S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400001 Variación estacional del zooplancton del embalse Ignacio Allende, Guanajuato, México y su relación con el fitoplancton y factores ambientales López- López Eugenia Serna-Hernández José Angel ,Laboratorio de Ictiología y Limnología Departamento de Zoología Sto. Tomás México 12 1999 1999 47 643 657

The plankton communities and environmental factors of the Ignacio Allende reservoir were surveyed from July 1990 to June 1991. A total of 57 phytoplankton species were identified. There was a blue green algae bloom in the summer, simultaneously with highest water levels, followed by the dominance of diatoms in the coldest months (February and March). Chlorophyceans became dominant in the spring, consonant with highest temperature records. Bacillariophyceans and cyanophyceans had the greater species richness, while dinophyceans and euglenophyceans had the lowest values. The summer bloom of Anabaena variabilis and the abundance of Ceratium hirundinella, Aulacosseira granulata and Fragilaria crotonensis are associated with tropical eutrophic waters. The zooplankton was composed by 39 species, from these, Diaphanosoma birgei, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia parvula, Diaptomus (Mastigodiaptomus) montezumae, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris and Asplanchna priodonta occurred throughout the annual cycle. A canonical correspondence analysis showed a succesional pattern associated to several environmental processes. The lowest species richness occurred during the dry season, in the coldest months. In the wet season, species richness increased and population densities decreased, consonant with the blue-green algae bloom, the highest values of suspended solids and the highest water levels in the reservoir.

Se estudiaron las comunidades planctónicas y los factores ambientales del embalse Ignacio Allende de julio de 1990 a junio de 1991. Se presentó una proliferación de cianofíceas en el verano coincidente con el mayor nivel de agua, seguido por la dominacia de bacilariofíceas en los meses fríos, en primavera con el incremento en la temperatura las cloroficeas alcanzaron sus mayores densidades. Las dinofíceas y euglenofíceas presentaron la menor riqueza específica. La proliferación de Anabaena variabilis en el verano y la alta frecuencia de Ceratium hirundinella, Aulacosseira granulata y Fragilaria crotonensis se asocian con cuerpos de agua tropicales eutróficos. Se encontraron 39 taxones zooplanctónicos, de los cuales Diaphanosoma birgei, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia parvula, Diaptomus (Mastigodiaptomus) montezumae, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris y Asplanchna priodonta, fueron persistentes en todo el ciclo. Un análisis de correspondencias canónicas mostró las relaciones que guardan los cambios en composición del zooplancton con las características físicas y químicas del embalse.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400002 Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panamá: III. Distribución, estructura, diversidad y estado de conservación de los arrecifes de las islas Pastores, Cristóbal, Popa y Cayo Agua Guzmán Héctor M Guevara Carlos A ,Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington EEUU 12 1999 1999 47 659 676

Previous studies reported low coral diversity and poor reef development inside the marine protected area of Isla Bastimentos (PNMIB), and it was recommended to widen the survey further east into other areas of the archipelago of Bocas del Toro. This study describes reef distribution, structure and status in 24 reefs along ca. 107 km of coastline in Pastores, Cristobal, Popa y Agua islands. We define for the first time the main center of diversity or "hot spot" zone for important sessile reef-building organisms. Coral diversity increases to 57 species for the archipelago (89 % of Panama), adding up to 64 records for the country. There was also an increase to 29 and 53 species for octocorals and sponges, respectively. For local diversity, 96 %, 94 % and 97 % of the total number of coral, octocoral and sponge species, respectively, are recorded inside the "hot spot." Based on our results, we recommend the modification of the existing limit of the PNMIB to include reef areas with highest diversity and abundance of threatening species (e.g. Acropora palmata, A. cervicornis), or the creation of a network of marine protected areas within the archipelago.

En estudios anteriores se encontró que el área protegida del Parque Nacional Marino de Isla Bastimentos (PNMIB) no albergaba arrecifes en buen estado de conservación, desarrollo y diversidad, recomendándose ampliar el reconocimiento de arrecifes a otras áreas del archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, en particular el sector oriental del parque marino. En el presente estudio, se hizo un reconocimiento - ca. 107.5 km en total - detallado de la zona costera insular de islas Pastores, Cristóbal, Popa y Cayo Agua, donde se evaluó la distribución de los arrecifes coralinos. Se describieron un total de 24 arrecifes, los cuales representan las formaciones típicas para las distintas localidades. Se define por primera vez para el archipiélago el centro de mayor diversidad de organismos sésiles, que son importantes constructores de arrecies coralinos. El número de especies de corales escleractínidos para todo el archipiélago de Bocas del Toro aumentó a 57 y se actualizan también los registros para Panamá aumentando así a un total de 64 especies para el país. Esto implica que el archipiélago alberga el 89 % de las especies de Panamá, de las cuales 96 % o más están distribuidas en los arrecifes de la "zona de alta diversidad" encontrada en el presente estudio. De igual forma, la diversidad de octocorales aumentó a 29 especies (16 %) y las esponjas experimentaron un incremento de 16 especies (30 %) para un total de 53 especies. Se encuentran en la "zona de lata diversidad" el 94 % y 97 % de las especies de esponjas y octocorales, respectivamente. Se presentan cinco recomendaciones generales, siendo las más importante, modificar los límites existentes del PNMIB, de forma que se protejan las áreas que albergan la mayor diversidad general y la mayor abundancia de especies amenazada, o crear una red de áreas protegidas dentro del archipiélago.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400003 Concentración de clorofila a en colonias de Pocillopora verrucosa (Scleractina) durante un blanqueamiento coralino en el Golfo de California, México (1997) Munguía-Vega Adrián Reyes-Bonilla Héctor ,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina La Paz Baja California Sur México 12 1999 1999 47 677 680

El Niño-Southern Oscillation 1997-98 significantly elevated sea temperatures in the Gulf of California and caused widespread coral bleaching starting in july 1997. Changes in chlorphyll a concentration by unit of area (cm²) among normal, discolored and totally bleached colonies of the coral Pocillopora verrucosa (=P. elegans) were determined in 27 colonies collected in october, 1997 at Ensenada de Muertos, Baja California peninsula, México (24° 03’ N), by spectrophotometric determinations. Mean pigment values varied from 2.06 µg/cm2 to 1.12 µg/cm2 and 0.09 µg/cm² among normal, decolorated and totally bleached colonies, respectively, although statistically significant differences only appeared between completely bleached and normal corals. The low chlorophyll concentration of the healthy-looking ("normal") corals and the lack of differences in pigment concentrations between these and partially bleached corals, indicated that the former had actually suffered a previous loss of pigmentation and may have been recovering when sampled.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400004 Efecto tóxico del DDT, clordano y agua de la presa Ignacio Ramírez (México), sobre Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Daphnidae) Martínez-Tabche Laura Romero Solís Martha López López Eugenia Galar Martínez Marcela ,Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática México, D. F ,Departamento de Limnología 12 1999 1999 47 681 690

Chlorodiphenylnitrichloroethane (DDT) and chlordane (CLO) are currently used in Mexico to control malaria and termites. From 1990 to 1996 a total of 27 ton of DDT and 508 of CLO were imported. We establish a methodology to determine their environmental impact in a Mexican dam (Ignacio Ramírez). The toxic effect of DDT and CLO were evaluated on the o-demethylase (OD) and acethycholinesterase activities (AchA) of the cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to different concentrations of the insecticides solved in water from three sites. Their effect on the AchA and OD activities, and so the CL50 were used as exposure bioindicators to determine the more polluted sites. The physicochemical characteristics of water and the biodiversity of the dam test sites were considered. The station near the floodgate has toxicity potential because enzimatic activities were modified. We suggest the use of AchA and OD activities measure in the cladoceran to evaluate the toxicity of a water body polluted by organochlorate insecticides.

Actualmente en México son empleados los plaguicidas diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y clordano (CLO) para combatir la malaria y termitas. De 1990 a 1996 un total de 27 ton de DDT y 508 de CLO, en forma de productos técnicos, fueron importados. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer una metodología para determinar el impacto ambiental que pueden producir estos compuestos sobre un embalse. El efecto tóxico del DDT y CLO fue evaluado sobre la actividad de la o-demetilasa (OD) y del acetilcolinesterasa (AchA) del cladócero Daphnia magna al exponerla a diferentes concentraciones de los insecticidas disueltos en el agua de tres sitios de la presa Ignacio Ramírez (PIR). El efecto del agua contaminada con los insecticidas sobre la actividad de la AChA y OD, así como la CL50, fueron utilizadas como indicadores de exposición para determinar los lugares más contaminadas de la PIR. Las características fisicoquímicas del agua así como la biodiversidad de los sitios en estudio de la presa fueron considerados. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la estación cercana a la compuerta exhibe un potencial de toxicidad, ya que las actividades enzimáticas fueron modificadas. Se sugiere utilizar las actividades de AchA y OD del cladócero para evaluar la toxicidad de un cuerpo de agua contaminado por insecticidas organoclorados.

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I Parathion and Salinity effects on gills and mesonephros carbonic anhydrase activity of the fish Oreochromis hornorum Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1992 49 Martínez-Tabche L Galar-Castelan I Ramírez-Mora B Gonzalez Chavarria A Efecto tóxico del lindano sobre el metabolismo de la Moina macrocopa Rev. Toxicol 1993 10 Martínez-Tabche L Galar I Ramírez M.B Morales R.A German F. C Parathion effect on acetylcholinesterase from fish through an artificial trophic chain: Ankistrodesmus falcatus-Moina macrocopa-Oreochromis hornorum Bull. Environ Contam. Toxicol 1994 52 Martínez-Tabche L Morales N.E Ramírez M Galar C.I Cardona G.H Effect of lead on the reaction of o-demethylase in p-nitro anisole in the cladoceran Moina macrocopa J. Aquat. Ecosys. Health 1994 3 Martínez-Tabche L Germán-Faz C Ramírez-Mora B Galar I Efecto tóxico del Carbaryl en Moina macrocopa y Oncorhynchus mykiss Rev. Toxicol 1995 12 Martínez-Tabche L Ramírez M German F Galar C Madrigal M Ulloa G.V Orozco F Toxic effect of sodium dodecylbencensulfonate, lead, petroluem, and their mixtures on the activity of acetylcholinesterase of Moina macrocopa in vitro Environ. Toxicol. Water. Qual 1997 12 McMahon R.E Culp H. W Millis J Marshall F.J Microsomal p-nitroanisole o-demethylase J. Med. Chem 1963 6 Metelev V.V Kanaev A.L Dzasokhova N.G Water toxicology Water toxicology 1983 Nueva Delhi Amerind Publishing Murphy P.G Effects of salinity on uptake of DDT, DDE and DDD by fish Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1970 5 Olson D.L Christensen G.M Effects of water pollutants and other chemicals on fish acetylcholinesterase Environ. Res 1980 21 Reid G.K Wood R.D Ecology of inland waters and estuaries Ecology of inland waters and estuaries 1976 Nueva York D. Van Nostrand Repetto M Martínez D Sanz P Repetto M Actualización de la toxicología de los plaguicidas Toxicología avanzada Toxicología avanzada 1995 Madrid Díaz de Santos Wetzel R Limnology Limnology 1975 Filadelfia^ePensilvania Daunders College Williams C.H Carsterline J.L Jacobson K.H Studies of toxicity and enzyme activity from interaction between chlorinated hydrocarbon and carbamate insecticide Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1967 11
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400005 Richness and abundance of caterpillars on Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) species in an area of cerrado vegetation in Central Brazil Andrade Isabel Morais Helena C Diniz Ivone R van den Berg Cássio ,Universidade de Brasília Departamento de Ecologia Brasília Brazil ,Universidade de Brasília Departamento de Zoologia Brasília Brazil ,Universidade Estadual de Campinas Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Campinas Brazil 12 1999 1999 47 691 695

We sampled lepidopteran caterpillars on three Byrsonima species (Malpighiaceae) in Central Brazil: Byrsonima crassa , Byrsonima verbascifolia and Byrsonima coccolobifolia between May 1993 and July 1994. Fifteen individuals of each plant species were censused weekly. Our main goal was to estimate the abundance and richness of lepidopteran larvae within each plant species. Only 13% of the 1 621 sampled plants had caterpillars on their leaves. This percentage was similar within each plant species. We found a pattern of low abundance and high richness of lepidopteran species associated with Byrsonima. There were 48 morphospecies and 46% of them occurred just once. There was a higher similarity between the fauna of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia than between these and B. coccolobifolia. Once it is known that hairy leaves can affect herbivore colonization and foraging strategy, we suggest that differences in the lepidopteran community associated with Byrsonima spp. are linked with different levels of pubescence on the leaf surface of each plant species. This tendency in Byrsonima is supported by the small number of caterpillars found on young leaves of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia, which are quite hairy.

Hicimos un registro cuantitativo de larvas de Lepidoptera que se alimentán de tres espécies de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) que ocurren en el Brasil Central: B. crassa Nied , B. verbascifolia L. Rich and B. coccolobifolia (Spr.) Kunth. Nuestro principal objetivo fué estimar la abundancia y riqueza de orugas en cada una de las espécies de planta. Encontramos un patrón de baja abundancia y alta riqueza de espécies de orugas asociadas a las espécies de Byrsonima. Verificamos, todavía, que la similaridade entre la fauna de B. crassa y B. verbascifolia fué más alta que entre estas espécies y B. coccolobifolia. Una vez que se sabe que hojas con mayor cantidad de vellos pueden afectar la colonización y estratégias de forrageo de herbívoros, sugerimos que las diferencias en la comunidade de orugas asociadas a las distintas espécies de Byrsonima están relacionadas con los diferentes niveles de vellosidad apresentados por cada una de las espécies de plantas. Esta tendencia en Byrsonima es apoyada por el bajo número de orugas encontradas en hojas jóvenes de B. crassa y B. verbascifolia que tienen muchos pelos.

 Insect herbivory Byrsonima Lepidoptera richness community structure plant defenses cerrado vegetation Andrade I Diniz I. R Morais H. C A lagarta de Cerconota achatina: biologia e ocorrência em plantas hospedeiras do gênero Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) Rev. Bras. Zool 1996 12 Cappuccino N Mutual use of leaf-shelters by lepidopteran larvae on paper birch Ecol. Entomol 1993 18 De Vries P. J The butterflies of Costa Rica The butterflies of Costa Rica 1987 New Jersey Princenton University Press Diniz I. R Morais H. C. Lepidopteran caterpillar fauna of cerrado host plants Biodiv. Conserv 1997 6 Fielding C. A Coulson J. C A test of the validity of insect food-plant and life history records: Lepidoptera on heather (Calluna vulgaris) Ecol. Entomol 1995 20 Janzen D. H Ecological characterization of a Costa Rican Dry Forest caterpillar fauna Biotropica 1988 20 Lawton J. H Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: a comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents J. Anim. Ecol 1982 51 Leather S. R Insect species richness of the British Rosaceae: the importance of host range, plant architecture, age of establishment, taxonomic isolation and species-area relationships J. Anim. Ecol 1986 55 Lewinsohn T. M Price P. W Lewinsohn T. M Fernandes G. W Benson W. W Insects in flower heads of Asteraceae in southeast Brazil: a case study on tropical species richness Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions 1991 New York John Wiley & Sons Loyola R Fernandes G. W Herbivoria em Kielmeyera coriacea (Guttiferae): efeitos da idade da planta, desenvolvimento e aspectos qualitativos de folhas Rev. Bras. Biol 1993 53 Marquis R. J Price P. W Lewinsohn T. M Fernandes G. W Benson W. W Herbivore fauna of Piper (Piperaceae) in a Costa Rican Wet Forest: Diversity, specificity and impact Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions 1991 New York John Wiley & Sons Marquis R. J Braker H. E McDade L. M Bawa K. S Hespenheide H. A Hartshorn G. S Plant-herbivory interactions: diversity, specificity and impact La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest 1994 Chicago The University of Chicago Press Morais H. C Diniz I. R Baumgarten L. C Padrões de produção de folhas e sua utilização por larvas de Lepidoptera em um Cerrado de Brasília, DF Rev. Bras. Bot 1995 18 Neuvonen S Niemelä P Species richness of macrolepidoptera on Finnish deciduous trees and shrubs Oecologia 1981 51 Price P. W Diniz I. R Morais H. C Marques E. S. A The abundance of insect herbivore species in the tropics: the high local richness of rare species Biotropica 1995 27 Ratter Dargie An analysis of the floristic composition of 26 cerrado areas in Brazil Edinburgh J. Bot 1992 49 Schluter D Ricklefs R. E Ricklefs R. E Schluter D Species diversity: an introduction to the problem Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives 1993 Chicago The University of Chicago Press Sowthwood T. R. E Moran V. C Kennedy C. E. J The assessment of arboreal insect fauna: comparisons of knockdown sampling and faunal lists Ecol. Entomol 1982 7 Southwood T. R. E Juniper B Sowthwood R Plant surfaces and insects - an overview Insects and the plant surface Insects and the plant surface 1986 Baltimore Edward Arnold
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400006 Distribución, mortalidad y asociación con plantas, de nidos de Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la isla de Barro Colorado, Panamá Pérez Rolando Condit Richard Lao Suzanne ,Centro de Ciencias Forestales del Trópico Balboa Rep. de Panamá 12 1999 1999 47 697 709

We studied the distribution, mortality and association with plants, of 308 nests of the neotropical ant Paraponera clavata, in a permanent 50 hectare plot in old-growth forest on Barro Colorado island between September 1993 and February 1995. Ant nests were uniformly dispersed throughout the plot, and significantly associated with the high plateau and patch of young forest in the plot. The average density was 6.2 nests per hectare. Mortality of nests was higher with increasing number of neighbors within 20 m, compared to those separated at greater distances. The mortality was between 13.36% and 69.64% depending on the census interval, and recruitment between 22.63% and 31.72%. The nests were found in 84 plant species of 34 families, pertaining to four life forms: 76 species were trees, 5 were shrubs, 2 were palms and one was a liana. We tested for association between ant nests and tree species and tree size by examining whether nests were more common in certain categories than would be expected by change. Eight species of plants were positively associated with Paraponera clavata. The ant preferentially selected trees between 8 and 63.9 cm diameter at breast height. Trees and small shrubs were not associated with the nests. No association was found between ant nests and trees with extra-floral nectaries. Fifty-three percent of the nests had a Phrynus gervaisii (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) cohabiting inside. These nests had lower mortality rates than the rest.

Se estudió la distribución, mortalidad, reclutamiento y asociación con plantas, de 308 nidos de la hormiga neotropical Paraponera clavata en una parcela de cincuenta hectáreas de bosque viejo en la isla de Barro Colorado entre septiembre de 1993 y febrero de 1995. Los nidos estaban distribuidos uniformemente a través de toda la parcela, y se asociaban de manera significativa con el tipo de hábitat, existían más nidos de los esperados en las planicies altas y en la sección de bosque más joven de la parcela. La densidad promedio era de 6.2 nidos por hectárea. Los nidos con un mayor número de vecinos entre 0 y 20 m de distancia, tenían una mayor probabilidad de morir, si se comparaban con aquéllos que se encontraban separados por distancias mayores. La mortalidad era entre 13.36 y 69.64% dependiendo del intervalo de censo, y el reclutamiento fue del 22.63 y 31.72%. Los nidos se encontraron en las bases de 84 especies de plantas, en 34 familias con cuatro categorías de forma de vida: 76 especies eran árboles, 5 especies eran arbustos, 2 especies eran palmas y 1 era liana. Ocho especies de plantas se asociaban positivamente con los nidos de la hormiga. Plantas medianas entre 8 y 63.9 cm de DAP eran las más utilizadas. Arboles y arbustos pequeños presentan muy poca asociación con los nidos. La hormiga no se asocia con árboles que tienen nectarios extraflorales. El 53% de los nidos tenían a Phrynus gervaisii (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) habitando en el interior. Estos nidos presentaron menores tasas de mortalidad en comparación con el resto.

 Paraponera clavata nests distribution mortality recruitment association extra-floral nectaries Barrett B.A Jorgensen C.D Looman S.J Foraging recruitment by the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Pan- Pac. Entomol 1985 61 Belk M.C Black H. L Jorgensen C. D Hubbell S.P Foster R.B Nest tree selectivity by the tropical ant Paraponera clavata Biotropica 1989 21 Breed M.D Bennett B Mass recruitment to nectar sources in Paraponera clavata: field study Insectes Soc 1985 32 B.V Brown Feener D.H Behavior and host location cues of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Entomol. News 1991 86 Condit R Hubbell S. P Foster R. B Mortality Rates of 205 Neotropical Tree and Shrub Species and the Impact of a Severe Drought Ecol. Monographs 1995 65 Croat T.B Flora of Barro Colorado Island Flora of Barro Colorado Island 1978 Stanford^eCalifornia Stanford Univ Engelman L Dixon W. J Brown M. B Engelman L Jennrich L. I Stepwise Logistic Regression BMDP Statistical Software Manual BMDP Statistical Software Manual 1990 Berkeley^eCalifornia University of California Foster R.B Leigh E Rand A. S Windsor D. M Ciclo estacional de caída de frutos en la isla de Barro Colorado Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo 1990 Balboa Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Hermann H.R Crepuscular and nocturnal activities of Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Entomol. News 1975 86 Holldobler B Lumsden C.J Territorial strategies in ants Science 1980 210 Holldobler B Wilson E.O Host tree selection by the neotropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Biotropica 1990 22 Holldobler B Wilson E.O The ants The ants 1990 Cambridge The Belknap of Harvard Univ Hubbell S.P Foster R.B Sutton S.L Whitmore T.C Chadwick A.C Diversity of canopy trees in a neotropical forest and implications for conservation Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management 1983 Oxford Blackwell Scientific Hubbell S.P Foster R.B Soulé M Commonness and rarity in a neotropical forest: implications for tropical tree conservation Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity 1986 Sunderland^eMA Sinauer Hubbell S.P Foster R.B La estructura espacial a gran escala de un bosque neotropical Rev. Biol. Trop 1987 35 Janzen D.H Carroll C.R Janzen D.H Paraponera clavata Costa Rica Natural History Costa Rica Natural History 1983 Chicago Univ. of Chicago LeClerc M.G McClain D.C Black H.L Jorgensen C.D An inquiline relationship between the tailless whip-scorpion Phrynus gervaisii and the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata Journal Arachnol 1987 15 Leigh E. G Rand S. A Windsor M. D Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo 1990 Balboa Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute McCluskey A.M Brown W.L Rhythms and other biology of the giant tropical ant Paraponera Psyche 1972 79 Morisita M Measuring of the dispersion of individuals and analysis of the distributional patters Ser. E. (Biol.) 1959 Kyushu Univ Piperno D.R Leigh E Rand A.S Windsor D.M Fitolitos, arqueología y cambios prehistóricos de la vegetación en un lote de cincuenta hectáreas de la isla de Barro Colorado Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo 1990 Balboa Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Quintero D The amlypygi genus Phrynus in the Americas (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) J. Arachnol 1981 9 Ryti R.T Case T.J The role of neighborhood competition in the spacing and diversity of ant communities Amer. Nat 1992 139 Stiteler W Patil G. P Patil G. P Pielou E. C Waters W. E Variance-to-mean ratio and Morisita' s index as measures of spatial patters in ecological populations Statistical Ecology Statistical Ecology 1981 1 The Pensylvania State University, University Park and London Thurber D.H Belk M.C Black H.L Jorgensen C.D Hubbell S.P Foster R.B Dispersion and mortality of colonies of the tropical ant Paraponera clavata Biotropica 1993 25 Windsor M.D Rand A.S Rand W.M Leigh E Rand A.S Windsor D.M Características de la precipitación de la isla de Barro Colorado Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo Ecología de un Bosque Tropical: Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo 1990 Balboa Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Wilson E. O The Insect Societes The Insect Societes 1971 Cambridge The Belknap of Harvard Univ Young A.M Hermann H.R Notes of foraging of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) J. Kansas Entomol. Soc 1980 53
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400007 Número floral, clima, densidad poblacional de Xylocopa spp. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) y polinización del maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) Da Silva airon M Bruckner Claudio H Picanço Marcelo Molina-Rugama Adrián J ,Universidade Federal de Viçosa Dept. de Fitotecnia Minas Gerais Brasil ,Universidade Federal de Viçosa Dept. de Biologia Animal Minas Gerais Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 711 718

The relationship of weather conditions, passion fruit vines (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) flower number, density of carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp., Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and effective pollinization was studied in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Low levels of viable fruits (14.3%) were observed when there were less flowers/ row (< 0.8 flowers in anthesis/ linear meter). When densities of flowers in anthesis were between 0.8 and 1.2, there was a higher proportion of viable flowers and more visits by Xylocopa spp. (maximum: seven visits/ flower). Above 1.2 flowers in anthesis/ linear meter there was a linear increase in the proportion of viable fruits and visits by Xylocopa spp. However; numbers were lower than in days with 0.8-1.2 flowers in anthesis/ linear meter. The highest bee density (ca. 49 bees/ ha/ hr) was between 2: 00 and 3: 00 pm (temperature, relative humidity and insolation around 26 °C, 55% and 0.6 respectively). At higher temperatures and relative humidities, there was a decrease in Xylocopa spp. density, while higher densities high at more elevated insolation.

La influencia del número de flores en la antesis del maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) y de los factores climáticos sobre la actividad polinizadora y densidad poblacional de las abejas del género Xylocopa fue estudiada en condiciones de campo. El menor porcentaje de formación de frutos (14.3%) se observó cuando había menos de 0.8 flores en la antesis/m linear de "soporte". Entre 0.8 y 1.2 flores en antesis/m linear de "soporte" se observó aumento en el porcentaje de frutos formados y en el número de visitas por parte de la abeja. Con más de 1.2 flores en la antesis/m linear de "soporte", hubo menor porcentaje de frutos formados en función del número de visitas de la abeja. La mayor densidad de Xylocopa spp. (49 abejas/ha/hora) se observó entre las 14: 00 y 15: 00 hr cuando los factores climáticos como la temperatura, la humedad relativa del aire y la insolación obtuvieron valores en torno de 26 °C, 55% y 0.56, respectivamente. Temperatura y humedad relativa del aire arriba de esos valores redujeron la densidad de Xylocopa spp., mientras que con mayor insolación fue verificado aumento en la misma.

 Passifloraceae bees weather fruit set reproductive success Akamine E.K Girolami G Pollination and fruit set in the yellow passion fruit Technical bulletinPollination and fruit set in the yellow passion fruit 1959 39 Honolulu University of Hawaii Bailey W.G Lerer H Mills P.F Humidity and the pollination activity of Megachile rotundata Environ. Entomol 1982 11 Bruckner C.H Casali V.W.D Moraes C.F Regazzi E.A Silva E.A.M Self-incompatibility in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) Acta Horticulturae 1995 370 Camillo E Polinização do maracujazeiro 1978 Simpósio sobre a Cultura do Maracujazeiro 1978 Jaboticabal Sao Paulo Camillo E Garofálo C.A Muccillo G On the bionomics of Xylocopa suspecta (Moure) in southern Brazil: nest construction and biological cycle (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) Rev. Bras. Biol 1986 46 Camillo E Garofálo C.A On the bionomics of Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier) and Xylocopa grisescens (Lepeletier) in southern Brazil: I. nest construction and biological cycle Rev. Bras. Biol 1982 42 Cereda E Urashima A.S Estudo comparativo do florescimento em ramos podados e não podados no maracujazeiro Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg 1989 Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura 1989 Fortaleza Cearà Cobert Willmer P.G Pollination of the yellow passionfruit: néctar, pollen and carpenter bee J. Agricul. Sci 1980 95 Giannotti E Prezoto F Machado V.L.L Foraging activity of Polistes lanio lanio (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1995 24 Grisi C Falta de polinização-a principal causa da queda excessiva de flores nos maracujazeiros (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) na região de Votuporanga-SP 1973 Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura 1973 Viçosa Minas Gerais Leitão Filho H.F Aranha C Botânica do maracujazeiro 1974 Simpósio sobre a Cultura do Maracujá 1974 Campinas Leone N.R.F.M Polinização do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) em Araguari-MG Polinização do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) em Araguari-MG 1990 Nishida T Ecology of the pollinators of passion fruit Technical bulletinEcology of the pollinators of passion fruit 1963 55 Honolulu University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agricultural, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Panizzi A.R Parra R.P Ecologia nutricional e suas implicações no manejo de pragas Ecologia nutricional e suas implicações no manejo de pragas 1991 São Paulo Manole Ruggiero C Estudos sobre a floração e polinização do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) Estudos sobre a floração e polinização do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) 1973 Ruggiero C Lam Sanchez A Banzatto D.A Estudo da polinização natural e controlada em maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) 1976 Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura 1975 Campinas Ruggiero C Lam Sanchez A Lipoli A.C Estudo sobre a autopolinização, desenvolvimento do ovário e curvatura dos estiletes em flores de maracujá amarelo Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (Deg.) 1978 Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura 1977 Bahia Sazima I Sazima M Mamangavas e irapuás (Hymenoptera, Apoidea): visitas, interações e conseqüências para polinização do maracujá (Passifloraceae) Rev. Bras. Entomol 1989 33 Semir J Browns K.S Maracujá: a flor da paixão Rev. Geogr. Universal 1975 Sihag R.C Behavior and the ecology of the subtropical carpenter bee, Xylocopa fenestrada F. 6. Foraging dynamics, crop hosts and pollination potential J. Apicul. Res 1993 32 Sihag R.C Abrol D.P Correlation and path-coefficient analysis of environmental factors influencing flight activity of Apis florea F J. Apicul. Res 1986 25 Waddington K.D Allen T Heirich B Floral preferences of bumblebees (Bombus edwardsii) in relation to intermittent versus continuos rewards Animal Behavior 1981 9
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400008 White-nosed coati Nasua narica (Carnivora: Procyonidae) as a potentialpollinator of Ochroma pyramidale (Bombacaceae) Mora José M Méndez Vivian V Gómez Luis D ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología San José Costa Rica ,Estación Biológica Las Cruces Coto Brus Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 719 721 Eutherophily Nasua Ochroma Bombacaceae Costa Rica pollination mammal Buchmann S.L Nabhan G. P The forgotten pollinators The forgotten pollinators 1996 Island^eWashington Carthew S.M An assesment of pollinator visitation to Banksia spinulosa Austr. J. Ecol 1993 18 Cunningham S.A Experimental evidence for pollination of Banksia spp. By non-flying mammals Oecologia 1991 87 duToit J.T Giraffe feeding on Acacia flowers: predation or pollination? Mitteil. d. Deutsch. Gess. f. Allgemeine Ang. Entomologie 1990 28 R.L Goldingay Carthew S.M Whelan R.J The importance on non-flying mammals in pollination Brittonia 1991 61 Hartshorn G.S Janzen D. H Plants Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Kaufmann J.H Ecology and social behaviour of the coati, Nasua narica, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Zoology 1962 Univ. California Publ Kaufmann J.H Janzen D. H Nasua narica (Pizote, coati) Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Janson Ch. H Terborgh J Emmons L.H Non-flying Mammals as Pollinating Agents in the Amazonian Forest Biotropica 1981 13 Opler P Bentley B Elias T Nectar production in a tropical ecosystem The biology of nectaries The biology of nectaries 1983 ^eNew York Columbia University Saenz J Ecología del Pizote (Nasua narica) y su papel como dispersor de semillas en el bosque seco tropical Ecología del Pizote (Nasua narica) y su papel como dispersor de semillas en el bosque seco tropical 1994 Sussman R. W Raven R.H Pollination of flowering plants by lemurs and marsupials: a surviving archaic coevolutionary system Science 1978 200 Turner V Armstrong J.A Powell J.M Richards A.J Marsupials as pollinators in Australia Pollination and evolution Pollination and evolution 1982 Sidney Royal Botanic Gardens Vaughan T.A Mammalogy Mammalogy 1986 Flagstaff^eArizona Northern Arizona University Whelan R.J The pollination of Banksia Conserving Nature’s Ways 1994 6 Whitmore J.L Janzen D.H Ochroma lagopus (Balsa) Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Wiens D Rourke J.P Casper B.B Rickart E.A LaPine T.R Peterson C.J Channing A Non-flying mammal pollination of southern African Proteas: a non-coevolved system J. Biogeogr. Hull 1983 70
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400009 Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of five Costa Rican medicinal plants in Sprague-Dawley rats Badilla Beatriz Mora Gerardo Poveda Luis Jorge ,Universidad de Costa Rica instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Productos Naturales San José Costa Rica ,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 723 727

The anti-inflammatory properties of Loasa speciosa and Loasa triphylla (Loasaceae), Urtica leptuphylla and Urera baccifera (Urticaceae), and Chaptalia nutans (Asteraceae) were studied using the carregeenan induced rat paw edema model. Aqueous extracts of each plant were made according to the ethnobotanical use. The hippocratic assay was made with female rats; the dose used was 500 mg/kg i.p. and the control group received 0.5 ml of n.s.s.. All the animals treated showed hipothermia, and those treated with the extracts of Chaptalia nutans, Urera baccifera and Urtica leptuphylla showed an increased colinergic activity. Acute toxicities of the aqueous extracts were studied in mice an the mean lethal doses ranged between 1.0226 and 1.2022 g/kg. The extracts of Urera baccifera, Chaptalia nutans, Loasa speciosa and Loasa triphylla (500 mg/kg i.p.) showed an anti-inflammatory activity comparable with that of indomethacin. The extracts of U. baccifera and C. nutans, which showed the greatest anti-inflammatory activity, did not show it when used orally (500 mg/kg p.o.).

 Medicinal plants anti-inflammmatory agent edema Urticaceae Asteraceae Loasaceae Crunkhon P Meaccock S.E.R Mediators of the inflammation induced in the rat paw by carrageenan Brit. J. Pharmacol 1971 42 Di Rosa M Giroud P.J Willoughby D.A Studies of the mediators of acute inflammatory response induced in rats in different sites by carrageenan and turpine J. Pathol 1971 101 Gibaldi M Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokineics Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokineics 1984 Philadelphia Penn Gibaldi M Perrier D Farmacocinética Farmacocinética 1982 Barcelona Girón L.M Freire V Alonzo A Cáceres A Botanical survey of medicinal flora used by the caribs J. Ethnopharmacol 1991 28 Goodman Gilman A The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 1966 New York McGraw-Hill Kumar V.L Basu N Anti-inflammatory activity of the latex of Calotropis procera J. Ethnopharmacol 1994 44 Malone M.R Robichaud R.V A Hippocratic screening for pure or crude drug material Lloydia 1962 25 Morton J Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America 1981 Ill Chicago Charles Thomas Rothwell N.J Eicosanoids, Thermogenesis and Thermoregulation Prost. Lts. Ess. Fat.Ac 1992 46 F Sandbeg Pharmacological Screening of Medicinal Plants Pharmacological Screening of Medicinal Plants 1967 Colombo^eCeylon Government Vinegar R Schreiber W Hugo R Biphasic development of carrageenan edema in rats J. Pharmacol. Exp.Therapeutics 1969 166 Winter C.A Risley E.A Nuss G.W Carrageenan-induced oedema in hind paw of rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med 1962 111 Williams P Burson J Industrial toxicology safety and health Industrial toxicology safety and health 1985 New York Ed. Van Nostrand Rein Hold
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400010 Aporte de hojarasca y renovación foliar del manglar en un sistema estuarino del Sureste de México Barreiro-Güemes Ma. Teresa ,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente Coyoacán México D.F 12 1999 1999 47 729 737

The patterns of mangrove litter production were studied in Pom-Atasta, a estuarine system linked to Terminos Lagoon, Campeche coast, Mexico. Four sampling sites with contrasting conditions of tidal influence were selected. Ten litter baskets placed randomly in each site for litter fall evaluation, were emptied monthly during an annual cycle (1995-1996). Litter material was classified, dried and weighed. The flowering season for Avicennia germinans was from June through September; Rhizophora mangle had flowers and hypocotyls year round. The most productive site was riverine forest dominated by A. germinans in the area with least tidal influence and hypohaline conditions, low annual salinity variation and lime-clay soils. Average litter production varied between 1.8 and 4.5 g m-2 day-1 and was closely related to regional climatic periods. In October 1995, two hurricans: Roxane and Opal, blew in the region and caused an extraordinary defoliation with litter production between 8 a 12 g m-2day-1 These figures greatly exceed the amounts registered for mangroves in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and the Equator. The leaf renewal rate was 129-392 days.

Los patrones de producción de hojarasca fueron estudiados en Pom-Atasta, un sistema estuarino asociado a la Laguna de Términos Campeche, México. Se seleccionaron cuatro rodales de manglar, contrastantes por sus condiciones de influencia de marea. Se colocaron al azar diez trampas en cada sitio para la colecta de hojarasca, estas fueron revisadas a intervalos mensuales durante un ciclo anual (1995-96). El material recolectado fue clasificado, secado y pesado. La floración de Avicennia germinans se presentó desde junio hasta septiembre; Rhizophora mangle presentó flores e hipocotilos todo el año. Los bosques más productivos fueron los ribereños dominados por A. germinans en la zona de menor influencia de marea, con condiciones hipohalinas de escasa variación anual y substratos limo-arcillosos. La producción promedio de hojarasca varió entre 1.8 y 4.5 g m-2 dìa-1. y respondió a los periodos climáticos de la región. En octubre de 1995 los ciclones Roxane y Opal se presentaron en la región y causaron una extraordinaria defoliación con aportes de hojarasca de 8 a 12 g m-2día-1 cifras que exceden a las registradas para manglares de México, del Caribe y del Ecuador. La tasa de renovación de follaje fue de 129-392 días.

 Mangroves leaf litter production leaf renewal time Pom-Atasta Campeche coast Aguirre-León A Bernal-Becerra A Díaz-Ruiz S Ecología de peces en sistemas fluvio-deltaícos: Estudio para el sistema Pom-Atasta Campeche Ecología de peces en sistemas fluvio-deltaícos: Estudio para el sistema Pom-Atasta Campeche 1998 México, D.F Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Ayala L.A Aguirre- León A Avilés O Barreiro M.T Rojas-Galaviz J.L Salazar-Vallejo S González N.E Peces de sistemas fluvio-lagunares, Laguna de Términos Campeche Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México 1993 México D.F Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad- Centro de Investigación de Quintana -Roo Bernal-Becerra A Dinámica estacional de la comunidad nectónica en el sistema fluvio-lagunar deltáico Pom-Atasta asociado a la Laguna de Términos Campeche, México Dinámica estacional de la comunidad nectónica en el sistema fluvio-lagunar deltáico Pom-Atasta asociado a la Laguna de Términos Campeche, México 1995 México D.F Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco Brown M Snedaker S Snedaker J Mangrove leaf litter production and dinamics The mangrove ecosystem research methods The mangrove ecosystem research methods 1985 Bungay United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization Cintrón G Shaeffer-Novelli Y Seeliger U Ecology and management of New World mangroves Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America 1992 Londres Academic Daniel W.W Bioestadística básica para el análisis de las ciencias de la salud Bioestadística básica para el análisis de las ciencias de la salud 1983 México D.F Limusa Day J.W Conner W.H Ley-Lou F Day R Machado N.A The productivity and descomposition of mangrove forest in Laguna de Términos México Aquat. Bot 1987 27 Day J.W Coronado-Molina C Vera -Herrera F.R Twilley R Rivera-Monroy V.H Alvarez-Guillén H Day R Conner W A 7 year record of above ground net primary production in a southeastern mexican mangrove forest Aquat. Bot 1996 55 Flores-Verdugo F González Farías F Zamorano D.S Ramírez García P Seeliger U Mangrove ecosystems of the Pacific Coast of México: Distribution, structure, litterfall and detritus dynamics Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America 1992 Londres Academic Gutiérrez-Estrada, M Malpica V. M Martínez J Geomorfología y sedimentos recientes de Sistema Lagunar Atasta-Pom Campeche México Geomorfología y sedimentos recientes de Sistema Lagunar Atasta-Pom Campeche México 1982 9 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Lugo A Snedaker S The Ecology of Mangroves Ann. Rev. Ec. Sys 1974 5 Pool D.J Snedaker S.C Lugo A.E Walsh G Snedaker S Teas H Litter production in mangrove forest in South Florida and Puerto Rico Proceedings of International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves Proceedings of International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves 1975 1 Gainesville Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences Rivera-Monroy V Day J.W Twilley R.R Vera-Herrera F Coronado-Molina C Flux of nitrogen and sediment in a fringe mangrove forest in Términos Lagoon Est. Coast. Shelf Sci 1995 Snedaker S.C Brown M.S Black C.C Mitsui A Primary Productivity of Mangroves CRC Handbook Series of Biosolar Resourses CRC Handbook Series of Biosolar Resourses 1981 I West Palm Beach^eFlorida CRC Tovilla H.C De la Lanza G Cáceres C.M Los Manglares Lagunas Costeras y el Litoral Mexicano Lagunas Costeras y el Litoral Mexicano 1994 La Paz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Trejo O Análisis de la estructura de la comunidad nectónica del Sistema Pom-Atasta adyacente a la Laguna de Términos Análisis de la estructura de la comunidad nectónica del Sistema Pom-Atasta adyacente a la Laguna de Términos 1994 México D.F Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Uncles R.J Wong W.K Ong J.E Intratidal fluctuations in stratification within a mangrove estuary Hydrobiology 1992 247
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400011 Gene flow and geographic variation in natural populations of Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Fagales: Betulaceae) in Costa Rica and Panama Murillo Olman Rocha Oscar ,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ing. Forestal Cartago Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología San José Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 739 753

Seventeen natural populations in Costa Rica and Panama were used to asses gene flow and geographic patterns of genetic variation in this tree species. Gene flow analysis was based on the methods of rare alleles and FST (Index of genetic similarity M), using the only four polymorphic gene loci among 22 investigated (PGI-B, PGM-A, MNR-A and IDH-A). The geographic variation analysis was based on Pearson`s correlations between four geographic and 14 genetic variables. Some evidence of isolation by distance and a weak gene flow among geographic regions was found. Patterns of clinal variation in relation to altitude (r = -0.62 for genetic diversity) and latitude (r= -0.77 for PGI-B3) were also observed, supporting the hypothesis of isolation by distance. No private alleles were found at the single population level.

Diecisiete poblaciones naturales de esta especie forestal en Costa Rica y Panamá, fueron investigadas en relación con sus patrones de flujo genético y de variación geográfica. El análisis de flujo genético fue basado en los métodos de los alelos raros y de FST (Indice de similaridad genética M). Los análisis fueron a su vez basados en los únicos cuatro loci genéticos de un total de 22 investigados que mostraron polimorfismo (PGI-B, PGM-A, MNR-A and IDH-A). Los análisis de variación geográfica fueron basados en el desarrollo de correlaciones de Pearson entre 4 variables geográficas y 14 variables genéticas. Alguna evidencia de aislamiento por distancia así como un débil flujo genético entre regiones geográficas fue encontrado. Fueron también observados patrones de variación clinal en relación con la altitud (r = -0.62 para la diversidad genética) y latitud (r= -0.77 en PGI-B3), que apoyan la hipotesis de aislamiento por distancia para esta especie. No se encontraron alelos privados en ninguna de las poblaciones investigadas.

 Alnus acuminata isozymes gene flow cline geographic variation Costa Rica Panama Alvarado G Historia Natural Antigua Historia Natural Antigua 1994 Cartago Tecnológica de Costa Rica Alvarez V.H Estudio forestal del jaúl Alnus jorullensis (HBK) en Costa Rica Estudio forestal del jaúl Alnus jorullensis (HBK) en Costa Rica 1956 jaúl. Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Schlectendal) Furlow: Especie de árbol de uso múltiple en América Central jaúl. Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Schlectendal) Furlow: Especie de árbol de uso múltiple en América Central 1995 18 Turrialba Bergmann F The allelic distribution at an acid phosphatase locus in Norway spruce (Picea abies) along similar climatic gradients Theor. Appl. Genet 1978 52 Bergmann F Gregorius H.-R Ecogeographical distribution and thermostability of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) alloenzymes in European silver fir (Abies alba) Biochem. Syst. Ecol 1993 21 Boshier D.H Chase M. R Bawa K.S Population genetics of Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae), a neotropical tree. 3. Gene flow, neighborhood, and population substructure Am. J. Bot 1995 82 Bousquet J Cheliak W.M Lalonde M Allozyme variability in natural populations of green alder (Alnus crispa) in Quebec Genome 1987 29 Bousquet J Cheliak W.M Lalonde M . Genetic differentiation among 22 mature populations of green alder (Alnus crispa) in central Quebec Can. J. For. Res 1987 17 Bousquet J Cheliak W.M Lalonde M Genetic diversity within and among juvenile populations of green alder (Alnus crispa) in Canada Physiol. Pl 1987 70 Camacho P Murillo O Algunos resultados preliminares de la epidometría del jaúl: Alnus acuminata (H.B.K.), O.Kuntze Algunos resultados preliminares de la epidometría del jaúl: Alnus acuminata (H.B.K.), O.Kuntze 1986 Cartago Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Depto. de Ing. Forestal Cheliak W.M Pitel J.A Techniques for Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Enzymes from Forest Tree Species Techniques for Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Enzymes from Forest Tree Species 1984 Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Canadian Forestry Service Coen E Janzen D.H Climate Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago^eIllinois The University of Chicago Couto-Alfenas A Peters I Brune W Passador G.C Eletroforese de Proteínas e Isoenzimas de Fungos e Essncias Florestais Eletroforese de Proteínas e Isoenzimas de Fungos e Essncias Florestais 1991 Universidad Federal de Viosa Furlow J.J The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae): Part I Rhodora 1979 81 Furlow J.J The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae): Part II Rhodora 1979 81 Gallant S.L Preziosi R.F Fairbairn D.J Clinal variation in eastern populations of the waterstrider Aquarius remigis: Gradual intergradation or discontinuity? Evolution 1993 47 Gómez L.D Vegetación de Costa Rica Vegetación de Costa Rica 1986 San José EUNED Gregorius H.-R The probability of losing an allele when diploid genotypes are sampled Biometrics 1980 36 Hamrick J.L Murawski D.A Levels of allozyme diversity in populations of uncommon neotropical tree species J. Trop. Ecol 1991 7 Hartl D Principles of Population Genetics Principles of Population Genetics 1980 Massachussets Sinauer Associates Hattemer H.H Bergmann F Ziehe M Einführung in die Genetik für Studierende der Forstwissenschaft Einführung in die Genetik für Studierende der Forstwissenschaft 1993 Frankfurt am Main J.D. Sauerländer’s Verlag Kimura M Weiss G.H The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance Genetics 1964 49 Konnert M Bergmann F The geographical distribution of genetic variation of silver fir (Abies alba, Pinaceae) in relation to its migration history Pl. Syst. Evol 1995 196 Lamprecht H Alnus jorullensis (= A. acuminata). (Betulaceae) Silvicultura en los Trópicos: Los ecosistemas forestales en los bosques tropicales y sus especies arbóreas-posibilidades y métodos para un aprovechamiento sostenido Silvicultura en los Trópicos: Los ecosistemas forestales en los bosques tropicales y sus especies arbóreas-posibilidades y métodos para un aprovechamiento sostenido 1990 Eschborn Liengsiri C Piewluang C Boyle T.J.B Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Tropical Trees. A Manual Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Tropical Trees. A Manual 1990 Bangkok ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre and Petawawa National Forestry Institute Mosseler A Baradat Ph Adams W.T Müller-Stark G Red pine: A model for the loss of genetic diversity in trees Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees 1995 Amsterdam SPB Academic Publishing Murillo O Hattemer H.H Inheritance of isozyme variants of Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Schlectendal) Furlow Silvae Genetica 1997 1 46 Murillo O Genetische Untersuchungen in natürliche Populationen von Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Schlectendal) Furlow in Costa Rica und Panamá Genetische Untersuchungen in natürliche Populationen von Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta (Schlectendal) Furlow in Costa Rica und Panamá 1997 Göttingen Cuvillier Rich P.V Rich T.H Janzen D.H The Central American dispersal route: biotic history and paleogeography Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago^eIllinois The University of Chicago Slatkin M Estimating levels of gene flow in natural populations Genetics 1981 99 Slatkin M Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow Evolution 1985 39 Slatkin M Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations Evolution 1993 47 Slatkin M Barton A A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow Evolution 1989 43 Soltis D.E Soltis P.S Isozymes in Plant Biology Isozymes in Plant Biology 1989 4 Portland^eOregon Dioscorides Vargas U., G El clima de Costa Rica: Contraste de dos vertientes El clima de Costa Rica: Contraste de dos vertientes 1994 San José Escuela de Historia y Geografía. Universidad de Costa Rica Vázquez A Janzen D.H Soils Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 Chicago The University of Chicago Vílchez B Murillo O Análisis fenológico y de la biología reproductiva del jaúl (Alnus acuminata) en Costa Rica Tecnología en Marcha 1994 12 Yang R.C Yeh F Patterns of gene flow and geographic structure in Pinus contorta Dougl Forest Genetics 1995 2
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400012 Polimorfismo isoenzimático en cuatro razas y un híbrido de Bactris gasipaes (Palmae) Rojas-Vargas Sonia Ramírez Pilar Mora-Urpí Jorge ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Cehtro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular San José Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 755 761

The study of genetic diversity in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes K.) is important for the breeding work on this palm and to corroborate the hypotheses on its origins. For that purpose it is necessary to use alternative techniques to complement the morphological studies traditionally made. One of the techniques that responds to that need is isozyme electrophoresis. The isozymes are biochemical markers of importance in the study of genetic variability in plants of economic importance, because they are the primary products of genetic expression. This work is an electrophoretic analysis on gels of polyacrilamide to study phenetic relations using twelve isozymes on four races and an spontaneous hybrid of peach palm. The biological material used came from the germplasm bank from Los Diamantes Experimental Station, Guápiles-Costa Rica. Four races and a hybrid were selected from that collection. They represented different procedences with morphological differences as well as having particular geographical distribution patterns; they were: Tembé-Chapare (Bolivia-Bo), Pará -Belem (Brasil-Bra), Utilis Guápiles (Costa Rica-CR), Tuira-Darién (Panamá-Pa) and Yurimaguas (Perú-Pe). Five trees of each race and the Yurimaguas hybrid were studied. Different tissues were tried: leaf, adventitious roots, spines, masculine flowers and ripe fruits. An standard native and discontinued method was established on a polyacrilamide matrix for the analysis of twelve isozymes: (PRX, EST, ACP, DIA, G6PDH, ME, MDH, GOT, ADH, PGI, PGM and SOD). The amount of tissue used was 1. 5 g, with 20 min clarification time at 15000 gravity value and a temperature of 4&deg;C. The protocol proposed by <A HREF="#Baaziz">Baaziz & Saaidi (1988)</A> was followed with a modification of concentration of the phosphate buffer solution from 0,005 M to 0. 1M with a 50 to 200 volts gradient. The root, flower and spine tissue were difficult to homogenize because of their high fiber content. The fruit has too much oil and starch, which distort the banding. For those reasons they were discarted. The leaves were selected because they are easy to homogenize and are available all year round. The standardized electrophoretic method allowed the effective use of ten of the twelve isozymes in the leaf tissue. Those ten isozymes showed phenetic polymorphism and are considered useful polymorphic markers for genetic and phenetic diversity studies in Bactris gasipaes. A discriminant marker for the Utilis-Guápiles race was found with the PRX isozyme, which shows an additional locus only in material from that procedence. The conglomerate statistical analysis showed that the races and hybrid studies can be placed in three groups: one is formed by Par and Tembé, the second one by Utilis and Tuira, and the hybrid Yurimaguas is a class by itself and although it seems a bit closer to Utilis-Tuira, it is suspected that has its origin from unknown parents. These results fit previous morphological interpretations. A genetic analysis was not made because of the small sample size, but methodological procedures were established for future research projects using larger populations to study peach palm isozyme electrophoretic diversity.

Se estandarizó un sistema de electroforesis de isoenzimas con tejido de hojas que permitió la identificación del polimorfismo fenético entre cuatro razas y un híbrido de pejibaye Bactris gasipaes provenientes de Brasil, Perú, Bolivia, Panamá y Costa Rica. Las isoenzimas ensayadas fueron: PRX, EST, ACP, ME, DIA, MDH, G6PDH, PGI, SOD, PGM, ADH, GOT, de estas solamente las dos œltimas no mostraron actividad. El resto de isoenzimas mostraron polimorfismo fenético en diferentes grados, por esto se consideran marcadores polimórficos potenciales para estudios de variabilidad genética en pejibaye. Se encontró un locus único en el zimograma de la enzima PRX en las muestras de Utilis-Guápiles (CR), el cual podría usarse como un marcador discriminatorio para esta raza. Se establecieron relaciones de similitud isoenzimática entre las razas Utilis-Guápiles (CR) y Tuira-Darién (Pa); Tembé-Chapare (Bo) y Pará-Belem (Bra) respectivamente, mientras que el híbrido Yurimaguas (Pe) se ubicó aparte y ligeramente más cercano a Utilis y Tuira, por esto se considera que posiblemente desciende de padres aún no identificados.

 Pejibaye Bactris gasipaes Peach palm isozyme biodiversity polymorphism electrophoresis Baaziz M Saaidi M Preliminary identification of date palm cultivars by esterase isoenzymes and peroxidase activities Can. J. Bot 1988 66 Benannceur M, C Lanaud M Chevalier Bounaga N Genetic diversity of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) from Algeria revealed by enzyme markers Plant Breeding 1991 107 Clement C, R Smartt J Simmonds N. W Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes (Palmae) Evolution of crops Evolution of crops 1995 Londres Longman Crawford D. J Soltis D. E Soltis P. S Enzyme electrophoresis and plant systematics Isozymes in plant biology Isozymes in plant biology 1989 Portland Dioscorides Doebley J Soltis D. E Soltis P. S Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants Isozymes in plant biology Isozymes in plant biology 1989 Oregon Dioscorides Ghesquiere M Polimorphisme enzymatique chez Elaeis oleifera H. B. K. Analyse des populations du Bassin amazonien Oleagineux 1987 42 Hames B. D Rickwood D Gel electrophoresis in human genetics Gel electrophoresis in human genetics 1987 Amsterdan North Holland Harris H Hopkinson D. A Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics 1976 Amsterdam North Holland Mora-Urpí J Weber J. C Clement C. R Peach palm. Bactris gasipaes Kunth. Promoting the conservation and use of under utilized and negleted crops Peach palm. Bactris gasipaes Kunth. Promoting the conservation and use of under utilized and negleted crops 1997 Roma IPGRI Mora-Urpí J Diversidad genética en pejibaye (Bactris (guilielma) gasipaes Kunth): Origen y domesticación 1991 Cuarto Simposio Internacional sobre Biología, Agronomía e Industrialización del Pijuayo San José Sánchez I Etude de la variabilite genetique de Terminalia superba: Engler & Diels foretier d' Afrique Tropicale Etude de la variabilite genetique de Terminalia superba: Engler & Diels foretier d' Afrique Tropicale 1988 Torres A. M Tisserat B Leaf isozyme as genetic markers in date palms Amer. J. Bot 1980 67 Vallejos C. E Tankley S. D Orton T. J Enzyme activity staining Isozymes in plant breeding: Part A Isozymes in plant breeding: Part A 1983 Amsterdam Elsevier Science Wendel F. J Weeden N. F Soltis D. E Soltis P. S Visualization and interpretation of plant isozymes Isozymes in plant biology Isozymes in plant biology 1989 Portland^eOregon Dioscorides
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400013 The influence of humidity, nutrients and light on the establishment of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia guatemalensis in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Castro Hernández J. C Wolf J. H. D García-Franco J. G González-Espinosa M ,Instituto de Historia Natural Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas México ,Instituto de Historia Natural San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas México ,Instituto de Ecología Xalapa Veracruz México 12 1999 1999 47 763 773

In the highlands of Chiapas, rapid habitat destruction and alteration threaten epiphytes. Presumably, forest transformation increases open and border-type vegetation, characterized by drier conditions than those prevailing deeper in the forest. If so, mesic epiphytes should be especially affected. We investigated the role of water availability during the growth of a population of the wide-ranging mesic C3 phytotelm bromeliad Tillandsia guatemalensis. Chiapas experiences a pronounced dry season from November to April when average monthly precipitation falls below 30 mm. T. guatemalensis observed in situ released seeds during this interval and high germination rates occurred about seven weeks after the rainy weather returned (over 93%, an observation confirmed in the laboratory). Many of the tiny seedlings disappeared before they could anchor to the substrate, probably flushed off by torrential rains. Over half of the seedlings comprising a naturally established population died during the dry season. High seedling mortality was also deduced from the size-class structure of natural populations. Seedling mortality on bark taken from the tree base up to a height of 1.3 m of bigger trees is similar on two species of oak compared to two species of pine. These barks also possessed high water retaining capacity. Oak bark derived from higher up the tree, however, absorbed a larger amount of water per surface area and liberated water during a longer period of time than the bark of Pinus tecunumanii taken from similar locations on the host tree. Additionally, the water retaining capacity of the bark of larger trees was generally greater. We suggest that such differences in water retaining capacity explain, at least in part, why epiphytes favor oaks, the lower parts of pine trees, and larger (older) trees. After the development of the phytotelm growth form, mortality in a natural population falls. Our experiments on phytotelm plants that appeared stressed after being transplanted out of their original habitat suggest that nutrients are limiting growth.

En los Altos de Chiapas, la rápida destrucción y alteración del hábitat amenaza a las epífitas. Aparentemente, la transformación del bosque incrementa la vegetación abierta y de borde, caracterizada por condiciones más secas que las prevalecientes en el interior del bosque. De acuerdo con esto, las epífitas mésicas serían especialmente afectadas. Investigamos el papel de la disponibilidad de agua durante el crecimiento de una población de la ampliamente distribuida bromelia fitotelma mésica C3 Tillandsia guatemalensis. Chiapas presenta una pronunciada estación seca entre noviembre y abril, cuando las plantas observadas en el campo liberaron sus semillas. La germinación en altos porcentajes (arriba del 93%, observación confirmada en laboratorio) se presentó siete semanas después del inicio de las lluvias. Muchas de las livianas plántulas desaparecieron antes de poder anclarse al sustrato, probablemente arrastradas por las lluvias torrenciales. Más de la mitad de las plántulas de una población establecida naturalmente murió durante la estación seca. Esta alta mortalidad se puede deducir también de la distribución de tamaños en una población natural. La mortalidad de plántulas sobre cortezas de árboles grandes, de la base del tronco hasta una altura de 1.3 m, es similar sobre dos especies de encino comparada con dos especies de pino. Estas cortezas también mostraron una alta capacidad de retención de agua. Sin embargo, la corteza de encino de las partes altas en el árbol absorbió mayor cantidad de agua por superficie y liberó agua durante un mayor período de tiempo que las cortezas equivalentes de Pinus tecunumanii. Además la capacidad de la corteza de absorber agua por lo general fue mayor en los árboles más grandes. Sugerimos que las diferencias en la absorción de agua pueden explicar, al menos en parte, la "preferencia" de las epífitas por árboles de encinos, la parte inferior de árboles de pino y los árboles más grandes (más viejos). La mortalidad en una población natural decrece después del desarrollo de la típica forma fitotelma. Nuestros experimentos con plantas fitotelmas, aparentemente estresadas después de ser transplantadas fuera de su hábitat original, sugieren que los nutrientes limitan su crecimiento.

 Bromeliaceae epiphytes germination host preference phytotelm bromeliad pine-oak forests plant population structure seedling establishment Adams W.W Martin C. E Morphological changes accompanying the transition from juvenile (atmospheric) to adult (tank) forms in the Mexican epiphyte Tillandsia deppeana (Bromeliaceae) Amer. J. Bot 1986 73 Benzing D. H Germination and early establishment of Tillandsia circinnata Schlecht. (Bromeliaceae) on some of its hosts and other supports in southern Florida Selbyana 1978 5 Benzing D. H The population dynamics of Tillandsia circinnata (Bromeliaceae) cypress crown colonies in Southern Florida Selbyana 1978 5 Benzing D. H Vascular epiphytes. General biology and related biota Vascular epiphytes. General biology and related biota 1990 Cambridge Cambridge University Benzing D. H How much is known about Bromeliaceae in 1994? Selbyana 1994 15 Breedlove D. E Flora of Chiapas, Part I: Introduction to the flora of Chiapas Flora of Chiapas, Part I: Introduction to the flora of Chiapas 1981 San Francisco^eCalifornia The California Academy of Sciences Press Breedlove D. E Listados florísticos de México IV: Flora de Chiapas Listados florísticos de México IV: Flora de Chiapas 1986 México, D.F Instituto de Biólogia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Breedlove D. E Laughlin R. M Breedlove D. E Laughlin R. M The flora The flowering of man. A tzotzil botany of Zinacantán The flowering of man. A tzotzil botany of Zinacantán 1993 I Washington, D.C Smithson Catling P. M Lefkovitch L. P Associations of vascular epiphytes in Guatemalan cloud forest Biotropica 1989 21 García-Franco J. G Rico-Gray V Experiments on seed dispersal and deposition patterns of epiphytes. The case of Tillandsia deppeana Steudel (Bromeliaceae) Phytologia 1988 65 Gentry A. M Dodson C. H Contribution of nontrees to species richness of a tropical rain forest Biotropica 1987 19 Gilmartin A. J Transandean distributions of Bromeliaceae in Ecuador Ecology 1973 54 González-Espinosa M Quintana-Ascencio P. F Ramírez-Marcial N Gaytán-G P Secondary succesion in disturbed Pinus-Quercus forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico J. Veg. Sci 1991 2 González-Espinosa M Ochoa-Gaona S Ramírez-Marcial N Quintana-Ascencio P. F Wilson M. H. Sader S. A. Current land use trends and conservation of the old-growth forest habitats in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico 1995 727 Maine Agric. Forest Exp. Sta. Grubb P. J. Lloyd J. R. Pennington T. D. A comparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador: I. The forest structure, physiognomy, and floristics J. Ecol 1963 51 Harper J. L. Population biology of plants Population biology of plants 1977 New York Academic Hietz P. Hietz-Seifert U. Structure and ecology of epiphyte communities of a cloud forest in central Veracruz, Mexico J. Veg. Sci 1995 6 Hietz-Seifert U Hietz P. Guevara S. Epiphyte vegetation and diversity on remnant trees after forest clearance in southern Veracruz, Mexico Biol. Cons 1996 75 Ingram S. W Nadkarni N. M. Composition and distribution of epiphytic organic matter in a neotropical cloud forest, Costa Rica Biotropica 1993 25 Johansson D Ecology of vascular epiphytes in West African rain forest Acta Phytogeogr. Suec 1974 59 Martin C. E Christensen N. L Strain B. R. Seasonal patterns of growth, tissue acid fluctuations, and 14CO2 uptake in the crassulacean acid metabolism epiphyte Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss) Oecologia 1981 49 Medina E Delgado M Throughton J. H Medina J. D Physiological ecology of CO2 fixation in Bromeliaceae Flora 1977 166 Murcia C Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation TREE 1995 10 Osmond C. B Adams W. W Smith S. D Pearcy R. W Ehleringer J. R Money H. A Rundel P. W Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant physiological ecology, Field methods and instrumentation Plant physiological ecology, Field methods and instrumentation 1989 New York Chapman & Hall Richards P. W The tropical rain forest The tropical rain forest 1952 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Turner I. M Tan H. T. W. Wee Y. C Ibrahim A. B. Chew P. T. Corlett R. T. A study of plant species extinction in Singapore: lessons for the conservation of tropical biodiversity Conserv. Biol. 1994 8 Ter Steege H Cornelissen J. H. C Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rainforest of Guyana Biotropica 1989 21 Valdivia P. E. Estudio botánico y ecológico de la región del río Uxpanapa, Veracruz No. 4: Las epífitas Biotica 1977 2 Walter H Die Vegetation der Erde in öko-physiologischer Betrachtung I. Die tropischen und subtropischen Zonen Die Vegetation der Erde in öko-physiologischer Betrachtung I. Die tropischen und subtropischen Zonen 1964 Jena Gustav Fischer Wolf J. H. D Diversity patterns and biomass of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens along an altitudinal gradient in the northern Andes Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard 1993 80 Wolf J. H. D Factors controlling the distribution of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes along an altitudinal gradient in the northern Andes Vegetatio 1994 112 Zimmerman J. K Olmsted I. C Host tree utilization by vascular epiphytes in a seasonally inundated forest (Tintal) in Mexico Biotropica 1992 24
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400014 Efectos de plantaciones abandonadas de especies exóticas y nativas sobre la regeneración natural de un bosque montano en Colombia Cavelier Jaime Santos Carolina ,Universidad de los Andes Departamentyo de Ciencias Biológicas Bogotá Colombia 12 1999 1999 47 775 784

Vegetation surveys were carried out during 1994 in 0.1. ha plots in abandoned plantations of Pinus radiata, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, Alnus acuminata and in a secondary upper montane rain forest in the Central Andes of Colombia. The regeneration forest had the higher number of plant species (33) followed by the E. globulus (26) and A. acuminata (16) plantations. Abandoned plantations of P. radiata and C. lusitanica, had only three species. There were only eleven species in common between the regeneration forest and the plantation of E. globulus (Baccharis latifolia, Cordia cylindrostachya, Dunalia solanacea, Leandra melanodesma, Lippia hirsuta, Monnina angustata, Solanum aff. scorpioideum, S. aphydendron, Sphaeropteris quindiuensis, Tobouchina mollis and Verbesina nudipes), and only seven when compared to the A. acuminata plantation (Abatia parviflora, Asploddianthus pseudostuebelli, Bocconia frutescens, Leandra melanodesma, Lippia hirsuta y Solanum aff. scorpioideum y Verbesina nudipes). With the exception of Cordia cylindrostachya, Bocconia frutescens and Tibouchina mollis, all other species are understory shrubs dispersed by wind or birds. In the understory of the P. radiata plantation there was abundant regeneration of the Colombian national tree, Ceroxylon quindiuensis. Tree height and basal area were significantly higher in the P. radiata and C. lusitanica plantations than in the regeneration forest. Of the environmental and biological variables measured in this study, the accumulation of needles under P. radiata and C. lusitanica plantations, and the high biomass of fine roots under the C. lusitanica plantation, could be the main limiting factors for the establishment of a higher number of species of the native forest. The chemical properties of the soils varied greatly, and there were no consistent differences between the soils under exotic and native species.

Se realizaron censos de vegetación durante 1994 en una parcela de 0.1 ha. en cada una de las plantaciones abandonadas de Pinus radiata, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, Alnus acuminata y en un bosque secundario montano alto en los Andes centrales de Colombia. También fueron recolectados datos de las propiedades físicas y químicas de suelos superficiales. El bosque de regeneración natural tiene el mayor número de especies (33) seguido por las plantaciones de E. globulus (26) y A. acuminata (16). Las plantaciones abandonadas de P. radiata y C. lusitanica, tuvieron sólo tres especies. Entre el bosque de regeneración natural y la plantación de E. globulus hubo solamente once especies en común y solamente siete con la plantación de A. acuminata. Todas estas especies, con excepción de tres, son arbustos del sotobosque dispersados por viento o aves. En el sotobosque de la plantación de P. radiata había una regeneración abundante del árbol nacional de Colombia, Ceroxylum quindiuensis. La altura de los árboles y el área basal fueron significativamente mayores en las plantaciones de P. radiata y C. lusitanica que en el bosque de regeneración natural. De las variables ambientales y biológicas medidas en este estudio, la acumulación de acículas bajo las plantaciones de P. radiata y C. lusitanica y la alta biomasa de raíces finas bajo la plantación de C. lusitanica, podrían ser los principales factores limitantes para el establecimiento de un número mayor de especies del bosque nativo. Las propiedades químicas de los suelos varían ampliamente y no hubo diferencias coherentes entre los suelos bajo especies exóticas y nativas.

 Alnus Central Andes Eucalyptus Pinus plantations regeneration tropical montane forest Bedoya E Klein L Sponsel L. E Headland T. N Bailey R. C Forty years of political ecology in the Peruvian upper forest: the case of upper Huallaga Tropical deforestation. The human dimension Tropical deforestation. The human dimension 1996 Nueva York Columbia University Bello A Katib L Aspectos ecológicos en la sucesión secundaria de la vegetación subandina (2010-2510 m) en localidades del Municipio de Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda Aspectos ecológicos en la sucesión secundaria de la vegetación subandina (2010-2510 m) en localidades del Municipio de Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda 1995 Bernal R. G Endangerment of Colombian Palms Principes 1989 33 Brown S Lugo A.E Tropical secondary forests J. Trop.Ecol 1990 6 Cavelier J Fine-root biomass and soil properties in a semideciduous and a lower montane rain forest in Panama Plant Soil 1992 142 Cavelier J Hamilton L.S Juvik J.O Scatena F.N Reforestation with the native tree Alnus acuminata: effects on phytodiversity and species richness in an upper montane rain forest area of Colombia Tropical montane cloud forest. Ecological studies 110 Tropical montane cloud forest. Ecological studies 110 1995 Nueva York Springer Verlag Cavelier J Etter A Churchill S. P Balslev H Forero E Luteyn J. L Deforestation of montane forest in Colombia as a result of illegal plantations of opium (Papaver somniferum) Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forest Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forest 1995 Bronx^eNueva York The Nueva York Botanical Garden Cavelier J Tobler A The effect of abandoned plantations of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica on soils and regeneration of a tropical montane rain forest in Colombia Biodiversity Conserv 1998 7 Clinebell II R.R Phillips O.L Gentry A.H Stark N Zuuring H Prediction of neotropical tree and liana species richness from soil and climatic data Biodiversity Conserv 1995 4 Ewel J Tropical succession: Mainfold routes to maturity Biotropica 1980 12 Gentry A.H Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard 1988 75 Gentry A. 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R Booker tropical soil manual Booker tropical soil manual 1991 Essex Longman León T Efectos sobre el suelo de plantaciones comerciales de Pinus patula y E. grandis en crecimiento Efectos sobre el suelo de plantaciones comerciales de Pinus patula y E. grandis en crecimiento 1997 Bogotá Corporación Nacional de Investigación y Fomento Forestal, CONIF Lima W. de P O reflorestamento com Eucalipto e seus impactos ambientais O reflorestamento com Eucalipto e seus impactos ambientais 1987 São Paulo Artpress Londoño E Rangel O Parque Regional Natural Ucumari. Un vistazo histórico Ucumarí: un caso típico de la diversidad biótica andina. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Risaralda Ucumarí: un caso típico de la diversidad biótica andina. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Risaralda 1994 Pereira^eRisaralda CARDER Lugo A. E Balli M. 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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400015 Desarrollo ontogénico de plántulas de Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) de Araújo Neto João Correia Bergemann de Aguiar Ivor ,Universidad Estatal Paulista Depto. De Horticulture Jaboticabal São Paulo Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 785 790

Guazuma ulmifolia is as popular reforestation tree all over Latin America. It is characteristic of the initial stages of the secondary sucession and presents potential utility in the restoring of degraded areas. There is no information about fruit, seed and seedling morphology, which is of fundamental importance for identification, extraction, management and seed germination as well as for the characterization of post-seminal development and normal seedling pattern. To obtain such information, external fruit, and external and internal seed structures were studied considering shape, size, micropile and embryo localization, and tegumentar structures. All stages of this work were conduced in the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus of Jaboticabal city. The fruits were collected in a mixed plantation in Jaboticabal city, State of São Paulo, Brazil. For the biometric study eight repetitions of ten fruits and eight repetitions of 100 seeds were utilized. For seed internal traits study, 50 seeds were drenched in a distiled water, cut, and observed with a scanning electron microscope and a stereomicroscope. For post-seminal study ten repetitions of seven seeds were scarificated chemically with sulphuric acid during 50 min, and placed to germinate in a culture medium, at 30°C, and eight hours of photoperiod. We found elipsoid, woody, indehiscent, pentacarpelar fruits, with a mean lenght of 22.61 mm (diameter 24.88 mm) and 64.0 seeds per fruit. Seed shape varies, mean length is 3.07 mm (width of 2.36 mm).The seed is bitegumented, tegmic, with a continuous, axial and curved embryo. The germination is epigeal and the seedlings are fanerocotiledoneus. Drawings of all stages are included.

Se caracterizaran morfológicamente, frutos, semillas y plántulas, siendo realizados descripciones de la forma, tamaño y superficie de semillas, posición de micrópilo y forma y localización del embrión de Guazuma ulmifolia (un árbol heliófito, característico de los estádios iniciales de la sucesión). Para descripción morfológica de las plántulas, las semillas fueron inmersas en ácido sulfúrico por 50 min y colocadas para germinar en medio de cultura a temperatura de 30 ºC. El fruto es del tipo elipsoide, leñoso, pentacarpelar, polispérmico, con media de 22.6 mm de longitud y 24.9 mm de diámetro. Las semillas presentan formato heterogéneo, con 3.07 mm de longitud por 2.36 mm de ancho. Son bitegumentadas, tégmica, con embrión axilar y continuo. La germinación es epígea y las plántulas presentan caracteristicas fanerocotiledonares.

 Guazuma ulmifolia forest seed fruit germination seedling plantlet morphology Araújo Neto J Caracterização e germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia) Lam Caracterização e germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de mutamba (Guazuma ulmifolia) Lam 1997 Barbosa J. M Macedo A. C Essências florestais nativas de ocorrência no Estado de São Paulo Essências florestais nativas de ocorrência no Estado de São Paulo 1993 ^eSan Pablo Instituto de Botânica e Fundação Florestal Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária. Regras para Análise de Sementes Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária. Regras para Análise de Sementes 1992 Brasília Secretaria Nacional de Defensa Agropecuaria/Departamento Nacional de Defensa Vagetal/Cordenación de Laboratorio Vegetal Corner E. J. H The seeds of dicotyledons The seeds of dicotyledons 1976 Cambridge Cambridge University Damião Filho C. F Morfologia e Anatomia de Sementes Morfologia e Anatomia de Sementes 1993 Jaboticabal Faculdad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinárias/Universidad Estatal Paulista Gomes F. P Curso de estatística experimental Curso de estatística experimental 1987 Piracicaba Nobel Koller D Hadas A Lange O. L Nobel P. S Osmond D .C Zeigler H Water relations in the germination of seeds Encyclopedia of plant physiology Encyclopedia of plant physiology 1982 12B Berlín Springer Labouriau L. G Germinação da semente Germinação da semente 1983 Washington, D. C Secretaria General de la O. E. A Little E. H Wadswort F. H Common Trees of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands Common Trees of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands 1969 Washington Lorenzi H Árvores brasileiras Árvores brasileiras 1992 Nova Odessa Plantarum Murashige T Skoog A A revised medium for rapid growt and biossays with tobaeco tissue cultures Phys. Plantarum 1962 15 Oliveira E. C de, Aguiar I. B Piña-Rodrigues F. C. M Figliolia M. B Morfologia de plântulas florestais Sementes florestais tropicais Sementes florestais tropicais 1993 Brasília ABRATES Pio Correia M Dicionário de plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas Dicionário de plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas 1926 Río de Janeiro Ministério da Agricultura Vieira L. S Fitoterapia da Amazônia Fitoterapia da Amazônia 1992 Ceres^eSan Pablo
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400016 Morfogénesis de la fase sexual del helecho Arachniodes denticulata (Dryopteridaceae) Mendoza Aniceto Pérez-García Blanca Riba Ramón ,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Biología Iztapalapa México, D. F 12 1999 1999 47 791 797

Spore morphology and sexual fase development of Arachniodes denticulata (Sw.) Ching are described from material collected in states of Hidalgo, Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico (one sample from each locality). The spores were sown in Thompson medium with agar (30 Petri dishes). The spores are monolete, with perine, ellipsoid in shape and non chlorophyllic. The germination is Vittaria-type and the prothallial development Aspidium-type; the gametophytes are cordiform-spatulate to cordiform-reniform in shape, with unicellular capitate trichome in margin and surface; rhizoids without chloroplasts; gametangia are the common type in leptosporangiate homosporous ferns. No sporophytes were observed after 200 days of culture. It is concluded that A. denticulata share common characteristics with A. aristata, A. assamica and species of the genera Cyrtomium, Dryopteris and Polystichum, such as type of spore germination, prothallial development and, in early stages of prothallial growth formation of trichomes. Didymochlaena truncatula differ from those species in prothallial development Adiantum-type and naked prothalli

Se describe la morfología de la espora y desarrollo de la fase sexual de Arachniodes denticulata (Sw.) Ching. El material fue recolectado en los estados de Hidalgo, Oaxaca y Veracruz, México (una muestra por cada localidad). Las esporas fueron sembradas en medio de Thompson con agar (30 cajas). Sus esporas son monoletes con perina, elipsoidales, no clorofílicas. Su germinación es tipo Vittaria y su desarrollo protálico tipo Aspidium, el gametofito adulto es cordiforme-espatulado a cordiforme-reniforme; presentan tricomas marginales y superficiales, unicelulares, capitados; los rizoides no tienen cloroplastos; sus gametangios son del tipo común de los helechos leptosporangiados. Después de 200 días de haber sido sembradas las esporas, no se formaron esporofitos. Se concluye que A. denticulata comparte características comunes con A. aristata, A. assamica y con especies de los géneros Cyrtomium, Dryopteris, Polystichum, como son el tipo de germinación y desarrollo protálico, así como la presencia de tricomas unicelulares desde jóvenes protalos. Mientras que Didymochlaena truncatula difiere de las anteriores por presentar un patrón de desarrollo protálico tipo Adiantum y por la ausencia de tricomas en toda su fase sexual.

 Arachniodes Dryopteridaceae gametophytes México morphogenesis prothallus Atkinson L.R Jermy A.C Crabbe J.A Thomas B.A The gametophyte and family relationships The phylogeny and classification of the ferns The phylogeny and classification of the ferns 1973 Nueva York Academic Atkinson L.R Stokey A.G Comparative morphology of the gametophyte of homosporous ferns Phytomorphology 1964 14 Chandra P Nayar B.K Morphology of some polystichoid ferns. I. The gametophytes of Arachniodes, Cyrtomium and Polystichum J. Linn. Soc. Bot 1970 63 Gibby M Rasbach H Reichstein T Widén C.J Viane R.L Micromorphology, chromosome numbers and phloroglucinols of Arachniodes foliosa and A. webbiana (Dryopteridaceae, Pterophyta) Bot. Helv 1992 102 Cousens M.I Gametophyte sex expression in some species of Dryopteris Amer. Fern J 1975 60 Kaur S Morphology of the prothallus and juvenile sporophytes of some species of Dryopteris Proc. Indian Acad. Sci 1977 85 Klekowski E.J Reproductive biology of the pteridophyta. III. A study of the Blechnaceae J. Linn. Soc 1969 62 Mendoza A Pérez-García B Riba R Morfología y anatomía del gametofito de Didymochlaena truncatula (Dryopteridaceae) Rev. Biol. Trop 1999 47 Moran R.C Moran R.C Riba R Dryopteridaceae Flora Mesoamericana Flora Mesoamericana 1995 Ciudad Universitaria^eMéxico, D. F Instituto de Biología (UNAM), Jardín Botánico de Misuri y Museo de Historia Natural de Londres Morton C.V Observations on cultivated ferns VI. The ferns currently known as Rumohra Amer. Fern J 1960 50 Nayar B.K Kaur S Types of prothallial development in homosporous ferns Phytomorphology 1969 19 Nayar B.K Kaur S Gametophytes of homosporous ferns Bot. Rev 1971 37 Pérez-García B Mendoza A Reyes Jaramillo I Riba R Morfogénesis de la fase sexual de seis especies mexicanas del género Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) Rev. Biol. Trop 1999 74 Riba R Pérez-García B Dryopteridaceae Dryopteridaceae 1999 6 Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México, A. C Stokey A.G Atkinson L.R The gametophyte of Didymochlaena sinuata Desv Phytomorphology 1954 4 Tindale M.D Studies in Australian pteridophytes. No. 3 Fl. Ser 1961 Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb Yatskievych G Revision of the ferns genus Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard 1996 83
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400017 Criptofauna en rocas de Punta Nizuc, Caribe mexicano y su utilidad como biomonitor potencial Campos-Vázquez Concepción Carrera-Parra Luis F González Norma Emilia Salazar-Vallejo Sergio I ,Depto. Ecología Acuática Chetumal México 12 1999 1999 47 799 808

To complete the environmental quality assesment of Isla Mujeres-Cancún-Nizuc National Marine Park, the potential of rock cryptofauna as impact monitor was considered. A transect was defined along a visitor intensity gradient and three places (1.5-4 m deep, and 50, 250 and 500 m from the tourist platform); in each. Inte three rocks were collected. The variations in abundance and biomass along an environmental gradient, and the relationship among diversity and dominance with the distance from the platform, density of rocks and depth were studied. Indices based on log10 (biomass + 1), and abundance-biomass curves were used to determine environmental quality. The Bray-Curtis index and the Jaccard coefficient were used to find affinities between stations. To evaluate the functionality of "taxonomic sufficiency" in coral bottom, the Berger-Parker indices for species and families were compared. Among the 1368 organisms found, the groups with higher specific richness were polychaetes (64 spp.), mollusks (46 spp.) and crustaceans (36 spp.). We identified a highly stressed environment near to the platform (low diversity, ABC curve). The trend is not associated with depth (although there are increases) or rock density. Mollusk or crustacean biomass had not tendency; polychaete biomass is promissory but more evaluations are required. The cluster analysis separated rocks collected near the platform (stressed environment) from the rest. Comparison of the Berger-Parker index using species or families showed similar curves but work at family level increases differences between rocks from the same place: there is a loss of useful information when higher taxa are used.

Para completar el diagnóstico de la calidad ambiental en el Parque Marino Nacional Isla Mujeres-Cancún-Nizuc Caribe mexicano, se estudió la posible utilidad de la criptofauna de rocas como monitora de impacto. Se trazó un transecto a lo largo de un gradiente de intensidad de visitantes a Punta Nizuc. Se visitaron tres lugares (1.5-4 m prof.), a 50, 250 y 500 m de distancia de la plataforma turistica, y en cada uno de ellos se recogieron tres rocas. Los 1368 organismos encontrados fueron identificados y se distribuyen en 218 especies; los grupos de mayor riqueza específica fueron los poliquetos (64 spp), los moluscos (46 spp) y los crustáceos (36 spp). Se estudió la variación en número y en biomasa a lo largo del supuesto gradiente ambiental, y también la relación de algunos descriptores de la comunidad (diversidad, dominancia) con la distancia a la plataforma, con la densidad de la roca y con la profundidad. Se analizaron algunos índices que utilizan log10(biomasa + 1) y las curvas de abundancia-biomasa para determinar la calidad del ambiente. Se realizaron análisis de agrupamiento (Bray-Curtis y Jaccard) para determinar la afinidad entre estaciones. Para evaluar la funcionalidad de la suficiencia taxonómica en fondos coralinos, se compararon los resultados de dominancia de Berger-Parker para las especies y familias. Las agrupaciones entre las rocas ilustran dos grupos principales, uno formado por las rocas recolectadas cerca de la plataforma (zona perturbada) y la otra formada por el resto de las rocas en las áreas con mediano y nulo impacto.

 Cryptofauna biomonitors Mexican Caribbean Allison W. R Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands Coral Reefs 1996 15 Birch D. W Dominance in marine ecosystems Amer. Nat 1981 18 Cortés J Risk M. J A reef under siltation: Cahuita, Costa Rica Bull. Mar. Sci 1985 36 Cotgreave P The relationship between body size and population abundance in animals Trends Ecol. Evol 1993 8 Cruz-Agüero A. de la ANACOM, Sistema para el Análisis de Comunidades, Versión 3.0 ANACOM, Sistema para el Análisis de Comunidades, Versión 3.0 1994 Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina, CICIMAR-IPN Dean W. E Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: Comparison with other methods J. Sedim. Petrol 1974 44 Duarte C. M Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes 1995 41 Ophelia Ferraro S. P Cole F. A Taxonomic level and sample size sufficient for assessing pollution impacts on the Southern California Bight macrobenthos Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser 1990 67 Grigg R. W Dollar S. J Dubinsky Z Natural and anthropogenic disturbance on coral reefs Ecosystems of the World Ecosystems of the World 1990 Elsevier^eAmsterdam Hawkins J. P Roberts C.M Can Egypt's coral reefs support ambitious plans for diving tourism? Guam 1992 2 Intern. Coral Reef Symp Hutchings P. A Biological destruction of coral reefs: A review Coral Reefs 1986 4 Karlson R. H Hurd L. E Disturbance, coral reef communities, and changing ecological paradigms Coral Reefs 1993 12 Pastorok R. A Bilyard G. R Effects of sewage pollution on coral reef communities Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser 1985 21 Rose C. S Risk M. J Increase in Cliona delitrix infestation of Montastrea cavernosa heads on an organically polluted portion of the Grand Cayman fringing reef. PSZN I Mar. Ecol 1985 6 Rützler K The role of burrowing sponges in bioerosion Oecologia 1975 19 Salazar-Vallejo S. I Contaminación marina: Métodos de evaluación biológica Contaminación marina: Métodos de evaluación biológica 1991 Chetumal CIQRO y Gob. Quintana Roo Tilmant J. T Salvat B Impacts of recreational activities on coral reefs Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations 1987 Polinesia Francesa Antenne Mus. EPHE Tomascik T Sander F Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals, 2. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies Mar. Biol 1987 14 Warme J. E Frey R.W Borings as trace fossils, and the processes of marine bioerosion The study of trace fossils The study of trace fossils 1975 Berlín Springer Warwick R. M A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthic communities Mar. Biol 1986 92 Weston D. P Quantitative examination of macrobenthic community changes along an organic enrichment gradient Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser 1990 51 Zea S van Soest R.W.M van Kempen T.M.G Braekman J.-C Patterns of coral and sponge abundance in stressed coral reefs at Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean Sponges in time and space: Biology, Chemistry, Paleontology Sponges in time and space: Biology, Chemistry, Paleontology 1994 Balkema^eRotterdam
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400018 Estructura de la comunidad bentónica (infaunal) en el delta del Río Colorado, México Villarreal Chávez Guillermo Melecio Carmona Cedillo Carlos ,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Facultad de Ciencias Marinas Ensenada Baja California México ,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas Mérida Yucatán México 12 1999 1999 47 809 812

The benthic community structure of the Colorado River delta, Mexico, was studied by digging cores in six points along a line perpendicular to the coastline. Three communities were found. The external community is influenced by human activities, but the community indexes are similar to others reported in the literature for equivalent areas. The middle community has the highest density and biomass in the area, apparently because of bioturbation created by the crab Uca princeps. The internal community is poor in density and biomass, possibly because of the instability caused by erosion related to the tide flux.

 Macrobenthos communities Colorado River delta Mexico Armonies W Hellwig-Armonies M Synoptic patterns of meiofaunal and macrofaunal abundances and specific composition in littoral sediments Helg. Wiss. Meer 1987 41 Brian R.T Curtis J.T The upland conifer-hardwood forest of northern Wisconsin Ecol. Monogr 1952 22 Cupul-Magaña A.L Flujos de sedimento en suspención y de nutrientes en la cuenca estuarina del Río Colorado Flujos de sedimento en suspención y de nutrientes en la cuenca estuarina del Río Colorado 1994 Dean W.E Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss ignition: Comparison with other methods J. Sed. Petrol 1974 44 Farfán C Alvarez-Borrego S Zooplankton biomass of the northernmost Gulf of California Ciencias Marinas 1992 18 Folk R.L Petrology of sedimentary rocks Petrology of sedimentary rocks 1961 Austin^eTexas Hemphill Junoy J Véitez J.M Macrozoonenthic community structure in the Ría de Foz, an intertidal stuary (Galicia, Norwest Spain) Mar. Biol 1990 107 Marples T.G A radionuclide tracer study of arthropod food chains in Spartina sp. Salt marsh ecosystem Ecology 1966 47 Martínez-Rojas-Reynoso M.K Distribución espacial y registros circadianos de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto en el delta del Río Colorado Distribución espacial y registros circadianos de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto en el delta del Río Colorado 1990 Miron G.Y Desrosiers G.L Distribution and population structures of two intertidal estuarine polichaetes in the lower St. Lawrence estuary, with special reference to environmental factors Mar. Biol 1990 105 Montague L.C A Natural History of temperate western atlantic fiddler crab (Genus Uca) with reference of their impact on the salt marsh Cont. Mar. Sci 1975 23 Villarreal-Chávez G Algunos aspectos de la biología y ecología de Callinectes arcuatus en la zona estuarina del Río Colorado Nat. Hist 1992 Proc. San Diego Soc
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400019 Lista revisada y clave para los corales pétreos zooxantelados (Hydrozoa: Milleporina; Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Atlántico mexicano Beltrán-Torres Aurora U Carricart-Ganivet Juan P ,Departamento de Ecología Acuática Chetumal Q. Roo México 12 1999 1999 47 813 829

A revised and annotated checklist of fifty-seven zooxanthellate stony coral species (three milleporids and fifty-four scleractinian) is presented for the Mexican East Coast. This report includes synonyms and a simplified key to species on the list. Morphological and taxonomic observations are included when authors disagree in the taxonomic position and/or identification of the species, as well as when taxonomic information is pertinent, or when distribution data are relevant for some species in the Mexican Atlantic. A qualitative analysis of species abundance and geographic distribution, and bathymetric range data are presented. There is a reduction in the genera and species numbers from the Mexican Caribbean to the Gulf of Mexico and there, from the Campeche Bank to Veracruz. Furthermore, the number of abundant species is lower in the Gulf of Mexico than in the Mexican Caribbean, and the common species for all reef zones have a wider bathymetric range in the Mexican Caribbean.

Se presenta una lista anotada y revisada de cincuenta y siete especies de corales pétreos (tres mileporinos y cincuenta y cuatro escleractinios) del litoral oriental mexicano. En este informe se incluyen sinonimias y una clave simplificada para las especies de la lista. En aquellos casos en que los diferentes autores no se ponen de acuerdo en la posición taxonómica y/o la identificación de las especies se hacen observaciones morfológicas y taxonómicas, así como cuando existe información taxonómica pertinente, o cuando los datos de distribución son relevantes para algunas especies en el Atlántico mexicano. También, se presenta un análisis cualitativo sobre la abundancia y distribución geográfica de las especies, y datos sobre su ámbito batimétrico. Existe una reducción en el número de géneros y especies del Caribe mexicano hacia el Golfo de México y, dentro de este, del Banco de Campeche hacia Veracruz. Aún más, el número de especies abundantes es menor en el Golfo de México que en el Caribe mexicano y las especies comunes en todas las zonas arrecifales presentan un ámbito batimétrico más amplio en el Caribe mexicano.

 Coral reefs diversity Gulf of Mexico Mexican Caribbean Campeche Bank Veracruz Almy C Carrión-Torres C Shallow-water stony corals of Puerto Rico Caribb. J. Sci 1963 3 Boschma H. Moore R.C Milleporina and Stylasterina Treatise on invertebrate paleontology Treatise on invertebrate paleontology 1956 Lawrence^eKansas Geol. Soc. Amer. and Univ. Kansas Cairns S.D Stony corals (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Scleractinia) of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize Smith. Contr. Mar. Sci 1982 12 Carricart-Ganivet J.P Beltrán-Torres A.U Lista de corales pétreos (Hydrozoa: Milleporina, Stylasterina; Anthozoa: Scleractinia) de aguas someras del Banco de Campeche, México Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 44/45 Carricart-Ganivet J.P Horta-Puga G Some stony corals (Scleractinia, Milleporidae) of Majahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico Rev. Zool., ENEP Iztacala 1990 2 UNAM Carricart-Ganivet J.P Horta-Puga G Salazar-Vallejo S.I González N.E Arrecifes de coral en México Biodiversidad marina y costera de México Biodiversidad marina y costera de México 1993 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad y Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo Castañares L.G Soto L.A Estudios sobre los corales escleractinios hermatípicos de la costa noreste de la Península de Yucatán, México: Parte I: Sinopsis taxonómica de 38 especies (Cnidaria. Anthozoa, Scleractinia) An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol 1982 9 UNAM Chassaing J.P Delplanque A Laborel J Coraux des Antilles Françaises Rev. Franç. Aquar. Herp 1978 3 Chávez E.A Hidalgo E Spatial structure of benthic communities of Banco Chinchorro, Mexico Spatial structure of benthic communities of Banco Chinchorro, Mexico 1984 Florida University of Miami Cortés J Guzmán H Organismos de los arrecifes coralinos de Costa Rica: III: Descripción y distribución geográfica de corales escleractinios (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) de la costa Caribe Brenesia 1985 24 Duarte-Bello P.P Corales de los arrecifes cubanos Acuario Nac., Ser. Educ 1961 . 2 Farrel T.M D’Elia C.F Lubbers III L. Pastor L.J Hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at Cayo Arcas, Campeche Gulf of Mexico Atoll. Res. Bull 1983 270 Fenner D.P Some leeward reefs and corals of Cozumel, Mexico Bull. Mar. Sci 1988 42 Fenner D.H Some reefs and corals of Roatan (Honduras), Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman Atoll Res. Bull 1993 388 Fenner D.P Species distinctions among several Caribbean stony corals Bull. Mar. Sci 1993 53 Fenner D.P New observations on the stony coral (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, and Stylasteridae) species of Belize (Central America) and Cozumel (Mexico) Bull. Mar. Sci 1999 64 Heilprin A The Corals and coral reefs of the western waters of the Gulf of Mexico Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil 1890 42 Horta-Puga G Carricart-Ganivet J.P Salazar-Vallejo S.I. González N.E Corales pétreos recientes (Milleporina, Stylasterina y Scleractinia) de México Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México 1993 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad y Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo Jordán E Estructura y composición de arrecifes coralinos en la región noreste de la Península de Yucatán, México An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol 1979 6 UNAM Jordán E Arrecifes coralinos del noreste del a Península de Yucatán: Estructura comunitaria, un estimador del desarrollo arrecifal Arrecifes coralinos del noreste del a Península de Yucatán: Estructura comunitaria, un estimador del desarrollo arrecifal 1980 Jordán E Arrecifes profundos en la Isla de Cozumel, México An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol 1988 15 UNAM Jordán E Navarro D Robinson J.G Corales escleractinios y gorgonáceos del ambiente arrecifal de Sian Ka’an Diversidad biológica en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, México Diversidad biológica en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, México 1990 Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo Jordán E El ecosistema arrecifal coralino del Atlántico mexicano Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat Vol. Esp 1993 46 Jordán E Martin E Chinchorro: morphology and composition of a Caribbean Atoll Atoll Res. Bull 1987 310 Knowlton N.E Weil E Weigth L.A Guzmán H Sibiling species in Montastraea annularis, coral bleaching, and the coral climate record Science 1992 255 Kornicker L.S Bonet F Cann R Hoskin C.M Alacran reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico Pub. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas 1959 6 Lara M Padilla C García C Espejel J.J Coral reefs of Veracruz Mexico I. Zonation and community Proc. 7th Int.Coral Reef Symp 1992 1 Moore D.R Notes on Blanquilla reef the most northely coral formation in the western Gulf of Mexico Pub. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas 1958 Muckelbauer G The shelf of Cozumel, Mexico: Topography and organisms Facies 1990 23 Olivares M.A Leonard A.B Algunos corales pétreos de la Bahía de Mochima. Venezuela Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Oriente 1971 10 Padilla C Gutiérrez D Lara M García C Coral reefs of the biosphere reserve of Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, Mexico Proc. 7th Int.Coral Reef Symp 1992 2 Reyes-Castro J Saenz-Morales R Horta-Puga G Corales pétreos de Isla Contoy y Arrecife Cabezo, Q. Roo, México Rev. Zool., ENEP Iztacala 1989 1 UNAM Roos P.J The shallow-water stony corals of the Netherlands Antilles Stud. Fauna. Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 1971 130 Smith W Atlantic reef corals Atlantic reef corals 1971 Florida University of Miami Squires D.F Stony corals from the vicinity of Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist 1958 115 Tunnell J.W Regional comparison of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico to Caribbean Sea coral reefs Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp 1988 3 Tunnell J.W Rodriguez A.A Lehman R.L Beaver C.R An ecological characterization of the southern Quintana Roo coral reef system. Center for Coastal Studies An ecological characterization of the southern Quintana Roo coral reef system. Center for Coastal Studies 1993 Texas Texas A M University-Corpus Christi Veron J.E.N Corals in space and time: The biogeography and evolution of the Scleractinia Corals in space and time: The biogeography and evolution of the Scleractinia 1995 Nueva York Cornell University Villalobos A Estudios ecológicos en un arrecife coralino en Veracruz Estudios ecológicos en un arrecife coralino en Veracruz 1971 Symposium on investigations and resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions UNESCO-FAO Weerdt W.H. de Taxonomic characters in Caribbean Millepora species (Hydrozoa, Coelenterata). Bijdr. Dierk 1984 54 Weerdt W.H. de Discontinuous distribution of the tropical West Atlantic Hydrocoral Millepora squarrosa Beaufortia 1990 41 Weil E Genetic and morphological variation in Caribbean and eastern Pacific Porites (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). Preliminary results Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Guam 1992 2 Weil E Knowlton N.E A multicharacter analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) and it’s two sibiling species, M. faveolata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) y M. franksi (Gregory, 1895). Bull. Mar. Sci 1994 55 Wells J.W Note on the Scleractinian corals Scolymia lacera and S. cubensis in Jamaica Bull. Mar. Sci 1971 21 Wells J.W New and old Scleractinian corals from Jamaica Bull. Mar. Sci 1973 23 Zlatarski V.N Porites colonensis, new species of stony coral (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) of the Caribbean coast of Panama Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1990 103
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400020 Ultrastructure of the optic gland of the squid Sepiotheutis sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) Arrieche Dwight ,Universidad de Oriente Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Cumaná Sucre Venezuela 12 1999 1999 47 831 842

I describe the fine structure of the optic gland (OG) in the tropical squid Sepiotheutis sepioidea at different sexual maturity stages. Squids were collected in Mochima National Park, Venezuela (10°; 20' 22 " - 10°; 24' N; 64° 19' - 64 ° 22' W). Morphometric characteristics and the development of reproductive organs at different sexual maturity stages (female n = 101; male n = 105), were significantly different (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The female gonadal index mean (GI = (ovary weight / body weight) x 100) between 0.1 - 2.95 %, and the male GI mean (GI = (testicule weight / body weight) x 100) oscillated between 0.22 - 1.38 %. The OG are a pair of oval organs located at the posterior edge of the optic tract of the cephalopod brain. The OG showed the same cellular types described in other cephalopods, with slight differences. The secretory cells in young individuals present a dendritic profile with thin cytoplasmic processes, numerous circular mitochondriae with tubular crests and abundant ribosomes. At the last stage of maturity the secretory cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum in the form of dilated cisternae, with an active Golgi apparatus, secreting electron dense granules. Mitochondriae are scarce and lipofuchsin granules show an increase in size. Secretory cell nucleus length and organelle abundance showed oscillations associated with the life cycle.

Se examinó la ultraestructura fina de la glándula óptica (GO) en varios estadios de desarrollo sexual del calamar tropical Sepiotheutis sepioidea, proveniente de las costas de la Bahía de Mochima, Venezuela (10° 20' 22 " - 10° 24' N; 64° 19' - 64° 22' W). Los parámetros morfométricos y de los órganos reproductivos (hembras n = 101; machos n = 105), presentaron diferencias significativas entre los estados de maduración sexual (ANOVA, p < 0.001), el índice gonadal promedio en las hembras osciló entre 0.1 - 2.95 %, y en los machos entre 0.22 - 1.38 %. La GO son un par de órganos ovales ubicados en el borde posterior del tracto óptico en el cerebro de los cefalópodos, ésta posee los mismos tipos de células descritos en otros cefalópodos con algunas leves diferencias. La célula principal en el estadio de maduración juvenil posee un perfil dendrítico con delgados procesos del citoplasma, abundantes ribosomas, mitocondrias circulares con crestas tubulares, y un núcleo prominente eucromatínico; en el estadio de adulto las células principales presentan las cisternas del retículo endoplasmático rugoso dilatadas concéntricamente en la célula, el aparato de Golgi es activo con abundantes gránulos electron densos de secreción, las mitocondrias son escasas, y el gránulo de lipofucsina es de mayor tamaño. La dimensión del núcleo de la célula principal y la abundancia de organelos, presentaron oscilaciones en las etapas del ciclo de vida.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400021 Heavy metals in the rock oyster Crassostrea iridescens (Filibranchia: Ostreidae) from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico Frías-Espericueta Martín G Ortiz-Arellano Monica A Osuna-López J. Isidro Ronson-Paulin J. Angel ,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Mazatlán Sinaloa México ,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Estación Mazatlán 12 1999 1999 47 843 849

Two populations of Crassostrea iridescens were sampled off Mazatlan and in a zone free of anthropogenic activity. The bivalves were collected from February 1992 to February 1993. Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Annual mean values in the sampling zone off Mazatlan were higher in Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn than in the sampling zone free of anthropogenic activity; however, differences were not statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Urban discharges in the coastal zone in front of Mazatlan city, have little or no heavy metal concentrations dissolved or particulated.

Dos poblaciones de Crassostrea iridescens fueron muestreadas en la zona costera de la ciudad de Mazatlan y en una zona libre de actividad antropogénica. Los bivalvos fueron colectados de febrero de 1992 a febrero de 1993. Concentraciones de Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni y Zn fueron determinados por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Los valores medios anuales en la estación de muestreo de la ciudad de Mazatlán fueron mayores en Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni y Zn que los determinados en la zona libre de actividad antropogénica; sin embargo, las diferencias no fueron significativas al nivel de confianza del 95%. Una conclusión es que las descargas urbanas en la zona costera en frente de Mazatlán no tiene, o tiene, bajas concentraciones de metales pesados disueltos o particulados.

 Crassostrea iridescens heavy metals urban discharges oyster Al-Mafda H Abdel-Moati M.A.R Al-Gimaly F.H Pinctada radiata (Pearl Oyster): A Bioindicator for Metal Pollution Monitoring in the Qatari Waters (Arabian Gulf) Bull. Environm. Contam Toxicol 1998 60 The International Mussel Watch The International Mussel Watch 1980 Washington D.C National Academy of Science Intercalibration of analytical methods on marine environmental samples: Trace elements measurements on mussel homogenate. International Atomic Energy Agency Intercalibration of analytical methods on marine environmental samples: Trace elements measurements on mussel homogenate. International Atomic Energy Agency 1985 Monaco Boyden C.R Trace metals content and body size in molluscs Nature 1974 251 Bryan G.W The occurrence and seasonal variation of trace metals in the scallops Pecten maximus (L) and Chlamys opercularis (L) J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. 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Bull 1983 4 Miller J.C Miller J.N Statistics for analytical chemistry Statistics for analytical chemistry 1987 Wiley^eNew York Moody J.R Lindstrom R.N Selection and cleaning of plastic containers for storage trace element samples Anal. Chem 1977 49 Páez-Osuna F Marmolejo-Rivas C Trace Metal in Tropical Coastal Lagoon Bivalves: Crassostrea corteziensis Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1990 45 Páez-Osuna F Marmolejo-Rivas C Occurrence and seasonal variation of heavy metals in the oysters Saccrostrea iridescens Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1990 44 Páez-Osuna F Osuna-López J.I Izaguirre-Fierro G Zazueta-Padilla H.M Heavy metals in oysters from a subtropical coastal lagoon associated with an agricultural drainage basin Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1993 50 Páez-Osuna F Osuna-López J.I Izaguirre-Fierro G Zazueta-Padilla H.M Heavy metals in clams from a subtropical coastal lagoon associated with an agricultural drainage basin Environ. Contam. 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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400022 Estructura y variación estacional de poblaciones de moluscos asociadas a la pesca artesanal de langosta en el Pacífico Tropical Olabarria Celia ,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Departamento de Invertebrados y Ecología del Bentos Mazatlán Sinaloa México 12 1999 1999 47 851 865

Mollusks associated to the spiny lobster fishery during 1997-1998 in the Tropical Pacific were surveyed. A total of 1 081 specimens of 11 species were collected. The greatest captures were in autumn 1997 (28.16%) and summer 1998 (25.58%). Dominant species were Hexaplex nigritus (Philippi 1845) (83.10%), Chicoreus regius (Swainson 1821) (8.04%), Vasum caestus (Broderip 1833) (2.12%), C. brassica (Lamarck 1822) (1.85%) and C. erythrostomus (Swainson 1831) (1.75%), which have commercial importance. Weight-height ratio, sex ratio and height frequency histograms were done for dominant species. Sex ratio was 1:1, except for C. erythrostomus and H. nigritus (2 males:1 female); C. regius, C. erythrostomus and V. caestus presented an allometric growth while H. nigritus and C. brassica grew isometrically. Only H. nigritus males were larger than conspecific females. There were significative differences in species distribution in relation with depth; C. erythrostomus occurred in deepest layers while H. nigritus was more superficial; H. nigritus size differed with depth, temperature and locality.

En este trabajo se estudió la fauna malacológica asociada a la pesca de la langosta en aguas del Pacífico Tropical durante 1997-1998. Se recogieron un total de 1 081 individuos pertenecientes a 11 especies. Las mayores capturas se obtuvieron en otoño de 1997 (28.16%) y en verano de 1998 (25.58%). Las especies dominantes fueron H. nigritus (83.10%), C. regius (8.04%), V. caestus (2.12%), C. brassica (1.85%) y C. erythrostomus (1.75%), las cuales tienen importancia comercial. Se calculó la relación talla-peso, histogramas de frecuencia de tallas, y la relación de sexos para las especies dominantes. La relación de sexos fue de 1:1, salvo en C. erythrostomus y H. nigritus (2 machos: 1 hembra); en C. regius, C. erythrostomus y V. caestus el crecimiento fue alométrico mientras que en H. nigritus y C. brassica fue isométrico. Solamente, los machos de H. nigritus fueron más grandes que las hembras de la misma especie. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la distribución de las especies respecto a la profundidad; C. erythrostomus apareció a mayores profundidades mientras que H. nigritus estuvo en zonas más someras. El tamaño de H. nigritus varió con la profundidad, temperatura y localidad.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400023 Nematofauna asociada a la zona urbana de la bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México Navarrete Alberto de Jesús Herrera Gómez Jaqueline ,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur- Unidad Chetumal Chetumal Q. Roo México 12 1999 1999 47 867 875

Sediments were collected at fifteen stations in five transects at Chetumal Bay (June and December 1995). Sediments were medium and fine sands with 15.62% organic matter. In June, 2 239 individuals represented 20 families and 37 genera; in December, 1 426 individuals represented 21 families and 35 genera. Neotonchoides, Desmodora, Bathylaimus, Pseudochromadora, Desmolaimus, Chromadorina and Steineria were the most abundant. In both months the same transect had the highest abundance and richness (957 and 744 individuals, 28 and 25 genera, respectively). The lowest abundance in a transect was 48 individuals and six genera. Diversity fluctuated among 0.53 and 2.53 beles/ind. In general, the genus composition in Chetumal bay is homogeneous. The noteworthy occurrence of marine genera in this brackish environment shows their adaptability.

En junio y diciembre de 1995 se recolectaron sedimentos en 15 estaciones distribuidas en cinco transectos en la bahía de Chetumal. Los sedimentos fueron, en su mayoría arena fina y mediana, con un máximo de 15.62% de materia orgánica. En junio se recolectaron 2 239 organismos pertenecientes a 20 familias y 37 géneros, en diciembre se obtuvieron 1 426 nematodos que se ubicaron en 21 familias y 35 géneros. Neotonchoides, Desmodora, Bathylaimus, Pseudochromadora, Desmolaimus, Chromadorina y Steineria fueron los generos más abundantes. El transecto 3 en ambas temporadas fue el de mayor abundancia y riqueza, con 957 y 744 individuos y 28 y 25 géneros respectivamente. La menor abundancia ocurrió en el transecto 1 con 48 individuos y 6 géneros. La diversidad osciló entre 0.53 y 2.53 beles/ind. En general existe una homogeneidad en la composición de géneros en la bahía, aunque es notorio que muchos géneros considerados estrictamente marinos estén representados en aguas salobres, lo que muestra su capacidad de adaptación.

 Caribbean Chetumal free-living nematodes Meiobenthos Mexico Alongi D. M Population structure and trophic composition of the free-living nematodes inhabiting carbonate sands of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res 1986 37 Anderson R. V Free-living nematodes associations in pool 19, Mississippi River J. Freshw. Ecol 1992 7 Boucher G Gourbault N Sublittoral meiofauna and diversity of nematode assemblage off Guadeloupe Islands Bull. Mar. Sci 1990 47 Boucher G Lambshead P.J Ecological Biodiversity of Marine Nematodes in samples from Temperate, Tropical and Deep-Sea Regions Conserv. Biol 1995 9 Castillo D Lambshead P. J Revision of the genus Elzalia Gerlach, 1957 (Nematoda: Xyalidae) including three new species from oil producing zones in the Gulf of Mexico, with a discussion of sibling species problem Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 1990 56 Dean W. E Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods J. Sedim. Petrol 1974 14 de Jesús-Navarrete A Distribución, abundancia y diversidad de los nematodos (Phylum Nematoda) bénticos de la Sonda de Campeche, México. Enero 1987 Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 de Jesús-Navarrete A Nematodos (Nematoda) de la laguna de Buena Vista, Quintana Roo, México Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Gasca R Castellanos I Zooplancton de la Bahía de Chetumal, Mar Caribe, Mexico Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Giere O Meiobenthology: The Microscopic Fauna in Aquatic Sediments Meiobenthology: The Microscopic Fauna in Aquatic Sediments 1993 Hamburg Springer-Verlag Gourbault N Decramer W Marine nematodes from Guadeloupe and other Caribbean Islands. II. Draconematidae Zool. Scr 1986 15 Gourbault N. E Warwick R. M Helléouet M. N A survey of intertidal meiobenthos (especially Nematoda otros autores. in Coral sandy beaches of Moorea (French Polynesia) Bull. Mar. Sci 1995 57 Heip C Vincx M Smol N Vranken G The systematics an ecology of free-living marine nematodes Helminthol. Abstr. ser. B, Plant Nematol 1982 51 Hopper B. E R. C Cefalu Free-Living Marine Nematodes from Biscayne Bay, Florida Enoplidae: Enoplus species in Biscayne Bay with Observations on the culture and Bionomics of E.paralittoralis Wieser Proc. of the Hermint. Soc. WashEnoplidae: Enoplus species in Biscayne Bay with Observations on the culture and Bionomics of E.paralittoralis Wieser 1973 19 53 40 Ludwig J. A Reynolds J. F Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing 1988 New York Wiley-Interscience Ortíz M. C Sáenz J. R Monitoreo de la contaminación de la Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo Monitoreo de la contaminación de la Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo 1995 Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo Platt H. M Revision of the Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadoridae) Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser 1982 43 Platt H. M Warwick R. M A synopsis of free-living marine nematodes, Part I: British Enoplids A synopsis of free-living marine nematodes, Part I: British Enoplids 1983 London Cambridge University Riemann F Die interstitielle Fauna im Elbe-Aestuar Verbreitung und Systematik Arc. Hydrobiol (Supple) 1966 31 Tarjan A. C Marine nematodes Marine nematodes 1980 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of FloridaGainesville Tietjen J. H Ecology of free-living nematodes from the Continental Shelf of the Central Great Barrier Reef Province Est. Coast. Shelf Sci 1991 32 Vincx M Meire P Heip C The distribution of nematodes communities in the Southern Bight of the North Sea Cah. Biol. Mar 1990 31
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400024 Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Crustacea: Decapoda (Penaeoidea, Sergestoidea, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Thalassinidea, Palinura) del Caribe Vargas Rita Cortés Jorge ,Universidad de Costa Rica museo de Zoología San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología San José Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 877 885

A total of 30 species of shrimp and lobster are reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. They belong to the Suborder Dendrobranchiata: Penaeoidea, 6 spp. and Sergestoidea, 2 spp.; and Suborder Pleocyemata: Stenopodidea, 2 spp.; Caridea, 15 spp.; Thalassinidea, 2 spp.; Palinura, 3 spp. Of these, 22 species are reported for the first time for Costa Rica, and one species previously known from the Pacific coast is informed from the Caribbean coast. Distribution ranges are extended for: Pontonia domestica Gibbes, from North Carolina, Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas; and Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon, from the northern Caribbean, Bermuda and eastern Atlantic, to the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Of 218 species of Penaeoidea, Sergestoidea, Caridea and Stenopodidea mentioned for the Caribbean by <A HREF="#Chace">Chace (1972)</A>, only 25 (11.5%) have been reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica.

Aquí se informan para la costa Caribe de Costa Rica un total de 30 especies de camarones y langostas. Estas se clasifican en el Suborden Dendrobranchiata (Penaeoidea, 6 spp.; Sergestoidea, 2 spp.); y en el Suborden Pleocyemata (Stenopididea, 2 spp.; Caridea, 15 spp.; Thalassinidea, 2 spp. y Palinura, 3 spp.). Del total de especies, 22 son informadas por primera vez para Costa Rica, y adicionalmente una, informada previamente para la costa Pacífica, se informa para el Caribe. Además, se amplia la distribución geográfica de Pontonia domestica, previamente informada de Carolina del Norte, Golfo de México y Bahamas; y Rhynchocinetes rigens, de Florida, Bahamas, islas Vírgenes, Bermuda, Madeira y Azores, a la costa Caribe de Costa Rica. De 218 especies de Penaeoidea, Sergestoidea, Stenopodidea y Caridea mencionadas por Chace (1972) para el Caribe, solo 25 (11.5%) se han encontrado hasta ahora en la costa Caribe de Costa Rica.

 Shrimp lobster Crustacea Costa Rica Caribbean biodiversity Abele L.G Kim W An illustrated guide to the marine decapod crustaceans of Florida Dept. Environ. Reg. Tech. Ser 1986 8 Bowman T.E Abele L.G Bliss D.E Abele L.G Classification of the recent Crustacea The biology of Crustacea The biology of Crustacea 1982 1 Nueva York Academic Cedeño F Contribución al conocimiento de los camarones de agua dulce de Costa Rica Contribución al conocimiento de los camarones de agua dulce de Costa Rica 1986 Chace F.A The shrimps of the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean Expeditions with a summary of the West Indian shallow-water species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1972 98 Christoffersen M.L Decapod Crustacea: Alpheoidea. Résultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la "Calypso" Annales Series 1979 II Cortés J Preliminary observations of Alpheus simus Guérin-Méneville, 1856 (Crustacea: Alpheidae): a little-know Caribbean bioeroder 1985 5 Int. Coral Reef Congr Tahiti Cortés J Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Filo Porífera Rev. Biol. Trop 1996 44 Cortés J Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Filo Cnidaria Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 44(3)45(1) Hendrickx M.E The species of Sicyonia H. Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) of the Gulf of California, Mexico, with a key for their identification and a note on their zoogeography Rev. Biol. Trop 1984 32 Hendrickx M.E Checklist of lobster-like decapod crustaceans(Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea, Astacidea and Palinura) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ser. Zool 1995 Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México Hendrickx M.E Fischer W Krupp F Schneider W Sommer C Carpenter K.E Niem U.H Camarones Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico Centro-oriental Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico Centro-oriental 1995 1 Roma Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la agricultura y la alimentación Holthuis L.B A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) of the Americas: I. The subfamilies Euryrhynchinae and Pontoniinae 1951 11 Occ. Papers Allan Hancock Foundation Holthuis L.B A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) of the Americas: Part. II. The subfamily Palaemoninae 1952 12 Occ. Papers Allan Hancock Foundation Holthuis L.B Alpheus saxidomus new species, a rock boring snapping shrimp from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with notes on Alpheus simus Guérin-Méneville, 1856 Zool. Medeling 1980 55 Kim W Abele L.G The snapping shrimp genus Alpheus from the eastern Pacific (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1988 454 Pérez-Farfante I Western Atlantic shrimps of the genus Penaeus Fish. Bull 1969 67 Pérez-Farfante I Western Atlantic shrimps of the genus Metapenaeopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) with descriptions of three new species Smithson. Contr. Zool 1971 79 Pérez-Farfante I Kensley B Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat 1997 175 París Pesta O Ergebnisse der Österreichischen biologischen Costa Rica Expedition 1930: . Teil. Crustacea Decapoda aus Costa Rica Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 1931 45 Rodríguez B Cervigon F Cipriani R Fischer W Caribaldi L Hendrickx M Lemus A.J R Márquez Poutiers J.M Robaina G Rodríguez B Shrimps FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-waters resources of the northern coast of South America FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-waters resources of the northern coast of South America 1993 Roma Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la agricultura y la alimentacion Ruppert E.E Barnes R.D 1994 Orlando^eFlorida Saunder College Tabash F.A An assessment of pink shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis) populations, in three areas of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1995 43 Umaña R Chacón D Asentamiento en estadíos postlarvales de la langosta Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae), en Limón, Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1994 42 Vargas R Cortés J Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Orden Stomatopoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Hoplocarida) Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 45 Werding B Beobach tungen an Alpheus schmitti Chace und Thunor simus (Guérin-Méneville), zwei gesteinbohrender Pistolenkrebsen aus dem Karibischen Meer (Crustacea: Alpheidae) Zool. Anz 1990 244 Wicksten M.K Hendrickx M.E Checklist of penaeoid and caridean shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeoidea, Caridea) from the eastern tropical Pacific 1992 9 Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist Williams A Shrimps, lobsters and crabs of the Atlantic coast of the eastern United States, Maine to Florida Shrimps, lobsters and crabs of the Atlantic coast of the eastern United States, Maine to Florida 1984 Washington, D.C Smithson. Inst Williams A Mud shrimps, Upogebiidae from the western Atlantic (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinoidea) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1993 544
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400025 Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Crustacea: Decapoda (Penaeoidea, Sergestoidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, Palinura) del Pacífico Vargas Rita Cortés Jorge ,Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Zoología San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología San José 12 1999 1999 47 887 911

A total of 117 species of shrimp and lobster are known from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. They belong to the Suborders Dendrobranchiata, Superfamily Penaeoidea (26 species) and Pleocyemata, Infraorder Caridea (73), Astacidea (one), Thalassinidea (13), and Palinura (four species). Twenty seven species (23%) are reported for the first time for Costa Rica. The distribution range of five species is extended, three of which are significant: Pontonia simplex (<A HREF="#Holthuis51">Holthuis, 1951</A>) from Tenacatitán Bay, México to Culebra Bay, Guanacaste; Veleronia serratifrons (<A HREF="#Holthuis51">Holthuis, 1951</A>) from La Libertad, Ecuador to Sámara, Guanacaste and Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) from Gorgona Island, Colombia to Culebra Bay, Guanacaste. Nine species, two of which are endemic, were described based on specimens collected in Costa Rica. Forty three percent of the tropical eastern Pacific species of shrimps are found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

En el Pacífico de Costa Rica se ha encontrado 117 especies de camarones y langostas. Estas se ubican en el Suborden Dendrobranchiata (Penaeoidea, 25 spp.; Sergestoidea, 1 sp.); y en el Suborden Pleocyemata (Caridea, 73 spp.; Astacidea, 1 sp; Thalassinidea, 13 spp. y Palinura, 4 spp.). Veintisiete especies (23%) son nuevos infomes para Costa Rica. Cinco informes representan ampliaciones de ámbito, tres de importancia: Pontonia simplex (<A HREF="#Holthuis51">Holthuis, 1951</A>) se extiende la distribución desde la bahía Tenacatitán, México hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste; Veleronia serratifrons (<A HREF="#Holthuis51">Holthuis, 1951</A>) se amplia la distribución al norte desde La Libertad, Ecuador hasta Sámara, Guanacaste y Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) también al norte desde la isla Gorgona, Colombia hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste. Nueve especies fueron descritas con material recolectado en Costa Rica y dos son endémicas. 43% de las especies de camarones del Pacífico este se encuentran en la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. El total de especies indicado aquí es probablemente una subestimación de la diversidad de estos grupos en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.

 Shrimps lobsters Crustacea eastern Pacific Costa Rica biodiversity Abele L.G Kim W An illustrated guide to the marine decapod crustaceans of Florida Dept. Environ. Reg. Tech. Ser 1986 8 Abele L.G Kim W The decapod crustaceans of the Panama Canal Smithson. Contr. Zool 1989 482 Banner A.H Banner D.M Contributions to the knowledge of the alpheid shrimps of the Pacific Ocean Pac. Sci 1964 18 Biffar T.A A study of the eastern Pacific representatives of the genus Callianassa (Crustacea, Decapoda, Callianassidae) A study of the eastern Pacific representatives of the genus Callianassa (Crustacea, Decapoda, Callianassidae) 1972 Miami^eFlorida University of Miami Boone L Anomuran, Macruran Crustacea from Panama and Canal Zone Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist 1931 63 Bowman T.E Abele L.G Bliss D.E Abele L.G Classification of the recent crustacea The biology of crustacea The biology of crustacea 1982 1 Nueva York Academic Burkenroad M.D The Templeton Crocker Expedition. XIII: Penaeidae from the region of Lower California and Clarion Island, with description of four new species Zoologica 1938 23 Cabrera P Solano L Y Tamaños y frecuencias de Pontonia margarita (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) asociadas a Pinctada mazatlanica (Bivalvia: Pteridae), Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1996 44 Cedeño F Contribución al conocimiento de los camarones de agua dulce de Costa Rica Contribución al conocimiento de los camarones de agua dulce de Costa Rica 1986 Chace F.A The shrimps of the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean Expeditions with a summary of the West Indian shallow-water species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1972 98 Chace F.A The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatros Philippine Expedition, 1907-1910: Part. 2: Families Glyphocrangonidae and Crangonidae Smithson. Contr. Zool 1984 397 Cortés J Los arrecifes coralinos del Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: Aspectos geológicos Rev. Geol. Amér. Central 1991 3 Cortés J Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Filo Porifera Rev. Biol. Trop 1996 44 Cortés J Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Filo Cnidaria Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 44(3)45(1) Faxon W Preliminary descriptions of new species of Crustacea Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool 1893 24 Faxon W Reports on an exploration off the west coast of México, Central and South America, and off the Galápagos Islands by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatros", during 1891 The stalk-eyed Crustacea The stalk-eyed Crustacea 1895 18 Mem. Mus. Com. Zool Fischer R Bioerosion of basalt of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Senckenberg. Marit 1981 13 Fischer R Biogenetic and non biogenetic determined morphologies of the Costa Rican Pacific coast Z. Geomoph. N.F 1990 34 Fonseca E Cortés J Coral borers of the eastern Pacific: the sipunculan Aspidosiphon (A.) elegans and the crustacean Pomatogebia rugosa Pac. Sci 1998 52 Fujino T A new pontoniinid shrimp, Pontonia spighti sp new., associated with a newly described ascidian from the pacific coast of Costa Rica (Decapoda, Natantia, Pontoniinae) Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab 1972 19 Glynn P.W Nitecki M.H Crustacean symbionts and the defense of corals: coevolution on the reef? Coevolution Coevolution 1983 Chicago University of Chicago Hendrickx M.E The species of Sicyonia H. Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) of the Gulf of California, Mexico, with a key for their identification and a note on their zoogeography Rev. Biol. Trop 1984 32 Hendrickx M.E Checklist of lobster-like decapod crustaceans(Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea, Astacidea and Palinura) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ser. Zool 1995 Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón Hendrickx M.E Fischer W Krupp F Schneider W Sommer C Carpenter K.E Niem U.H Camarones Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico Centro-oriental Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico Centro-oriental 1995 1 Roma Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas para la alimentación y la Agricultura Hendrickx M.E Los camarones Penaeoidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) del Pacífico mexicano Los camarones Penaeoidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) del Pacífico mexicano 1996 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio) e Instituto de Cienicas del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Hendrickx M.E Estrada Navarrete F.D Los camarones pelágicos del Pacífico Mexicano (Crustacea: Dendrobranchiata y Caridea) Los camarones pelágicos del Pacífico Mexicano (Crustacea: Dendrobranchiata y Caridea) 1996 Comisión Nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e Instituto de Ciencias del mar y limnología, Universidad Autónoma de México Hendrickx M.E Wicksten M.K Los Pandalidae (Crustacea: Caridea) del Pacífico mexicano, con una clave para su identificación Caldasia 1989 16 Hertlein L.G Contribution to the biogeography of Cocos Island, icluding a bibliography Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci 1963 32 Holthuis L.B A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) of the Americas: I. The subfamilies Euryrhynchinae and Pontoniinae 1951 11 Occ. Papers Allan Hancock Foundation Holthuis L.B A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) of the Americas: Part. II. The subfamily Palaemoninae 1952 12 Occ. Papers Allan Hancock Foundation Holthuis L.B Alpheus saxidomus new species, a rock boring snapping shrimp from the Pacific coast of, Costa Rica, with notes on Alpheus simus Guérin-Méneville, 1856 Zool. Medeling 1980 55 Kim W Abele L.G The snapping shrimp genus Alpheus from the Eastern Pacific (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1988 454 Kitani H Postlarval morphology of the western white shrimp Penaeus occidentales (Crustacea: Penaeidae) Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 44 Lemaitre R Alvarez-León R Crustáceos decápodos del Pacífico colombiano: Lista de especies y consideraciones zoogeográficas An. Inst. Invest. 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Biol 1983 13 Wicksten M.K A new species of Hippolytid shrimp from the west coast of Mexico Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci 1987 86 Wicksten M.K Ranges of offshore decapod crustaceans in the eastern Pacific Ocean 1989 21 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist Wicksten M.K Key to the hippolytid shrimp of the Eastern Pacific Ocean Fish. Bull 1990 88 Wicksten M.K Hendrickx M.E Checklist of Penaeoid and Caridean Shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeoidea, Caridea) from the eastern tropical Pacific Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist 1992 9 Williams A Mud shrimps, Upogebia, from the eastern Pacific (Thalassinoidea: Upogebiidae) San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Memoir 1986 14 Williams A Two new species and a range extension of mud shrimps, Upogebia, from Pacific Costa Rica and Mexico (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Upogebiidae) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1997 110
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400026 Nauplii production of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae), on-board of commercial trawlers Medina-Reyna Carlos E Beltrán-González Miguel H Salinas-Orta Hector T ,Universidad del Mar Instituto de Industrias Puerto Angel Oaxaca México ,Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras Salina Cruz Oaxaca México 12 1999 1999 47 913 916

Los laboratorios no han logrado producir suficientes nauplios de buena calidad por lo que sigue siendo necesario recolectar hembras maduras en alta mar. Sin embargo, no siempre se recolectan hembras en la condición inseminada. En este estudio, se evaluó la recolecta de hembras y producción de nauplios abordo de un barco camaronero durante un viaje comercial como una alternativa para el larvicultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei en el Golfo de Tehuantepec. Se efectuaron arrastres en la tarde hasta el anochecer. El mejor tiempo de arrastre fue de 20 min y produjo una captura media de 37 + 8 camarones adultos con una sobrevivencia de 72 + 3 %. Se observaron desoves desde las 11:00 PM hasta las 02:00 AM, con un máximo a las 12:00 PM. Se siguieron 14 desoves en cinco días, durante los cuales se produjeron 2.2 x 106 nauplios con una tasa media de fertilidad y de eclosión de 83 y 75 %, respectivamente. Este trabajo presenta una técnica que puede proveer de simientes para el larvicultivo a partir de los productos reproductivos de camarones capturados por la flota camaronera comercial.

 Nauplii Litopenaeus vannamei Sourcing Larviculture Ashmore S. B Nauplii production results from a commercial Penaeus vannamei maturation facility in Hawaii (Abstract) J. World Aquaculture Soc 1988 19 J. L Beltrán-Félix Captura y desove de camarón Penaeus vannamei Boone y Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson Cien. Mar 1987 10 Bray W. A Chamberlain G. W Lawrence A. L Increased larval production of Penaeus setiferus by artificial insemination during sourcing cruises J. World Mariculture Soc 1982 13 Bray W. A Lawrence A. L Sourcing Penaeus setiferus: A summary of larval production, incidence of capture of mated females, and mating incidence by time of day on research cruises 1981-1982 J. World Mariculture Soc 1984 15 Bray W. A Lawrence A. L Fast A. W Lester L. J Reproduction of Penaeus species in captivity Marine shrimp culture: Principles and practices Marine shrimp culture: Principles and practices 1992 Amsterdam Elsevier Magallón-Barajas F. J The Pacific shrimp fishery of Mexico CalCOFI Rep 1987 28 Robertson L Bray B Samocha T Lawrence A. L Mcvey J. P Reproduction of penaeid shrimp: an operations guide CRC Handbook of mariculture CRC Handbook of mariculture 1993 I Boca Raton^eFlorida Treece G. D Fox J. M Design, operation and training manual for an intensive culture shrimp hatchery (with emphasis on Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei) Design, operation and training manual for an intensive culture shrimp hatchery (with emphasis on Penaeus monodon and Penaeus vannamei) 1993 Galveston^eTexas University Sea Grant Coll. Prog Wyban J. A Sweeney J. N Intensive Shrimp Production Technology: The Oceanic Instit. Shrimp Manual Intensive Shrimp Production Technology: The Oceanic Instit. Shrimp Manual 1991 Honolulu The Oceanic Institute
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400027 Sobrevivencia, metamorfosis y crecimiento de larvas del camarón Penaeus californiensis (Decapoda: Peneidae) alimentadas con diferentes microalgas Naranjo José Porchas Marco A Robles Miguel Magallón Francisco J Valdez José Villarreal Humberto ,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. Guaymas Sonora México ,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. La Paz México ,Instituto de Acuacultura del Estado de Sonora Hermosillo Sonora México 12 1999 1999 47 917 922

The effect of three microalgae, Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana, and Dunalliella sp. on the larval development of yellowleg shrimp Penaeus californiensis, was evaluated in the Oyster Production Center of Bahia Kino, Sonora, México. The effects of each microalgae (1) individually, (2) combined and (3) mixed with Artemia nauplii (from zoea III stage), were considered. Twenty four experimental units (three 16.0 l plastic bottles per treatment) were used. During the experiment temperature was maintained around 25°C, and salinity around 35 ppt. The stocking density of nauplii was 50/l. The best survival was obtained with C. gracilis (55%), followed by the combination of C. gracilis and Dunalliella sp (48%). The worst survival was obtained in the treatment with Dunalliella sp. An evident delay in the metamorphosis times was observed in treatments without C. gracilis. Significant differences (p<0.05) in growth from zoea II stage were recorded in those treatments

Se realizó una prueba experimental en un Centro de Producción Ostrícola en Bahía de Kino, Sonora, con el fin de evaluar el efecto de diferentes microalgas en el desarrollo de larvas de camarón café Penaeus californiensis. Las microalgas evaluadas fueron la diatomea Chaetoceros gracilis y los fitoflagelados Isochrysis galbana y Dunalliella sp., solas o en combinación y adición de nauplios de Artemia sp. a partir del estadio de zoea III, excepto en un tratamiento donde no se adicionó Artemia sp. Se utilizaron 24 unidades experimentales (tres por tratamiento), consistentes en garrafones plásticos de 16 l de capacidad, una densidad de siembra de 50 nauplios/l, una temperatura de 25°C controlada mediante calentadores sumergibles de 50 watts y una salinidad de 35 ppmil. C. gracilis produjo la mejor sobrevivencia (55%), siguiendole la combinación de C. gracilis con Dunaliella sp. (48%), la más baja sobrevivencia fue para el tratamiento donde se utilizó Dunaliella sp. fueron evidentes un retraso en la velocidad de metamorfosis para los tratamientos donde C. gracilis no fue utilizada y diferencias significativas (p< 0.05) en crecimiento a partir de zoea II. Los tamaños de los estadios larvarios en el presente trabajo son similares a los reportados en la literatura

 Shrimp Penaeus californiensis larval culture nutrition microalgae Bardach J.E Ryther J.H McLarney W.O Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms 1972 Nueva York Wiley Interscience Casillas H. R Portillo G Magallón F.J Differences in growth observed in small juvenile Penaeus californiensis between laboratory and coastal environments Differences in growth observed in small juvenile Penaeus californiensis between laboratory and coastal environments 1991 World Aquaculture Conference & Exposition June 16th-20th. 1991 San Juan Cook H.L Murphy M.A Rearing penaeid shrimp from eggs to postlarvae Proc. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Game Comm 1966 19 Emerson W.D Ingestion, growth and development of Penaeus indicus larvae as a function of Thalassiosira weissfloggi cell concentration Mar. BiolIngestion, growth and development of Penaeus indicus larvae as a function of Thalassiosira weissfloggi cell concentration 1980 58 Encinas A. R García A.C Composición bioquímica de dos especies de microalgas, durante invierno y primavera en un sistema de producción de larvas de ostión Composición bioquímica de dos especies de microalgas, durante invierno y primavera en un sistema de producción de larvas de ostión 1992 García G. M Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo larvario de camarón café Penaeus californiensis Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo larvario de camarón café Penaeus californiensis 1994 Guillard R. R Smith W.L Chanley M.H Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals 1975 Nueva York Plenum Hudinaga M Reproduction, development and rearing of Penaeus japonicus Bate Jpn. J. Zool 1942 10 Kitani H Alvarado J.N The larval development of the pacific brown shrimp Penaeus californiensis reared in laboratory Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish 1981 48 Kuban F.D Wilkenfeld J.S Lawrence A.L Survival and growth of Penaeus setiferus L. and Penaeus aztecus Ives larvae fed Artemia beginning at the protozoea two substage versus the mysis-one substage J. World Maricult. Soc 1983 14 Kuban F.D Lawrence A.L Wilkenfeld J.S Survival, metamorphosis and growth of larvae from four penaeid species fed six food combinations Aquaculture 1985 47 Luna-Serrano J.I Distribución, abundancia y estructura poblacional de Penaeus californiensis Holmes 1990, en Bahía Todos Santos B.C.S. México Distribución, abundancia y estructura poblacional de Penaeus californiensis Holmes 1990, en Bahía Todos Santos B.C.S. México 1987 Magallón B.F Portillo G Campos R Porchas M. A Naranjo J Muhlia A Penaeus californiensis as a cold tolerant species in Baja California Sur, México Penaeus californiensis as a cold tolerant species in Baja California Sur, México 1994 Nueva Orleans World Aquaculture Society Moore D Sherry R Montañes F Maturation of Penaeus californiensis in captivity Proc. World Mariculture Society 1974 5 Naranjo J Villarreal H García M.U Porchas M.A Effect of temperature on metamorphosis, growth and survival of brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) larvae, with a note on its relationship to postlarval development Effect of temperature on metamorphosis, growth and survival of brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) larvae, with a note on its relationship to postlarval development 1994 Nueva Orleans W.A.S Ochoa V Situación nacional del cultivo de camarón Situación nacional del cultivo de camarón 1994 Camarón '94: Seminario Internacional de Camaronicultura en México Mazatlan Sinaloa Olguín M Contribución al estudio de la biología del camarón café Penaeus californiensis Holmes, 1990 Contribución al estudio de la biología del camarón café Penaeus californiensis Holmes, 1990 1976 Olson-Ocampo R Los camarones litorales de bahía Todos Los Santos, B.C. México: Sistemática Distribución y Ecología (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia) Los camarones litorales de bahía Todos Los Santos, B.C. México: Sistemática Distribución y Ecología (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia) 1982 Porchas C. M.A Efecto de la salinidad en el desarrollo laravario del camarón café Penaeus californiensis (Holmes,1900) Efecto de la salinidad en el desarrollo laravario del camarón café Penaeus californiensis (Holmes,1900) 1996 Rosenberry B World Shrimp Farming World Shrimp Farming 1995 Shrimp News International Villarreal H Naranjo J Survival, metamorphosis and growth of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) larvae fed nine food combinations Survival, metamorphosis and growth of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) larvae fed nine food combinations 1994 W.A.SNueva Orleans Villavicencio C Estudios de maduración sexual del camarón café P. californiensis y del camarón azul P. stylirostris Estudios de maduración sexual del camarón café P. californiensis y del camarón azul P. stylirostris 1976 II Symp. Dinámica poblacional de Camarones. Sic. Pesca
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400028 Anomuros (Anomura) del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo - Los Frailes y alrededores, Golfo de California García-Madrigal María del Socorro ,Consultoría e Investigación Ambiental Chetumal QROO México 12 1999 1999 47 923 928

During 1988-1989 seven expeditions were made in the Cabo Pulmo-Los Frailes reef and fifty-seven anomurans were collected in fragments of Pocillopora elegans (nine species of Porcellanidae and one of Diogenidae). Twenty-two species were recorded previously for the study area and three are new records, all distributed in four families. The Porcellanidae had most species (15), followed by the Diogenidae (7), Hippidae (2) and the Coenobitidae (1). Most abundant were Megalobrachium tuberculipes (20 specimens), Petrolisthes edwardsii (nine specimens), and P. hirtispinosus (seven specimens). All species are recognized as members of the Eastern Tropical Pacific fauna, although Hippa pacifica is widespread in the Indopacific. Four species are restricted to the Cortez province (16%). Anomurans collected in these reefs appear to represent 21% of the total number of species recorded once for the area of the Gulf of California, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Western Coast of Baja California Sur and economic exclusive zone of this states.

El análisis de los fragmentos del coral Pocillopora elegans recolectados en siete campañas de muestreo durante 1988 y 1989 resultó en 57 ejemplares de anomuros, identificándose nueve especies de la familia Porcellanidae y una especie de Diogenidae, de los cuales tres especies son nuevos registros para el área. Para la zona había 22 especies de anomuros registradas; ahora hay 25 especies repartidas en cuatro familias. Porcellanidae contiene el mayor número de especies (15), seguida por Diogenidae (7), Hippidae (2) y Coenobitidae (1). Las especies más abundantes fueron Megalobrachium tuberculipes (20 ejemplares), Petrolisthes edwardsii (9) y P. hirtispinosus (7). Sólo Hippa pacifica (4%) presenta distribución Indopacífica, el resto se distribuye en áreas más restringidas del Pacífico oriental tropical y subtropical. Cuatro especies son endémicas de la provincia cortesiana (16%). Las especies de anomuros de este arrecife y sus alrededores representan el 21% de todas las especies registradas para la región del golfo de California, costa occidental de Baja California Sur, áreas costeras de Nayarit, Sinaloa y zona económica exclusiva de estos estados.

 Coral reef faunistic hermit crabs mole crabs Pocillopora porcellanid crabs Abele L.G Comparative species composition and relative abundance of decapod crustaceans in marine habitats of Panama Mar. Biol 1976 38 Brusca R.C Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California 1980 Arizona^eTucson Brusca R.C Thomson D.A Pulmo Reef: The only "coral reef" in the Gulf of California Cienc. Mar 1977 19 75 2 Brusca R.C Wallerstein B.R Zoogeographic patterns of idoteid isopods in the Northeast Pacific, with a review of shallow water zoogeography of the area Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash 1979 3 Carvacho A Los porcelánidos del Pacífico americano: un análisis biogeográfico (Crustacea: Decapoda) 1980 7 An. Centr. Cienc. Mar Limnol. UNAM Chace F.A The non-brachyuran decapod crustaceans of Clipperton Island Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus 1962 113 García-Madrigal M.S Bastida-Zavala J.R Cangrejos braquiuros (Brachyura) del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo-Los Frailes y alrededores, Golfo de California, México Rev. Biol. Trop 1999 47 Garth J.S Haig J Knudsen J.W Devaney D.M Reese E.E Burch B.L Helfrich P Crustacea Decapoda (Brachyura and Anomura) of Enewetak atoll The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll 1987 2 Tennessee Biogeography and Systematics. U.S. Dep. Energy, Off. Scient. Techn. Inform Glassell The Templeton Croker Expedition, XI: Hermit crabs from the Gulf of California and the west coast of Lower California Zoologica 1937 22 NY Gore R.H Porcellanid crabs from the coasts of Mexico and Central America (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) Smithson. Contr. Zool 1982 363 Haig J The Porcellanidae (Crustacea Anomura) of the Eastern Pacific Allan Hancock Pac. Exped 1960 24 Haig J Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society: Porcellanid crabs (Crustacea: Anomura) from the West Coast of Tropical America Zoologica 1968 53 NY Haig J Harvey A.W Three new species of the Pagurus lepidus complex (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) from the eastern Pacific Contr. Sci 1991 430 Haig J McLaughlin P.A Identity of Pagurus lepidus (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) and description of a new eastern Pacific insular species Contr. Sci 1991 4251-12 Haig J Hopkins T.S Scanland T.B The shallow water anomuran crab fauna of southwestern Baja California, Mexico Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist 1970 16 Harvey A.W McLaughlin P.A Two new hermit crabs of the genus Pagurus (provenzanoi group) (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae) from the eastern Pacific, with notes on their ecology Contr. Sci 1991 425 Hendrickx M.E Distribution and zoogeographic affinities of decapod crustaceans of the Gulf of California, Mexico Proc. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist 1992 20 Hendrickx M.E Salazar-Vallejo S.I González N.E Crustáceos decápodos del Pacífico Mexicano Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México 1993 Ciudad de México Comisión Nacional de Biodiversidad/Centro de Investigaciones Quintana Roo Hendrickx M.E Fischer W Krupp F Schneider W Sommer C Carpenter K.E Niem V.H Introducción Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca: Pacífico centro-oriental Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca: Pacífico centro-oriental 1995 I Roma FAO Hernández A.M.C Taxonomía y distribución de la familia Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) del Pacífico Mexicano Taxonomía y distribución de la familia Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) del Pacífico Mexicano 1995 McLaughlin P.A Haig J Two new species of the Pacific component of the Provenzanoi group of Pagurus (Decapoda; Anomura; Paguridae) and a key to the regional species Bull. Mar. Sci 1993 52 Markham J.C Donath-Hernández F.E Villalobos-Hiriart J.L Cantú A Notes on the shallow-water marine Crustacea of the Caribbean coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico An. Inst. Biol. UNAM 1990 61 Moran D.A Dittel A.I Anomuran and brachyuran crabs of Costa Rica: annotated list of species Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Steinbeck J Ricketts E.F Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research 1941 New York Viking Werding B Haig J The porcellanid crabs of the Isla Gorgona, Pacific Coast of Colombia, with a description of Clastotoechus gorgonensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Anomura) An. Inst. Inv. Mar. Punta Betin 1983 12
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400029 Dos nuevas especies de Stilestrongylus (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) parásitos de peromyscus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) de México Falcón Ordaz Jorge Sanabria Espinoza María de Los Angeles ,Instituto de Biología UNAM Laboratorio de Helmintología Coyoacán, D.F. Ciudad Universitaria México ,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala Departamento de Zoología Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla México 12 1999 1999 47 929 937

Stilestrongylus peromysci n. sp. collected from Peromyscus difficilis (Hidalgo state, México), differs from other species in the genus in number of the spines (30) in the synlophe (both sexes) and because the eigth ray arises from the root of the ninth ray; S. hidalguensis n. sp. parasited Peromyscus sp. and differs from all other congeneric species in the presence of 24 spines in the male synlophe and in the arrangement of the bursal rays (2-2-1 in the right lobe and 2-3 in the left lobe). A key to the species of Stilestrongylus is provided.

Se describen dos especies nuevas del género Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent & Almeida, 1937, parásitas de Peromyscus spp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae) provenientes del Estado de Hidalgo, Mexico. Stilestrongylus peromysci n. sp. infecta a Peromyscus difficilis y se caracteriza por la presencia de 30 espínas en el synlophe para ambos sexos, así como por el nacimiento simétrico de los rayos 8 a partir de la raíz del rayo nueve. S. hidalguensis n. sp. parásita a Peromyscus sp., diferenciándose del resto de las especies congenéricas porque el macho presenta 24 espinas en el synlophe a nivel de la parte media del cuerpo y porque el arreglo de los rayos bursales es diferente en ambos lóbulos (2-2-1 derecho y 2-3 izquierdo). Se presenta una clave para la identificación de 18 de las 19 especies del género.

 Nematoda Heligmosomidae Stilestrongylus peromysci Stilestrongylus hidalguensis Peromyscus spp P. difficilis Mexico Falcón O.J Sanabria Ma. A Especie nueva del género Carolinensis (Nemata: Heligmosomidae) de Peromyscus difficilis de Hidalgo, México Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Atón. México, Ser. Zool 1996 67 Murua R Description de Stilestrongylus manni n. sp. (Nematoda: Heligmosomidae) parasite de différents Cricétidés du Chili Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 3e Ser. n°, 428 Zool 1977 298 Diaw T. O Contribution à l'étude de Nématodes Trichostrongyloidea parasites de Xenarthre, Marsupiaux et Rongeurs néotropicaux Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 3e Ser. n°, 405 Zool 1976 282 Durette-Desset M. C Nématodes héligmosomes d' Amérique du Sud. I. Description de deux nouvelles espèces: Stilestrongylus freitasi, parasite de Zygodontomys lasiurus, et Viannella lenti, parasite de Galea spixi Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2e Ser 1968 40 Durette-Desset M. C Nématodes héligmosomes d'Amérique du Sud VIII. Description de six nouvelles espèces, parasites de Cricétidés Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2e Ser 1970 42 Durette-Desset M. C Essái de classification des nématodes héligmosomes. Corrélations avec la paléobiogéographie des hôstes: Mémories du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturalle Série A, Zoologie 1971 69 Durette-Desset M. C Murua R Description de Stilestrongylus valdivianus n. sp. (Nematoda, Heligmonellidae), parasite d'un Cricétidaé du chili Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 4e section A n° 1979 1 Durette-Desset M. C Sutton, A C Contribución al conocimiento de la fauna parasitológica Argentina X. Nematodes (Trichostrongyloidea) en Akodon azarae azarae (Fischer) y Reithrodon auritus Fischer Rev. Mus. La Plata (N. S.), Zool 1985 XIV ^s151 Durette-Desset M. C Tchéprakoff R Nématodes héligmosomes d'Amérique du Sud V: Description de trois nouvelles espèces, parasites du Cercomys cunicularius Cuvier, 1829 Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2e Ser 1969 42 Freitas J. F. T Lent H Almeida, L J Pequena contribucao ao estudo da fauna helminthologica da Argentina (Nematoda) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1937 32 Sutton C. A Durette-Desset M. C Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) parasites d' Oryzomys flavescens en Argentine et en Uruguay Revue. suisse Zool 1991 98 Travassos L Contribucao para o conhecimiento da fauna helmintologica brasileira XII: Ensaio monographico da Familia Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1921 13 Travassos L Revisao da familia Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 Monogr. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1937 1 Yoyotte V. E Etude de huit nématodes parasites de vertèbrés du Venezuela et de Colombie Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 3e Ser. n°, 41 Zool 1972 35
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400030 Activity cycle of the pollen wasp, Trimeria howardi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Southeastern Brasil Mech Maria Rita ,Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Biología Ribeirão Preto Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 939 948

Among the wasps, the Masarinae are a peculiar subfamily. It is the only group of wasps that provisions brood cells with pollen and nectar. The studied species Trimeria howardi Bertoni, 1911, was until recently abundant in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. This paper deals with plant species visited by T. howardi, in relation to the species’ annual cycle of activity, based on periods of nest foundation, flight activity, and development stages of immatures present in the cells. During the study period (five years) T. howardi visited four species of plants in two botanical families: Bidens pilosa L.(Asteraceae); Xanthium spinosum L. (Asteraceae); Stylosanthes guianensis (Aulb). Sw. (Leguminosae), and Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. (Leguminosae). Based on the number of visited families, T. howardi can be considered a narrow polylectic species. In general, the species annual activity cycle consists of three phases: Active phase: January to July; Inactive phase: August - September; Active phase: October to December. The annual cycle is bivoltine or multivoltine and the diapause is facultative, because it occurs in a single generation during the year.

 Hymenoptera Vespidae Trimeria howardi phenology annual cycle Asteraceae Leguminosae Carpenter J.M Goldblatt P Biogeographic pattern in the Vespidae: Two views of Africa and South America Biological relationships between Africa and South America Biological relationships between Africa and South America 1993 New Haven^eConnetticutt Yale Carpenter J.M Generic classification of the Australian pollen wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Masarinae) J. Ent. Soc 1997 69 Carvalho L.M Zucchi R Aspectos fenológicos de Spilomena sp (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae) Rev. Brasil. Biol 1989 49 Chapman R.F Structure and Function Structure and Function 1988 New York Elsevier Cooper K.W Records and flower preferences of Masaridae wasps. II. Polytropy or oligotropy in Pseudomasaris (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Amer. Midland Nat 1952 48 Gess S.K Biogeography of the masarine wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masaridae), With particular emphasis on the southern African taxa and on correlations between masarine and forage plant distributions J. Biogeogr 1992 19 Gess S.K The pollen wasps. Ecology and Natural History of the Masarinae The pollen wasps. Ecology and Natural History of the Masarinae 1996 Cambridge Harvard University Gess S.K Gess F.W Flower visiting by masarid wasps in Southern Africa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae) Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1989 18 Gobbi N Zucchi R On the ecology of Polistes versicolor versicolor (Oliver) in southern Brasil: I - Phenological account Naturalia 1980 5 Houston T.F Bionomic of a pollen-collecting wasp, Paragia tricolor wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Masarinae) in Western Australia Rec. West. Aust. Mus 1984 11 Houston T.F Biological notes on the pollen wasp, Paragia (Cygnaea) vespiforms (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae) with description of a nest Aust. Ent. Mag 1986 12 Malyshev S.I Genesis of the Hymenoptera and phase of their evolution Genesis of the Hymenoptera and phase of their evolution 1968 London Methuen Mechi M.R Estudo da ecologia de Trimeria howardi (Masaridae, Vespoidea) Estudo da ecologia de Trimeria howardi (Masaridae, Vespoidea) 1981 Mechi M.R Nesting behavior and ditribution of nests in the pollen wasp Trimeria howardi (Masarinae - Vespoidea) Naturalia 1983 Michener C.D The social behavior or the bees. A comparative study The social behavior or the bees. A comparative study 1974 Cambridge Belcknap Pianka R.E Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary ecology 1974 New York Harper Sakagami S Matsumura T Relative abundance, Phenology and preference of andrenid bees in Sapporo, north Japan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) Jap. J. Ecol 1967 17 Simões D Mechi M.R Estudo sobre a fenologia de Polybia (Myapetra) paulista Ihering, 1896 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Naturalia 1983 8 Zucchi R Yamane S Sakagami S Preliminary notes on the habits of Trimeria howardi a neotropical communal masarid wasp, with description of the mature larva (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) Ins. Matsum 1976 8
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400031 A solitary mud-daubing wasp, Brachymenes dysmenes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) fron Brazil with evidence of a life-cycle polyphenism Camillo Evandro ,Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-USP Departamento de Biologia Ribeirão Preto Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 949 958

Nests (n=60) of a solitary mud-daubing wasp, Brachymenes dyscherus were collected at Fazenda Santa Carlota, Cajuru, São Paulo, Brazil in 1995 and 1996. The multi-celled mud nests were constructed on the interior walls of abandoned houses in dry and shaded places. Nests were composed of 1 to 4 layers with cells constructed in two parallel series. The number of cells per nest ranged from 3 to 62. Cells containing prey (larvae of Lepidoptera) numbered from 4 to 29. B. dyscherus is a univoltine species. Adults emerge from September to December, and nesting takes place at the beginning of the following year; however, the developmental period for some immatures with prolonged diapause lasted up to 596 days. The total duration of immature stages in nests collected in 1996 was less for males than for females. The sex ratio for the total population was 1.5 males : 1 female with males emerging earlier than females. A life table was constructed, and details of the life cycle of the wasps and parasitoids are presented. The most common mortality factors were either endogenous or due to Melittobia sp. (Eulophidae).

 Insecta Eumeninae wasps nest structure natural enemies polyphenism Borror D.J Delong D.M Introdução ao estudo dos insetos Introdução ao estudo dos insetos 1969 São Paulo EDUSP e Edgar Blucher Brooke M. de L The nesting biology and population dinamics of the Seychelles potter wasp Eumenes alluaudi Perez Ecol. Entomol 1981 6 Camillo E Garófalo C.A Serrano J.C Biologia de Monobia angulosa Saussure em ninhos armadilhas (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1997 26 Carpenter J.M The phylogenetic relationships and natural classification of the Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) Syst. Entomol 1982 7 Carpenter J.M A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Psyche 1986 93 Cowan D.P Ross K.G Matthews R.W The solitary and presocial Vespidae The social biology of wasps The social biology of wasps 1991 Cornell Cornell Univ Evans H. E Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the evolution of insect sociality Bioscience 1977 27 Freeman B.E Jayasingh D.B Factors controlling the distribution in Jamaica of Pachodynerus nasidens (Latr.) (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. (London) 1975 7 Gauld I.D Some factors affecting the composition of tropical ichneumonid faunas Biol. J. Linn. Soc. (London) 1987 30 Gess F.W Some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and bees of a Karroid area in the vicinity of Grahamstown, South Africa Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist 1981 14 Giordani Soika A Revisione degli Euminidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Pachymenes Sauss., Santamenes n. gen., Brachymenes G.S., Pseuodacaromenes G.S., Stenosigma G.S. e Gamma Zav. (Hymenoptera) Boll. Mus. civ. St. Nat. Venezia 1990 39 Isely D The biology of some Kansas Eumenidae 1913 8 Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull Iwata K Habits of four species of Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) in Japan Tenthredo 1938 2 Iwata K Habits of a paper making potter wasp (Eumenes architectus Smith) in Japan Mushi 1939 12 Iwata K Evolution of instinct: Comparative ethology of Hymenoptera Evolution of instinct: Comparative ethology of Hymenoptera 1976 New Delhi Amerind Jayakar S.D Spurway H Winter diapause in the squatter wasps Antodynerus flavescens (Fabr.) and Chalybion bengalense (Dahlb.) (Vespoidea and Sphecoidea) J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc 1965 61 Jayakar S.D Spurway H Sex ratios of some mason wasps (Vespoidea and Sphecoidea) Nature 1966 212 Krombein K.V Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, and associates Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, and associates 1967 Washington D.C Smithsonian Institution Markin G.P Gittins A.R Biology of Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Univ. Idaho Coll. Agric. Res. Bull 1967 74 Oliveira V Costa A.M Azevedo W.P Pedologia, folhas SF 23/24 Projeto RADAMBRASIL, Levantamento de Recursos Naturais 1983 32 Smith A Life strategy and mortality factors of Sceliphron laetum (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Australia Austr. J. Ecol 1979 4 Williams F.X Philippine wasp studies: II. Descriptions of new species and life history studies Bull. Exp. Sta. Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Assoc. (Entomol.) 1919 14
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400032 El género Leptonema (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) en Costa Rica, con la descripción de una nueva especie Muñoz-Quesada Fernando ,University of Minnesota Department of Entomology St. Paul MN EUA 12 1999 1999 47 959 1006

The genus Leptonema Guérin 1843 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae) is one of the best known and most easily recognized of the Neotropical caddisflies. In the New World, the genus is widely distributed from southern North America through Central and South America, including the Antilles, but excluding souther Chile and adjacent Argentina. The adults of Leptonema are large (10-40 mm) with light brown to light green translucent wings. Some species have small black or dark spots or patterns on the forewings. Larvae of Leptonema build refuges with small silken nets, and this way feed by filtering fine organic particles from the water. The refuges and nets are built with small gravel, sand, and silk. In 1914, Banks reported L. albovirens from Costa Rica, the first record of the genus for Costa Rica. In 1987, Flint et al. provided an exhaustive taxonomic review of the world species, and recognized 15 species groups, five of which were present in Costa Rica. In addition, they described 48 new species, four from Costa Rica, and reported five additional records. Holzenthal added six additional species records, and Muñoz-Q. described five new species, of these L. tapanti is the first species in the stigmosum Group defined by Flint et al. and present in the country. In total, 24 species of Leptonema have been previously recorded in Costa Rica. For this research, collections of Leptonema specimens in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. Paul, MN and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. were examined. In this paper, one additional undescribed species from Costa Rica is diagnosed, described and illustrated: Leptonema tica. Diagnoses and illustrations of the male genitalia of the other species are presented. Figures of the larva and adult, as well as aspects of natural history of the genus are included. Finally, an identification key in English and Spanish is provided, together with distribution record maps of all species in Costa Rica are included.

El género Leptonema Guérin 1943 (Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae) es uno de los géneros de Trichoptera más abundantes y más ampliamente distribuidos en el Nuevo Mundo. En Costa Rica son conocidas 24 especies. El presente trabajo incluye la descripción e ilustración del genital del macho de una especie no descrita para Costa Rica: Leptonema tica. Además de la descripción diagnóstica y ilustración de la larva, se incorporan las descripciones diagnósticas e ilustraciones del phallus de los machos de las otras 24 especies. Anotaciones de la historia natural del adulto y la larva del género son incluidas. Finalmente, se incluyen una clave de identificación en inglés y español de las especies conocidas de Leptonema para Costa Rica y se ilustran sus registros de distribución en Costa Rica.

 Leptonema Trichoptera caddisfly new species life stages key Costa Rica Neotropics Aguila S Y Quintero D Aiello A Systematic catalogue of the caddisflies of Panama (Trichoptera) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected studies Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected studies 1992 Oxford Oxford Univ Angrisano E. B Lopretto E.C Tell G Insecta Trichoptera Ecosistemas de aguas continentales: Metodologías para su estudio Ecosistemas de aguas continentales: Metodologías para su estudio 1995 Ed. Sur Banks N Neuropteroid insects from Brazil Psyche 1913 20 Banks N Neuroptera and Trichoptera from Costa Rica Entomol. News 1914 25 Betten C Mosley M.E The Francis Walker types of Trichoptera in the British Museum The Francis Walker types of Trichoptera in the British Museum 1940 Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bueno-Soria J Flint O.S Catálogo sistemático de los tricópteros de México (Insecta: Trichoptera), con algunos registros de Norte, Centro y Sudamérica An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Autón. México 49, Ser. Zool 1978 1 Correa G M.M Roldán Pérez G Trichoptera Guía para el estudio de macroinvertebrados acuáticos del Departamento de Antioquia Guía para el estudio de macroinvertebrados acuáticos del Departamento de Antioquia 1988 Antioquia Colciencias Correa M Machado T Roldán G Taxonomía y ecología del orden Trichoptera en el Departamento de Antioquia en diferentes pisos altitudinales Actual. Biol 1981 36 ^s10 Fischer F.C.J De Leptonema soorten van het Leidsch Museum (Trichoptera) Tijdschr. Entomol 1947 88 Fischer F.C.J Trichopterum Catalogus IV. Hydropsychidae, Arctopsychidae Trichopterum Catalogus IV. Hydropsychidae, Arctopsychidae 1963 Amsterdam Ned. Entomol. Veren Fischer F.C Trichopterum Catalogus XIII Trichopterum Catalogus XIII 1972 III y IV Amsterdam Ned. Entomol. Veren Flint O.S The caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Puerto Rico Univ. Puerto Rico, Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Pap 1964 40 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, III: Types of some species described by Ulmer and Brauer Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus 1966 3559 ^s120 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, V: Types of the species described by Banks and Hagen Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus 1967 3619 123 Flint O.S Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica, 9. The Trichoptera (caddisflies) of the Lesser Antilles Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus 1968 3665 ^s125 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XIV: On a collection from northern Argentina Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1972 85 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XV: The Trichoptera of Suriname Stud. Fauna Suriname other Guyanas 1974 14 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XVII: The genus Smicridea from North and Central America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Smithson. Contrib. Zool 1974 167 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXII: Hydropsychidae of the Amazon Basin (Trichoptera) Amazonia 1978 6 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXVIII: The Trichoptera of the Río Limon Basin, Venezuela Smithson. Contrib. Zool 1981 330 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXXIX: The genus Smicridea in the Chilean Subregion (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Smithson. Contrib. Zool 1989 472 Flint O.S Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XLV: The taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia, Colombia Smithson. Contrib. Zool 1991 520 Flint O.S Wallace J.B Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXV: The inmature stages of Blepharopus diaphanus and Leptonema columbianum (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1980 93 Flint O.S Bueno-Soria J Bournaud M Tachet H Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXXVII: The genus Calosopsyche in Central America, with descriptions of its inmature stages (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) 1987 Int. Symp. Trichoptera La Haya Flint O.S McAlpine J.F Ross H.H A revision of the genus Leptonema (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae) Smithson. Contrib. Zool 1987 450 Greiff M Spanish-English-Spanish. Lexicon of entomological and related terms Spanish-English-Spanish. Lexicon of entomological and related terms 1985 III Londres CAB, Comm. Inst. Entomol Guérin-Meneville M.F.E Cuvier Insecta: Trichoptera Iconographie du Régne Animal Iconographie du Régne Animal 1843 Paris Harrison A.D Rankin J.J Hydrobiological studies of eastern Lesser Antillean Islands: II, St. Vincent: Freshwater fauna-its distribution, tropical river zonation and biogeography Arch. Hydrobiol 1976 ^s50 Holzenthal R.W Catálogo sistemático de los tricópteros de Costa Rica (Insecta: Trichoptera) Brenesia 1988 29 Marlier G Gènèra des trichoptères de l’Afrique Ann. Mus. Roy. Afri. Cent. Sci. Zool., Série 8vo 1962 109 McCafferty W.P McCaferty W.P Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera) Aquatic Entomology Aquatic Entomology 1983 3ra Boston Jones & Bartlett McElravy E.P Resh V.H Wolda H Flint O.S Moretti G.P Diversity of adult Trichoptera in a "non-seasonal" tropical environmental 1981 Int. Symp. Trichoptera La Haya McElravy E.P Wolda H Resh V.H Seasonality and annual variability of caddisfly adults (Trichoptera) in a "non-seasonal" tropical environmental Arch. Hydrobiol 1982 94 Morse J.C Holzenthal R.W Merritt R.W Cummins K.W Trichoptera Genera An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America 1996 3ra Dubuque^eIowa Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co Mosely M.E A revision of the genus Leptonema A revision of the genus Leptonema 1933 Londres Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Mosely M.E Leptonema pallidum Guérin (Trichoptera) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser 1939 4 Muñoz-Quesada F Five new species and a record of Costa Rican Leptonema (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash 1997 99 Navás L Neuropteren, Megalopteren, Plecopteren und Trichopteren aus dem Deutsch Entomol. Inst. (Berlin-Darhlem). Entomol. Mitt 1927 16 Navás L Insectos Suramericanos Séptima Ser. Rev. Acad. Cien. Madrid 1933 30 Neboiss A Dean J.C CSIRO Trichoptera The insects of Australia The insects of Australia 1991 2da Cornell Univ Quintanilla R.H Fraga C.P Glosario de términos entomológicos Glosario de términos entomológicos 1969 Buenos Aires EUDEBA Ross H.H Introducción a la entomología general y aplicada Introducción a la entomología general y aplicada 1982 5ta Barcelona Ed. Omega Schmid F Contribution a l’Étude des Trichoptéres Neotropicaux, V Tijdschr. Entomol 1964 107 Scott K.M.F On the Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) of southern Africa with keys to African genera of imagos, larvae and pupae and species lists Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1983 14 Snodgrass R.E Principles of insect morphology Principles of insect morphology 1993 Ithaca^eNueva York Cornell Univ Torre-Bueno J.R. de la The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology 1989 Nueva York New York Entomol. Soc Ulmer G Zur Kenntniss aussereuropäischer Trichopteren Stett. Entomol. Ziet 1905 66 Ulmer G Monographie der Macronematinae, Trichoptera Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps 1907 2 6 Bruselas Ulmer G Wytsman P Trichoptera Genera Insectorum Genera Insectorum 1907 Bruselas Ulmer G Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Suinda-Insel (Teil 3) Arch. Hydrobiol., Suppl 1957 23 Walker F Catalogue of the neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum: Part I: Phryganides-Perlides Catalogue of the neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum: Part I: Phryganides-Perlides 1852 Londres Weidner H Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst 1964 62 Wiggins G.B Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera) 1996 2da ^eToronto Univ. Toronto Wiggins G.B Merritt R.W Cummins K.W Trichoptera Families An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America 1996 3ra Dubuque^eIowa Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co Williams N.E Wiggins G.B Moretti A proposed setal nomenclature and homology for larval Trichoptera 1981 Int. Symp. Trichoptera La Haya
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400033 Parasitism of stink bug eggs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) of soybean fields in the Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil Venzon Madelaine Ferreira João A. M Ripposati João G ,Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise of Minas Gerais Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil ,Federal University of Viçosa Viçosa Minas Gerais Brazil 12 1999 1999 47 1007 1013

A survey of the seasonal occurrence of stink bug egg parasitoids was carried out in soybean fields in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Collections of egg masses of stink bugs and monitoring of population levels of mobile stages were done weekly during the 1993/94 and 1994/95 soybean seasons. Piezodorus guildinii and Euschistus heros were the most abundant stink bugs throughout the survey. Rates of parasitism in P. guildinii eggs ranged from 50.2 to 77% in 1993/94 and from 31.3 to 44.1% in the 1994/95 soybean season. Parasitism in E. heros eggs ranged from 50.6 to 64.7 % in 1993/94 but no parasitized eggs were found in 1994/95. Telenomus podisi was the main parasitoid collected and the only species found to parasitize E. heros eggs. Trissolcus brochymenae and Ooencyrtus sp. were found attacking P. guildinii eggs, but at low levels. We discuss the contribution of egg parasitoids to natural control of stink bugs.

 Soybean Cerrado Pentatomidae Euschistus heros Piezodorus guildinii Telenomus podis i Ávila C.J Godoy K.B Levantamento quali-quantitativo de parasitismo de ovos de percevejos Piezodorus guildinii e Euschistus heros na região de Dourados, MS. 17° Reunião de pesquisa de soja da região central do Brasil Levantamento quali-quantitativo de parasitismo de ovos de percevejos Piezodorus guildinii e Euschistus heros na região de Dourados, MS. 17° Reunião de pesquisa de soja da região central do Brasil 1995 Goiânia Cividanes F.J Parra J.R.P Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e exigências térmicas de percevejos pragas da soja. III. Piezodorus guildinii (West., 1837) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Científica 1994 22 Clarke A.R The control of Nezara viridula L. with introduced egg parasitoids in Australia: A review of a landmark example of classical biological control Aust. J. Agric. Res 1990 41 Corrêa-Ferreira B.S Ocorrência natural do complexo de parasitóides de percevejos da soja no Paraná An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1986 15 Corrêa-Ferreira B.S Utilização do parasitóide Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) no controle de percevejos da soja Utilização do parasitóide Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) no controle de percevejos da soja 1993 EMBRAPA/CNPSo, Londrina, Circ. Téc.11 Corrêa-Ferreira B.S Moscardi F Seasonal occurrence and host spectrum of egg parasitoids associated with soybean stink bugs Biol. Control 1995 5 Corrêa B.S Panizzi A.R Newman G.G Turnipseed S.G Distribuição geográfica a abundância estacional dos principais insetos-pragas da soja e seus predadores An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1977 6 Correia A. C. B Manejo Integrado de Pragas Inf. Agropec 1982 8 Foerster L.A Queiroz J.M Incidência natural de parasitismo em ovos de pentatomídeos da soja no Centro-Sul do Paraná An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1990 19 Gazzoni D.L Sosa Gómez D.R Moscardi F Hoffmann-Campo C.B Corrêa-Ferreira B.S Oliveira L.J Corso I.C Insects Tropical soybean: improvement and production Tropical soybean: improvement and production 1994 Rome EMBRAPA-CNPSo Hokyo N Kiritani K Nakasuji F Shiga M Comparative biology of two scelionid egg parasites of Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Appl. Entomol. Zool 1966 1 Jones W.A World review of the parasitoids of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am 1988 81 Kobayashi T Cosenza G.W Integrated control of soybean stink bugs in the Cerrados Japan Agric. Res. Q 1987 20 Medeiros M.A Schimidt F.V.G Loiácono M.S Carvalho V.F Borges M Parasitismo e predação em ovos de Euschistus heros (Fab.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) no Distrito Federal, Brasil An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1997 26 Moreira G.R.P Becker M Mortalidade de Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) no estágio de ovo na cultura da soja: II - Parasitóides An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1986 15 Orr D. B Scelionid wasps as biological control agents: a review Fla Entomol 1988 71 Orr D.B Russin J.S Boethel D.J Jones W.A Stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitism in Lousiana soybeans Environ. Entomol 1986 15 Panizzi A.R Smith J.G Observações sobre inimigos naturais de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em soja An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1976 5 Torres J.B Zanuncio J.C Cecon P.R Gasperazzo W.L Mortalidade de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) por parasitóides de ovos em áreas de eucalipto An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1996 25 van Driesche R.G Meaning of "percentage parasitism" in studies of insect parasitoids Environ. Entom 1983 12 Venzon M Martins Filho S Abundância de insetos-pragas e seus inimigos naturais na cultura da soja no Triângulo Mineiro Rev. Agric. Trop 1995 1 Villas-Bôas G.L Panizzi A.R Biologia de Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 1980 9 Yeargan K.V Parasitism and predation of stink bugs eggs in soybean and alfafa fields Environ. Entomol 1979 8
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400034 Pharmacological properties of the repellent secretion of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Prygomorphidae) Idowu A.B Idowu O.A ,University of Agriculture Department of Biological Sciences Abeokuta Nigeria 12 1999 1999 47 1015 1020

The odours of the whole body and the secretion of Zonocerus variegatus were easily recognised and perceived by human volunteers. However, the secretion odour is not related to the odour of the food plant consumed by the grasshopper. The repellency of Z. variegatus becomes more pronounced in the 6th. and adult instars whose gland lumens contain an appreciable volume of secretion. The secretion odour is so strong that even dilution does not affect its repulsiveness to humans. The secretion had pharmacological properties: it induced contraction in rat (Rattus rattus) stomach smooth muscle preparations and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) ileum, and induced oedema formation in the rat hind paw. The secretion was not lethal to the animals used in this study, effects were temporary and recovery occurs after a short time.

 Z.variegatus odour secretions vertebrate invertebrate actions Abushama F.T.E The repugnatorial gland of the grasshopper Poecilocerus hieroglyphicus (klug) J.Entomol Ser. (A) 1972 7 Euw J.V.L Fishelson Parsons L Reichstein J.A Rothschild M Cardenolides (Heart poisons) in a grasshopper feeding on mulkweeds Nature 1967 214 London Fishelson L The biology and the behaviour of Poekilocerus bufonis (klug), with special reference to the repellent gland (Arth. Acrididae) Eos. Madr 1960 36 Idowu A.B The structure of the repellent gland is Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) J.Afr.Zool 1995 109 Idowu A.B The growth pattern of the repellent gland in Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthopetera: Pyrgomorphidae) Bio. Science Comm 1996 8 Idowu A.B The defensive mechanism of Zonocerus variegatus (L) J. Afr. Zool 1997 111 Idowu A.B Modder W.W.D Preliminary analyses of the chemical constituents of the repellent secretion of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera:Prygomorphidae) Insect Sci. Appl 1998 18 Pasteels J.M Gregoire J.C Rowell - Rahier M The chemical ecology of defence in Arthropods Ann. Rev. Entomol 1983 28 Qureshi Ahmad I Studies on the functional anatomy and histology of the repellent gland of Poekilocerus pictus (F.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Proc. R. Ent.Soc.lond 1970 45 Whitman D.W Chapman R.F Joern A Grasshopper chemical communication Biology of Grasshopper Biology of Grasshopper 1990
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400035 The male of Nancyana curva (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from southeastern Brazil Nova Coelho Luci Boa ,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Departamento de Zoologia Rio de Janeiro Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 1021 1023

The adult male of Nancyana curva is described and illustrated for the first time, based on four specimens from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Male diagnostic characters include the presence of a pair of inner projections on the dorsal lobe of the pygofer, and a dorsal pair of short subapical processes on the aedeagus. The female color pattern is similar to that of male, with dark brown bands on torax not so clear.

 Insecta Homoptera leafhopper taxonomy neotropics Freytag P.H The new genus Nancyana and nine new species with the review of the related genus Rhogosana (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash 1990 92 Joly A.B Botânica: introdução à taxonomia vegetal Botânica: introdução à taxonomia vegetal 1987 São Paulo Editora Nacional
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400036 Caterpillar seasonality in a central Brazilian cerrado Morais Helena C Diniz Ivone R Silva Delano M. S ,Universidade de Brasília Departamento de Ecologia Brasília, DF Brasil ,Universidade de Brasília Departamento de Zoologia Brasília, DF Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 1025 1033

We describe the seasonal abundance of caterpillars in the central Brazilian cerrado (savanna woodland) from 1991 to 1995 and discuss possible explanations for abundance variation. The climate is highly seasonal with a marked wet season between October and March. On 15% of a total of 10 800 censuses of host plants (nine species, three genera and three families) we found caterpillars feeding externally. We successfully reared 247 lepidopteran species (32 families), 61 % of which occurred at low density (fewer than four times). The frequency of plants with caterpillars increased sharply at the beginning of the dry season, in mid-April, and remained high until mid-July and then declined sharply, reaching its lowest point in the early-wet season (October). Some caterpillar species are present on food plants throughout the year, whereas others are highly seasonal, occurring only in the wet season. The duration of the pupal stage and its variance increased at the end of the wet season. Possible explanations for the low caterpillar density at the beginning of the rainy season include accumulated water stress in the late-dry season, leaf defenses, delay of adult emergence, and predator and parasitoid activities. The higher caterpillar abundance during the first half of the dry season may correspond to the availability of temporary enemy-free space.

Este trabajo se realizó desde 1991 a 1995 en cuatro áreas de cerrado sensu stricto en Brasília, DF, Brasil. El clima de la región es estacional, con las estaciones seca y lluviosa bien marcadas. Nueve especies de plantas hospederas (tres géneros y tres familias) fueron examinadas en 10 800 censos desde 1993 a 1995 y en 15% de ellas se encontraron larvas. Se obtuvieron los adultos de 247 especies de lepidópteros (32 familias). La proporción de plantas con larvas aumentó rapidamente a partir del 15 de abril, permaneciendo alta hasta julio, estación de seca y fue menor al comenzar la estación lluviosa. La duración media del período de pupa varía durante el año (multivoltinas). La baja densidad de larvas al inicio de las lluvias podría deberse al estrés hídrico acumulado durante la estación seca; la defensa química y física de las hojas nuevas; la demora en la emergencia de los adultos y la actividad de depredadores y parasitoides. Probablemente el espacio libre de enemigos durante los tres primeros meses de la época seca favorece la abundancia de larvas en el campo.

 Caterpillar abundance dry season Lepidoptera herbivores host plants cerrado Brazil Aiello A Quintero Arias D Aiello A Dry season strategies of two Panamanian butterfly species, Anartia fatima (Nymphalinae) and Pierella luna luna (Satyrinae) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected Studies 1992 Oxford Oxford University Andrade I Diniz I. R Morais H. C A lagarta de Cerconota achatina (Oecophoridae: Stenomatinae): biologia e ocorrência em plantas hospedeiras do gênero Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) Revta. bras. Zool 1995 12 Braby M. F Reproductive seasonality in tropical satyrine butterflies: strategies for the dry season Ecol. Entom 1995 20 Brown K. S Mielke O. H. H Lepidoptera of the central Brazil plateau. I. Preliminary list of Rhopalocera (continued): Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Hesperidae J. Lepid. Soc 1967 21 Cavalcanti R. B Migrações de aves do cerrado: Anais do Migrações de aves do cerrado: Anais do 1990 Encontro Nacional de Anilhadores de Aves Recife Denlinger D. L Dormancy in tropical insects Ann. Rev. Entomol 1986 31 DeVries P. J The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history: Papillionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history: Papillionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae 1987 New York Princeton University Diniz I. R Morais H. C Larvas de Lepidoptera e suas plantas hospedeiras em um cerrado de Brasília, DF, Brasil Revta Bras. Ent 1995 39 Diniz I. R Morais H. C Lepidopteran caterpillar fauna of cerrado host plants Biodiver. Conserv 1997 6 Felfili J. M Silva M. C A comparative study of cerrado (sensu stricto) vegetation in central Brazil J. Trop. Ecol 1993 9 Felfili I, J. M Silva M. C Rezende A. V Machado J. W. B Walter B. M. T Silva P. E. N HAY J. D Analise comparativa da florística e fitossociologia da vegetação arbórea do cerrado sensu stricto na Chapada Pratinha, DF, Brasil Act. Bot. Bras 1993 6 Fernandez R. A. N O comportamento alimentar como fator de isolamento ecológico em oito espécies de Tyrannidae (Aves) do Planalto Central O comportamento alimentar como fator de isolamento ecológico em oito espécies de Tyrannidae (Aves) do Planalto Central 1978 Goodland R A physiognomic analysis of "cerrado" vegetation of central Brazil J. Ecol 1971 59 Janzen D. H Sweep samples of tropical foliage insects: effects of seasons, vegetation types, elevation, time of day, and insularity Ecology 1973 54 Janzen D. H How moths pass the dry season in a Costa Rican dry forest Insect Sci. Applic 1987 8 Janzen D. H Ecological characterization of a Costa Rican dry forest caterpillar fauna Biotropica 1988 20 Janzen D. H Stamp N. E Casey T. M Caterpillar seasonality in a Costa Rican dry forest Caterpillars - Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging Caterpillars - Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging 1993 New York Chapman & Hall Jones R. E Rienkes J Reproductive seasonality in the tropical genus Eurema (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Biotropica 1987 19 Macedo R. H Reproductive patterns and social organization of the communal Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) in Central Brazil Auk 1992 109 Mantovani W Martins F. R Variações fenológicas das espécies do cerrado da Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo Revta. brasil. Bot. 1988 11 Marquis R. J Whelan C. J Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf-chewing insects Ecology 1994 75 Morais H. C Diniz I. R Baumgarten L. C Padrões de produção de folhas e sua utilização por larvas de Lepidoptera em um cerrado de Brasília Revta. brasil. Bot 1995 18 Morais H. C Diniz R Silva J. R Larvas de Siderone marthesia nemensis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Charaxinae) em um cerrado de Brasília Revta. bras. Zool 1996 13 Odendaal F. J The dry season influences reproductive parameters in female butterflies Biotropica 1990 22 Pinheiro C. E. G Ortiz J. V. C Communities of fruit-feeding butterflies along a vegetation gradient in central Brazil J. Biogeography 1992 19 Price P. W Diniz I. R Morais H. C Marques E. S. A The abundance of insect herbivore species in the tropics: high local richness of rare species Biotropica 1995 27 Ramos F. A Diniz I. R Seasonal cycles, survivorship and growth of colonies of Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in the urban area of Brasília, Brazil Entomologist 1993 112 Ratter J. A Notes on the vegetation of Fazenda Água Limpa (Brasília, DF, Brazil) Notes on the vegetation of Fazenda Água Limpa (Brasília, DF, Brazil) 1980 Royal Botanic Garden Stamp N. E Casey T. M Caterpillars - Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging Caterpillars - Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging New York Chapman & Hall Wolda H Insect seasonality: why? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1988 19
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400037 Búsqueda de alimento y marcación de trillo por larvas de Brassolis sophorae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) en condiciones naturales Zanetti Ronald Vilela Evado F Zanuncio José C Moura José Inácio L ,Universidade Federal de Lavras Departamento de entomologia Lavras Minas Gerais Brasil ,Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Biologia Animal Viçosa Minas Gerais Brasil ,CEPEC Itabuna Brasil 12 1999 1999 47 1035 1038

The daily periodicity of foraging and trail marking behaviour of Brassolis sophorae larvae was studied between August, 1991 and July, 1992 in a cocoa plantation in Bahia, Brazil. Larvae, originating from eight different nests, were observed continually during the dark phase for 20 consecutive days. They foraged for a single period of time each day, starting at 17:56 h, and for a meam duration of 90 min and 36 s. Larvae mark trails with threads of silk while moving from the nest to the foraging site and viceversa.

 Foraging behaviour trail marking Brassolis sophorae Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Fitzgerald T.D Trail marking by larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar Science 1976 194 Fitzgerald T.D An analysis of daily foraging patterns of laboratory colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacossoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), recorded photo-electronically Can. Entomol 1980 112 Fitzgerald T.D Matthews J.R Matthews R.W Exploratory and recruitment trail marking by eastern tent caterpillars Insect behavior: a sourcebook of laboratory and field exercises Insect behavior: a sourcebook of laboratory and field exercises 1982 Westview^eColorado Fitzgerald T.D Caterpillar on a silk thread J. Natur. Hist 1983 2 Fitzgerald T.D Costa J.T Trail-based communication an foraging behavior of young colonies of forest tent caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer 1986 76 Greenblat J.A Witter J.A Behavioral studies on Malacossoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Can. Entomol 1976 108 Habib M.E.M Andrade C.F Epizootia em larvas de Brassolis sophorae (Linnaeus, 1758) causada por Beauveria bassiana, (Bals.) Vuil., com estudos de identificação e sintomatologia An. Soc. Entomol. Bra 1977 6 Mariconi F.A.M As lagartas das palmeiras. A-Brassolis sophorae (Lineu, 1758); B-Brassolis astyra Godart, 1821 O Biológico 1952 18 Young A.M Natural history notes on Brassolis isthmia Bates (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolinae) in northeastern Costa Rica J. Res. Lep 1985 24 Zamith A.P.L Anatomia morfológica, externa e interna da lagarta, e do adulto de Brassolis sophorae laudrentii Stichel, 1925 An. Escol. Sup. Agr. "Luiz de Queirós" 1962 19
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400038 Neotropical dry forest wildlife water hole use and management Vaughan Christopher Weis Kelly ,Universidad Nacional Regional Wildlife Program Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 1039 1044

Selected wildlife species diurnal use of a natural water hole (QD) and an artificial water hole (AW) were studied during 1990 dry season at Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. In total, 919 individuals (six mammal and one game bird species) consumed water from QD, while 713 individuals (four mammal species) consumed water from AW. Estimated daily water consumption by selected wildlife species was 29.7 l at QD and 27.3 l at AW. Estimated 24-h water consumed by all wildlife species or evaporated was 44.6 l at QD and 41.1 l at AW. This resulted from summing: a) water consumed by studied species, b) estimated 24-hour water consumed by other wildlife (QD = 14.85 l, AW = 13.65 l) and c) daily water evaporation (QD = 0.04 l, AW = 0.10 l). During a 120-day dry season, AW required about 4 932 l of water from the park administration. Management implications for neotropical dry forest water holes are discussed.

Se estudió el uso diurno de un ojo de agua natural (QD) y otro artificial (AW) a finales de la época seca de 1990 en el Area de Conservacion de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. En total 919 individuos (seis especies de mamíferos y una de ave cinegética) consumieron agua de QD y 713 individuos (cuatro especies de mamíferos) de AQ. Se estimó que en un dia, las especies de vida silvestre estudiados tomaron 29.7 l y 27.3 l de agua de QD y AW, respectivamente. El total de agua consumido o evaporado de cada ojo de agua durante 24-horas fue estimado en 44.6 l en QD y 41.1 l en AW, con base en: a) agua bebida durante 12 h por las especies seleccionadas, b) agua bebida por todos los otros individuos durante 24 h (QD = 14.85 l, AW = 13.65 l) y c) evaporación diaria (QD = 0.04 l, AW = 0.01 l). Para abastecer AW durante una epoca seca de 120 días, la administración del parque debe proveer 4 932 l de agua. Se discute las implicaciones de manejo en las regiones de bosque seco neotropical.

 Costa Rica dry season management neotropical dry forest water holes wildlife Ayeni J. S Utilization of water holes in Tsavo National Park (East) Afr. Wild. J 1975 13 Bradford D The effects of an artificial water supply on free-living Peromyscus truei J. Mamm 1975 56 Brigham W Tsukamoto G. K Stiver S. J Fencing wildlife water developments Wildlife water development Wildlife water development 1990 Las Vegas^eNevada The Wildlife Society-Nevada Chapter Calder W Size, function and life history Size, function and life history 1984 Cambridge^eMassachusetts Harvard University Clarkson R Sturla E Tsukamoto G. K Stiver S. J A methodology for estimation of water use consumption and evaporation at wildlife water developments Wildlife water development Wildlife water development 1990 Las Vegas^eNevada The Wildlife Society-Nevada Chapter Cornelius S Water hole improvement in Santa Rosa National Park Water hole improvement in Santa Rosa National Park 1974 Report World Wildlife Fund Ernst W.H Tolsma D Dispersal of fruits and seeds in woody savanna plants in southern Botswana Beitr. Z. Biol. Pflanzen 1990 65 Espach H Saenz J Vaughan C Rodriguez M Ecologia y manejo del venado colablanca en Mexico y Costa Rica Ecologia y manejo del venado colablanca en Mexico y Costa Rica 1995 Heredia Universidad Nacional Hitchcock D Wildlife observed in Kutse Game Reserve, Botswana, at pans with either artificial or natural water holes Afri. J. Ecol 1996 34 Janzen D. H Guanacaste National Park: Tropical ecological and cultural restoration Guanacaste National Park: Tropical ecological and cultural restoration 1986 Editorial of the Universidad Estatal a Distancia Kie J Bleich V Medina A Yoakum J Thomas J Bookhout T Managing rangelands for wildlife Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats 1994 Bethesda^eMaryland The Wildlife Society Knight M.H Importance of borehole water to doves and sandgrouse in the semi-arid southern Kalahari South Afr. J. Wild. Res 1989 19 Knight M.H Knight A.K Bornman J.J The importance of borehole water and lick sites to Kalahari ungulates J. Arid Environ 1988 15 Krausman P. R Etchberger R. C Desert bighorn sheep and water: A bibliography Desert bighorn sheep and water: A bibliography 1996 Tucson^eArizona United States Geological Survey Mandujano S Gallina S Disponibilidad de agua para el venado colablanca en el bosque tropical caducifolio de Mexico Vida Silv. Neo 1995 4 McCoy M.B Vaughan C.S Rodriguez M.A Kitchen D Seasonal movement, home range, activity and diet of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in Costa Rican dry forest Vida Silv. Neo 1990 2 Morera R Uso de habitat y plantas importantes en la alimentacion del mono congo (Alouatta palliata) y el mono carablanca (Cebus capucinus) en el bosque seco tropical, Costa Rica Uso de habitat y plantas importantes en la alimentacion del mono congo (Alouatta palliata) y el mono carablanca (Cebus capucinus) en el bosque seco tropical, Costa Rica 1997 Moscow D Vaughan C Food habits and troop movement of the white-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest Rev. Biol. Trop 1987 35 Rautenstrauch K. R Krausmann P. R Influence of water availability on rainfall and movements of desert mule deer J. Mamm 1989 70 Rice W Tsukamoto G.K Stiver S. J Soil cement application for wildlife developments and range developments (water harvesting/collection) Wildlife Water Developments Wildlife Water Developments 1990 Las Vegas^eNevada The Wildlife Society-Nevada Chapter Robinson J Redford K Body size, diet and population density of neotropical forest mammals Am. Nat 1986 128 Saenz J Ecologia del pizote, Nasua narica, y su papel como dispersador de semillas del bosque seco tropical Ecologia del pizote, Nasua narica, y su papel como dispersador de semillas del bosque seco tropical 1995 Taber S A population of feral honey bee colonies Amer. Bee J 1979 119 Tsukamoto G Stiver S Wildlife water development Wildlife water development 1990 Las Vegas^eNevada The Wildlife Society-Nevada Chapter Vaughan A Cabrera J Moore D Vaughan C Water loss at twenty natural water holes in neotropical dry forest Rev. Biol. Trop 1997 45 Vaughan C Rodriguez M Robinson J Redford K White-tailed deer management in Costa Rica Neotropical wildlife: Use and conservation Neotropical wildlife: Use and conservation 1991 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Vaughan C Canessa G McCoy M Rodriguez M Bravo J Sanchez J Morales R Hawkins T Shaffer D Crozier E Hodgson F Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodriguez Caballero Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde): Plan de manejo y desarrollo Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodriguez Caballero Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde): Plan de manejo y desarrollo 1982 Heredia Universidad Nacional Yoakum J Dasmann W Sanderson R Nixon C Crawford H Schemnitz S Habitat improvement techniques Wildlife management techniques Wildlife management techniques 1980 BethesdaMaryland The Wildlife Society
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400039 Cultivo del caballito de mar, Hippocampus ingens (Pisces: Syngnathidae) en condiciones artificiales Reyes-Bustamante H Ortega-Salas A.A ,UAS Facultad de Ciencias del Mar ,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología México 12 1999 1999 47 1045 1049

Hippocampus ingens was cultured under controlled laboratory conditions (aquarium and in a seawater pond) for nine weeks using rotifers as food. Daylight seawater temperature was 23.3 -29.0 °C, oxygen 3.6-8.7 mg/l, pH 8.5- 9.1, salinity 36-38 o/oo, and turbidity 35-50 cm. In aquarium mean length of hatched larvae was 0.69 cm (increased to 1.4 cm at the end of the first week).The length-weight relationship was W = 0.0025 L 2.9842 n = 112 r = 0.98, where W: weight (g) and L: length (cm). Total growth estimated through nine weeks was L = 0.7804 (T) - 0.2732 n = 7 r = 0.99, where L: length (cm) and T: time in weeks. The growth rate was 0.7804 cm per week. The survival rate was 84% with a crop of 3 332 juveniles.

Cultivo del Hippocampus ingens en condiciones controladas de laboratorio y de estanque en 9 semanas. Se les alimentó con rotíferos la primera semana Durante las horas de día, la temperatura del agua, varió de 23.3 -29.0 °C, el oxígeno de 3.6-8.7 mg/l, el pH de 8.5-9.1, la salinidad de 36-38 o/oo y la turbidez de 35-50 cm. En el acuario la longitud promedio de las larvas al nacer fue de 0.69 cm, ésta aumentó a 1.4 cm al final de la primera semana. La relación peso-longitud en el estanque exterior fue P = 0.0025 L 2.9842 n = 112 r = 0.98 donde P: peso (g) y L: longitud (cm). El crecimiento total en nueve semanas fue: L = 0.7804 (T)-0.2732 n = 7 r = 0.99 donde L: longitud (cm) y T: tiempo en semanas. La tasa de crecimiento fue de 0.7804 cm por semana. La sobrevivencia fue de 84% con una cosecha de 3 332 juveniles.

 Hippocampus ingens experimental culture Mexican Pacific Ocean Brief introduction to mariculture of selected species in China Brief introduction to mariculture of selected species in China 1990 Bangkok National Inland Fisheries Institute, Kasetsat University, Campus Bangkhen Axelrod H Burges W Emmens C Exotic marine fishes Exotic marine fishes 1969 Neptune^eNueva Jersey TFH Correa M Chung K. S Manrique R Experimental culture of the sea horse, Hippocampus erectus Bol. Inst. Oceanogr 1989 28 Fabré H El Acuario El Acuario 1968 Barcelona Daimon Graff F Marine Aquarium Guide Marine Aquarium Guide 1968 Nueva Jersey Pet Libray, TFH, Neptune Mathliessen G.C Toner R.C Possible methods of improving the shelfish industry of marthas Dukes Country, Massachusetts Possible methods of improving the shelfish industry of marthas Dukes Country, Massachusetts 1966 Massachussets Marine Research Foundation Edgartown Mi P. T Raising the sea horse Hippocampus kuda Russ. J. Mar Biol 1992 18 Minelli A Nueva enciclopedia del reino animal Nueva enciclopedia del reino animal 1985 Univ. Padua Pivnicka K Cemy K El gran libro de los peces El gran libro de los peces 1991 Madrid Susaeta Sorgeloos P Bossuyt E Lavinia E Baeza-Mesa M Persoone G Decapsulation of Artemia cyst. A comparative study Aquacult. Eng 1977 1 Teheilacker G Master M M C Mass culture of the rotífer Brachionus plicatilis and its evaluation as a food for larval anchovies Mar. Biol. Bull 1971 10 Tellez M, V Moran S K. L Medina G D Cultivo experimental del caballito marino Hippocampus ingens (Girard, 1859), en condiciones semicontroladas Cultivo experimental del caballito marino Hippocampus ingens (Girard, 1859), en condiciones semicontroladas 1997 Vincent A The improbable Sea horse Nat. Geogr 1994 186
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400040 Chromosomes of Cichlasoma istlanum (Perciformes: Cichlidae) and karyotype comparison of two presumed subspecies Uribe-Alcocer Manuel Téllez-Vargas Carlos Díaz-Jaimes Píndaro ,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología México, D.F México 12 1999 1999 47 1051 1059

Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1900) is a freshwater cichlid from the Balsas river province in the Pacific Basin. Two subspecies: C. istlana istlana, from the Ixtla river in the state of Morelos, Mexico, and C. istlana fusca, from the Huámito river near the town of La Huacana, in the state of Michoacán, were named half a century ago on the basis of meristic characters. In this work, the karyotype of the species was established by conventional and G-banding cytogenetic procedures and a comparative analysis of karyotypes from the two populations, previously proposed as subspecies, was performed. Ten females were collected in the Amacuzac river, and nine specimens (two females), were collected in the Huámito river. Based on the count of 264 mitotic fields of the former and 203 of the latter, the modal number of 2n=48 was established in every sample and considered as the diploid number of both populations. The karyotype analysis was based on ten karyotypes prepared from Morelos and eight from Michoacán, which included three from females and five from males. The chromosome formula thus established was of 8sm+40stt. The G-banding pattern was similar in both populations and the comparison of the mean lengths of the chromosome pairs did not reveal statistically significant differences between both populations. The presence of a practically identical karyotype does not support the subspecific division. The morphometric analyses made by other authors, which detected overlapping in the characters that were proposed as distinctive of the two subspecies, agree with the results of this study: not enough divergence has been found to substantiate the subdivision of C. istlanum. The lack of population divergence might have been brought about by an abated geographic isolation caused by gene flow among contiguous populations along their continuous distribution in the Balsas Basin regions, by the relatively small divergence time since their distribution in these regions, and/or, less probably, by a recent historical replacement of one population by the other. The absence of karyotype differences might also be attributed to characteristics inherent to the genome organization in the genus Cichlasoma still to be identified and understood.

Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1900) es un cíclido dulceacuícola que se encuentra en la provincia del Río Balsas en la Cuenca del Pacífico mexicano. De Buen (1946), basado en caracteres merísticos de la especie, propuso la división en dos subespecies: C. istlana istlana, procedente del Río Ixtla, en el estado de Morelos, y C. istlana fusca, del Río Huámito, Michoacán. En este trabajo se estableció el cariotipo de la especie por medio de procedimientos citogenéticos convencionales y de bandeo G, y se realizó un análisis comparativo de los cariotipos provenientes de las muestras de las dos poblaciones previamente propuestas como subespecies. Se recolectaron diez hembras en el Río Amacuzac, en el estado de Morelos, y nueve especímenes en el Río Huámito: dos hembras y siete machos. Mediante la cuenta de 264 campos mitóticos de la primera muestra y 203 de la segunda, se pudo establecer un número modal de 2n=48 en cada una, moda que se consideró correspondía al número diploide de la especie. El análisis cariotípico se basó en diez cariogramas preparados de la población de Morelos y de ocho de la de Michoacán, que incluyó tres provenientes de hembras y cinco de machos. La fórmula cromosómica encontrada fue de 8sm+40stt. El patrón de bandas G de ambas poblaciones fue similar y las comparaciones estadísticas de las longitudes promedio de los pares cromosómicos no mostraron diferencias significativas concluyentes entre ambas poblaciones. La existencia de un cariotipo prácticamente idéntico concuerda con la falta de diversificación subespecífica entre las poblaciones estudiadas. Los análisis morfométricos realizados por otros autores que encontraron sobreposición en los caracteres que fueron propuestos como distintivos de las dos subespecies, concuerdan con los resultados del presente estudio en que no se detectó divergencia suficiente para fundamentar la subdivisión de C. istlanum. La falta de divergencia poblacional encontrada puede deberse a un aislamiento geográfico disminuído por la existencia de flujo genético entre poblaciones contiguas a lo largo de su distribución en las diferentes regiones del Río Balsas, por un lapso de divergencia evolutiva relativamente corto a partir de su distribución en estas regiones y/o, con menor probabilidad, por un reemplazo de una población por la otra. La estabilidad carotípica encontrada pueda ser debida también a características, aun por identificarse y definirse, inherentes a la organización del genoma en este género.

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México 1983 10 Vega-Bravo L Estudio de la línea lateral de los cíclidos mexicanos Estudio de la línea lateral de los cíclidos mexicanos 1973 Vervoort A The karyotypes of seven species of Tilapia (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Cytologia 1980 45 Vitturi R Catalano E Multiple chromosome polymorphism in the gobiid fish Gobius niger jozo L. 1758 (Pisces, Gobiidae) Cytologia 1989 54
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400041 Spatio-temporal distribution of the fish Synodontis schall (Teleostei: Mochokidae) in Asa lake, Ilorin, Nigeria Araoye P. A ,University of Ibadan Department of Zoology Ibadan Nigeria 12 1999 1999 47 1061 1066

Spatio-temporal distribution of Synodontis schall in Asa lake was studied for 24 months (March 1991 to February 1993). Distribution of individual was: 28.40 % (surface), 35.60 % (shore), and 36.0 % (bottom). Catches within the habitat were not significantly different. Similarly catches within the habitats during the periods of wet (May to October) and dry (November to April) seasons were not significantly different. There was seasonal occurrence of the fish at the bottom because the catches from this habitat in October (4.80 to 9.10 %) and November (0.00 to 8.70 %), corresponding with the period of flood and high water levels, were relatively low due to feeding and reproductive phenomena. Although catch was inversely proportional to the water levels, this was not significant in this experimental gill net catches. Synodontis schall was caught throughout the sampling period indicating its successful adaptation within the environment due to low predation and its diverse feeding habits.

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S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400042 Variación de la diversidad y abundancia de especies ícticas dominantes en el Delta del Río Magdalena, Colombia Sánchez Ramírez Claudia Rueda Mario ,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras Mérida Yucatán México 12 1999 1999 47 1067 1079

The fish community in the Magdalena River Delta, Colombia, was studied to assess relationship with habitats and to generate additional information for resource evaluation and management programs. Monthly castnets fish collections (1995 - 1996) were made in Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), Complejo Pajaral (CP) and Complejo Salamanca Occidental (CSO), all in the Magdalena River Delta; 36 species are present in CGSM, 24 in CP and 42 in CSO, with 11 species common to the three areas. Abundance and catch-per-unit effort were greater in the rainy season, when food availability was greater. The diversity varied during the study period and was higher in CSO where the environmental conditions were better. The geomorphology and environmental conditions determine the habitat adaptation of the species in the Delta. The dominant species have adapted their spawning, nursery and feeding functions to a yearly salinity pattern.

La comunidad íctica del Delta del Río Magdalena, Colombia fue estudiada con el fin de tener un conocimiento de su relación con los hábitats ocupados y generar así información complementaria para programas de evaluación y manejo de recursos pesqueros. Entre 1995 y 1996 se hicieron recolectas mensuales de peces usando atarrayas, en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), el Complejo Pajarales (CP) y el Complejo Salamanca Occidental (CSO). 36 especies utilizan la CGSM, 24 el CP y 42 el CSO, siendo 11 especies comunes en las tres áreas. La abundancia y la captura por unidad de esfuerzo fueron mayores en época lluviosa, cuando la disponibilidad de alimento fue mayor. La diversidad varió a lo largo del período de estudio y fue mayor en CSO donde las condiciones ambientales fueron mejores. La geomorfología del Delta y las condiciones ambientales generan que las especies utilicen los hábitats en forma diferente. Se determinó que las especies dominantes han adaptado su ciclo de vida a un patrón anual de salinidad cambiante para cumplir funciones de reproducción, crianza y alimentación.

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L Aguirre-León A Díaz Ruiz S Amezcua-Linares F Florez-Hernández D Chavance P Yáñez-Arancibia A Ecología de poblaciones de peces dominantes en estuarios tropicales: factores ambientales que regulan las estrategias biológicas y la producción Fish community ecology in estuaries and coastal lagoons: Towards an ecosystem integration Fish community ecology in estuaries and coastal lagoons: Towards an ecosystem integration 1985 ^eMexico, D.F UNAM Yáñez-Arancibia A Lara-Dominguez A. L Rojas-Galviz J.L Sánchez-Gil P Day J.W Madden C.J Seasonal biomass and diversity of estuarine fishes coupled with tropical habitat heterogenety (southern Gulf of Mexico) J. Fish Biol 1988 33 Yañez-Arancibia A Lara A.L Pauly D Kjerfve B Coastal lagoons as fish habitats Coastal lagoons processes Coastal lagoons processes 1994 Amsterdam Elsevier Zar J.H Biostatistical analysys Biostatistical analysys 1996 Nueva Jersey Prentice Hall
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400043 Alimentación de Microthrissa congica (Osteichthyes: Clupeidae) en la cuenca alta del río Congo (África) Mambyanga Mokoma Godefroid Devos Luc Cardona Luis ,Universidad de Barcelona Departamento de Biología Animal España ,Universidad de Barcelona Departamento de Biología Animal Barcelona España 12 1999 1999 47 1081 1086

The feeding habits of the fish Microthrissa congica were studied for a year in the upper Congo river basin, by monthly analysis of stomach contents of adult specimens (N= 460). The nymphs of chironomid midges represented the bulk of the diet throughout most of the year, although terrestrial insects became more abundant in the rainy season. Niche breadth also increased in the wet season. This species feeds mainly in the water column and benthos is not an important food source.

Mensualmente durante un año, se estudió la alimentación de Microthrissa congica en la cuenca alta del Río Congo, mediante el análisis de contenidos estomacales de ejemplares adultos. De acuerdo con la frecuencia de aparición, las ninfas de quironómidos constituyen la base de su alimentación durante todo el año. La importancia de los insectos de origen terrestre aumenta durante la época de lluvias, momento en que aumenta la amplitud del nicho. Estos resultados demuestran que este clupeido es una especie insectívora pelágica, utilizando muy poco el bentos como fuente de alimento.

 Feeding habits Africa Microthrissa congica Clupeidae insectivores Congo river Busacker G.P Adelman I.R Goolish E.M Schreck C.B Moyle P.B Growth Methods for fish biology Methods for fish biology 1990 Bethesda^eMaryland American Fisheries Society Cardona L Measurement of tropic niche breadth using occurence frequencies J.Fish Biol 1991 39 Coulter G.W Lakes Tanganyika and its life. Natural History Museum Publications Lakes Tanganyika and its life. Natural History Museum Publications 1991 Oxford Oxford University Gourène G Révision systématique des Clupeidae d’eau douce de l’ouest et du centre africain. Morphologigie,Biométrie,Ostéologie et Zoogéographie des genres: Pellonula,Odaxothrissa,Cynothrissa, poecilothrissa et Microthrissa Révision systématique des Clupeidae d’eau douce de l’ouest et du centre africain. Morphologigie,Biométrie,Ostéologie et Zoogéographie des genres: Pellonula,Odaxothrissa,Cynothrissa, poecilothrissa et Microthrissa 1988 Gourène G Teugels G.G Révision systématique du genre Microthrissa Boulanger,1902 des eaux douces africaines (pisces;Clupeidae) Rev.Hydrobiol. Trop 1989 22 Gourène G Teugels G.G Synopsis de la classification et phylogénie des pellonulinae de l’Afrique Occidentale et Centrale (Teleostei;Clupeidae) J.Afr.Zool 1994 108 Grabe A Feeding chronology and habits of Alosa spp.(Clupeidae) juveniles from the lower Hudson River estuary,New- York Env. Biol. Fish 1996 47 Hureau J.C Biologie comparée de quelques posissons antarcti- ques (Notothenidae) Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 1970 68 Huse G Toresen R A comparative study of the feeding habits of herring (Clupea harengus,Clupeidae) and Capelin (Mallotus villosus, Osmeridae, Müller) in the Barents Sea Sarsia 1996 81 Hyslop E.J Stomach contents analysis. A review of methods and their application J.Fish Biol 1980 19 James A.G Are Clupeids microphagist herbivorous or omnivorous?. A review of the diets of some commercially important Clupeids S.Af.J. Mar.Sci 1988 7 Lauzanne L Régimes alimentaires et relations trophiques des poissons du lac Tchad. Cah ORSTOM sér Hydrobiol 1976 10 Lauzanne L Lévêque C Bruton M.N Ssentongo G.W Les habitudes alimentaires des poissons d’eau douce Africains Biologie et écologie des poissons d'eau douce Africains Biologie et écologie des poissons d'eau douce Africains 1988 París ORSTOM López J Peces emigrantes Peces emigrantes 1963 Barcelona Garriga Matthes H Les poissons du lac Tumba et de la région Ikela. Étude systématique et écologique Ann. Mus. Roy. Af. Cent 1964 126 Ortaz M Rocha M Posada M Food habits of the sympatric fishes Harengula humeralis and H.clupeola (Clupeidae) in the archipelago de los Roques National Park,Venezuela J. Sci 1996 32 Poll M Synopsis et distribution géographique des Clupeidae africains,description de trois nouvelles espèces Bull .Acad .Roy. Belg 1974 5 Roth M Initiation à la morphologie,la Systématique et la Biologie des insectes Initiation à la morphologie,la Systématique et la Biologie des insectes 1980 París ORSTOM Tachet H Bornaud M Richaux P Introduction à l’étude des macroinvertébrés des eaux douces, (Systématique élémentaire et aperçu écologique) Introduction à l’étude des macroinvertébrés des eaux douces, (Systématique élémentaire et aperçu écologique) 1980 Lion Université de Lion I Zaret T.M Rand E.S Competition in tropical stream fishes: Support for the competitive exclusion principle Ecology 1971 52
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400044 Diet of Agonostomus monticola (Pisces: Mugilidae) in the Río Ayuquila, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, México Torres-Navarro Claudia Isela Lyons John ,Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática Subdirección de geografía Guadalajara Jalisco México ,Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Monona Wisconsin USA 12 1999 1999 47 1087 1092

We quantified the diet of Agonostomus monticola during the wet and dry seasons of 1990 in a 15 km reach of the Río Ayuquila, a Pacific tributary of west-central México. The species consumed 32 animal and 9 plant families, with aquatic insects (mainly Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera) and algae (mainly Chlorophyta) as primary prey. Animal material dominated the diet in the wet season but was only slightly more important than plant material in the dry season. Animal material increased in importance with fish size for specimens 151-300 mm total length. Río Ayuquila A. monticola ate fewer shrimp, Odonate insects, fish, and fruit than other studied populations. The broad diet of A. monticola suggests that it is an opportunistic feeder.

Se cuantificó la dieta del pez Agonostomus monticola en 1990 en México. La dieta es oportunista e incluyó 32 familias de animales y nueve de plantas, pero dominó el alimento de origen animal, especialmente en individuos de 151-300 mm de longitud

 Agonostomus monticola Mugilidae México Sierra de Manantlán food habits insects algae Alvarez del Villar J Peces Mexicanos (claves) Peces Mexicanos (claves) 1970 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Biológica-Pesquera. Comisión Nal. Consult. de Pesca Barnes R. D Zoología de los Invertebrados Zoología de los Invertebrados 1977 ^eMéxico, D.F Interamericana Burch J. B Clave genérica para la identificación de Gastropodos de agua dulce en México Clave genérica para la identificación de Gastropodos de agua dulce en México 1987 ^eMéxico, D.F Instituto de Biología Bussing W. A Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica 1987 San José Universidad de Costa Rica Cruz G. A Reproductive biology and feeding habits of cuyamel, Joturus pichardi and tepemechín, Agonostomus monticola (Pisces: Mugilidae) from Río Plátano, Mosquitia, Honduras Bull. Mar. Sci 1987 40 Hurlbert S. H Rodríguez G Dias Dos Santos N Acuatic Biota of Tropical South América. Part 1 Acuatic Biota of Tropical South América. Part 1 1981 Sn. Diego^eCalifornia Arthropoda Hyslop E. J Stomach contents analysis - a review of the methods and their application J. Fish Biol 1980 17 Korschgen L. J Rodríguez T R Procedimientos para el análisis de los hábitos alimentarios, Columbia, Missouri Manual de técnicas de gestión de vida silvestre Manual de técnicas de gestión de vida silvestre 1987 World Wildlife Fund Loftus W. F Kushlan J. A Voorhees S. A Status of the mountain mullet in southern Florida Florida Sci 1984 47 Lyons J Navarro-Pérez S The Fishes of the Sierra de Manantlán, west-central México Southw. Nat 1990 35 Merrit R. W Cummins K. W An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America 1978 Dubuque^eIowa Kendall/Hunt Miller R. R How many species of mountain mullets (Agonostomus) are there? A preliminary assessment How many species of mountain mullets (Agonostomus) are there? A preliminary assessment 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Soc. of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 1995 Edmonton Alberta Navarro-Pérez S Los recursos acuáticos de la Sierra de Manantlán: inventario y análisis preliminar sobre conservación y utilización Los recursos acuáticos de la Sierra de Manantlán: inventario y análisis preliminar sobre conservación y utilización 1987 Navarro-Pérez S Biología, ecología y aprovechamiento de Agonostomus monticola, trucha de tierra caliente, en la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México Biología, ecología y aprovechamiento de Agonostomus monticola, trucha de tierra caliente, en la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México 1992 Ortega M. M Catálogo de algas continentales recientes de México Catálogo de algas continentales recientes de México 1984 ^eMéxico, D.F Univ. Nal. Autónoma de México Phillip D. A. T Reproduction and feeding of the mountain mullet, Agonostomus monticola, in Trinidad, West Indies Env. Biol. Fishes 1993 37 Santana C., E Iñíguez-Dávalos L. I Navarro-Pérez S Utilización de la fauna silvestre por las comunidades rurales de la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán Tiempos de Ciencias 1990 18 Guadalajara Torres-Navarro C. I Análisis de la dieta de la "trucha de tierra caliente" (Agonostomus monticola), en la Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México Análisis de la dieta de la "trucha de tierra caliente" (Agonostomus monticola), en la Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México 1994 Wiggins G. B Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera) 1977 Toronto University of Toronto Winemiller K. O An introduction to the freshwater fish communities of Corcovado Río National Park, Costa Rica Brenesia 1983 21
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400045 Ultraestructura citohematológica de la trucha arco iris Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) Rodríguez Forero Adriana ,Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Santafé de Bogotá Colombia 12 1999 1999 47 1093 1097

Peripheral blood samples from five adult specimens of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiis) from an introduced population cultured in the Neusa’s Experimental Fish Hatchery (73° 38’28" W; 5° 8’30" N) were studied with the electron microscope. The blood was fixed in 3% buffered glutaraldehyde, followed by 1% buffered osmium tetraoxide, dehydrated in ascending alcohols, and embedded in resines. Cells observed were erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, polimorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and plateletes. Erythrocytes had picnotic nucleus, poliribosomes and mitocondria; lymphocytes were of two types acording to nuclear morphology, one with rounded nucleus and other with indented, notched nucleus. Both had dense cytoplasm without membranes, ribosomes, and mitocondria gathered in clumps of 5 or 6 located in a paranuclear position. Monocytes presented an iregular nucleus and a cytoplasm with ribosomes and granules of variable density, grouped with mitocondria along the concave face of the nucleus. PMN have lobated nucleous, numerous dense granules rounded and elipsoid granules of diferent sizes concentrated towards the notched nucleous, were abundant mitocondria are also present. Platelets were occasionally seen as vacuolated non nucleated cells with small, oval dense granules. The results are similar to those of temperate populations.

Se estudió por ultraestructura la sangre periférica de 5 adultos de una población introducida de trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiis) cultivados en el Centro de Piscicultura Experimental del Neusa, (73° 38' 28"w; 5° 8'30"N), para describir la morfología de los elementos que la componen. La sangre fue fijada con glutaraldehído, coloreada con tetraóxido de osmio al 1%, deshidratada en gradientes de alcoholes, centrifugada e incluida en resinas. Se observaron eritrocitos, linfocitos, monocitos, leucocitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) y plaquetas. Los eritrocitos mostraron núcleo picnótico y mitocondrias. Se vieron linfocitos de dos tipos: con núcleo redondeado y con núcleo indentado, ambos con ribosomas y acúmulos de 5 a 6 mitocondrias. Los monocitos poseen ribosomas y gránulos agrupados junto con mitocondrias a lo largo del núcleo irregular. Los PMN tienen mitocondrias y numerosos gránulos densos, redondeados y elipsoidales concentrados a lo largo de la ensenada nuclear lobulada. Las plaquetas se vieron ocasionalmente, como células anucleadas, vacuoladas con pequeños gránulos densos, ovalados.

 Oncorhynchus mykiss citohematology ultracitology Anderson D.R A method of preparing peripheral leucocytes for electron microscopy Ultrastruc. Res 1965 13 Bogner K Ellis A Propiedades y funciones de los linfocitos y tejidos linfoides de los peces teleósteos Propiedades y funciones de los linfocitos y tejidos linfoides de los peces teleósteos 1977 Zarargoza Acribia Campbell T. W Veterinary clinics of North America Small Animal Practice Rev 1985 18 Fawcett The cell The cell 1981 Filadelfia Saunders Fawcett A textbook of histology A textbook of histology 1986 Filadelfia Saunders Heming T.A Clinical studies on fish blood: importance of sample collection and measurement techniques Am. J. Vet. Res 1989 50 Jagoe C.H Welter D.A Quantitative comparisons of the morphology and ultraestructure of erythrocyte nuclei from seven freswater fish species Can. J. Zool. Rev. Can. Zool 1995 73 Lentz T Cell fine structure. An atlas of Drawings of whole-cell structure Cell fine structure. An atlas of Drawings of whole-cell structure 1971 Filadelfia Saunders Mokotoff G Electron microscopy laboratory techniques Electron microscopy laboratory techniques 1973 Nueva York Library Research Associates Nonaka M Yamaguchi N Natsuume S Takahashi M The complement system of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) J. Inmunol 1981 126 Rodríguez A Hematología de la trucha arco iris. Valores normales, morfología celular sanguínea y hematopoyética con microscopio de luz y electrónico. Modificaciones en algunas enfermedades Hematología de la trucha arco iris. Valores normales, morfología celular sanguínea y hematopoyética con microscopio de luz y electrónico. Modificaciones en algunas enfermedades 1991 Rodríguez A Determinación de algunos aspectos hematológicos Oncorhynchus mykiis (Salmonidae), en Cundinamarca, Colombia Rev. Biol. Trop 1995 43 Watanabe I Donahue S Hoggartt N Method for electron microscopic studies of circulating human leucocytes and observation of their fine structure J. Ultrastruct. Res 1967 20
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400046 Una nueva especie de Tepuihyla (Anura: Hylidae) del noroeste de Venezuela, con comentarios sobre su biogeografía Mijares-Urrutia Abraham Manzanilla-Puppo Jesús La Marca Enrique ,Universidad Francisco de Miranda Centro de Investigaciones en Ecología y Zonas Áridas Coro Venezuela ,Universidad Central de Venezuela Estación Biológica Alberto Fernández Yépez Maracay Venezuela ,Universidad de Los Andes Laboratorio de Biogeografía Mérida Venezuela 12 1999 1999 47 1099 1110

A new species of treefrog, Tepuihyla celsae (Hylidae), is described based on 11 specimens from cloud-forests (1250 m) of the Sierra de San Luis, state of Falcón, northwestern Venezuela. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by dorsal pattern dark-brown with some few, small and scattered white spots, upper lip immaculate white, dorsum strongly tuberculated in both sexes, dorsal spicules absent, eye-naris distance longer than horizontal length of eye, fingers lacking webbing, axillary membrane absent. This new Tepuihyla extend the known range of the genus more than 500 km northwesterward, and is the first report of the genus outside the Guyanan masif, adding new evidence to support a close biogeographic affinity among the Sierra de San Luís and the Cordillera de la Costa with the highlands of the Guyanan región.

Se describe una nueva especie de rana arborícola, Tepuihyla celsae (Hylidae), proveniente del bosque nublado (1250 m) de la Sierra de San Luis, Estado Falcón, noroeste de Venezuela. Esta nueva especie se distingue de sus congéneres principalmente por el color dorsal castaño oscuro con unas pocas manchas blancas pequeñas y dispersas, labio superior blanco inmaculado, piel dorsal densamente tuberculosa en ambos sexos, distancia ojo-narina más corta que la longitud horizontal del ojo, dedos de la mano sin membrana, membrana axilar ausente. Esta nueva Tepuihyla representa el registro más septentrional del género, aportando evidencias para establecer una afinidad biogeográfica del conjunto Sierra de San Luís y Cordillera de la Costa con la región guyano-amazónica.

 Amphibia Anura Hylidae Biogeography Falcón Tepuihyla celsae sp. nov Venezuela Taxonomy Audemard F Importancia geológica del Estado Falcón Abran Paso 1997 2 Ávila-Pires T.C.S Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata) Zool. Verh. Leiden 1995 299 Ayarzagüena J Señaris J. C Gorzula S El grupo Osteocephalus rodriguezi de las tierras altas de la Guayana Venezolana: descripción de cinco especies nuevas Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle 1992 52 Ayarzagüena J Señaris J. C Gorzula S Un nuevo género para las especies del "grupo Osteocephalus rodriguezi" (Anura: Hylidae) Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle 1992 52 Burke K Cooper C Dewey J. F Mann P Pindell J. L Bonini W. E Hargraves R. B Shagam R Caribbean tectonics and relative plate motions The Caribbean-South America Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics The Caribbean-South America Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics 1984 Memoirs Geol. Soc. Amer Díaz de Gamero L Estratigrafía y micropaleontología del Oligoceno y Mioceno inferior del centro de la Cuenca de Falcón, Venezuela Geos 1977 22 Duellman W. E Gray P Developmental biology and systematics of the egg-brooding hylid frogs, genera Flectonotus and Fritziana Herpetologica 1983 39 Duellman W. E Hoogmoed M. S The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the hylid frog genus Stefania Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist 1984 75 Duellman W. E Hoogmoed M. S Some hylid frogs from the Guiana highlands, northeastern South America: new species, distributional records, and a generic reallocation Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 1992 147 Duellman W. E Wiens J. J The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830 Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 1992 151 Duellman W. E Yoshpa M A new species of Tepuihyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guyana Herpetologica 1996 52 González de Juana C Iturralde J Picard X Geología de Venezuela y de sus cuencas petrolíferas Geología de Venezuela y de sus cuencas petrolíferas 1980 12 Caracas Edit. Foninves Heyer `W. R Rand A. S da Cruz C. A. G Peixoto O. L Nelson C. E Frogs of Boracéia Arq. Zool., São Paulo 1990 31 Huber O Alarcón C. A Mapa de Vegetación de Venezuela Mapa de Vegetación de Venezuela 1988 Caracas La Marca E Catálogo taxonómico, biogeográfico y bibliográfico de las ranas de Venezuela Cuadernos Geográficos 1992 9 Mérida Univ. Los Andes La Marca E Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) 1994 4 Publ. Soc. Amigos de Doñana La Marca E Origen y Evolución Geológica de la Cordillera de Mérida, Andes de Venezuela Cuadernos de la Escuela de Geografía 1997 1 Mérida Univ. Los Andes La Marca E Ranas del género Colostethus (Amphibia : Anura; Dendrobatidae) de la Guayana venezolana, con la descripción de siete especies nuevas 1997 9 Publ. Asoc. Amigos de Doñana La Marca E La Marca E Lista actualizada de los anfibios de Venezuela Vertebrados Actuales y Fósiles de Venezuela Vertebrados Actuales y Fósiles de Venezuela 1997 Mérida Museo de Ciencia y Tecnología Lentino M La Marca E Lista actualizada de las aves de Venezuela Vertebrados Actuales y Fósiles de Venezuela Vertebrados Actuales y Fósiles de Venezuela 1997 Mérida Museo de Ciencia y Tecnología Linares O. J Mamíferos de Venezuela Mamíferos de Venezuela 1998 Caracas Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela Mann P Schubert C Burke K Review of Caribbean neotectonics The Caribbean Region The Caribbean Region 1990 H The Geological Society of America Manzanilla Puppo J Fernández Badillo A La Marca E Visbal García R Fauna del Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Venezuela: composición y distribución de los anfibios Acta Cient. Venez 1995 46 Manzanilla Puppo J Fernández Badillo A Visbal García R Fauna del Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Venezuela: composición y distribución de los reptiles Acta Cient. Venez 1996 47 Meyer de Schauense R Phelps W. H A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela 1978 Princeton^eNueva Jersey Princeton Univ Müller P The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the Neotropical Realm: A study in the evolution of the biota and its native landscapes The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the Neotropical Realm: A study in the evolution of the biota and its native landscapes 1973 La Haya The Junk Pérez-Hernández R Soriano P Lew D Marsupiales de Venezuela Marsupiales de Venezuela 1994 Caracas Cuadernos Lagoven Rivero J. A A new species of Hyla (Amphibia, Salientia) from the Venezuelan Guayana Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard 1968 307 Rivero-Blanco C The neotropical lizards genus Gonatodes (Sauria: Sphaerodactylinae) The neotropical lizards genus Gonatodes (Sauria: Sphaerodactylinae) 1979 Roze J.A La taxonomía y zoogeografía de los ofidios de Venezuela La taxonomía y zoogeografía de los ofidios de Venezuela 1966 Caracas Universidad Central de Venezuela Señaris J. C Ayarzagüena J Gorzula S Revisión taxonómica del género Stefania (Anura: Hylidae) en Venezuela con la descripción de cinco especies Publ. Asoc. Amigos de DoñanaRevisión taxonómica del género Stefania (Anura: Hylidae) en Venezuela con la descripción de cinco especies 1997 7 Steyermark J Larsen K Holm-Nielsen L. B Plant refuge and dispersal centres in Venezuela: their relict and endemic element Tropical Botany Tropical Botany 1979 Acad.. Londres Steyermark J Vuilleumier F Monasterio M Speciation and endemism in the flora of the Venezuelan tepuis High Altitude Tropical Biogeography High Altitude Tropical Biogeography 1986 Nueva York Oxford Univ
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400047 Reproductive characteristics of the black-tailed brush lizard, Urosaurus nigricaudus (Phrynosomatidae) Romero-Schmidt Heidi L Ortega-Rubio Alfredo Acevedo-Beltran Marcos ,Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste La Paz México 12 1999 1999 47 1111 1115

The reproductive characteristics of Urosaurus nigricaudus at El Comitán, Baja California Sur, México, were determined through the necropsy of 33 males and 60 females during 1992. The average size of clutch per female was 4.06 + 1.86 eggs; 3.58 eggs for the first clutch and 4.75 eggs for the second clutch. Testicular size exhibits two peaks, one each in May and August. Female and male reproductive cycles are synchronized. In comparison with other Urosaurus species, U. Nigricaudus is atypical because males have two peaks of testicular mass.

Las características reproductivas de Urosaurus nigricaudus en El Comitán, Baja California Sur, México, fueron determinadas a través de la necropsia de 33 machos y 60 hembras colectadas durante el año de 1992. El tamaño de puesta promedio fue de 4.06 + 1.86 huevos por hembra; en la primera puesta el promedio fue de 3.58 huevos y en la segunda puesta fue de 4.75 huevos por hembra. El tamaño testicular también se incrementó en dos ocasiones; en mayo y agosto. Los ciclos de machos y hembras estuvieron sincronizados. En comparación con otras especies de Urosaurus, U. nigricaudus es atípica dado que los machos muestran dos picos de masa testicular.

 Baja California Sur México black-tailed brush lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus reproduction Alvarez S Galina P Ortega-Rubio A Structure and composition of two lizard communities of the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, México Bull. of the Maryl. Herpetol. Soc 1989 Asplund K.K Ecology of lizards in the reclictual Cape flora, Baja California Ame. Mid. Nat 1967 77 Ballinger R. E Ketels D.J Male reproductive cycle of the lizard Sceloporus virgatus J. Herpetol 1983 17 Galina T.P Estudio comparativo de tres especies de lacertilios en un matorral desértico de la región del Cabo Baja California Sur, México Estudio comparativo de tres especies de lacertilios en un matorral desértico de la región del Cabo Baja California Sur, México 1994 Guillette L. J Sullivan W.P Reproductive and fatbody cycles of the lizard, Sceloporus formosus J. Herpetol 1985 19 Hahn W.E Seasonal changes in testicular and epididymal histology and spermatogenic rate in the lizard Uta stansburiana stejnegeri J. Morphol 1964 115 Leon J.L Troyo E Evaluación de un novedoso sistema de riego en Baja California Sur Memorias de la Conferencia Internacional Memorias de la Conferencia Internacional 1985 Uso y Preservación de los recursos Biológicos Marinos y de Zonas Aridas La Paz Baja California Sur León de la Luz J.L Coria Benet R Cruz Estrada M Fenología floral de una comunidad arido-tropical de Baja California Sur, México Acta Bot. Mex 1996 35 Martin P.S Variation in reproductive productivity of range margin tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) Copeia 1977 Mayhew W Wright S.J Seasonal changes in testicular histology of three species of lizards genus Uma J. Morph 1970 130 Ortega A Barbault R Reproduction in a high elevation mexican lizard Sceloporus scalaris J. Herpetol 1986 20 Romero-Schmidt H Ortega A Arguelles C Coria R Solis F The Effect of Two Years of Livestock Grazing Exclosure upon Abundance in a Lizard Community in Baja California Sur, México Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc 1994 29 Schrank G.D Ballinger R. E 1973 Stebbins R.C Western Reptiles & Amphibians: Peterson Field Guides Western Reptiles & Amphibians: Peterson Field Guides 1985 Boston^eMassachussets Houghton Mifflin Tinkle D.W Dunham A.E Demography of Tree Lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, in Central Arizona Copeia 1983 3
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400048 Dry season activity, movement, habitat and den utilization of nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in neotropical dry forest, Costa Rica Vaughan Christopher Shoenfelder Sheila ,Universidad Nacional Costa Rica and Associated Colleges of the Midwest San Jose Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 1117 1119

Se estudió el armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus) en Palo Verde, Costa Rica (101°30' N y 85°30'W) equipando siete animales con radiotransmisores. No hubo actividad en 0600-1500 h y ésta fue máxima en 1800-2100 h (95%). Los desplazamientos nocturnos fueron de 421.4 m (223-835 m. Seis individuos usaron 14 madrigueras en cuatro tipos de hábitat.

 Bider J.M Dynamics and the tempero-spatial relations of a vertebrate community Ecology 1962 43 Carrillo E Vaughan C La vida silvestre de Mesoamerica: Diagnostico y estrategia para su conservacion La vida silvestre de Mesoamerica: Diagnostico y estrategia para su conservacion 1994 Heredia Universidad Nacional Carter T. S Encarnaga C. D Characteristics and use of burrows by four species of armadillos in Brazil J. Mammal 1983 64 Clark W.K Ecological life history of the armadillo in the eastern Edward’s Plateau region Amer. Midland Nat 1951 46 Fitch H.S Goodrum P Newman C The armadillo in the southeastern United States J. Mammal 1952 33 Galbreath G. J Chapman J. A Feldhamer G. A Armadillo Wild mammals of North America Wild mammals of North America 1982 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Jacobs F.J Behavior and space usage patterns of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in southwestern Mississippi Behavior and space usage patterns of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in southwestern Mississippi 1976 Kalmbach E.R The armadillo: its relation to agriculture and game The armadillo: its relation to agriculture and game 1943 Austin^eTexas Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Commission Layne J. N Glover D Home range of the armadillo in Florida J. Mammal 1977 McBee K Baker R Dasypus novemcintus Mammalian Species 1982 162 McCoy M. B Vaughan C. S Rodriguez M. A Kitchen K Seasonal movement, activity and diet of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) in Costa Rican dry forest Vida Silvestre Neotropical 1990 2 McDonough C. M Loughry W. J Influences on activity patterns in a population of nine-banded armadillos J. Mammal 1997 78 Taber F Contributions on the life history and ecology of the nine-banded armadillo J. Mamm 1945 26 Vaughan C Canessa G McCoy M Rodriguez M Bravo J Sanchéz J Morales R Hawkins T Crozier E Shaffer D Rodríguez M Hodgson F Plan de manejo y desarrollo del Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre Rafael Lucus Rodríguez Caballero (Palo Verde) Plan de manejo y desarrollo del Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre Rafael Lucus Rodríguez Caballero (Palo Verde) 1982 Heredia Universidad Nacional
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400049 Behavior and demography in an urban colony of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Rosario, Argentina Romano Marcelo C Maidagan Juan I F. Pire Eduardo ,Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ambiente Rosario Argentina 12 1999 1999 47 1121 1127

Bat colonies were sampled in the city of Rosario to increase the understanding of bat ecology in urban areas of the southern cone of South America. Seven species were recorded, of which three are new records for Rosario. One representative colony was chosen for intensive ecological study. Approximately 64 000 Tadarida brasiliensis formed a maternity colony in the attic of an old building. Most of the bats were pregnant or lactating females and their young.. Adults arrive in the colony in mid-September and leave in February, no bats were present at this site from the beginning of March to mid-September. Births occur between mid-November and mid-December. Pups roosted in compact clusters in the nursery areas, spatially segregated from adults. Densities of these aggregations were 643 + 76 bats/m2 (p < 0.20). and adult densities were 161 + 21 bats/m2 (p < 0.20). 182 bats were captured. They were sexed and weighed. Mean adult females mass was, 13.26g before parturition and 12.01g after parturition. Recorded data included daily activity patterns.. Barn Owls (Tyto alba) and domestic cats prey on bats leaving the colony. Rabies virus was not detected. The insect biological control exerted by this colony was estimated and it would be of 209 to 385 kg of insects nightly between September and late February, demonstrating the important role they play in the urban ecosistem.

Con el objetivo de incrementar el conocimiento de la ecología de los murciélagos en áreas urbanas, se muestrearon colonias en la ciudad de Rosario. Fueron registradas siete especies, de las cuales tres son nuevos registros. Se seleccionó una colonia que se consideró más representativa, para realizar un intensivo estudio ecológico. Se realizaron conteos poblacionales, que arrojaron aproximadamente 64 000 Tadarida brasiliensis formando una colonia maternal en el ático de un antigüo edificio. Se hicieron registros de comportamiento (fechas de arribo y partida, patrones diarios de actividad, pariciones, etc.). Los adultos arrivan al refugio a mediados de septiembre y lo abandonan en febrero. Las pariciones ocurren entre mediados de noviembre y mediados de diciembre. Las crías se ubicaron en grupos compactos en áreas separadas de los adultos, siendo su densidad de 643 + 76 /m2 (p < 0.20). y la de los adultos de 161 + 21 /m2 (p < 0.20). 182 animales capturados fueron identificados, sexados y pesados. Los registros incluyeron patrones diarios de actividad.. Se detectó predación por "lechuza de campanario" (Tyto alba) y gatos domésticos. La búsqueda de virus rábico resultó negativa. Se estimó el control ejercido sobre poblaciones de insectos que, para esta colonia puede ser de 209 a 385 kg por noche entre septiembre y febrero, demostrando el importante rol que desempeñan en el ecosistema urbano.

 Argentina bat biology Tadarida brasiliensis behavior ecology urban ecosystem rabies A Binational Partnership to Protect Mexican Free-tailed Bats Bats 1994 4 Acuerdo sobre la Conservación de Murciélagos en Europa Acuerdo sobre la Conservación de Murciélagos en Europa 1994 Bonn Convención sobre la Conservación de Especies Migratorias de Animales Silvestres (CMS), United Nations Environmental Program Séptimo informe Comité de Expertos sobre Rabia Séptimo informe Comité de Expertos sobre Rabia 1984 Organización Mundial de la Salud, Servicio de información técnica Wildlife and Countryside Act Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 London Nature Conservancy Council Atanasiu P Quantitative assay and potency test of antirabies serum Laboratory Techniques in rabies 2 Laboratory Techniques in rabies 2 1966 Geneva World Health Organization Balcombe J.P McCracken G.F Vocal recognition in Mexican free-tailed bats: do pups recognize mothers? Anim. Behav 1992 43 Barbour R.W Davis W.H Bats of America Bats of America 1969 Lexington The University of Kentucky Barquez R.M Giannini N.P Mares M.A Guide to the Bats of Argentina Guide to the Bats of Argentina 1993 Oklahoma Oklahoma Museum of Natural History Bredt A Bredt A Morcegos e Saúde Pública Morcegos em Áreas Urbanas e Rurais: Manual de Manejo e Controle Morcegos em Áreas Urbanas e Rurais: Manual de Manejo e Controle 1996 Brasília Fundaçào Nacional de Saúde Caughley G Analysis of Vertebrate Populations Analysis of Vertebrate Populations 1977 New York Wiley Constantine D.G Wimsatt W.A Bats in relation to the health, welfare, and economy of man Biology of Bats Biology of Bats 1970 II New York Academic Constantine D.G Kunz T.H Health Precautions for Bat Researchers Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats 1988 Washington D.C Smithsonian Institution Constantine D.G Tierkel E.S Kleckner M.D Hawkins D.M Rabies in New Mexico Cavern Bats Public Health Reports 1968 83 Davis R.B Herreid II C.F Short H.L Mexican free-tailed bats in Texas Ecol. Monogr. 1962 32 Dean D.H Abelseth M.K Atanasiu P Laboratory techniques in rabies Laboratory techniques in rabies 1996 Geneva World Health Organization De Diego A.I Valotta J.R Virus Rábico en Murciélagos no Hematófagos: Situación en la República Argentina Rev. Mil. de Vet 1981 29 Delpietro H Díaz A.M Fuenzalida E Bell J.F Determinación de la tasa de ataque de rabia en murciélagos Bol. Ofi. San. Panam 1972 63 Delpietro H Fabregas F Díaz A.M Riesgo de transmisión rábica en la predación de quirópteros por carnívoros domésticos Vet. Arg 1987 2 Estrada A Coates-Estrada R Bats and the Vanishing Rain Forests of Mexico Bats 1993 3 Fenton M.B Bats Facts on file Bats Facts on file 1992 New York Fenton M.B Just bats Just bats 1983 Toronto University of Toronto Fraze R.K Wilkins K.T Patterns of use of man-made roosts by Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana in Texas Southwest. Nat 1990 35 Freeman J Wunder L Observations at a Colony of the Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) in Southern Colorado Southwest. Nat 1988 33 Glass B.P Returns of Mexican freetail bats banded in Oklahoma J. Mammal 1958 39 Herreid II C.F Temperature Regulation of Mexican Free-tailed Bats in Cave Habitats J. Mammal 1963 44 Humphrey S.R Photographic estimation of population size of the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis Amer. Midl. Nat 1971 86 Iudica C.A Brown A.D Grau H.R Frugivoría en Murciélagos: el frutero común (Sturnira lilium) en las Yungas de Jujuy, Argentina Investigación, Conservación y Desarrollo en Selvas Subtropicales de Montaña Investigación, Conservación y Desarrollo en Selvas Subtropicales de Montaña 1995 Tucumán Lab. de Inv. Ecol. de las Yungas Koprowski H The mouse inoculation test: chapter 6 Laboratory techniques in rabies Laboratory techniques in rabies 1996 Geneva World Health Organization Krutzsch P.H Observations on the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida mexicana J. Mammal 1955 36 Kunz T.H Whitaker J.O Wadanoli M.D Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) during pregnancy and lactation Oecologia 1995 101 Kunz T.H Robson S.K Postnatal growth and development in the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana): birth size, growth rates, and age estimation J. Mammal 1995 76 Licht P Leitner P Behavioral responses to high temperatures in three species of California bats J. Mammal 1967 48 McCracken G.F Bats Aloft: A Study of High-Altitude Feeding Bats 1996 3 McCracken G.F Locational memory and female-pup reunions in Mexican free-tailed bat maternity colonies Anim. Behav 1993 45 McCracken G.F Why Are We Losing Our Mexican Free-tailed Bats? Bats 1986 3 McCracken G.F Gustin M.K Nursing Behavior in Mexican Free-tailed Bat Maternity Colonies Ethology 1991 89 McCracken G.F Gustin M.K Batmom’s Daily Nightmare Nat. Hist 1987 10 Mood A.M Graybill F.A Introducción a la teoría de la estadística Introducción a la teoría de la estadística 1978 Madrid Aguilar Racey P.A The Conservation of Bats in Europe Bats 1992 4 Rosatte R.C Bat rabies in Canada: history, epidemiology and prevention Can. Vet. J 1987 28 Short H.L Age at sexual maturity of mexican free-tailed bats J. Mammal 1961 42 Tuttle M.D America's neighborhood bats America's neighborhood bats 1985 Austin Univ. of Texas Tuttle M.D The importance of bats The importance of bats 1988 Bat Conservation International Tuttle M.D The Lives of Mexican Free-tailed Bats Bats 1994 3 Tuttle M.D Kern S.J Bats and Public Health: Contributions in Biology and Geology Milwaukee Public Museum 1981 48 Twente J.W Ecological observations on a colony of Tadarida mexicana J. Mammal 1956 37 Valiente-Banuet A Arizmendi M.d.C Rojas-Martínez Nectar-Feeding Bats in the Columnar Cacti Forests of Central Mexico Bats 1996 2 Villa B.R Cockrum L.E Migration in the guano bat Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) J. Mammal 1962 43 Wilkins K.T Tadarida brasiliensis Mamm. Species 1989 331 Whitaker J.O Bats, Beetles, and Bugs. More big brown bats mean less agricultural pests Bats 1993 1 Whitaker J.O Neefus Ch Kunz T. H Dietary variation in the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) J. Mammal 1996 77
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400050 Diferenciación alimentaria entre los sexos de Glossophaga soricina (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en México Alvarez Tícul Sánchez-Casas Nansy ,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio Cordados Terrestres Col. Santo Tomás México, D.F 12 1999 1999 47 1129 1136

To study alimentary differences of the bat Glossophaga soricina in Mexico, individual and sexual variation were recorded in 238 stomach contents from several localities and dates. Samples were classified in nine groups to avoid seasonal and geographical bias. Individual differences (studied only in females) identified one dominant plant species by locality, but with exceptions, suggesting individual opportunistic or feeding preferences. For sexual differences a "Gw" test (with William's correction) was applied; four bat groups have important differences, four groups have minor differences and in one group, male and female diets were similar.

Se estudian las diferencias alimentarias del murciélago Glossophaga soricina en México. Las diferencias individuales y sexuales fueron analizadas en 238 contenidos estomacales de diversas localidades y fechas de recolecta. Las muestras fueron clasificadas en nueve grupos considerando estos dos factores. En la diferenciación individual (analizada solo en hembras) se identificó una planta dominante por localidad con algunas excepciones, lo que nos sugiere ciertas preferencias individuales u oportunismo. Para las diferencias sexuales se aplico una prueba "Gw" (con corrección de Williams), cuatro grupos de murciélagos muestran marcadas diferencias, otros cuatro grupos tienen diferencias menores y en un grupo la dieta de las hembras y los machos es similar

 Glossophaga soricina Glossophaginae food habits sex México Alvarez T González-Quintero L Análisis polínico del contenido gástrico de murciélagos Glossophaginae de México Ana. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biól 1970 18 Alvarez T Sánchez-Casas N Notas sobre la alimentación de Musonycteris y Choeroniscus (Mammalia: Phyllostomidae) en México Rev. Mex. Mas 1997 2 Best T. L Milam B. A Haas T. D Cvilikas W. S Saidak L. R Variation in diet of the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) J. Mamm 1997 78 Faegri K Iversen J Texbook of pollen analysis Texbook of pollen analysis 1964 Nueva York Hafner Fleming T. H Núñez R. A da Silveira L Sternberg L Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis Oecologia 1993 94 Fleming T. H Pollination and frugivory in phyllostomid bats of arid region Marmosiana 1995 1 Gardner A Baker R.J Jones J. K Carter D. C Feeding habits Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomidae Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomidae 1977 Texas Howell D. J Hodgkin N Feeding adaptations in the hairs and tongues of nectar feeding bats J. Morph 1976 48 Kapp R. O How to know pollen and spores How to know pollen and spores 1969 Iowa Brown Palacios-Chavez R Ludlow B Villanueva G W. & R Flora palinológica de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Kaan, Quintana Roo, México Flora palinológica de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Kaan, Quintana Roo, México 1991 Quintana Roo Centro de Investigaciones de QuintanaRoo Sánchez-Casas N Alvarez T Notas sobre la dieta de Hylonycteris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae) en México Vert. Mex 1997 3 Sokal R. R Rohlf F. J Biometry Biometry 1981 San Francisco Freeman Sosa M Soriano P. J Solapamiento de dieta entre Leptonycteris curasoae y Glossophaga longirostris (Mammalia: Chiroptera) Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Sosa M de Ascencâo A Soriano P. J Dieta y patrón reproductivo de Rhogeessa minutilla (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) en una zona árida de Los Andes de Venezuela Rev. Biol. Trop 1996 44 Webster W. D Systematics and evolution of bats of the genus Glossophaga Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ 1993 36
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400051 Cría de murciélago en la dieta de Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en Costa Rica Arias Vernun Villalobos Federico Mora José M ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología San José Costa Rica 12 1999 1999 47 1137 1138 Artibeus Bats Chiroptera Costa Rica Feeding Phyllostomidae Trachops Arias V Mora J.M Spatial distribution and population size of a bat community in a tunnel at Caldera, Costa Rica 1997 Tropical Diversity: Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. Symposium and Annual Meeting San José Emmons L.H Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A field guide Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A field guide 1990 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Mora J.M Los mamíferos silvestres de Costa Rica Los mamíferos silvestres de Costa Rica 1999 Nowak R.M Walker's Mammals of the World Walker's Mammals of the World 1991 Baltimore^eMaryland Johns Hopkins University Wilson D.E Reeder D.M Mammal species of the world Mammal species of the world 1993 Washington D.C Smithsonian Institution
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400052 , 12 1999 1999 47 1139 1139
S0034-774419990004 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77441999000400053 , 12 1999 1999 47 1141 1143