bromeliaceae species have scarce and sparse populations and in many cases they inhabit cliffs, bluffs and scarps in restricted areas. Concerning the geographic distribution of Mexican genera, 77.27 % are neotropical, 4.54% are South American and the remainder are Mexican and Central American. The generic endemism is very low (4.54 %), even if we extend the country limits to Megamexico sensu Rzedowsi (1991) it reaches only 13.63 %. The family endemism at specific level reaches 63.07 %. There are not available data about a specific analysis of the conservation status of Mexican Bromeliaceae, but we can point out that a great number of taxa are only known from the type collection or at the most from the type locality. This can perhaps be attributed in part to the fact that there is a lack of sufficient collections; however, we suppose that several species are surely endangered.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta el estado del conocimiento florístico-fitogeográfico que se tiene actualmente sobre los representantes silvestres de la familia Bromeliaceae para México. Hasta el momento se tienen registrados a nivel nacional 22 géneros representados por 326 especies. Ursulaea género con 2 especies es endémico al país, en tanto que Hechtia tiene su centro principal de radiación en México, ya que 48 de sus 50 especies se presentan en la República Mexicana, siendo 43 de ellas, (91.5 %), endémicas. Los géneros con mayor número de especies son Tillandsia (175 spp), Hechtia (48 spp) y Pitcairnia (46 spp). Se presenta un análisis comparativo de las Bromeliáceas mexicanas con las de otras regiones de América, con base en tratamientos para la familia recientemente publicados, particularmente para el área mesoamericana, Venezuela, Ecuador y las Guyanas. Los resultados de dicho análisis nos permiten concluir que la flora bromeliológica presente en cada área es distinta y que se observa un decremento en el valor del índice de Simpson en relación con la lejanía de las áreas con respecto a México. Asimismo el análisis general de las especies presentes en los diversos tipos de vegetación, muestra una clara preferencia de las mismas por los bosques de coníferas y de encinos seguidos por los bosques tropicales caducifolios. También es significativa su representación en otros tipos de vegetación como los bosques mesófilos y los bosques tropicales perennifolios. Generalmente las especies de Bromeliáceas mexicanas presentan poblaciones escasas y esparcidas y en muchos casos se las encuentra en riscos y acantilados en áreas muy restringidas. En lo relativo a la distribución geográfica de los géneros mexicanos, el 77.27 % son neotropicales, el 4.54 % son sudamericanos y el porcentaje restantes pertence a taxa mexicanos y centroamericanos. El endemismo genérico es muy bajo (4.54 %) y aún si extendieramos los límites del país a lo que Rzedowski (1991) llama Megaméxico, sólo alcanzaría un 13.63 %. El endemismo de la familia a nivel específico alcanza 63.07 %.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Megamexico</kwd>
<kwd>Mesoamerica</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropic</kwd>
<kwd>floristics</kwd>
<kwd>phytogeography</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Spatial heterogeneity and woody species distribution in a Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae) forest of the Southern Chaco, Argentina</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Zavalla </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>487</fpage>
<lpage>492</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spatial heterogeneity of a Schinopsis balansae forest (&quot;Quebrachal&quot;) near Vera (Santa Fe, Argentina) was studied for any correlation between woody species distribution and environmental factors. This type of forest is the most important community of the Santa Fe Forest Wedge, which is the southernmost portion of the Eastern Chaco. Thirty two 10 x 10 m plots were laid along two transects. Woody vegetation and microzones determined for microrelief, soil moisture and the presence of bromeliads were mapped; 54% of the ground is level, about half of it is muddy or frequently flooded, and little more than 11% is concave almost always flooded. Convex soils are well drained and often covered by populations of spiny bromeliads. Most woody individuals were clumped on high and well drained soils while only Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis spp. and S. balansae were present on very humid microzones. These results strongly suggest that soil heterogeneity (microrelief and soil moisture), is the most important factor that determines the distribution of woody species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objeto de este trabajo es analizar la heterogeneidad espacial de un bosque de Schinopsis balansae (&quot;Quebrachal&quot;) cerca de Vera (Santa Fe, Argentina) y establecer si hay correlación entre la distribución de las especies leñosas y los factores ambientales. Este tipo de bosque es la comunidad vegetal más importante de la Cuña Boscosa de Santa Fe, que es la porción más austral del Chaco Oriental. En un stand parcialmente recuperado se instalaron 32 parcelas contiguas de 10 x 10 m a lo largo de dos transectas. Se cartografiaron todos los individuos de las distintas especies de leñosas, así como los distintos micrositios caracterizados por el microrelieve, humedad del suelo y presencia de bromeliáceas terrestres. El 54% del suelo es plano, la mitad del cual es barroso o está frecuentemente inundado, y algo más del 11% es cóncavo y está casi siempre inundado. La mayor parte de las leñosas crecen en micrositios bien drenados mientras que en suelos muy húmedos solamente crecen Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis spp. y S. balansae. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la heterogeneidad del suelo, (microrrelieve y humedad) es el factor más importante que determina la distribución de las especies leñosas sobre el terreno.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anacardiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Chaco</kwd>
<kwd>environmental heterogeneity</kwd>
<kwd>forests</kwd>
<kwd>microrelief</kwd>
<kwd>microsites</kwd>
<kwd>Schinopsis balansae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Floristic composition and tree size distribution of different forest patches were studied between 1600 and 1800 m altitude in the Subtropical Montane Forests of Parque Biológico Sierra de San Javier, Argentina. Quadrats (20 x 20 m) were sampled in 12 sites. Sites were ordered using correspondence analysis. The first ordination axis was clearly associated to a gradient in complexity and diversity. The less complex forests were dominated by Alnus acuminata, Podocarpus parlatorei, and Crinodendron tucumanum. Richest and most complex forests were dominated by Myrtaceae species such as Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcianthes mato and Myrcianthes pseudomato, accompanied by Cedrela lilloi, Ilex argentina, Prunus tucumanensis, and others. Intermediate values of diversity and complexity were found in mature forests of A. acuminata and P. parlatorei, and in forests dominated by the treelets Dunalia lorentzii, Sambucus peruviana and Solanum grossum. Sites were grouped using the Twinspan software package. Within each cluster, diameter distribution of the most important species was used to describe regeneration trends. Myrtaceae species showed an &quot;inverted-J&quot; distribution of diameter, suggesting a continous regeneration mode. On the other hand, species which dominate simple forests such as A. acuminata, P. parlatorei, and C. tucumanum showed bell-shaped diameter distribution, suggesting lack of regeneration under the canopy. These conclusions were also supported by seedling and sapling densities. The results suggest that A. acuminata, P. parlatorei, and C. tucumanum are pioneer species, and that the forests dominated by such species were originated in grasslands or shrublands. These species seems to be gradually replaced by shade tolerant taxa originating patchy heterogeneity and landcape diversity as a result of discrete events of recruitment followed by forest succession.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la composición y estructura de tamaños de las especies arbóreas en diferentes fisonomías boscosas de los &quot;Bosques Montanos&quot; de la Sierra de San Javier, en el subtrópico de Argentina entre 1600 y 1800 msnm. En un análisis de correspondencia, los sitios se ordenaron siguiendo un gradiente de riqueza y complejidad. Las especies características de los sitios más diversos como las mirtáceas mostraron distribuciones diamétricas en &quot;J-invertida&quot;, lo que sugiere regeneración continua. Por el contrario, las especies características de los bosques simples como A. acuminata, P. parlatorei y C. tucumanum, presesentaron distribuciones diamétricas unimodales con baja proporción de individuos menores. La densidad de individuos menores de 10 cm de DAP muestran que A. acuminata, P. parlatorei y C. tucumanum constituyen especies pioneras que colonizarían áreas no arboladas originando bosques simples. Estas especies son progresivamente reemplazadas por especies tolerantes durante la sucesión originando diversas fisonomías. La diversidad a escala de paisaje de los Bosques Montanos se originaría en eventos discretos de reclutamiento de las especies pioneras, seguidos de sucesión hacia bosques dominados por especies tolerantes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300006</article-id>
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<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza  </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The phenology of 160 individuals from 12 tree species of Costa Rica's montane forests were observed monthly during 49 months, in order to evaluate the following phenophases: flowering, fructification and leafing (budding and falling). Different occurrence patterns were found for each event. Thus, flowering occurred continuously for one species but sub-annually for another. Four species showed annual flowering and the other six supra-annual flowering. Flowering was concentrated from November to May, at the end of the rainy season, and during the dry season. Fructification was continuous for three species, annual for two, and supra-annual for the other seven. There was more fruits production at the end of the dry season and during the first months of the rainy season. New leaf production was a very dynamic event and highly synchronic for all evaluated species, showing annual rhythms for six of them. Leaf falling was a continuous event throughout the year, without abrupt changes for all species under evaluation.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante 49 meses se observó la fenología de 160 árboles de 12 especies arbóreas de los bosques montanos de Costa Rica, mediante la evaluación de cuatro fenofases: floración, fructificación, brotadura y caída del follaje. Se encontraron diferentes patrones de ocurrencia en cada evento. La floración ocurre de manera continua en una especie y subanual en otra, cuatro especies muestran floraciones anuales y las seis restantes floraciones supranuales. De manera general, las floraciones se concentran de noviembre a mayo, a finales de la época lluviosa y durante la seca. La fructificación es continua en tres especies, anual en dos y supranual en las siete restantes, con mayor producción de frutos hacia el final de la época seca y primeros meses de la lluviosa. La brotadura de las hojas es un evento muy dinámico y altamente sincrónico en todas las especies estudiadas, con ritmos anuales en seis especies. La caída de las hojas ocurre de manera continua y sin cambios abruptos a través del año, en las doce especies estudiadas.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Germinación, dispersión y establecimiento de plántulas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) en México</article-title>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa  </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F. </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<fpage>543</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. is an important natural resource in Mexico, due to its diverse uses. However, seed germination, dissemination and seedling establishment of this species had not been studied up to date. Fruits and seeds were collected in the State of Chiapas, Mexico (S. L. Camargo et al. 118, UAMIZ). Germination experiments were carried out after four years of seed storage; 1 935 seeds were sown in Petri dishes containing moistened Wathman filter paper. Optimum temperatures were determined in a gradient 5-40 0C, with continuous light for mechanically scarified and non scarified seeds. Three photoperiod experiments were made: a) continuous light, b) constant darkness and c) 12 hr light/12 hr darkness. Three germinate pretreatments were applied: a) mechanical scarification, b) sulfuric acid scarification, c) fire scarification and d) control. Three replicates of 15 seeds each were made for each variable and pretreatment. Standard deviations (S) were determined, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and media comparison (Scheffé’s test) were applied (p&lt;0.05). Analysis of fruit and seed dissemination and seedling establishment was made qualitatively on the basis of field and laboratory observations; radius of dissemination of the fruits from the mother plant was measured; development of laboratory grown seedlings was followed during three months. Seeds germinated at 10-30°C; however, the highest percentages of germination were obtained at 20°C (84.44%) and 25°C (95.55%); seeds are indistinctly photoblastic and percentages of germination, after the three germinate pretreatments, were: control (24.44-35.55%), mechanical scarification (84.44-88.88%), sulfuric acid scarification (73.33-91.11%) and fire scarification (0%). Fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5-8 m from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination. Growth of seedlings is fast; they develop a paripinnate protophyll and ten biparipinnate pronomophylls; the first nomophyll develops during the weeks 12 to 14. It is concluded that optimum temperatures for seed germination of M. tenuiflora are 20 °C and 25 °C; seeds are indistinctly photoblastic; percentage and rate of germination are highly increased by coat scarification. This species has certain advantages for its establishment in open areas, given by the abundant production of seeds, their small size, the rate of germination and the fast growth, as well as by its seedling characters: the tap root system, the hypocotyl-epicotyl axis woody at the base and, the compound leaves with linear-oblong leaflets having changes in orientation in response to light. Our results confirm the invasive and typically secondary character of this species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. es un recurso natural importante para México debido a sus diversos usos. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se había estudiado la germinación, la dispersión y el establecimiento de plántulas de esta especie. Se recolectaron frutos y semillas de esta planta en el estado de Chiapas, México (S. L. Camargo et al. 118, UAMIZ). Las pruebas de germinación se hicieron después de cuatro años de almacenamiento; se sembraron en total 1 935 semillas en cajas de Petri con papel filtro Wathman humedecido. Se determinaron las temperaturas óptimas usando un gradiente de 5-40&amp;deg;C, con luz continua, para semillas escarificadas mecánicamente y no escarificadas. Se realizaron tres pruebas de fotoperíodo: a) luz continua, b) oscuridad constante y c) luz 12hr/oscuridad 12 hr. Se aplicaron tres tratamientos pregerminativos: a) escarificación mecánica, b) ácido sulfúrico concentrado, c) fuego directo y d) ningún tratamiento. Para cada variable y pretratamiento se hicieron tres repeticiones, cada una con 15 semillas. Se aplicaron las pruebas estadísticas correspondientes: desviación estandar (S), análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA) y comparación de medias (Prueba de Scheffé) (p&lt;0.05). Se hizo un análisis cualitativo de la dispersión de semillas y del establecimiento de plántulas, a partir de la observación directa en el campo y en el laboratorio; se midió el radio de dispersión de los frutos, respecto a la planta madre; se siguió el desarrollo de plántulas cultivadas en el laboratorio durante tres meses. Las semillas germinaron a temperaturas de 10-30 °C; sin embargo, el mayor porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo a 20 °C (84.44%) y 25 °C (95.55%); presentan un fotoblastismo indistinto y al aplicárseles tres tratamientos pregerminativos, los porcentajes de germinación fueron los siguientes: grupo testigo (24.44-35.55%), escarificación mecánica (84.44-88.88%), escarificación con ácido sulfúrico (73.33-91.11%) y fuego directo (0%). Los frutos y semillas se dispersan por el viento en un radio de 5-8 m a partir de la planta madre, la lluvia los arratra de los cerros a las planicies más bajas y las actividades humanas contribuyen a su diseminación. El crecimiento de las plántulas es rápido; se desarrollan una protófila paripinnada y diez pronomófilas biparipinnadas, la primera nomófila se forma en la semana 12 a 14. Se concluye que las temperaturas óptimas para la germinación de las semillas de M. tenuiflora son 20 °C y 25 °C; estas semillas son fotoblásticas indistintas y el porcentaje y velocidad de germinación se incrementan notablemente por escarificación de la testa. Esta especie tiene ciertas ventajas para su establecimiento en áreas abiertas, dadas por la producción abundante de semillas, su tamaño pequeño, la velocidad de germinación y el crecimiento rápido, así como por las características de sus plántulas: el sistema radical axonomorfo, el eje hipocótilo-epicótilo lignificado en la base y las hojas compuestas con folíolos linear-oblongos que cambian de orientación en respuesta a la luz. Los resultados confirman el carácter oportunista y típicamente secundario de esta especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>dissemination</kwd>
<kwd>establishment</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>invasive species</kwd>
<kwd>Mimosa tenuiflora</kwd>
<kwd>seed</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estrategia reproductiva de una hierba perenne: Hypoxis decumbens (Hypoxidaceae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Experimental </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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</pub-date>
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<fpage>555</fpage>
<lpage>565</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The reproductive strategy of Hypoxis decumbens L. (Hypoxidaceae), a perennial herb with hermaphroditic flowers, was studied to check the relations between reproductive system, life form, habitat, pollination system and other morphological and ecological features. The study was done in a secondary deciduous forest with a population of 150-200 plants. Controlled pollinations were done in twenty isolated plants. The results pointed out that H. decumbens is an autogamous species, with outbreeding depression apparently reflecting environmental adaptation of the autogamous genotypes. The main pollinators were generalist insects, like dipterans. It has functionally solitary and actinomorphic flowers, with well exposed floral parts, displayed approximately at the same height, and with inner and before anthesis dehiscence of the anthers. The biomass allocation was mainly to female structures, like fruits and seeds, which was reflected in a low male-female biomass ratio, and in high fruit and seed set. The pollen-ovule and the attraction-support biomass ratios were low, associated with autogamous species, which have reliable pollination. The dispersal unit is the seed and the dispersal syndrome is myrmecochory, with the infructescence prostrate over the soil, the fruit with gradual dehiscence and with lipid droplets and placental remains (also with lipid content) in the seed coat. This species has several structural and functional attributes that sustain a mixed mating system and, although the results indicate that most of the progeny is autogamous; it does not sacrifice the opportunity for out-crossing.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la estrategia reproductiva de Hypoxis decumbens L. (Hypoxidaceae), una hierba perenne con flores hermafroditas, para comprobar las relaciones que se establecen entre sistema reproductivo, forma de vida, ambiente, sistema de polinización y otros caracteres morfológicos y ecológicos. H. decumbens es una especie altamente autógama, que presenta depresión por entrecruzamiento debido a la adaptación de los genotipos autógamos a su ambiente. Los principales polinizadores fueron insectos generalistas como los dípteros. Presentó flores funcionalmente solitarias, actinomórficas, con las partes florales bien expuestas, todas a la misma altura, y anteras de dehiscencia introrsa. La asignación de biomasa fue básicamente hacia estructuras femeninas, como frutos y semillas, lo que se reflejó en una alta eficiencia reproductiva. La relación polen/óvulo fue baja, lo mismo que la relación biomasa de atracción/biomasa de soporte. La unidad de dispersión fue la semilla y el síndrome de dispersión asociado fue la mirmecocoría. En esta especie se presenta un sistema reproductivo mixto, y aunque la mayor proporción de progenie es autógama, no sacrifica la oportunidad de entrecruzarse.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypoxys decumbens</kwd>
<kwd>perennial herb</kwd>
<kwd>mixed mating system</kwd>
<kwd>autogamy</kwd>
<kwd>outbreeding depression</kwd>
<kwd>pollination</kwd>
<kwd>fruit</kwd>
<kwd>seed set</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
<kwd>allocation</kwd>
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<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Syzigium jambos is a multiple use species native to Southeast Asia that has been introduced in many countries of the world. Similar to some other exotics, it has the potential to become naturalized and invade natural ecosystems. In Costa Rica, it has been observed in several small preserves. A sample of 48 quadrats of 0.6 m of radius, in one hectare fragment (with a 30 year-old secundary humid Premontane forest) had a density of 4.9 seedlings and 0.16 saplings per m2. Higher densities were observed near the base of the adult trees (N=3) and on the biggest of the trees investigated. Growth rates of the seedlings and saplings was very low: less than 10.5 and 0.25 cm/year in height and basal diameter, respectively. In general, the plants had low levels (&lt;30%) of relative damage by herbivores, and fungi (one identified as a Puccinia psidii Wint.) on their leaves, although a significant increase was detected by the end of the wet season and beginning of the dry season. Small white epiphyllic liquens were abundant on mature leaves. Apparently the species is very flexible as little mechanical damage was observed.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Syzigium jambos es una especie de uso múltiple originaria del Sur-Este de Asia, la cual ha sido introducida en muchos países del mundo. Así como algunas otras exóticas, tiene el potencial de naturalizarse y de invadir ecosistemas naturales. En Costa Rica, se ha observado en varios fragmentos boscosos. Se establecieron 48 parcelas de 0.6 m en una hectárea de bosque secuendario de 30 años. Pertenece a la zona de vida del Premontano húmedo. Se estimó que la especie exótica alcanzó una densidad de 4.9 plántulas y 0.16 juveniles por m². La mayor densidad se observó cerca de la base del árbol adulto y el árbol más grueso. El crecimiento de las plantas fue muy bajo con tasas anuales menores a 10.5 y 0.25 cm en altura y diámetro basal, respectivamente. En general, se observaron daños relativos menores al 30% aunque se registró un aumento importante al finalizar la época lluviosa y el inicio de la seca. Las hojas maduras presentaron una abundante cantidad de manchas blaquecinas pequeñas producto de un líquen costroso epífilo. Aparentemente la planta es muy flexible puesto que los daños mecánicos fueron muy bajos.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aqueous leaf extract of Clusia coclensis was applied at a dose of 40 mg/kg intravenously to isolated posterior extremities of six normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats and six Spontaneously Hipertensive rats anaesthetized with sodium nembutal. The perfusion was done in the abdominal artery using as carrier Krebs bicarbonate ringer at 37 °C and keeping constant perfusion pressures of 100 mmHg in normotensive rats and 150 mmHg in hipertensive ratas. The venous return was measured in the inferior vena cava. The extract induced a significant reduction of the venous return begining 2 min after application, in both rat types. This may reflect a peripheral vasoconstriction that, in whole organism,would have an hipertensive effect. Therefore, the mechanism of the alledgedly systemic hipotensive effect of the aqueous extract of Clusia coclensis leafs resides probably at a central level, probably acting by a reduction of the contractibility of the myocardium.</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fase gametofítica del helecho Microgramma nitida (Polypodiaceae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Ma. del Rosario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pérez-García</surname>
<given-names>Blanca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa Depto. de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F. </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>587</fpage>
<lpage>593</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development of the gametophytic phase of Microgramma nitida is described based on spore samples that was obtained of fertil specimens gathered on Veracruz State, Mexico. The spore sowing density was 40 spores/cm2 ; it is characterized by Vittaria-type germination of the spore, a germinal filament of six cells; young gametophytes are naked, spathulated and later are transformed in cordate-elongated adult gametophytes with wavy borders; marginal, superficial capitated, unicellular hairs; the meristematic cell is wedge-shaped and is quickly replaced by a pluricellular meristem. The antheridia and archegonia are of the usual Polypodiaceae s. str.type. Prothallial development is thus of the Drynaria-type. The first leaf of the sporophyte appeared eight months after spore sowing. The leaf is spathulated, with smooth borders and the margin has a row of cells without chlorophyll; bifurcated and pluricellular hairs; anomocytic stomata; the epidermic cells of the sporophyte have wavy walls on upper and lower surfaces.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la fase gametofítica del helecho Microgramma nitid con esporas de Veracruz, México (siembra promedio 40 esporas/ cm²). La morfogénesis se caracteriza por: germinación tipo Vittaria, un filamento inicial de seis células protálicas; gametofitos jóvenes espatulados que se transforman en gametofitos adultos cordiformes-alargados, con márgenes ondulados y tricomas unicelulares-capitados en los margenes y en las superficies; aparición de una célula meristemática obcónica apical, que es reemplazada rápidamente por un meristemo pluricelular. Los anteridios y arquegonios son del tipo usual de las Polypodiaceae s.str. El desarrollo protálico es del tipo Drynaria. Ocho meses después de la siembra apareció la primera hoja del esporofito; ésta es espatulada, con márgenes lisos y una hilera de células aclorofílicas, tricomas pluricelulares, bifurcados y estomas anomocíticos. Las células epidérmicas de la hoja del esporofito tienen paredes laterales onduladas en las superficies dorsal y ventral.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gametophyte</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Microgramma</kwd>
<kwd>morphogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Polypodiaceae s. str</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Population dynamics of Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in waste water from food-processing industry in Mexico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arévalo Stevenson</surname>
<given-names>Raymundo Alfredo</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Carrera de Biología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>595</fpage>
<lpage>600</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Waste water from Mexico's largest food processing industrial sector (based on maize, nejayote water) was used for growing Brachionus calyciflorus isolated from Lake Chapultepec in the Federal District of Mexico (D.F.). Nejayote water was collected from Colonia Providencia, D.F. Experiments were conducted at 25°C in 25 ml capacity vials with 20 ml of medium into which we introduced B. calyciflorus at an initial density of 1 ind ml-1. The experimental design consisted a total of 33 test vessels (2 food combinations X 5 densities X 3 replicates = 30 plus 3 replicates as controls that contained only algae). Experiments were terminated after day 16. Waste water in original concentration did nt rotifes. However, when diluted to 5 oncentrations (ranging from 2% to 32% and pH adjusted to 7.0), rotifer density increased with increasing concentration of waste water. Green algae (at constant density of 2 X 10 6 cells-1 of Chlorella) in combination with waste water resulted in a higher abundance of rotifers only at higher concentration (above 8 %) of waste water. The maximum peak density of rotifers (238-50 ind ml -1) was obtained at 16% dilution of waste water nd with addition of Chlorella. The rate of population increase per day ® (mean-SD) varied from 0.355-0.059 to 0.457-0.048 depending on food combination and concetration.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se usó aguas de desecho de la industria de la masa y la tortilla (aguas de nixtamal o nejayote) para crecer rotíferos de agua dulce, Brachionus calyciflorus. El nejayote sin dilución no permitió el desarrollo del rotífero. Sin embargo, cuando se diluyó, B. calyciflorus aprovechó la materia orgánica. El agua de desecho por sí misma (sin alimento algal adicional) fue comparable al agua con densidades del alga Chlorella de 2 X 10(6) células ml-1. Concentraciones de nejayote por encima del 8% no permitieron el crecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, la presencia de alga permitió el desarrollo del rotífero a concentraciones de 8% y 16%. Nuestros hallazgos indican que el nejayote puedo ser utilizado de manera efectiva para la producción de rotíferos a gran escala para la acuacultura.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rotifer</kwd>
<kwd>Brachionus</kwd>
<kwd>waste water</kwd>
<kwd>population growth</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panamá: distribución, estructura y estado de conservación de los arrecifes continentales de la Laguna de Chiriquí y la Bahía Almirante</article-title>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Smithisonian Tropical Research Institute  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>U.S.A</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>601</fpage>
<lpage>623</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The distribution of continental reefs is presented along 83 km of shore within Babia Almirante and 125 km within the ChIriquí Lagoon, Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Reef community structure (diversity, cover, zonation) is described on 15 coral reefs for both regions, representing tlie diversity of hydrologicat and orographical condiiions affecting the coastal zone. The coral reefs found in Bahía Almirante are well developed down to a maximum depth of 23 m, and a diversity of hard corais of 33 species, which represents approximately a 53% of the total diversity known for Panamá. Coral cover observed for the studied region ranged between 20% and 50% depending on the depth, and a total average of 35% is estimated, nearly twice the cover informed for other regions of Panamá (San Blas), where it is presumed that the reefs are better protected from human disturbances. Vertical distribution and composition of species are similar across the area; Porites furcata dominates shallow reefs down to 2 m depth, with a cover estimated at 90%, followed by a zone dominated by Agaricía tenuifolia (40%) down to 6 m depth, followed by a zone composed mainly of A. tenuifolia (15%), Madracis mirabilis (7%), and Siderastrea siderea (5%) down to 15 rn deep, .and finishing in a deeper zone dorninated by coralline algae and the coral S. siderea. The existence of a semi-continuous Porites furcata fringing reef of ca. 22 km in length, borders the entire coastal zone of Ensenada Grande de Almirante, is informed for the first tirne for the region. Sponges, second sessile organisms in importance, are widely distributed in all reefs with a diversity of 31 species and average cover of 6%. Curiously, the highest algae coverage was found in one reef (10%) while the remaining reefs presented an average cover of 4%. Only one coral reef was found in the Chiriquí Lagoon with development limited to 3 m, a diversity of corals no higher than 7 species, and coral cover of 24% (Porites furcata). The coast of the Chiriquí Lagoon is affected by continuous sediment discharges coming from various rivers, mailnly the Cricamola, Manantí, Uyama, Guarumo, and Cauchero, whose plumes of freshwater and silt extend for many kilometers, limiting the distribution and development of coral reef communities. The vertical distribution, composition, and dominance of certain coral species in the reefs described here (e.g., Siderastrea siderea, Porites furcata, Agaricia tenuifolia, Madracis decactis, and M. mirabilis) indicate that these communities were formed adapting gradually to unfavorable conditions in water quality (lower salinity, low light penetration) which has limited a more vigorous reef development, and perhaps more diverse community. These species, in spite of heing quite resistant lo environmental changes and building healthy reefs in waters of low clarity, presently live near tbeir limits of ecophysiological tolerance, which makes them particularly vulnerable to puncluated changes in the environment. It is expected that any unplanned development project in the region rnight increase sedimentation toward the coastal zone, which could weaken all reef organisms, affecting ecosystem function.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta la distribución de azrecifes coralinos a lo lar-go de la costa continental (tierra firrne) de la Bahía Almirante (ca. 83km) y de la Laguna de Chiñquí (ca 125km), Pro&amp;shy;vincia de Bocas del Toro, Panarná Se describe la estructura de 15 arrecifes coralinos, los cuales representan la diversidad de condiciones hidrológicas y orográficas de la zona costera con mayor inítuencia terrígena de Bocas del Toro. Los arrecifes encontrados en la Bahía Almirante se encuentran bien desarrollados hasta una profundidad máxima de 23 m y una diversidad de corales madrepóricos de 33 especies, locual representa aproximadamente un 53 % de la diversidad conocida para Panamá. las coberturas de coral vivo observadas para la región de estudio oscilan entre 20 % y 50 % depediendo de la profundidady se estima un promedio total de 35 % casi el doble de la cobertura informada para otras regiones de Panamá (San Blas) donde se presume que los arrecifes estan mejor protegidos. La zonación y composición de especies de corales son similares en toda el área de estudio; Porites furcata domina los arrecifes someros hasta 2 m de profundidad, con una cobertura de ca. 90% seguida por una zona dominada por Agaricia tenuifolia, (40%) hasta los 6 m. seguido de una zona principalmente compuesta de A. tenuifolia (15%) Madracis mirabilis (7%) y Siderastrea siderea (50%) hasta los 15 m de profundidad, terminando en una zona profundad dominada por algas rojas calcareas Amphiroa rigida, Hydrolithon boergesenii, Sporolithon episporum y el coral S. siderea. El coral Agaricia undata, común en habitats profundos se encontró relativamente abundante (3%) y creciendo después de los 10 m. Se informa por primera vez para la región la existencia de una barrera coralina construida por Porites furcata, semi-continua de ca. 22 km de largo y que bordea la zona costera de la Bahía Almirante. El grupo de las esponjas, segundo en importancia, está ampliamente distribuido en todos los arrecifes con uns diversidad de 31 especcies y cobertura promedio de 6%. Curiosamente, se encontro un solo arrecife de los estudiados con cobertura de macroalgas inferiores al 4%. Solamente se encontró un arrecife coralino dentro de la Laguna de Chiriquí, con desarrollo limitado hasta 3 m de profundidad, una diversidad de corales no mayor a 7 especies y cobertura de coral de 24% (Porites furcata). La costa de la Laguna Chiriquí está afectada por descargas continuas de sedimentos provenientes de varios ríos, principalmente Cricamola, Manantí, Uyama, Guarumo y Cauchero, cuyas plumas de agua dulce y sedimentos se extienden mucchos kilómetros desde sus desembocaduras, limitado el asentamiento y desarrollo de comunidades coralinas. La distribución vertical y dominancia de ciertas especies de corales en los arrecifes aquí descritos (e.g. Siderastrea siderea, Porites furcata, Agaricia tenuifolia, Madracis decactis, y M. mirabilis) indican que estas comunidades se formaron adaptándose gradualmente a condiciones variables de calidad de agua (salinidad, temperatura y penetración de la luz) relativamente no óptimas para un desarrollo arrecifal más diversos y de aguas más profundas. Esto sugiere que estas especies pesar de ser bastante resistentes a cambios ambientales, viven actualmernte muy cercanas a sus límites de tolerancia ecofisiológica, lo cual las hace particularmente vulnerables a cambios puntuados. Cuaquier proyecto de desarrollo no planificado incrementará la sedimentación hacia la zona costera debilitando alos organismos arrecifales en su totalidad, afectándose así la funcionalidad del ecosistema.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300015</article-id>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A checklist of marine mollusc species mainly from deep-water localities off Mexican Caribbean shores is presented. Samples were obtained with a mechanical arm in 2-307 m during the expedition of the R/V &quot;Edwin Link&quot;, August 1990; the list includes 59 species of Gastropoda, 17 species of Bivalvia, three species of Scaphopoda and three species of Polyplacophora.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300016</article-id>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  </institution>
<addr-line> Baja California</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera  </institution>
<addr-line> Baja California</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The capacity of Modiolus capax to delay spawning and to hold mature gametes for long periods, was analyzed in sexually mature organisms subjected to cold water and food rations higher than those for maintenance. The experimental group, 200 mussels collected in August from Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, was subjected to 19±2 °C, temperature comparable to that in the natural environment during autumn and early winter; the daily food rations, delivered in open flow, were equivalent to 0.5-1.0% of the mussel’s dry soft body weight. The effectiveness of the experimental treatment was verified every month in a sample of 16 mussels; for contrast, a sample from Bahia de los Angeles was also analyzed. The assessed variables were general condition and gonadosomatic indices and for the histological study of the gonads, a maturity scale with eight stages was designed. In September the mussels from the natural environment were in the initial phase of post-spawning; by December they were in late post-spawning or rest. In the experimental group there were no spontaneous spawnings and general condition and gonadosomatic indices remained consistently higher than in the natural environment, however, by the eight-week of treatment the gonads showed evidences of incipient reabsorption. It is proposed that the natural reproductive cycle, mass spawning in summer and rest in late autumn and early winter, might be limiting the mussel’s capacity to retain mature gametes.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>mussels</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>delayed spawning</kwd>
<kwd>Modiolus capax</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Crecimiento y ciclo reproductivo de Polymesoda radiata (Bivalvia:Corbiculidae) en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>Eleazar</given-names>
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<given-names>Rafael A.</given-names>
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<given-names>José A.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>643</fpage>
<lpage>648</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A population of green clam, Polymesoda radiata was sampled from August 1992 through July 1993 in Bebedero river, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (n= 978) for demographic data. Mean values (followed by ranges) were: shell length 32.29 ±7.63 mm (6.9-44.10 mm). The mean total weight was 11.13 ±5.71 g (0.4-23.98 g). Data analysis showed a isometric relationship between length and total weight, represented by the equation : Pt=2.07 x 10-4 Lt3.01 (r=0.987, p &lt; 0.01). Von Bertalanffy's equations were: for length Lt=45 [1 - e{-1(t+0.06) (05/2 ) sen 2 ((t-065}] and for weight Pt= 26.53 (1- e [-1 (t + 0.06)])3 . The growth rate for total length was 2.25 ±0.66 mm/month for the first year (0.83 ±0.24 the second year and 0.26 ±0.1 for other months). Individuals become sexually mature throughout the year. The mean sex ratio was 1.00 male : 0.61 females. Spawning suggested that minimum size at sexual maturity was 7.80 mm of Lt. The largest number of ripe individuals was found in the dry season. Spawning peaks were in December and March. Histologically this is a dioecious bivalve with stable gonocorism.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó el crecimiento, biometría, desarrollo gonádico, ciclo reproductivo y talla mínima reproductiva en Polymesoda radiata en el río Bebedero, Guanacaste Costa Rica, entre agosto 1992 y julio 1993. El promedio de la longitud total fue 32.29 ±7.63 mm (ámbito entre 6.90 to 44.10 mm). El peso total fue 11.13 ±5.71 g (ámbito entre 0.4 to 23.98 g). La relación Lt-Pt determinó que el crecimiento es de tipo isométrico y se rige por la ecuación Pt= 2.07 x 10-4 Lt3.01 (r=0.987, p 0.01). La ecuación generalizada de von Bertalanffy se rige para Lt por Lt= 45 [1 - e{-1(t+0.06) (05/2 ) sen 2 ((t-065}] y para peso total por Pt= 26.53 (1- e [-1 (t + 0.06)] )³. La tasa de crecimiento para Lt fue de 2.25 ±0.66 mm/mes para el primer año, 0.83 ±0.24 mm/mes para el segundo año y 0.26 ±0.1 mm/mes para el resto de los meses. Durante todo el año se encontraron individuos en las diferentes etapas reproductivas. La proporción sexual para el periodo de estudio fue de 1.00 macho:0.61 hembras. La talla a la que se distinguen células sexuales tanto para machos como hembras fue de 6.62 mm y se establece como talla mínima reproductiva 7.80 mm, ya que a partir de ésta se observaron individuos desovados. La mayor actividad de desove se observó durante la época seca con dos picos máximos de desove al año, uno en diciembre y el otro en marzo. El análisis histológico determinó que la especie es dioica con un bajo porcentaje de hermafroditismo en la población (2.15 %).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polimesoda radiata</kwd>
<kwd>bivalvia</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>gonadic development</kwd>
<kwd>spawning cycle</kwd>
<kwd>clam</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Monthly changes in biochemical composition and condition index of the green clam, Polymesoda radiata were studied from August 1992 through July 1993 in Bebedero river, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. This species has a continuous spawning throughout the year with maximun periods in December and April (following values are % means and standard deviations). Fresh meat was 12.53 ± 3.78 . Dry flesh compositions: 78.29 ± 2.15 proteins; 9.52 ± 1.00 lipids; 5.78 ± 2.50 carbohydrates; and 6.43 ± 2.10 ashes. Water 90.10 ± 2.14 (correlated with the spawning period). The condition index was 9.89 ± 2.14. Dry flesh caloric value: 4.51 ± 0.11 Kcal/g. The condition index, caloric value and carbohydrates decreased during the spawning period. Lipids, proteins and ashes had not relationship with the spawning period. The mean condition index was inverse correlation with the spawning period.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variación estacional de lípidos en varios tejidos del cambute Strombus gigas (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae), en Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>Nancy</given-names>
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<given-names>Dalila</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CINVESTAV IPN Laboratorio de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>655</fpage>
<lpage>660</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Strombus gigas samples were collected in Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, Mexico (18°47'-18°23' N; 87°14' W). Shell, body and spire lenght were measured. Fat content of gonad, digestive gland and meat of male and female conchs, was analyzed by the standard and microsoxhlet methods on a monthly basis for a year. Mean lenght for shell, body and spire were 209 ± 1 mm, 137 ±1 mm and 100 ± 1 mm, respectively. Total wet weigth was 1 826 ± 7 g. Fat content in gonad-digestive gland was 1.27-9.33 g% with a mean of 4.27 g% and in meat 0.41-5.03 g% with a mean of 2.15 g%. Fat content in female gonad-digestive gland was 1.27 g% at 8.57 g% with a mean of 4.50 g%; in male: 1.87 g% at 9.33 g% with a mean of 4.01 g%. Sexes differed (t student P &lt; 0.05). Mean fat content in meat was 2.15 g%, (males 1.97 g%, females 2.3 g%). There was not significant sexual difference for meat fat content. There was a difference between gonad-digestive gland and meat (t student P &lt; 0.05). However, from February to September meat lipid content exceeds the percentage recommended for human consumption by the FAO.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la variación mensual de lípidos en varios tejidos del cambute Strombus gigas (L.), en Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, México durante un año. La longitud de la heliconcha fue 209 ± 1 mm, la del cuerpo 137 ± 1 mm, la de la espira 100 ± 1 mm y el peso húmedo total 1 826 ± 7 g. La media del contenido de lípidos en la gónada-glándula digestiva fue 4.27 g% (machos 4.01 g% y hembras 4.50 g%). El contenido de lípidos en gónada-glándula digestiva mostró diferencias sexuales significativas (p &lt; 0.05). En la porción comestible la media fue 2.15 g%, (machos 1.97 g%, hembras 2.3 g%). Las diferencias sexuales no fueron significativas (t de student p &lt; 0.05). El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas (p &lt; 0.05), entre los valores obtenidos en gónada-glándula digestiva con respecto a la parte comestible. Sin embargo, de febrero a septiembre el contenido de lípidos en la parte comestible excede el porcentaje de lípidos para el consumo humano recomendado por la FAO.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Strombus</kwd>
<kwd>lipid composition</kwd>
<kwd>annual cycle</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Seasonal abundance of the demersal copepod Pseudodiaptomus cokeri (Calanoidea: Pseudodiaptomidae) in a Caribbean estuarine environment</article-title>
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<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>661</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seasonal abundance variations of the demersal copepod Pseudodiaptomus cokeriwere examinated at three locations (center, north shore and south shore) in Phosphorescent Bay, Puerto Rico, throughout an annual cycle. Nocturnal oblique tows (21:00-23:00 hr) were taken biweekly (three replicates) at each location with a conical net (mouth diameter = 0.5 m; mesh size = 135 µm) and a standard calibrated flowmeter. Water temperature and salinity measurements were taken at the surface and near the bottom in each location before towing activities using a SCT meter. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were fluorometrically determined. The adult and copepodite stages of this species accounted for approximately 1.6% of the annual mean total zooplankton abundance of the bay. Higher abundance of P. cokeri (mean +1 SD = 4 191 + 1 444 individuals m-3) was associated with cool water temperatures and dry conditions (cool/dry season) which prevailed between December and March relative to the period between April and November (warm/wet season) with lower abundance. Fluctuations of this population followed progressive increments in chlorophyll-a concentrations at the three sampling stations (One-way ANOVA, p&lt;0.05). However, abundance was generally higher on the north shore of the bay (Tukey’s test, p&lt;0.05). Differences in abundance of P. cokeri between sampling stations could be related to the different types of substratum found in the bay. Apparently, this species prefers areas with heterogeneous substrata. Its demersal behavior may contribute to the observed distribution inside the bay.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio analiza las variaciones estacionales en abundancia del copépodo demersal Pseudodiaptomus cokeri en tres localidades de muestreo (centro y orillas norte y sur) de Bahía Fosforescente, Puerto Rico, durante un ciclo anual. Se realizaron arrastres oblicuos por triplicado durante la noche (21:00-23:00 hr) en las tres localidades cada quince dias con una red cónica (diámetro = 0.5 m; luz de malla = 135 µm) y un flujómetro standard calibrado. La temperatura del agua y su salinidad se registraron en la superficie y cerca del fondo en cada localidad antes de los arrastres usando un sensor SCT. La concentración de clorofila-a se determinó mediante fluorometría. Los estadios adulto y copepodito de esta especie representaron aproximadamente el 1.6% de la abundancia promedio anual del zooplancton total de la bahía. La mayor abundancia de P. cokeri (media +1 SD = 4 191 + 1444 individuos m-3) estuvo asociada con temperaturas relativamente bajas y condiciones secas (estación fría /seca), las cuales prevalecieron entre diciembre y marzo en relación al periodo entre abril y noviembre (estación cálido/húmeda), con menor abundancia. Las fluctuaciones de esta población coincidieron con los incrementos progresivos en las concentraciones de clorofila-a en las tres localidades (ANOVA de una vía, p&lt;0.05). Sin embargo, la abundancia fue generalmente mayor en la orilla norte de la bahía (Prueba de Tukey, p&lt;0.05). Las diferencias en abundancia de P. cokeri entre las localidades de muestreo pueden relacionarse con los diferentes tipos de sustrato encontrados en la bahía. Aparentemente, esta especie prefiere areas con sustrato heterogéneo. Su comportamiento demersal podría explicar la distribución observada dentro de la bahía.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Demersal</kwd>
<kwd>copepod</kwd>
<kwd>population variations</kwd>
<kwd>zooplankton</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean estuary</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reproductive patterns of Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Grapsidae) from an estuarine area of São Paulo Northern Coast, Brazil</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoología </institution>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoología </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the frequency of occurrence and reproductive patterns of the tree mangrove crab Aratus pisonii. Monthly samples were taken from January 1993 to June 1994 in an estuarine mangrove from Ubatuba region. Brazil. A total of 1 078 animals 489 males and 589 females (131 ovigerous females) were collected. Carapace width ranged from 4.2 to 25.9 mm. A summer reproductive peak followed by a recruitment juvenile pulse was verified. Females were more abundant than males in the intermediate size classes. The sex-ratio in several months was biased towards females, suggesting a poligynous population and migration of females to mangrove fringes at the time of incubation and apawning.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Grapsidae</kwd>
<kwd>Reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Sex-ratio</kwd>
<kwd>aratus pisonii</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan datos sobre la riqueza de especies y las características de tres arrecifes de coral de la región de Puerto Angel, México (15° N), visitados en 1994 y revisados en seis censos visuales de una hora, conducidos hasta 6 m de profundidad. Se encontró un total de siete especies en el área (pertenecientes a cuatro géneros), siendo la más abundante Pocillopora damicornis (L., 1758). Las especies de este género fueron las principales constructoras de la estructura arrecifal en los sitios visitados. Los corales masivos fueron poco comunes, y habitaban principalmente en la base de los arrecifes. Por la presencia de una estructura arrecifal bien cementada y una zonación clara, los arrecifes de franja de Puerto Angel deben ser considerados entre los mejor desarrollados de la costa del Pacífico de México. Un evento de mortalidad coralina y posterior recolonización fue observado en esta visita. Sin embargo, no se determinó cuál fue su causa.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción de Polymita muscarum y Polymita venusta (Stylommatophora: Helminthoglyptidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática </institution>
<addr-line>La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Educación Instituto Superior Pedagógico </institution>
<addr-line>Holguín </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>683</fpage>
<lpage>689</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The reproduction of the terrestrial snails Polymita muscarum and Polymita venusta was studied under laboratory and natural living conditions. Eight natural populations were sampled in Holguín Province, Cuba, from September 1985 through May 1990. In the laboratory, 46 P. muscarum and 25 P. venusta were kept in 32.3 cm x 22.8 cm x 30.7 cm terraria and fed fungi-infested branches. The reproduction season was July-December in the laboratory and July-January in nature. Times between copulation and oviposition were 18 days for P. muscarun and 20 days for P. venusta and for incubation, 8 days. Mean number of eggs per nest: P. muscarum 84.12, P. venusta 142.2; natality rates: 52.65 % and 19.9 % respectively.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron algunos aspectos de la reproducción de Polymita muscarun y Polymita venusta en condiciones de laboratorio y en poblaciones naturales de la provincia de Holguín durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 1985 y mayo de 1990. Se encontró que la época de reproducción se extiende desde julio hasta diciembre en el laboratorio y desde julio a enero en la naturaleza. Se realiza una descripción de la conducta copulatoria y el desove. El tiempo entre cópula y oviposición es de 18 días para P.muscarum y de 20 días para P.venusta, el tiempo de incubación fue de 8 días. El número de huevos por nido para P. muscarum fue de 84.12 huevos y de 142.2 para P. venusta, con una tasa de natalidad de 52.65 % y 19.9 % respectivamente.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polymita sp.</kwd>
<kwd>land snail</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>eggs</kwd>
<kwd>copulation</kwd>
<kwd>oviposition</kwd>
<kwd>behaviour</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300024</article-id>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Boophilus microplus</kwd>
<kwd>Carora breed cattle</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>There exists great interest in using fruit-feeding adult nymphalid butterflies to monitor changes in tropical forest ecosystems. We intensively sampled the butterfly fauna of mid-elevation tropical moist forest in southern Costa Rica with fruit bait traps to address a series of practical issues concerning the development of a robust, efficient sampling program. Variation in the number of captures and escapes of butterflies at the traps was better explained by the time of day than by the age of bait. Species’ escape rates varied widely, suggesting that short term, less intensive surveys aimed at determining presence or absence of species may be biased. Individuals did not appear to become &quot;trap-happy&quot; or to recognize the traps as food sources. Considering the tradeoff between numbers of traps and frequency of trap servicing, the most efficient sampling regime appears to be baiting and sampling the traps once every other day.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Oplonaeschna magna sp. nov. (Odonata: Aeshnidae), from Mexico with a description of its larva</article-title>
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<aff id="A02">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe el adulto y la náyade de Oplonaeschna magna (Odonata: Aeshnidae), una nueva especie recolectada en los estados de Estado de México, Guerrero, Hidalgo, y Morelos, México. Los adultos de O. magna pueden ser reconocidos fácilmente de los de O. armata por su mayor tamaño y desarrollo de las bandas pálidas del tórax. Las náyades de la nueva especie se distinguen también con facilidad de las de O. armata por el mayor tamaño y longitud del prementón y por otras diferencias en la morfología de los lóbulos palpales y del epiprocto. Se proporcionan notas sobre la biología de la nueva especie.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Aeshnidae</kwd>
<kwd>Oplonaeschna</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>adult</kwd>
<kwd>larva</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A review of the leafhopper genus Jikradia with descriptions of four new species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Godoy</surname>
<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nielson</surname>
<given-names>M. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Santo Domingo Heredia</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Brigham Young University  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>739</fpage>
<lpage>748</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus Jikradia Nielson extends from eastern North America to Central America and the Galapagos Islands. Four additional new species are described and illustrated: J. mexicana (Mexico) J. longa (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico), J. zurquiensis (Costa Rica) and J. lizanoi (Costa Rica). J. mexicana general color is ochraceous; the aedeagus without seta-like spine. Jikradia longa, general color is light ochraceous; the aedeagus with long seta-like process subapically with three spine-like setae opposite to single subapical seta. Jikradia zurquiensis, general color brown; aedeagus with single seta-like process subapically with three small spine-like setae basad of single subapical setae on the opposite lateral margin of aedeagus. Jikradia lizanoi, general color brown; aedeagus asymmetrical, long, narrow, tube-like, in lateral aspect with sharply pointed apex, with two long seta-like processes subapically with four spine-like setae. A revised key to all known species, and subspecies, based on male genitalia, is also presented.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen e ilustran cuatro especies nuevas de Jikradia Nielson: J. mexicana (México) J. longa (Costa Rica, Guatemala, México), J. zurquiensis (Costa Rica) y J. lizanoi (Costa Rica). El trabajo inlcuye una clave ilustrada para todas las subespecies, con base en los aparatos genitales masculinos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leafhopper</kwd>
<kwd>Cicadellidae</kwd>
<kwd>Coelidiinae</kwd>
<kwd>Jikradia</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>key to species</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<surname>Nielson</surname>
<given-names>M. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A revision of the Subfamily Coelidiinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): Tribes Tinobregmini, Sandersellini and Tharrinii</article-title>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Revisión de la morfología genital masculina de Eulaema (Hymenoptera: Apidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ospina-Torres</surname>
<given-names>Rodulfo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>749</fpage>
<lpage>762</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Although the morphological characters of the male genital capsule and the associated sternites of the five genera of euglossine bees is generally well known, the male genital morphology of many species of the genus Euglossa and Eulaema has not been described before. The genital characters can be useful for the determination of species and for the examination of phylogenetic relationships. The morphology of male genital capsules of all 15 Eulaema species is presented. 30 dry conserved and needled specimens were observed. Eleven genital and non-genital chracteres are proposed to explore the relationships between the species of Eulaema, including the subgeneric status. The results confirm the present division of the genus into two subgerera (Eulaema s.str. and Apeulaema) and three groups are proposed in Eulaema s.str. An updated key for the males of Eulaema is presented.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta una revisión de la morfología de la cápsula genital del macho de las 15 especies de Eulaema y una caracterización del aparato copulador de cada una de ellas. Usando 11 caracteres genitales y corporales se presenta un análisis preliminar de las especies que confirma la división subgenérica actual y plantea la existencia de tres grupos de especies en el subgénero Eulaema s.str. Se presenta también una clave actualizada para los machos de Eulaema.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Eulaema</kwd>
<kwd>euglosine bees</kwd>
<kwd>genital morphology</kwd>
<kwd>keys</kwd>
<kwd>species groups</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropic</kwd>
<kwd>Apidae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura de la comunidad de peces en el sistema Candelaria-Panlau, Campeche, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ayala-Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Luis Amado</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Avilés-Alatriste</surname>
<given-names>Obed Agustín</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas-Galaviz</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F. </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro EPOMEX  </institution>
<addr-line>Campeche </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>763</fpage>
<lpage>774</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The environmental and ecological patterns of the fish community in Candelaria-Panlau system (Mexico) are described. Parameters of the water temperature, salinity and transparency, and density, biomass and diversity of the fish community were analyzed. Between April 1993 and April 1994 five stations were sampled monthly. The fish community had 50 species (7 926 individuals, 144.7 kg of weight). The abundance and diversity values for the fish community were: 0.09 ind/m² ; 1.61 g/m²; 18.25 g/ind ; H'n = 1.879; J = 0.475 and D = 5.681. The species with ecological dominance were: Cathorops melanopus, Diapterus rhombeus, Anchoa mitchilli, Sphoeroides testudineus, Bairdiella chrysura, B. ronchus, Cynoscion arenarius, and C. nebulosus. The matrixes of the environmental parameters and of fish abundance, were tested with a factor analysis (principal components extraction method); its graphical representation confirms the dominant species and indicates that salinity, station number five and February are the components that characterize the system and the fish community.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe el comportamiento de los parámetros de temperatura, salinidad, transparencia del agua y temperatura ambiente, y de la abundancia y diversidad de la comunidad del peces del sistema Candelaria-Panlau en escalas temporal y espacial. Los trabajos de campo se realizaron de manera mensual en cinco estaciones entre abril de 1993 y abril de 1994. La comunidad de peces quedó representada por 50 especies con 7 926 organismos y 144.7 kg de peso. Los valores de abundancia y diversidad de la comunidad fueron: 0.09 ind/m², 1.61 g/m² 18.25 g/ind, H’n = 1.879, J = 0.475 y D = 5.681. Las especies con dominio ecológico fueron: Cathorops melanopus, Diapterus rhombeus, Anchoa mitchilli, Sphoeroides testudineus, Bairdiella chrysura, B. ronchus, Cynoscion arenarius, y C. nebulosus, que en conjunto representan el 90.9 % en número y el 78.9 % en peso de la captura total. Las matrices de valores de los parámetros ambientales y de abundancia numérica de la comunidad de peces, fueron sometidas a un análisis de factores con el método de extracción de componentes principales, su representación gráfica confirma la definición de especies dominantes y demuestra que la salinidad, estación cinco y mes de febrero son los componentes que caracterizan al sistema y a la comunidad de peces.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Fish community</kwd>
<kwd>Candelaria-Panlau</kwd>
<kwd>estuarine ecology</kwd>
<kwd>tropical marsh</kwd>
<kwd>fish ecology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución y densidad de la trucha Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) en los Andes venezolanos</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Ciencias </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>09</month>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spatial distribution and relative abundance of wild rainbow trout populations were studied in 68 stations located between 500 and 4000 masl in seven hydrological basins of the most important Andean rivers of Venezuela during a year of sampling. A total of 612 individuals were obtained above 1700 m. Most fishes were obtained from the Chama ( 43%), Motatán (21%) and Santo Domingo (32%) rivers, very few in the Negro (1.75%) and La Grita (0.33%) rivers, and none in the Escalante and Mocotíes rivers basins. Adult males were more abundant than females in a 2.15:1 proportion. Juveniles made a 56.7% of captures, with a proportion of 1.30 juveniles per adult. Individual sizes varied from 2.0 to 21.8 cm, most within the interval 5.1 - 10.0 cm; the weight of specimens also showed an ample variation, with a maximum of 317.0 g.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente trabajo se informa acerca de la distribución espacial y la abundancia de las poblaciones de la trucha arcoiris silvestre en los Andes Venezolanos, con base en recolectas en 68 estaciones de muestreo durante un año. Ubicadas entre 500 y 4000 msnm en siete cuencas hidrográficas de los ríos más importantes de los Andes de Venezuela. Un total de 612 individuos fueron obtenidos en estaciones por encima de los 1700 m. La mayoría de los peces de recogieron en las cuencas de los ríos Chama (43%), Motatán (21%) y Santo Domingo (32%), con sólo algunos ejemplares recolectados en los ríos Negro (1.75%) y La Grita (0-33%), y con ausencia de capturas en los ríos Escalante y Mocotíes. Los machos adultos superan numéricamente a las hembras en una posición de 2.15: 1. Los juveniles conforman un 56.7% del total de capturas, con una proporción de 1.30 juveniles por adulto. El tamaño de los especímenes varió desde 2.0 a 21.8 cm. Con casi la mitad de ellos dentro del intervalo 5.1 - 10.0 cm. El peso de los ejemplares también presentó una amplia variación, con un máximo de 317.0g.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rainbow trout</kwd>
<kwd>Oncorhynchus mykiss</kwd>
<kwd>Andean rivers</kwd>
<kwd>hydrological basins</kwd>
<kwd>altitudinal distribution</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Alimentación y reproducción de Creagrutus brevipinnis (Pisces: Characidae) en Alto Cauca, Colombia</article-title>
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<given-names>César</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Quindío Depto. De Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Armenia </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>783</fpage>
<lpage>789</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Stomach contents and reproduction were studied in characid fish (C. brevipinnis)collected in the Vieja River Basin, Alto Cauca, Colombia (July 1995 and December 1996); the temperature in the region was 21.7 °C (18.70-24.40 °C), pH was neutral and water oxygen content high (8 ppm); C . brevipinnis is nonmigratory and sympatric with other 30 fish species; The fish is insectivorous and specializes on Diptera (Simuliidae) and Ephemeroptera; being a third level predator in the trophic web; it feeds from 06:00-18:00 hr ; the results indicate seasonal variation in feeding activity (F= 19.04 P&lt; 0.0001) and a negative correlation between stomach weight and voracity indexes; in the reproductive season food in take is low; the ovaries mature primarily between May and January ; fecundity is low (613 oocytes) and the eggs are of small (diameter 0.6254 mm) ; the sex ratio is 1:1 (X²= 2.56 P&lt; 0.1 df = 1) and the mean size at maturity is 4.0 cm (standard length).</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Creagrutus brevipinnis</kwd>
<kwd>tropical fishes</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variables asociadas con el uso de hábitat del manatí del Caribe (Trichechus manatus), en Quintana Roo, México (Mammalia)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Axis-Arroyo</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morales-Vela</surname>
<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Torruco-Gómez</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<name>
<surname>Vega-Cendejas</surname>
<given-names>María Eugenia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN  </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida; Yucatán </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal  </institution>
<addr-line>Quintana Roo </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>791</fpage>
<lpage>803</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Influence of atmospheric variables and water temperature, winds, cloudiness, depth, salinity, grass and algal abundance, and group structure on the spatial distribution of Trichechus manatus manatus was studied in Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Boat surveys were done from November 1994 trough June 1995. There was little association with cloudiness and atmospheric and water temperature (in contrast with reports for the Florida subspecies, Trichechus manatus latirostris); the variables with moderate association were salinity (as in Florida), depth (frequent use of depths between 0.80-2 m) and group structure (which suggests that the zone is not an important mating area). Spatial distribution was more associated with drastic changes in wind intensity and the available food (similar to previous works in Mexico).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La influencia de: temperatura atmosférica y del agua, vientos, nubosidad, profundidad, salinidad, abundancia de pastos y algas, y estructura de grupo; en la distribución espacial de Trichechus manatus manatus, fue estudiada en la Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México; de noviembre de 1994 a junio de 1995. Las variables con menor asociación fueron: nubosidad y temperatura atmosférica y del agua (en contraste con lo reportado para la subespecie de Florida, Trichechus manatus latirostris); las variables con asociación moderada fueron: salinidad (como en Florida), profundidad (uso frecuente de profundidades entre 0.80 y 2 m) y estructura de grupo (lo cual sugiere que la zona no es importante como área de apareamiento). La distribución espacial fue asociada principalmente con cambios drásticos en la intensidad del viento y con el alimento disponible (similar a trabajos previos realizados en México).</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300034</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of anole lizard, genus Norops (Squamata: Polychrotidae), from the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of anole lizard of the Norops fuscoauratus group is described from the southern Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica. It differs from allied species from Costa Rica (Norops altae) and southwestern Panama (Norops exsul, N. fortunensis and N. kemptoni) primarily by having the male dewlap extending to the level of the axilla and being pink with a orange anterior margin. It also has longer legs than N. fortunensis and N. kemptoni and differs from the latter, N. altae and N. exsul in having 2-4 slightly enlarged middorsal scale rows. The new form is known only from Cerro Pando on the border between Costa Rica and Panama.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una especie nueva de lagartija del grupo de Norops fuscoauratus de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Difiere de las especies emparentadas de Costa Rica (Norops altae) y Panamá (Norops exsul, N. fortunensis y N. kemptoni) básicamente porque una estructura masculina (&quot;dewlap&quot;) se extiende hasta el nivel de la axila y por ser rosado con un margen exterior anaranjado. Tambièn tiene patas más largas que N. fortunensis y N. kemptoni; difiere de este último y de N. altae y N. exsul en que tiene 2-4 filas ligeramente agrandadas de escamas medio-dorsales La especie nueva solo se conoce de Cerro Pando (frontera entre Costa Rica y Panamá).</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Población y uso de hábitat del venado de páramo Odocoileus lasiotis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) en Venezuela</article-title>
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<month>09</month>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Direct observations of Paramo&amp;acute;s white-tailed deer were made along transect in the Mucubají area (Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Mérida, Venezuela). Sex ratio was two does per buck. Group composition varied with time of year and reproductive condition. The reproductive cycle was similar to that of the white-tailed deer from the Costa Rican dry Pacific region. Activity was maximum between 9 - 11 h and 15 - 17 h, and minimum at night. The deer feed on 13 species of vascular plants (five families), and one of mushroom (Boletaceae: Agaricales). Fifteen plant species were used for shelter. Territory delimitation and signs for social communication were made primarily on gymnosperms (Cupressus and Pinus). Most deer were observed in terrain with slopes under 20% where the more complex and diverse vegetation associations exist.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77441998000300037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Seguimiento anual de la parasitosis gastrointestinal de venados cola blanca Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) en cautiverio en Yucatán, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>09</month>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los géneros y estimar la cantidad de huevecillos y ooquistes de parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI) excretados durante un año en heces de venados cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus yucatenensis) mantenidos en cautiverio en Yucatán, México. Se recolectaron muestras fecales en tres confinamientos ubicados en la zona centro del estado de Yucatán, de enero a diciembre de 1995. Diez muestras fueron colectadas de cada confinamiento cada dos semanas. Las muestras fueron procesadas mediante la técnica de Flotación Centrifugada y McMaster. Se realizaron cultivos de heces para obtener larvas infectantes L3 mediante la técnica de Corticelli-Lai. Las heces positivas a ooquistes fueron cultivados en dicromato de potasio al 2%. Se determinaron siete géneros (Haemonchus spp, Cooperia spp, Isospora spp, Eimeria spp, Trichuris spp, Strongyloides spp y Moniezia spp) correspondientes a cinco órdenes. Haemonchus spp, Isospora spp y Eimeria spp fueron los géneros más frecuentes. El género Isospora se reporta por primera vez en venados de la región, aunque no fue posible explicar el origen de este hallazgo. La frecuencia y nivel de excresión de huevecillos y ooquistes de PGI fue variable durante el año, con incremento en la época de lluvia. Se encontró correlación positiva entre humedad relativa, temperatura ambiente y precipitación pluvial con los órdenes Coccidia y Strongylida. En la zona centro del estado de Yucatán, México, las condiciones meteorológicas en la época de lluvia son propicias para el desarrollo del parasitismo gastrointestinal, lo que permite mayor riesgo de infección en los venados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gastrointestinal parasites</kwd>
<kwd>Odocoileus</kwd>
<kwd>Strongylida</kwd>
<kwd>white-tailed deer</kwd>
<kwd>Coccidia</kwd>
<kwd>Helminthes</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300038</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La relación de Helicobacter pylori con la displasia y el cáncer gástrico en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<surname>Miranda</surname>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Gastroenterología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Laboratorio Clínico </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Patología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>829</fpage>
<lpage>832</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Occurrence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was compared for two Costa Rican sites with contrasting levels of gastric cancer incidence, Poás (incidence 15. 13%) and Puriscal (83. 53%). A sample of 185 adults of similar age and sex proportions was studied in each site, using both H. pylori antiserum tests and gastroscopy to collect two biopsies per case. No clear association between H. pylori and gastric cancer was found.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comparó la incidencia de la bacteria Helicobacter pylori en un lugar de baja incidencia de cáncer gástrico, Poás (15. 13%) y otro de incidencia muy alta, Puriscal (83. 53%) Se eligió a 185 adultos de cada cantón, similares en edad y sexo y se practicó un estudio serológico para buscar anticuerpos IgG para H. pylori, y una gastroscopía para tomar dos biopsias por caso. Los resultados no apoyan la existencia de una fuerte relación entre H. pylori y cáncer gástrico.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Gastric cancer</kwd>
<kwd>associations</kwd>
<kwd>causes</kwd>
<kwd>tropics</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419980003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441998000300039</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Parasitismo de Thyca callista (Gastropoda: Capulidae) sobre Phataria unifascialis (Asteroidea: Ophidiasteridae) en el Golfo de California, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441998000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The parasitism incidence of the gastropod Thyca callista on the asteroid Phataria unifascialis was measured in 500 asteroids from 11 localities off the southern Gulf of California, México. The intensity and prevalence of parasitism on P. unifascialis were 1.36 and 5%, respectively. In the study area, there was no significant relationships between latitude and parasite abundance, incidence and prevalence, but the sites where T. callista was most frequent were located near human settlements. Most T. callista were found adjacent to the starfish mouths, probably because it is easier for them to feed there.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Parasitism</kwd>
<kwd>Tycha callista</kwd>
<kwd>Phataria unifascialis</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Depredación de neonatos de Lepidochelys olivacea (Reptilia: Cheloniidae) por Quiscalus mexicanus (Passeriformes: Icteridae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cabrera Peña</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<fpage>845</fpage>
<lpage>846</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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<kwd>Quiscalus mexicanus</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidochelys olivacea</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>hatchling</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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