<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Infección de la orquídea terrestre Phaius tankervilliae (Orchidaceae) con el potexvirus del mosaico del Cymbidium (CymMV) en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moreira</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villalobos</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez-Cerezo</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivera</surname>
<given-names>Carmen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Nacional de Biotecnología  </institution>
<addr-line>Madrid </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>281</fpage>
<lpage>286</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In 1996, plants of Phaius tankervilliae cultivated in a nursery in the western region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica, exhibited mild to severe foliar symptoms of chlorotic streak. Flowers from symptomatic plants were similar in size, shape and color to flowers from asymptomatic plants, but the former showed earlier senescence. In some cases, chlorosis and white rings appeared in the sepals. Virus in symptomatic leaf extracts were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and separation in sucrose gradients. Negative staining of partially purified preparations from diseased orchid plants revealed the presence of filamentous potexvirus-like particles of 500 nm in lenght and 17 nm width. Virus particles contained a single major protein of about 28 kDa as estimated by denaturalizing poli-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and a single RNA molecule of about 7kb. Infected plants showed a strong specific reaction in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using antiserum to cymbidium mosaic virus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En 1996, en un pequeño vívero comercial en la zona oeste del Valle Central de Costa Rica se observaron plantas de la orquídea terrestres Phaius tankervilliae que mostraban síntomas foliares de leves a severos de un estriado clorótico sistémico. En algunas flores los sépalos presentaron además manchas cloróticas y anillos blancos. Posteriormente en invernadero se observó que ocurría una senescencia más rápida en flores de plantas sintomáticas que en las flores de plantas sanas de la misma especie. Mediante tinción negativa de muestras purificadas se observaron al microscopio electrónico de transmisión, partículas virales filamentosas poco flexuosas, con un tamaño aproximado a 500 nm de largo y 17 nm de ancho. Al analizar las partículas virales purificadas en geles desnaturalizantes de proteínas (SDS-PAGE), se determinó la presencia de una sola proteína de cápside cercana a los 28 kDa. En geles nativos de agarosa se determinó que el virus filamentoso observado contiene un ARN con una talla aproximada a los 7 kb. Tanto el tamaño de la proteína de cápside como el del ARN de este virus purificado concuerdan con los valores informados para el grupo de los potexvirus. Mediante la prueba de ELISA se comprobó que el potexvirus purificado corresponde al virus del mosaico del Cymbidium (CymMV).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>CymMV</kwd>
<kwd>terrestrial orchid</kwd>
<kwd>Phaius tankervilliae</kwd>
<kwd>capsid protein</kwd>
<kwd>nucleic acid</kwd>
<kwd>potexvirus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Líquenes folícolas de la Estación Biológica La Selva, Costa Rica: inventario, comunidades y comparación florística de tipos de vegetación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<institution>,Universität Bayreuth Institut für Pflanzensystematik </institution>
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<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>308</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 280 foliicolous lichens and 12 lichenicolous fungi was found in an inventory made in the lowland rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The species composition reflects 50 % of the world's diversity of foliicolous lichens and is representative for neotropical lowland rain forests. The most common species are Gyalectidium filicinum, Sporopodium leprieurii, Tricharia vainioi, Porina epiphylla, Phyllophiale alba, Trichothelium epiphyllum, Mazosia phyllosema, Tricharia urceolata, and Arthonia leptosperma. Many species show distinct microsite preferences: (1) Characteristic of the shady understory, including Arthoniaceae, Opegraphaceae, Pilocarpaceae, and Trichotheliaceae; (2) characteristic of light gaps, including Gomphillaceae and Ectolechiaceae; (3) characteristic of the canopy, including Asterothyriaceae and Gomphillaceae. Only few species exhibit preferences towards certain leaf types, either dicotyledoneous or palm leaves. The microsite preferences agree with earlier established indices, except for a few species for which modified indices are proposed. Communities resulting from these preferences are illustrated by clustering of phorophytes and associations of foliicolous lichens. The three principal associations correspond to the shady understory, light gaps and the canopy, whereas two subassociations reflect subtle phorophyte preferences. Species diversity and composition are strongly affected by the degree of disturbance of vegetation types at La Selva. Diversity is highest in the primary forest and lowest in young successional stages. The foliicolous lichen flora of open, anthropogenic vegetation resembles that of light gaps or the canopy in the primary forest, while species characteristic of the forest understory disappear.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Foliicolous lichens</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>La Selva</kwd>
<kwd>inventory</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>associations</kwd>
<kwd>anthropogenic influence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 98 liverwort species (43 genera, 10 families), 54 moss species (33 genera, 17 families) and one species of hornwort have been reported for Cocos Island (5°32’N, 87°04’W), Costa Rica. Over 60% of the bryophytes have a Neotropical or Pantropical distribution, about 10% are Caribbean, and less than 5% are endemic or subendemic. In comparison to the Galapagos Archipelago, Cocos Island harbors a more typical tropical bryoflora with foliose hepatics (e. g. Lejeuneaceae, Lepidoziaceae) constituting the bulk of diversity; fewer thallose liverworts and moss taxa as in the Archipelago were found. A richer habitat variety including wet and dry habitats, as well as its bigger area, seem to account for the higher number of bryophyte species in Galapagos Archipelago. Most bryophytes in Cocos Island are corticolous (46%), the remaining are epiphyllous (25%), saxicolous (23%) or terrestrial (12%). Bryophyte occurrence in eight plots (10 x 10 m) with 20 quadrates (30 x 30 cm) were recorded at different habitats and altitudes (0-600 m). Bryophyte distribution within the island coincides with lowland forest (0-100 m), secondary lowland forest (0-200 m) and montane forest (to 600 m). Physantholejeunea portoricensis (Hampe &amp; Gott.) Schust. is reported as new to Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comunica la presencia de 153 especies de briófitas y antocerotófitas en la Isla de Cocos (5°32’N, 87&amp;deg;04’W), Costa Rica. Estas son 98 especies de hepáticas en 43 géneros y 10 familias; 54 especies de musgos en 33 géneros y 17 familias y una especie de antocerotófita. Más del 60% de las briófitas tiene amplia distribución en el Neotrópico, 10.4% distribución pantropical, 9.7% pertenecen al elemento Caribe, 1.3% al elemento Centroamericano, 4.5% al Nor-sudamericano, 3.2% son endémicos, 1.3% subendémicos y 1.3% subcosmopolitas. En comparación con Galápagos, la Isla de Cocos muestra una brioflora más tropical, en su mayor parte compuesta por hepáticas foliosas (e. g. Lejeuneaceae, Lepidoziaceae) y una menor representación de hepáticas talosas y musgos. La mayor variedad de hábitats tanto húmedos como secos y expuestos y el area mayor del Archipiélago explican el mayor número de especies de briófitas encontradas en Galápagos. Un análisis del uso de sustratos revela que la mayor parte de las briófitas (46%) utilizan corteza como sustrato, 25% son epífilas, 23% epilíticas y 12% terrestres. Se registró la ocurrencia de briófitas en parcelas de 10 x 10 m con cuadrículas de 30 x 30 cm en distintos hábitats y elevaciones en la Isla. La distribución de briófitas en la Isla coincide con bosque de bajura (0-100 m), bosque secundario de bajura (0-200 m) y bosque montano (200-600 m). La excesiva humedad del ambiente provoca que el cambio altitudinal de la composición de especies en la isla se vea acortado y se presenten unidades montañosas que se encuentran a mayor altitud en areas continentales (efecto &quot;Massenerhebung&quot;). Physantholejeunea portoricensis (Hampe &amp; Gott.) Schust. es un nuevo registro para Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Galapagos Archipelago</kwd>
<kwd>Island biogeography</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Weeds as a source for human consumption. A comparison between tropical and temperate Latin America</article-title>
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<given-names>Martha</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Ecología  </institution>
<addr-line>Veracruz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional del Comahue Departamento de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
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<fpage>329</fpage>
<lpage>338</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Weeds abound in urban and agricultural environments. Depending on region and site, up to 66% of weed species are edible, and may constitute an additional food source for humans. Based on 400 samples, ¼ m² each, collected in tropical areas (e.g., roadsides, urban vacant lots, streets, sugar cane and coffee plantations in Coatepec, Mexico), average figures of edible fresh biomass vary between 1277 and 3582 kg/ha. A similar survey performed in a temperate area (739 samples in Bariloche, Argentina) showed mean values between 287 and 2939 kg/ha. A total of 43 species were sampled in Coatepec and 32 species in Bariloche. The general means were 2.1 and 1.3 tons/ha, respectively. At a greater geographic scale, a comparison between Mexican and Argentine weeds shows that, proportionately, the food parts vary a little between regions. In general, from higher to lower, the order of uses goes from leaves, seeds, roots, fruits, herbals, flowers and condiments. Edible roots (including bulbs and rhizomes) appear to be more common among perennials than among annuals.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las malezas abundan en ambientes urbanos y rurales. Según la región y lugar, hasta el 66% de las especies de malezas pueden ser comestibles y constituir un recurso alimentario adicional para el ser humano. Sobre la base de 400 muestras de ¼ m² cada una, recolectadas en áreas tropicales (rutas, terrenos baldíos, calles y plantaciones en Coatepec, México) el promedio de la biomasa en peso fresco varió entre 1 277 y 3 582 kg/ha. Un muestreo similar en un área templada (739 muestras en Bariloche, Argentina) arrojó valores medios entre 287 y 2 939 kg/ha. En total se registraron 43 especies en Coatepec y 32 especies en Bariloche. La media general (total) fue de 2.1 y 1.3 ton/ha, respectivamente. A una escala geográfica mayor, una comparación entre las malezas mexicanas y argentinas no mostró mayores variaciones regionales en cuanto a qué partes u órganos son los comestibles. En ambos lugares, el orden de aprovechamiento, de mayor a menor, fue: hojas, semillas, raíces, frutos, infusiones, flores y condimentos. Las raíces comestibles (incluyendo bulbos y rizomas) parecen ser más comunes entre las especies perennes que entre las anuales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Bariloche</kwd>
<kwd>Coatepec</kwd>
<kwd>edible weeds</kwd>
<kwd>food plants</kwd>
<kwd>gathering</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Patagonia</kwd>
<kwd>urban flora</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ritmo de crecimiento y longevidad de follaje del estrato arbustivo en la Reserva Biológica A. Brenes, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<country>República Federal de Alemania</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During one and a half years (February 1991 - July 1992) the growth rhythm and the longevity of leaves of 22 abundant understory species in the tropical premontane rain forest of Reserva Biológica Alberto Ml. Brenes, Alajuela, Costa Rica, were investigated. Three types of growth rhythm were identified. Most species, especially the monocotyledones, produce new leaves in defined intervals throughout the year. Only some have a slower leaf production in the dry season. Other species sprout periodically or only once a year. This interval, which is the time period between the beginning of the shooting of one leaf and the next, varied among the investigated species between 17-22 days (Malvaviscus arboreus, Urera elata, Myriocarpa longipes) and more than half a year (Cyclanthus bipartitus, Iriartea deltoidea, Ocotea gomezii). For some species this interval was longer at dry and dark sites (M. arboreus), but in many cases microclimatical factors such as temperature, relative light intensity, and evaporation varied to such a small extent within the forest that the differences did not lead to significant influences on growth factors of the plants. The mean leaf longevity varied between a half and four years. The maximum leaf age of the palms Cryosophila warscewiczii, I. deltoidea and Calyptrogyne trichostachys was estimated to be more than five years. In some cases leaf age was significantly correlated with microclimatical factors. Leaves of Begonia cooperi growing at higher light intensities in gaps fell earlier than leaves of plants in darker sites in the understory. Generally, the longevity of leaves was lower in plants growing at moister sites, but in most cases this relation was not significant. The data show that even in a rather constant climate in the understory of a very moist premontane rain forest, there is some seasonality in growth rhythm and that plant growth varies between different sites within the forest although climate variations are very small.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante un año y medio se investigó el ritmo de crecimiento y la longevidad de follaje de 22 especies abundantes del estrato arbustivo en el bosque tropical premontano de la Reserva Biológica Alberto Ml. Brenes, Provincia Alajuela, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Se distinguieron y describieron tres tipos de brotación de las hojas. Una gran cantidad de las especies, especialmente las monocotiledóneas, brotan hojas nuevas en intervalos determinados contínuamente durante todo el año, en efecto parte de las plantas muestran una producción de hojas más lenta en la estación seca. Esta frecuencia de brotación, es decir el intervalo entre el desarrollo de dos hojas siguientes, varía entre las especies investigadas entre 17-22 días y más de medio año. La longevidad de follaje promedio de las plantas investigadas varía entre medio y cuatro años. Se estimó que la edad máxima de hojas de las palmas Cryosophila warscewiczii, Iriartea deltoidea y Calyptrogyne trichostachys es más de cinco años. Generalmente, en sitios más secos y más oscuros, la frecuencia de brotación fue más larga y la longevidad de follaje más alta. Esta relación fue significante en algunos casos, pero muestra que aunque las diferencias microclimáticas son muy pequeñas, el crecimiento varía entre diferentes sitios en el bosque. Además, los datos muestran que aunque el clima en el sotobosque premontano muy húmedo es relativamente constante, algunas especies muestran una estacionalidad del ritmo de crecimiento.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>growth rhythm</kwd>
<kwd>longevity of leaves</kwd>
<kwd>microclimate</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>seasonality</kwd>
<kwd>tropical premontane rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>understory</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We describe the habitat of species within the Fagaceae subgenus Lepidobalanus (genus Quercus) and identify environmental variables related to their distribution in the Meseta Central of Chiapas, Southern Mexico. In 258 plots a dominance index was used, combining tree density and crown cover, for Quercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. sebifera and Q. segoviensis. The following variables were measured: altitude, precipitation from November through April (PPNA), exposure, slope, fuel-wood harvesting and grazing. Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used for the statistical evaluation of data. Negative relationships among the dominance index of Q. peduncularis and Q. segoviensis, and altitude and PPNA values were found. The dominance index of Q. rugosa and Q. segoviensis was correlated with exposure and intensity of fuel-wood harvesting. Altitude, and to a lesser extent PPNA, determined the distribution of the evaluated species. The results suggest that Quercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. segoviensis and Q. sebifera display different ecological patterns.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el hábitat de las especies del subgénero Lepidobalanus en la Meseta Central de Chiapas e identificar las principales variables que condicionan su distribución. En 258 parcelas se utilizó un índice de dominancia, basado en la abundancia y cobertura de las especies, para conocer la distribución de Quercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. sebifera y Q. segoviensis. Además se midieron las variables ambientales: altitud, precipitación de noviembre a abril (PPNA), exposición, pendiente, intensidad de extracción de leña y pastoreo. Se utilizó el Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis para la evaluación estadística de los datos. Se encontró una relación negativa entre el índice de dominancia de Q. peduncularis y Q. segoviensis con la altitud y la PPNA. El índice de dominancia de Q. rugosa y Q. segoviensis mostró correlación con la exposición y la intensidad de extracción de leña. La altitud fue la variable ambiental que condiciona la distribución diferencial de las especies, seguida por la PPNA. El resultado de este estudio sugiere que hay hábitat diferenciados para Q. peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. sebifera y Q. segoviensis determinados por variables naturales (altitud y PPNA), aunque también las variables culturales (pastoreo y extracción de leña) pueden condicionar la distribución y abundancia de estas especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Quercus</kwd>
<kwd>oak</kwd>
<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>altitude</kwd>
<kwd>precipitation</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>multivariate analysis</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Pablo de Olavide Real Area de Botánica </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>359</fpage>
<lpage>363</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We compared the reproductive systems in populations of Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) D. Don, C. bullosa DC. and C. hirta (L.) D. Don. (Melastomataceae). The three species occur in small populations in forest margins at Mata de Dois Irm&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/a_2.JPG&quot; WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=12&gt;os, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil and are sympatric. They flower throughout the year, and are occasionaly visited by Halictidae bees, Augochloropsis sp.; the bees collect pollen by vibration (&quot;buzz pollination&quot;). The three species are agamospermous and exhibit a high level of male sterility, as measured by their low pollen viability.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el sistema reproductivo de Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) D. Don, C. bullosa DC. y C. hirta (L.) D. Don. Las tres especies se distribuyen en las márgenes de la selva de Dois Irm&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/a_2.JPG&quot; WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=12&gt;os, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil donde forman pequeñas poblaciones y se pueden calificar como especies simpátricas. El periodo de floración se extiende todo el año. Hay visitas esporádicas de abejas Halictidae (Augochloropsis sp.) que recogen polen por vibración (&quot;buzz pollination&quot;). Las tres especies son agamospérmicas y muestran un elevado índice de esterilidad masculina, medida por la escasa viabilidad polínica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>&quot;Buzz pollination&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>agamospermy</kwd>
<kwd>hibridization</kwd>
<kwd>Clidemia</kwd>
<kwd>Melastomataceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-inflammatory activity of Urera baccifera (Urticaceae) in Sprague-Dawley rats</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Productos Naturales </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  </institution>
<addr-line> Sao Paulo</addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>365</fpage>
<lpage>371</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>On a preliminary test, anti-inflammatory and analgesic dose-related activities on rats were observed for the aqueous fraction of Urera baccifera; this extract was bioassay-guided fractionated and the final aqueous fraction was used according the ethnobotanical use. Carrageenan-induced edema (n=6), was used as an assay in the fractionating process. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the final aqueous fraction were studied using in vivo models. For the anti-inflammatory activity rat paw edema (n=6), pleurisy induced by carrageenan (n=6) and ear edema induced by topical croton oil (n=6) models were used, and tail-flick test (n=6), abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (n=6), and formalin test (n=6), were used for the antinociceptive activity. The tests performed showed an inhibition effect on leukocyte migration, and a reduction on pleural exudate, as well as dose-dependant peripheral analgesic activity, at a range of 25-100 mg/kg i.p. The final aqueous fraction contains most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant U. baccifera. A possible mechanism of action is discussed and based on the results we conclude that this plant has a potential for both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity at the clinical level.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Urera baccifera</kwd>
<kwd>anti-inflammatory agent</kwd>
<kwd>analgesic</kwd>
<kwd>antinociceptive</kwd>
<kwd>rat paw edema</kwd>
<kwd>Urticaceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Essential oil of Lepechinia schiedeana (Lamiaceae) from Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Ambientes </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
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<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>373</fpage>
<lpage>375</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The composition of the essential oil isolated by steam distillation from aerial parts of the Costa Rican herb Lepechinia schiedeana (Schlecht) Vatke (Lamiaceae) collected in El Empalme, Costa Rica, was determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Fifty-one components were identified corresponding ca. 93% of the oil. The major components were &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-pinene (26.6%), cis -pinocamphone (25.1%), &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/de.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=14&gt;-3-carene (6.1%), trans -pinocamphone (4.0%), camphor (3.8%) and &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-caryophyllene (3.7%).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron los constituyentes del aceite esencial de las partes aéreas de Lepechinia schiedeana (Lamiaceae) mediante el uso de cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se caracterizaron 51 compuestos (que representan ca. del 93% del aceite). El aceite se caracteriza por la presencia de gran cantidad de hidrocarburos monoterpénicos (45.9%) y de monoterpenos oxigenados (39.7%). Los componentes mayoritarios fueron &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-pineno (26.6%), cis -pinocanfona (25.1%), &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/de.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=14&gt;-3-careno (6.1%), trans -pinocanfona (4.0%), alcanfor (3.8%) y &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-cariofileno (3.7%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lepechinia schiedeana</kwd>
<kwd>Lamiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>essential oil composition</kwd>
<kwd>GC-MS</kwd>
<kwd>phytochemistry</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The constituents of the volatile oil of Cunila polyantha from Dota, Costa Rica, were investigated using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Menthone (63%), pulegone (14%), &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-caryophyllene (4.5%) and 3-octanyl acetate (3%) were found to be the major constituents of the volatile oil.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigaron los constituyentes del aceite esencial obtenido por hidrodestilación de la parte aérea de la planta Cunila polyantha (Lamiaceae), mediante las técnicas de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se encontró que los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite fueron los monoterpenoides mentona (63%) y pulegona (14%), el sesquiterpeno &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/beta_pña.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=16&gt;-cariofileno (4.5%) y el acetato de 3-octanilo (3%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cunila polyantha</kwd>
<kwd>Lamiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>essential oil</kwd>
<kwd>GC-MS</kwd>
<kwd>menthone</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In two Costa Rican rivers used as receptors for domestic sewage, treated by primary stabilization ponds, were taken a total of 28 samplings located at the pond exit and at three different sites in each river: 100 m before the ponds discharge, at the discharge and 100 m after the discharge. These sampling were done for a five and a half years including dry and rainy seasons. In each sampling site, samples were collected of five different substrates: stones, submerge and semi submerge vegetation, tree trunks or sticks, water and artificial substrates. For each sample were used two types of artificial cultures, WC and BG110. A total of 55 cyanobacteria species isolations were obtained, belonging to a 26 genera, between these the most common were Phormidium with nine species, Microcystis with five species, Leptolyngbya and Pseudanabaena with four species each and Oscillatoria with three species. More cyanobacteria species were isolated in water substrate and less isolations in tree trunks and submerge vegetation. Konvophoron, Cyanarcus and Pilgeria only were isolate from water samples inoculated in culture media WC and in few opportunities, while three Leptolyngbya species and four Phormidium species were isolated very often. At the stabilization ponds Phormidium sp4 was dominant in 25 of 28 sampling while in the last others were the chlorophycea I. In this study were observed an increase in the frequency of cyanobacteria at the higher contamination places, and a species substitution between different sampling points. There were no biomass studies, therefore is not possible to relate between different cyanobacteria species and some specific types of water quality.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cyanobacteria</kwd>
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<kwd>bioindicators</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Two new species of Monogenea (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeridea) parasitic on Chaetodipterus faber (Teleostei: Ephippidae) from the Brazilian coastal zone</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Departamento de Parasitologia Animal </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Departamento de Zoologia </institution>
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<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<fpage>393</fpage>
<lpage>398</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Metazoan parasites were extracted for 110 Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) (Teleostei: Ephippidae) specimens from the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (nearly 21-23° S, 41-45° W). Two new species of monogeneans belonging to genera Sprostoniella and Parancylodiscoides are described and illustrated. The new species of Sprostoniella, differ from S. multitestis, the only known species of the genus, by: 1. the arrangement of septa (with 17 septa, two of them bifid and two incomplet in the new species; 17 septa, two of them trifid in S. multitestis). 2. the new species showed two central loculi, while S. multitestis only one, and 3. the first pair of anchors of the new species is small and poorly developed, while in S. multitestis is well developed and strong. The new species of Parancylodiscoides differs from P. chaetodipteri, the only known species of the genus, by: 1. the testis shape (bilobated in the new species, not bilobated in P. chaetodipteri), and 2. by the presence of accessory prostatic reservoir at the copulatory organ base (absent in P. chaetodipteri).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se extrajeron metazoos parásitos de 110 Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) (Teleostei: Ephippidae) del litoral del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (aprox. 21-23° S, 41-45° W). Se describe e ilustra dos nuevas especies de monogéneos de los géneros Sprostoniella y Parancylodiscoides. La nueva especie de Sprostoniella difiere de S. multitestis, la otra especie del género, por 1. la disposición de los septos (con 17 septos, dos de ellos bífidos y dos incompletos en la nueva especie; 17 septos, dos de ellos trífidos en S. multitestis), 2. la nueva especie muestra dos lóculos centrales, mientras S. multitestis sólo uno, y 3. el primer par de ganchos en la nueva especie es pequeño y poco desarrollado, mientras que en S. multitestis es robusto y bien desarrollado. La nueva especie de Parancylodiscoides difiere de P. chaetodipteri, la otra especie del género, por 1. la forma del testículo (bilobulado en la nueva especie, no bilobulado en P. chaetodipteri), y 2. por la presencia de un reservorio prostático accesorio que alcanza la base del órgano copulador (ausente en P. chaetodipteri).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Monogenea</kwd>
<kwd>Sprostoniella</kwd>
<kwd>Parancylodiscoides</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Chaetodipterus faber</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dinámica energética del crecimiento en una población del mejillón Perna perna (Filibranchia: Mytilidae) en el noreste del Estado Sucre,Venezuela</article-title>
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<addr-line>Cumaná Estado Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>1999</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>399</fpage>
<lpage>410</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The quantities of biomass produced in gametes, somatic tissue growth, byssus formation and organic matrix in the shell were studied from September 1988 through September 1989 in an exploited population of Perna perna (L.) in Guatapanare, State Sucre, Venezuela. The specific biomass of each component were evaluated using monthly length - dry weight equations and a model of population growth. Growth rate is high, reaching 87.84 mm at 12 months. The production of somatic tissue (Ps) was maximun at 10 months of age; however, organic matrix of shell (Pc) and byssus (Pb), reached a maximun at 8 months of age. Gonad production (Pg) evaluated by weight loss in two principal periods of spawning (October - December, 1988 and April - June 1989) increased with age from a value of 0.04 g / month at 4 months to 0.25 g/month at 14 months of age. The ratio production/biomass (P/B) decreased with population age; however, reproductive effort (Pg/Px 100) increased from 14.81 % at 4 months to 42.37 at 14 months of age, reveling a population strategy of scarse longevity and higher reproductive potential.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la producción de biomasa en gónadas, tejido somático, materia orgánica de la concha y biso en individuos de una población explotada del mejillón Perna perna en Guatapanare, Estado Sucre, Venezuela, en muestras mensuales recolectadas desde septiembre de 1988 hasta septiembre de 1989. La variación mensual de cada componente se evaluó utilizando ecuaciones de regresión y un modelo de crecimiento en la misma población. La especie es de crecimiento rápido alcanzando 87.84 mm a los 12 meses. La producción de tejido somático fue máxima a los 10 meses de edad mientras que la producción de materia orgánica y biso alcanzaron sus máximos a los ocho meses, disminuyendo luego. La producción de gónadas evaluada por la pérdida de peso en los dos principales desoves (octubre - noviembre de 1988 y abril - junio de 1989) aumenta con la edad desde un valor de 0.4 g/mes a los cuatro meses hasta 0.25 a los 14 meses de edad. La relación P/ B disminuye con la edad mientras que el esfuerzo reproductivo (Pg/P x 100) aumenta desde 14.81 % a los cuatro meses hasta 42.37 a los 14 meses de edad, revelando la existencia de una estrategia de supervivencia poblacional con individuos de reducida longevidad y un alto potencial reproductivo desde muy joven que garantizan la viabilidad de la población.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Perna perna</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We examined the reproductive cycle of a tropical bivalve, the fire scallop Lima (Ctenoides) scabra (Born, 1778), over a 14 months period in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela, and the association of gonadal growth and spawning with environmental factors. Most small individuals were males and most large individuals females, indicating the protandrous characteristic of this species. We documented three marked decreases in gonadal mass, from late October to December 1992, from early June to early July 1993 and from late October to early December 1993, and all were associated with drops in temperature related to renewed upwelling. This suggested that major synchronized spawnings were stimulated by drops in temperature or other factors related to the onset of upwelling. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the major environmental factor associated with increases in gonadal mass was phytoplanktonic food availability. Analyses of regressions of mass of somatic tissues to shell height suggested decreases in reserves in somatic tissues at the end of the November-December spawnings, but not at the end of the June-July spawning. This may be because body reserves are used for reproduction during November and December when phytoplanktonic food availability is low.</p></abstract>
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<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Lousiana State University - International Center of Medical  </institution>
<addr-line>San Jose </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anadara tuberculosa is one of the most abundant mollusks of commercial importance in Costa Rica. Its habitat water is a potential source of fecal and chemical contamination to humans. We wanted to asses enterovirus, mainly poliovirus and hepatitis A virus and chemicals such as sulphates and nitrates in meat and body fluids. Thirteen samples were taken from four sites in Nicoya Gulf, three sites in the Sierpe-Térraba mangrove (Pacific of Costa Rica) and from five fish markets in San José, the capital of Costa Rica. Samples were tested for 1) fecal coliforms (Most Probable Number/100 ml), 2) isolation of enterovirus in cell culture (Hep-2, FrhK-4), 3) cell cytotoxicity in Vero cells and 4) the ability to inactivate 10 ID50% of poliovirus in cell culture. The Most Probable Number/100 ml in surrounding water was higher than the accepted standard for recreational waters, although the number of fecal coliforms in meats and body fluids was lower than in the external water. No cytopathogenic agents were isolated, but we found nitrate and sulphate concentrations that exceeded maxima for human consumption and recreation. The intrinsic cytotoxicity of the samples was at a 1/8 dilution, but some samples were cytotoxic at dilutions of 1/128. Body fluids were more cytotoxic than meats, but a positive correlation between cytotoxicity and chemical contamination was not determined: apparently other pollutants not identified in this study were responsible. Fluid and meat capacity to inactivate 10 ID50% of poliovirus in cell culture was demonstrated. Samples that were toxic for cell cultures also showed a higher percentage of poliovirus inactivation. Monitoring chemical pollution in these waters is highly recommended.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Anadara tuberculosa es uno de los moluscos más abundantes de importancia comercial en Costa Rica. Su hábitat acuático es una fuente potencial de contaminación fecal y química para el ser humano. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar enterovirus, especialmente poliovirus y el virus de la hepatitis A y contaminación química como nitratos y sulfatos en las carnes y los líquidos internos. Se recogieron trece muestras de cuatro sitios del golfo de Nicoya, de tres sitios del manglar Sierpe-Térraba (pacífico de Costa Rica) y de cinco pescaderías de San José, la capital de Costa Rica. Las muestras fueron ensayadas por 1) coliformes fecales (Número Más Probable/100 ml), 2) aislamiento de enterovirus en cultivos celulares (Hep-2 y FrhK-4), 3) citotoxicidad en células Vero y 4) la habilidad de las muestras de inactivar 10 DI50% de poliovirus en cultivos celulares. El Número Más Probable/100 ml de las aguas fue más alto de lo que se considera adecuado para el uso recreacional, aunque los coliformes en los líquidos y las carnes fue en general mucho más bajo. No se logró el aislamiento de ningún agente citopatogénico, pero encontramos que la concentración de nitratos y sulfatos de las muestras fue mayor a lo aceptable para consumo humano. La toxicidad intrínseca de las muestras en cultivos celulares fue de una dilución de 1/8 aunque algunas muestras mostraron toxicidad a una dilución de 1/128. Los líquidos fueron más tóxicos que las carnes pero no se encontró una correlación entre la toxicidad en cultivos celulares y la toxicidad química: aparentemente otros contaminantes no identificados en este trabajo fueron los responsables. Se analizó la habilidad de los líquidos y las carnes de inactivar 10 DI50% de poliovirus demostrando que los líquidos y las carnes con más toxicidad en cultivos celulares fueron los que mostraron un porcentaje mayor de inactivación del poliovirus. Se recomienda la vigilancia de la contaminación química de estas aguas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bivalves</kwd>
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<kwd>citotoxicity</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de jugos vegetales sobre la producción de Daphnia pulex (Cladocera: Daphnidae) en condiciones de laboratorio</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
<addr-line>Tlalnepantla Estado de México</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<fpage>429</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We tested the enriching effect of radish leaf (Raphanus sativus) and spinach leaf (Spinacea oleracea) extracts when added separately to the fermented wheat bran (Triticum aestivum) for producing Daphnia pulex. The experiments were conducted in 20 l glass bottles containing 14 l of dechorinated tap water. The initial inoculation density was 200 organisms/bottle. The cultures were allowed to grow for 21 days; during this time the controls received only the fermented wheat bran (Triticum aestivum), while the test containers received either extract of radish leaf (Raphanus sativus) or that of spinach leaf (Spinacea oleracea), in addition to ferment wheat bran (Triticum aestivum). We also measured some physico-chemical variables of the medium during the experimental period. These are: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness. These variables remained more or less the same in all test bottles reflecting non-significant variations. After the test period, the net production of D. pulex in terms of numbers was: 1 722 organisms/bottle in the controls while that receiving radish leaf (Raphanus sativus) extract with 7 997 organisms/bottle and that with spinach leaf (Spinacea oleracea) extract with 8 921 organisms/bottle. Test of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the cultures (Fisher p&lt; 0.005). This study showed that the enrichment of fermented wheat bran (Triticum aestivum) with spinach (Spinacea oleracea) extract was a better nourishing source of food for culturing Daphnia pulex under laboratory conditions.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo fue probar el efecto enriquecedor del jugo de hojas de rábano (Raphanus sativus) y de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea), sobre un patrón de fermento de salvado de trigo (Triticum aestivum) en la producción de Daphnia pulex. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en botellas de vidrio de 20 l de capacidad, llenadas con agua del grifo desclorada a un volumen de 14 l. Los cultivos tuvieron una duración de 21 días, durante los cuales las botellas testigo tan solo recibieron fermento de salvado de trigo (Triticum aestivum) y las botellas experimentales (I, II y III), en el primer caso recibieron la combinación de fermento y el jugo de hojas de rábano (Raphanus sativus), y en el segundo caso el fermento y el jugo de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea). La tasa de siembra en ambos experimentos fue de 200 organismos/botella. Durante el desarrollo de los cultivos se evaluaron: temperatura del agua, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza total. Los parámetros ambientales se comportaron de manera similar en ambos experimentos, sin mostrar variaciones drásticas, ni grandes diferencias en sus registros. Las producciones netas obtenidas para la D. pulex fueron de: 1 722 organismos/botella en las testigo, 7 997 org/botella en las de rábano (Raphanus sativus), y de 8 921 org/botella en las de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea). De acuerdo con los datos de producción el análisis de varianza encontró diferencias significativas entre los cultivos (Fisher p&lt; 0.005) y estableció que la combinación del fermento enriquecido con el jugo de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea) es la mejor alternativa alimenticia para la Daphnia pulex en condiciones de laboratorio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Daphnia pulex</kwd>
<kwd>Cladocera</kwd>
<kwd>net production</kwd>
<kwd>source of food</kwd>
<kwd>radish leaf (Raphanus sativus) extract</kwd>
<kwd>spinach leaf (Spinacea oleracea) extract</kwd>
<kwd>laboratory conditions</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de la macroalga Caulerpa sertularioides en el desarrollo del camarón Penaeus californiensis (Decapoda: Peneidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Porchas Cornejo</surname>
<given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<surname>Martínez Córdova</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<surname>Magallón Barajas</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste </institution>
<addr-line> Sonora</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Sonora Departamento DICTUS </institution>
<addr-line> Sonora</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>437</fpage>
<lpage>442</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of the macroalga Caulerpa sertularioides on the growth, survival and yield of captive yellowleg shrimp Penaeus californiensis (Holmes, 1900) at winter temperatures (14 to 21°C) was studied at La Paz, B.C.S., México. Nine experimental units (three per treatment) consisting in 150 l-fiberglass tanks were used. Shrimp growth with macroalgal presence was 3.98 ± 0.4 g after 10 weeks, survival was 100% and yield 36.24 ± 4.3 g. These results were better than those obtained with indirect presence, and absence of the macroalga, which were not different among themselves. Under indirect macroalgal presence growth, survival and yield were 0.73 ± 0.4 g, 75± 10% and 7.8 ± 1.2 g. Without macroalgae, corresponding values were 0.46 ± 0.4 g, 68.7 ± 12% and 5.6 ±1.1 g. Significant differences were found between &quot;absence&quot; and &quot;indirect presence&quot;. The macroalgae possitively affect the development of this shrimp in captivity.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El efecto de la macroalga Caulerpa sertularioides sobre el crecimiento, sobrevivencia y producción en cautiverio del camarón café Penaeus californiensis (Holmes, 1900) a temperaturas invernales (14 a 21°C) se estudió en La Paz, B.C.S., México. Se utilizaron nueve unidades experimentales (Tres por el tratamiento) consistiendo en tanques plásticos de150 l de capacidad. El crecimiento del camarón con la presencia directa de la macroalga fue de 3.98 ± 0.4 g después de 10 semanas de cultivo, la sobrevivencia fue del 100 % y el rendimiento de 36.24 ± 4.3 g. Estos resultados fueron significativamente más altos que los obtenidos en presencia indirecta, y en ausencia de la macroalga, los cuales no presentaron diferencias significativas entre sí. El crecimiento, sobrevivencia y producción en la presencia indirecta de la macroalga fueron de 0.73 ± 0.4 g, 75± 10% and 7.8 + 1.2 g respectivamente. En ausencia de la macroalga, se obtuvieron valores de 0.46 ± 0.4 g, 68.7 ± 12% y 5.6 ±1.1 g. La presencia directa de la macroalga tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en el desarrollo del camarón café en cautiverio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Yellowleg shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>Penaeus californiensis</kwd>
<kwd>Macroalgae</kwd>
<kwd>Caulerpa sertularioides</kwd>
<kwd>shrimp mariculture</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300018</article-id>
<title-group>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<institution>,Universidad Francisco de Miranda Centro de Investigaciones Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>Falcón </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The benthic community associated with the turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum beds was analized at three localities of Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela. The localities were selected according to their exposure to the open sea : A (protected), B (intermediate) and C (exposed). At each locality, a 20 x 20 m area was randomly chosen, delimited and divided into 400 1x1 m quadrats. Inside each, ten randomly selected quadrats/month were sampled during 13 consecutive months. At each site all macroinvertebrates and several physical variables were recorded, as well as leaf and rhizome biomass of T. testudinum. All parameters had a step- wise gradient from A through C: organic matter, carbon nitrogen, oxygen, salinity and temperature gradient was: ABC. Percentages of sand, silt and clay showed an inverse gradient; A&lt;B&lt;C. The diversity, evenness and dominance had a different pattern: BCA. The collected fauna was composed of Coelenterata (Anthozoa), Polychaeta, Sipuncula, Mollusca, Crustacea and Echinoderms. The relative abundance of molluscs increased according to Thalassia rhizome biomass: A&lt; B &lt; C, where C had the highest values (1496 g dw/m2). Environmental stress could also influence the distribution of some molluscs species like Chione cancellata; in fact, it showed a significant negative correlation with organic matter and carbon (r= - 0.56 p&lt; .01). Principal Component Analysis: for abiotic parameters the first three components account for PC1 (clay-sand): 79.1 %, PC2 (C:N ratio): 91.5 % and PC3 (salinity): 95.8 %. For biotic parameters (species) the first three components account for PC1 (Potamilla sp.): 96.4 %, PC2 (Lytechinus variegatus)(Lamarck): 98.5 % and PC3 Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) - Loimia sp.: 99 %. The changes in the faunal composition, distributional patterns and community structure were evident among the studied places. The abundance of benthic organisms associated to T. testudinum depends on local variation of biotic and abiotic features. This interaction influences the community structure as local characteristics in a differential way.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la comunidad bentónica asociada a Thalassia testudinum y su relación con algunos parámetros bióticos y abióticos, en tres localidades del Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Falcón-Venezuela; éstas fueron seleccionadas de acuerdo al grado de exposición al mar abierto: A(protegída), B (intermedia) y C (expuesta). En cada localidad se demarcó un área de 20 x 20m, se muestrearon aleatoriamente 10cuadrantes/mes, (130 cuadrantes/localidad). Se efectuaron registros de oxígeno disuelto, salinidad, temperatura, porcentajes de materia orgánica, carbono y nitrógeno, textura del sedimento, biomasa foliar y de rizoma de T. testudinum. Todos los parámetros analizados presentaron un gradiente escalonado. Materia Orgánica, Carbono y Nitrógeno, Oxígeno disuelto, Salinidad y Temperatura presentaron el gradiente: ABC. Los porcentages de Arena, Limo y Arcilla presentaron un gradiente inverso. El patrón en la Diversidad, Equidad y Dominancia fue: BCA. La fauna colectada estuvo compuesta por los grupos: Coelenterata (Anthozoa), Polichaeta, Sipuncula, Molusca, Crustacea y Echinodermata. Se identificaron 15 especies de moluscos (gastrópodos y bivalvos), (3 % de los invertebrados colectados). La abundancia relativa y dominancia de los moluscos se incrementó en aquellos sitios donde hay un aumento en la biomasa de rizoma de T. testudinum (porcentaje de dominancia A&lt;B&lt;C). La presencia de estas especies podría relacionarse con un fondo estabilizado de hierbas marinas. Se encontró además, relación entre la tensión ambiental y la distribución de algunas especies de moluscos como Chione cancellata, la cual mostró una correlación negativa con el contenido de materia orgánica y carbón (r= - 0.56 p&lt; .01). Mediante el Análisis de Componentes Principales se determinó para los parámetros abióticos: 1er componente (arcilla-arena): 79.1%, 2° componente (proporción C:N): 91.5% y 3° componente(salinidad): 95.8%. Para los parámetros bióticos (especies): 1° (Potamilla sp.): 96.4%, 2° (Lytechinus variegatus)(Lamarck): 98.5% y 3° Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860)-Loimia sp.: 99%. Los cambios en la composición faunística, patrones de distribución y en la estructura comunitaria se hicieron evidentes entre los sitios estudiados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Seagrass beds</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the fossils, materials and paleoenvironmental conditions found in some outcrops near the town of Jesús María, Turrialba, Costa Rica. The rock materials (reefal limestone, sandstones and conglomerates) are associated to the Punta Pelada Formation of Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene age. Outcrops are of reduced extent and are unevenly distributed, hence they are considered as patch reefs developed by environmental energy fluctuations, sea level changes and clastic sedimentation from sources on small islands acting together in narrow platforms. The structural and environmental characteristics where fossil communities developed were derived from the analysis of 460 samples containing 36 species. The reefs represent low diversity communities comprising four coral species (three of them reef builders), 31 mollusks species (21 gastropods: a new species, 14 carnivores, three herbivores and three of uncertain feeding habits; 10 bivalves species: five endobenthic and five epibenthic); algae ( at least three groups represented); sea urchins; foraminifers; crabs. The evenness index is low, mainly regarding the Scleractinian corals, where Antiguastrea cellulosa predominates (80% of the recognized forms). The fossil assemblage suggests that the communities developed in shallow marine environments (50-80 m depth), affected by sea level changes, strong marine currents and clastic imput from nearby small islands.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En la localidad de Jesús María, Turrialba, afloran de 12-30 m de calizas arrecifales, areniscas y conglomerados de edad Oligocena Superior-Miocena Inferior, que se asocian con la Formación Punta Pelada. En ésta localidad se registra una de las primeras comunidades arrecifales de la actual región Caribe de Costa Rica y constituye una de las pocas localidades de arrecifes de ésta edad en el área. Los afloramientos se interpretan como parches arrecifales debido a su distribución irregular y a su poca extensión lateral (50m), los cuales se desarrollaron bajo la influencia de diversos procesos: variación en la energía del medio, cambios en el nivel del mar, plataformas angostas, excesiva sedimentación clástica posiblemente desde islas. Se analizaron 460 ejemplares, los cuales corresponden a más de 36 especies, que permitieron hacer una recosnstrucción de la estructura y de las condiciones ambientales en que se desarrollaron. Los arrecifes constituyeron comunidades de baja diversidad: cuatro especies de corales (tres de constructores), 31 especies de moluscos (21 de Gastrópodos: una especie nueva, 14 de carnívoros, tres de herbívoros, tres de hábitos alimenticios desconocidos; 10 especies de Bivalvos: cinco endobentónicos, cinco epibentónicos), algas (representantes de por lo menos tres grupos), equinodermos, foraminíferos, crustáceos. La equidad también es muy baja, principalmente en lo referente a los corales Scleractinia, con un predominio muy marcado de Antiguastrea celullosa (80% de las formas encontradas). Esto permite inferir que se desarrollaron en un ambiente de poca profundidad (50-80 m), muy variable, con influencia ocasional de corrientes marinas fuertes y aporte de sedimentos terrígenos procedentes de islas cercanas.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During the three months of field work between October and December 1997 by the junior author in the in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ivohibe and in the Forêt d’Ankazomivady-Ambositra, Province of Fianarantsoa, a collection of scorpions was made, mainly with the use of pitfall buckets. The species collected were Grosphus limbatus (Pocock), Grosphus madagascariensis (Gervais), and new species of Tityobuthus Pocock (Scorpiones, Buthidae), which is described from Ivohibe based on two female specimens. Tityobuthus ivohibe n. sp., is the eleventh species described in the genus from Madagascar. Some comments concerning the taxonomic position of the new species are also presented.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Infection of white rat peritoneal macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii, (Coccidia: Sarcocystidae) after Trypanosoma lewisi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) infection</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados  </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
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<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>483</fpage>
<lpage>488</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Peritoneal macrophages from Wistar rats, inoculated and non-inoculated with 10(6) T. lewisi trypomastigotes, were cultured and infected with 10(6) T. gondii tachyzoites. Multiplication rates of this parasite were studied after 1, 24 and 48 h of infection but there were not significant differences between the number of parasites found inside of macrophages coming, either from T. lewisi infected or non infected rats. On the other hand, in vivo studies of Toxoplasma multiplication inside peritoneal macrophages, showed that there is an increase of parasite number in cells from T. lewisi infected rats, as compared with those macrophages from non infected rats. This effect was statistically significant and was more evident after four days of infection. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that in vivo, but not in vitro T. lewisi infections, causes an important decrease of the natural resistance to T. gondii of the white rats, which is manifested by the major invasion and multiplication of the parasite inside of peritoneal macrophages.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Toxoplasma gondii</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de La Habana Departamento de Biología Animal y Humana </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Quintana Roo  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>489</fpage>
<lpage>492</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The flood lowland forest is a typical ecosystem of the Sian Kaan Biosphere in southeast Mexico. Two soil dwelling microarthropod samples were taken from areas with different topographies, one in the dry season (March 1995) and one in the rainy season (July 1995). In the rainy season, mean density was three times higher. Numerically, the Oribatid mites predominate, followed by Collembola and Pauropoda, regardless of the season or location. In March, the communities are concentrated in the soil, while the July sample showed a migration to the leaf litter. There was no significant seasonal difference in densities. The proportion Acarida: Collembola and the value of the Green Agregation Index for Collembola shows the marked effect of dry soils for this group.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Flood forest</kwd>
<kwd>microarthropods</kwd>
<kwd>Oribatid mites</kwd>
<kwd>Collembola</kwd>
<kwd>Pauropoda</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Zoogeografía de los gastrópodos terrestres de la región oriental de San Luis Potosí, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<name>
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<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
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<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>493</fpage>
<lpage>502</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The land snails of the eastern region of San Luis Potosí, México were surveyed (June, 1995 - August, 1996). This region has much topographic and climatic variation. Samples (161) were obtained in 48 localities. The main zoogeographic groups of were the endemic (32.18%: 28 species and three subspecies) and the neotropical (27.59%: 24 species and five subspecies) gastropods. The family Spiraxidae has the largest number of endemic species (16). The Eastern Sierra Madre has the largest number of species in the region.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Land snails</kwd>
<kwd>survey</kwd>
<kwd>biogeography</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300024</article-id>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Twenty three species of leafhoppers were found in a sugar cane crop in San Pedro, Havana province, Cuba. Balclutha rufofasciata (Merino) and Tylocygus geometricus (Signoret) were new records for the crop. The samples were collected monthly from 1991- 1994 with entomological net. The most abundant and frequent species was B. guajanae (De Long) (1 920 ind/ha) in the crop and Hortensia similis Walk (18 960 ind/ha) in the surrounding vegetation. Population dynamics was determined for each species. The surrounding vegetation was represented by Rottboellia cocninchinensis (Lourd. Clayton), Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small y Euphorbia heterophylla L. The sugar cane showed the highest spatial organization, diversity (0.61) and evennes (0.25). The surrounding vegetation had the highest species dominance.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un agroecosistema cañero en San Pedro, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, arrojó una riqueza de cicadélidos de 23 especies, con dos nuevos registros para el cultivo: Balclutha rufofasciata (Merino) y Tylocygus geometricus (Signoret). Se realizaron recolectas mensuales durante los años 1991 a 1994, para lo cual se empleó una red entomológica. En el estudio de la dinámica poblacional de las especies más abundantes y frecuentes se destacaron B. guajanae (De Long) con una densidad de 1 920 ind/ha en el cultivo de la caña y Hortensia similis Walk con 18 960 ind/ha en la vegetación segetal. Esta última está integrada fundamentalmente por Rottboellia cocninchinensis (Lourd. Clayton), Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small y Euphorbia heterophylla L. El cultivo de la caña de azúcar presentó mayor organización espacial, diversidad (0.61) y equitatividad (0.25), mientras que la vegetación segetal presentó una mayor dominancia de especies (4.84).</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Taxonomic review of Costa Rican Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera)</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
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<volume>47</volume>
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<lpage>534</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Twenty nine species and ten genera of Pipunculidae are reported from Costa Rica, including eight previously recorded species, thirteen new species and eight new records. The following species are described and illustrated: Cephalosphaera guanacastensis, C. procera, C. zumbadoi, Eudorylas abnormalis, E. echinatus, E. falx, E. moragai, E. serratus, Elmohardyia adunca, E. bifida, E. costaricana, E. galeata and E. maculata. The new records are Chalarus connexus Rafael, Parapipunculus elegantulus (Williston), Cephalosphaera jamaicensis (Johnson), C. macroctenia Rafael, C. panamaensis Hardy, Microcephalops williamsi (Hardy), Eudorylas vidali Rafael and Basileunculus rex (Curran). Parapipunculus elegantulus (Williston) is redescribed from the holotype. The previously unknown females of P. elegantulus and C. jamaicensis are described. All Costa Rican species are listed. Keys to the species of Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Elmohardyia Rafael are presented.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se informa de la presencia de veintinueve especies y diez géneros de Pipunculidae en Costa Rica, con ocho especies previamente registradas, trece nuevas y ocho nuevos registros. Se describen e ilustran las seguientes especies: Cephalosphaera guanacastensis, C. procera, C. zumbadoi, Eudorylas abnormalis, E. echinatus, E. falx, E. moragai, E. serratus, Elmohardyia adunca, E. bifida, E. costaricana, E. galeata y E. maculata. Los nuevos registros son Chalarus connexus Rafael, Parapipunculus elegantulus (Williston), Cephalosphaera jamaicensis (Johnson), C. macroctenia Rafael, C. panamaensis Hardy, Microcephalops williamsi (Hardy), Eudorylas vidali Rafael y Basileunculus rex (Curran). Parapipunculus elegantulus (Williston) es redescrito a partir del holotipo. Se describen las hembras previamente desconocidas de P. elegantulus y C. jamaicensis. Se presenta la lista de todas las especies costarricensis y claves para las especies de Cephalosphaera Enderlein y Elmohardyia Rafael.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>Pipunculidae</kwd>
<kwd>Taxonomy</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Parasitismo entre especies (Diptera, Hymenoptera) en los nidos de Stictia signata (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genaro</surname>
<given-names>Julio A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Museo Nacional de Historia Natural  </institution>
<addr-line>Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>535</fpage>
<lpage>538</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Stictia signata is one of the most frequently observed sand wasps in the Cuban keys and coasts. Females build their nests in the sand and supply them with flies to feed offspring. Here, I describe the behavior of two species, Liohippelates n. sp. near collusor (Diptera: Chloropidae) and Hexacola sp. (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), which enter the nests of S. signata. The observations were carried out from 1989 through 1991 in Caimito beach, Southern Havana province, Cuba. Liohippelates inhabited 100% of the nests. Its necrofagous larvae fed on the remnants of prey left by the larva of S. signata, without affecting the larva. Only in one case did the larva show signs of mortality because, apart from the high number of immature cleptoparasites, there were 53 adult flies feeding on prey body fluids. Hexacola sp. parasitized the larvae of Liohippelates within the cells. In spite of high cleptoparasitism, the sphecid population remained high during the observation years.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>S. signata es una de las avispas de la arena más frecuentemente observada en los cayos y las costas de Cuba. Las hembras construyen los nidos en la arena y los abastecen con moscas, para alimentar a la descendencia. Se describe la conducta de dos especies: Liohippelates n. sp. circa collusor (Diptera: Chloropidae) y Hexacola sp. (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) para penetrar al interior de los nidos de S. signata. Las observaciones se efectuaron durante 1989 hasta 1991, en playa Caimito, sur de la provincia de La Habana, Cuba. Liohippelates cleptoparasitó el 100% de los nidos. Sus larvas necrófagas se alimentaron de los restos de las presas dejadas por la larva de S. signata, sin afectarla. Sólo en un caso la larva mostró signos de mortalidad, porque además del número alto de cleptoparásitos inmaduros, habían 53 moscas adultas alimentándose de los fluidos corporales de las presas. Hexacola sp. fue un parasitoide de las larvas de Liohippelates, en el interior de las celdillas. A pesar del elevado cleptoparasitismo, la población del esfécido se mantuvo elevada durante los años de observación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Stictia signata</kwd>
<kwd>sphecid wasps</kwd>
<kwd>prey</kwd>
<kwd>Hexacola sp</kwd>
<kwd>parasitoid</kwd>
<kwd>Liohippelates n.sp. near collusor</kwd>
<kwd>cleptoparasite</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Bagrichthys obscurus, a new species of bagrid catfish from Indochina (Teleostei: Bagridae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ng</surname>
<given-names>Heok Hee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,National University of Singapore School of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>545</fpage>
<lpage>552</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bagrichthys obscurus new species, is described from drainages in Indochina. It is morphologically similar to and has been previously identified as B. macropterus, but can be differentiated from that species in having a uniformly brown body without a pale midlateral stripe and without pale blotches on the sides of the body, a more slender body, a shorter adipose-fin base, and the genital papilla in males meeting the base of the first anal-fin ray.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bagridae</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Indochina</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción de Bairdiella ronchus (Pisces: Sciaenidae) en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Caribe Colombiano</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Torres Castro</surname>
<given-names>Liliana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Santos-Martínez</surname>
<given-names>Adriana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Acero P</surname>
<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Epomex  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia instituto de Estudios Caribeños </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Natrales </institution>
<addr-line>Santa Marta </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>553</fpage>
<lpage>560</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From February 1993 through January 1994 a total of 890 individuals of Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier) were captured in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM). Most were caught with casting nets, using the &quot;corral&quot; (pen) artisan method. The fish sizes and weights varied between 66 and 231 mm total length (TL), and between 3.5-156.2 g respectively. The species is typically estuarine, distributed in salinities between 7.3 and 37.3. Female gonadosomatic index (GSI) was 2.97-5.09 (males: 0.32-1.09). The serial correlation method did not find a direct relationship between salinity and GSI. Mean eggs size was 198.65 µm, mean fecundity was 188 964 eggs/individual and is directly related to total length and total weight. The condition factor (K) presented an annual mean of 0.013, and its variation seems to be related to that of the GSI. Mean maturity size is 158 mm TL for females and around 154 mm TL for males. The sex rate was 2.7 females per male.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De febrero 1993 a enero 1994 se capturó en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), un total de 890 individuos de Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier), en su gran mayoría con atarraya mediante el método de corral. La talla y el peso del pez varió entre 66 y 231 mm de longitud total (LT) y 3.5 a 156.2 g de peso total (PT) repectivamente. Es una especie típicamente estuarina y se distribuye entre salinidades de 7.3 a 37.3. Los valores del índice gonadosomático en las hembras (IGS) oscilaron entre 2.97-5.09 y en los machos entre 0.32-1.09. El método de correlación serial, no estableció una relación directa entre la salinidad y el IGS. El tamaño promedio de los ovocitos fue 198.65 µm. La fecundidad promedio fue de 188 964 ovocitos por individuo y esta relacionada directamente con la longitud total y el peso total. El factor de condición (K) presentó un promedio anual de 0.013 y se encuentra relacionado con el IGS. La longitud total promedio de madurez fue de 158 mm en hembras y aproximadamente 154 mm en machos. La proporción de sexos fue de 2.7 hembras por macho.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bairdiella ronchus</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>mean size maturity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ciclo reproductivo de Lactophrys quadricornis (Pisces: Ostraciidae) de la costa nororiental de Venezuela</article-title>
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<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
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<lpage>570</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproductive biology was studied in Lactophrys quadricornis, from samples collected monthly from May 1990 to April 1991 in the east coast of Venezuela. Sex ratio was 1:1; half the population matured at total lenght of 198 mm for males and 222 mm for females. Minimal sizes for maturity was 160 and 170 mm of L.T in males and females, respectively. The Gonadosomatic Index (IG) and gonadal maturity stages sugest year around reproduction with two peaks: from June through September, and from January through February. Weight, ovary lenght and frequency of females in stages IV and V, are the evidence. Asynchronous development of the ovocytes with diameters between 0.399 to 0.930 mm, indicates that spawning is fractionate. Mean fecundity was 112 536 ± 57 047.97 eggs, and increases with lenght and weight of the fish and weight and length of the ovaries.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la biología reproductiva en Lactophrys quadricornis, de muestras colectadas mensualmente desde mayo 1990 a abril 1991, en el oriente de Venezuela. La proporción sexual no se alejó de la esperada 1:1. La mitad de la población de machos y hembras maduraron a 200 y 222 mm de longitud total (LT), respectivamente. Las tallas mínimas de madurez fueron 160 y 170 mm de L.T en machos y hembras, respectivamente. De acuerdo a la observación macroscópica de las gónadas se establecieron seis estadios de madurez en hembras y tres en machos. El Indice Gonadosomático (IG) y los estadios de madurez gonadal sugieren que la especie se reproduce durante todo el año con dos picos de máxima actividad reproductiva: de junio a septiembre, y de enero a febrero. El peso, la longitud de los ovarios y la frecuencia porcentual de hembras en estadios IV y V son evidencias de esa actividad. El desarrollo asincrónico de los ovocitos con diámetros entre 0.399 a 0.930 mm, indica que los desoves son fraccionados. Los valores de la fecundidad oscilaron entre 30 597 a 256 492 óvulos con un promedio de 112 536 ± 57 047.97, observandose un incremento de la fecundidad con la talla y el peso del pez y con el peso y la longitud de los ovarios.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lactophrys quadricornis</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000300031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación de la pesquería de Lutjanus peru (Pisces: Lutjanidae) de Guerrero, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>571</fpage>
<lpage>580</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Red snapper (Lutjanus peru) fishery was analyzed from landings and catch records. Stock age structure was reconstructed after the parameter values of the von Bertalanffy growth model, the length-weight relationship, ages and the natural mortality coefficient through each of nine years of catch records. The Fisat software package was applied to assess population parameters, whose estimates are, for the von Bertalanffy growth model, K = 0.1442 to 0.38; to = -0.2; L = 87 cm; W = 9.4 Kg , and the natural mortality coefficient (M) after several methods (0.14 to 0.38). Cohort size was assessed by the virtual population analysis (VPA), estimating population size in 5.2*10(6) fish with a biomass of 8 454 tonnes. Current fishing mortality F, ranges from 0.06 to 1.13, depending upon the chosen M value; according to this, when the M value used is low, the results suggest that the stock is underexploited, and vice versa. The yield per recruit model applied suggests improvements to the management strategy. The model indicates recruit overfishing because very small fish are the main target (tc &lt; 1), nearly 50 % of fish caught are immature and under one year of age. Optimum yield levels correspond to first catch age of 2 to 3 years and a fishing mortality of F = 0.35, suggesting the need of limiting small fish catch of to a minimum of 2 year old specimens.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La pesquería del huachinango Lutjanus peru, que se explota cerca de Acapulco, México, fue evaluada a través de muestreos de los desembarcos y de datos de captura. Se aplicó el paquete de programas Fisat para evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento del modelo de von Bertalanffy (K= 0.1442; to= -0.23; L = 80.8 cm; W = 6.824 Kg) y reconstruir la estructura por edades en la población en nueve años de datos de captura. El coeficiente de mortalidad natural M según varios métodos, oscila entre 0.14 y 0.38. El tamaño de cada cohorte a través del tiempo, evaluado con el método de análisis de la población virtual (VPA), estima una población de 5.2*10(6) peces explotados con una biomasa media de 8,454 t. La intensidad de explotación F, oscila entre 0.06 y 1.13 y depende del valor de M que se elija; según esto, se puede concluir que el recurso se encuentra subexplotado si el valor de M es bajo, o bien que se encuentra sobreexplotado si el valor elegido de M es alto. El modelo de rendimiento por recluta señala que hay sobrepesca de reclutas por que gravita sobre animales muy chicos (tc &lt; 1), además, que los niveles óptimos corresponden a una edad mínima de captura de 2 a 3 años, y a una mortalidad por pesca de F= 0.35, lo cual sugiere la necesidad de limitar la captura de peces chicos imponiendo una talla mínima equivalente a la de 2 años de edad por lo menos, ya que cerca del 50% de los peces capturados tienen edades menores de un año y son inmaduros.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Lutjanidae</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>stock assessment</kwd>
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</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774419990003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción y crecimiento de Heterandria bimaculata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) en la Laguna &quot;El Rodeo&quot;, Morelos, México</article-title>
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<surname>Gómez-Márquez</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<surname>Guzmán-Santiago</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Laboratorio de Limnología </institution>
<addr-line> México, D.F</addr-line>
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<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>581</fpage>
<lpage>592</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied reproduction and growth of Heterandria bimaculata in &quot;El Rodeo&quot; lake Morelos, Mexico, from December 1986 through December 1987. A total of 1 452 specimens were obtained (monthly samples). Females represented 60.12 %, males 34.98 % and the young 4.89 % of the population. Overall sex ratio was 1.7: 1 in favor of females (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/equis.gif&quot; WIDTH=20 HEIGHT=22&gt;p&lt;0.05). The size at first reproduction for females was 27 mm and for males 22 mm (standard lengths); multiple spawning occured throughout the reproductive cycle (from March through May and July through October) primarily, during the rainy season. There was evidence of breeding activity throughout the year. In July the gonadosomatic index mean was highest (4.7%). The number of embryos in the ovaries were between 5 and 78, with a mean fertility of 23, the fertility was associated with standard length with determination coefficients above 93.22 percent. There was a direct relationship between specimen length and weight, and the asymptotic size for males was 64 mm and for females 81 mm (standard lengths).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De diciembre de 1986 a diciembre de 1987 se determinaron algunos aspectos de reproducción y crecimiento de Heterandria bimaculata de la laguna &quot;El Rodeo&quot;, Morelos, México. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que de los 1 421 organismos recolectados, el 60.12% corresponden a hembras, el 34.98% a machos y el 4.89% a juveniles; con proporción sexual a favor de las hembras de 1.7: 1 (hembras: machos &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n3/equis.gif&quot; WIDTH=17 HEIGHT=19&gt;;p&lt;0.05). La talla de primera reproducción para los machos fue de 22 mm de longitud patrón y para las hembras de 27 mm; múltiples desoves posiblemente se realicen durante el ciclo reproductivo (de marzo mayo y de julio a octubre) principalmente durante la temporada de lluvias. En julio se registró el valor más alto del indice gonadosomático (4.7%) y del factor de condición. El contenido de embriones en las gónadas fue de 5 a 78 con promedio de 23 y la fertilidad se asoció en mayor porcentaje con la longitud patrón (rd= 93.22%). Se encontró relación directa entre el peso total y la longitud patrón para esta especie y, la logitud patrón asintótica para los machos fue de 64 mm y para las hembras de 81 mm, con mayor tasa de crecimiento para estas últimas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Heterandria bimaculata</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
<kwd>fertility</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In September, 1995 and January, 1996, six species of fishes from Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, Mexico, were collected (Alloophorus robustus n=30, Goodea atripinnis n=30, Xenotoca variata n=41, Chirostoma jordani n=30, Carassius auratus n=30 and Oreochromis aureus n=30), to establish the infection levels reached by Posthodiplostomum minimum, Clinostomum complanatum and Diplostomum (Tylodelphys) sp., in their hosts. Infection caused by P. minimum metacercariae was the most important helminthiasis considering the number of hosts they parasite (five of six), and the high levels of abundance of the infection; we suggest that fish preferences and the generalist character of the trematode are the causes that determine this infection. Finally, the role of goodeids and atherinids in transmission of infections in the lake is confirmed; the former being the main group mantaining such infections.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Neutralización del efecto hemorrágico inducido por veneno de Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) por extractos de plantas tropicales</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castro</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
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<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>José María</given-names>
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<surname>Romero</surname>
<given-names>Marjorie</given-names>
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<surname>Umaña</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Departamento de Química </institution>
<addr-line> Heredia</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de San Carlos Laboratorio de Productos Naturales </institution>
<addr-line> Sao Paulo</addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>605</fpage>
<lpage>616</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Organic extracts representing 48 species included in 30 families of Costa Rican tropical plants were evaluated for their ability to neutralize hemorrhagic activity induced by the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. A bioassay in mice was used, based on intradermal injection of either venom or venom-extract mixtures followed by the measurement of hemorrhagic areas. Total inhibition of hemorrhage was observed with the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aquous extracts of Bursera simaruba, Clusia torresii, C. palmana, Croton draco, Persea americana, Phoebe brenesii, Pimenta dioica, Sapindus saponaria, Smilax cuculmeca and Virola koschnyi. Chemical analysis of these extracts identified catequines, flavones, anthocyanines and condensated tannins, which may be responsible for the inhibitory effect observed, probably owing to the chelation of the zinc required for the catalytic activity of venom’s hemorrhagic metalloproteinases.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la capacidad de extractos orgánicos de 48 especies de plantas costarricenses para neutralizar la actividad hemorrágica del veneno de la serpiente Bothrops asper (terciopelo). Los extractos se evaluaron mediante un bioensayo basado en inyecciones intradérmicas de veneno en ratones, o de mezclas veneno-extracto, seguidas de la cuantificación macroscópica de la hemorragia. Se observó una inhibición total de la hemorragia con los extractos etanólico, de acetato de etilo y acuoso de Bursera simaruba, Clusia torresii, C. palmana, Croton draco, Persea americana, Phoebe brenesii, Pimenta dioica, Sapindus saponaria, Smilax cuculmeca y Virola koschnyi. El análisis químico de estos extractos permitió identificar catequinas, flavonas, antocianinas y taninos condensados, los cuales podrían jugar un papel en la inhibición del efecto hemorrágico debido a la capacidad de quelar el ion zinc requerido por las metaloproteinasas hemorrágicas para su acción.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anti-hemorrhagic plants</kwd>
<kwd>anti-venom plants</kwd>
<kwd>snake venom</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops asper</kwd>
<kwd>flavonoids</kwd>
<kwd>tannins</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77441999000300037</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The description of reproductive activity in small nocturnal mammals is difficult. In this study we use the variation of testis characteristics over time. From February through December 1993 we set 1628 traps/night for the capture of specimens. We were studying the variation of testis size of 30 Chaetodipus arenarius sublucidus, and analyzing the morphometric characteristics and morphology of the sperm of this species compared with C. spinatus. We recorded the abundance of sperm per age. The size of the testis was greater from February through September, during which there was reproduction activity, and this corresponds to a larger amount of sperm. There were morphometric differences in the length size of sperm. The gonadal-somatic index indirectly indicated the reproductive activity.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El patrón de reproducción de roedores nocturnos es difícil de describirse en condiciones naturales, para inferirse se recurrió a las características de la gónada a través del tiempo. De Febrero a Septiembre de 1993, colocándose 1628 trampas/noche para la captura de roedores. Se estudió la variación del tamaño testicular de machos de Chaetodipus arenarius sublucidus, además se analizó la morfometría y morfología de espermatozoides de 30 C. arenarius comparándose con la de 30 C. spinatus. Al mismo tiempo se registró la abundancia por clases de edad. El tamaño de los testículos fue mayor de febrero a septiembre, época en la que ocurre la actividad reproductora, y que se relacionó con una mayor cantidad de espermatozoides. Existió diferencia morfométrica de los espermatozoides de las dos especies. Los índices gonadosomáticos advierten indirectamente la actividad reproductora.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se halló cálculos de cistina en la pelvis renal de un ejemplar adulto de Chrysocyon brachyurus (aguará-guazú), cuya muerte había ocurrido en el zoológico de Sáenz Peña (Chaco). El diagnóstico fue realizado por el método colorimétrico del nitroprusiato. La presencia de cristales microscópicos hexagonales en el cálculo pulverizado confirmó la presunción de cistina. La cistinuria es una aminoaciduria hereditaria que a largo plazo produce nefrolitiasis. El aguará-guazú puede padecer esta metabolopatía, por lo que durante su cautiverio la orina de este animal debería ser investigada para detectar la presencia de cristales de cistina; un tratamiento oportuno puede salvarle la vida. En Argentina, el número de C. brachyurus no superaría los 1000 ejemplares, en peligro de extinción.</p></abstract>
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