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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200001</article-id>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>297</fpage>
<lpage>303</lpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Ceratium dens distribution in the Gulf of California was based on three oceanographic campaigns, monthly abundance (1995-96) and during three red tide events in Mazatlán Bay. 52 phytoplankton samples with a Bongo net and 64 &amp;micro;m mesh light, during the year 120 water samples with a van Dorn bottle were collected in two sampling stations and from three red tide events. All samples were counted by the inverted-microscope method. The results showed that C. dens was present in the upper Gulf of California and surroundings of Cabo San Lucas. Two peaks were observed during spring and autumn in Mazatlán Bay during 1995-1996. The highest densities (20-360 cells. . l-1) were observed in coastal areas, whereas the lowest densities (1-14 cells.. l-1) were recorded in the open sea. During red tide events in 1985, 1989 and 1997, 144 000-256 000 cells.. l-1, 100 000-400 000 cells.. l-1, and 189 000-592 000 cells.. l-1 was observed, respectively. During the red tide events C. dens varied, although sometimes was replaced by Skeletonema costatum or Pseudonitzchia spp and Ceratium furca. C. dens, seems to prefer areas with high productivity.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La distribución de Ceratium dens en el Golfo de California se baso en tres campañas oceanográficas, su abundancia mensual (1995-96) en la Bahía de Mazatlán, y en tres fenómenos de mareas rojas presentadas en esta misma área. Se analizaron 52 muestras de fitoplancton recolectadas con red bongo con luz de malla de 64 &amp;micro;m y 120 muestras de agua con botella van Dorn en dos estaciones de recolecta y de tres eventos de marea roja en la Bahía de Mazatlán. Todas las muestras fueron contadas por el método del microscopio invertido. Los resultados indican que C. dens está presente en la región alta del Golfo de California y alrededor de Cabo San Lucas. En el ciclo 1995-96 la variación en la Bahía mostró dos períodos de máxima abundancia en primavera y otoño. Las abundancias presentaron una gran variación, en mar abierto fueron de 1-14 céls. l-1, en zonas costeras de 20-360 céls. l-1, y durante periodos de marea roja en 1985, 1989 y 1997 sus abundancias extremas fueron 144 000-256 000 céls. l-1, 100 000-400 000 céls. l-1 y 189 000-592 000 céls. l-1, respectivamente. Durante la marea roja, C. dens varía grandemente, a veces sustituida por Skeletonema costatum o Pseudonitzchia spp y Ceratium furca.. C. dens, aparenta tener una afinidad por los ambientes de alta productividad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dinophyceae</kwd>
<kwd>Ceratiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>red tides</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
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<front>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200003</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The biomass and productivity of a seagrass community are useful for determining the ecological status of the coast. Leaf biomass and shoot density in beds of Thalassia testudinum Banks &amp; Sol. ex K. D. Koenig, were compared for two environments in the Mexican Caribbean coast (N= 6 quadrants/site) in November 1998. Shoot and leaf biomass values were lower in the mangrove-associated meadow than in the reef lagoon meadow. This could be related to the higher percentage of epiphytes on mangrove leaves. In addition, T. testudinum had more biomass than Syringodium filiforme Kütz in the reef lagoon.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Academia de Ciencias  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new marine gastropod species of the genus Trapania Pruvot-Fol, 1931, is described from Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica and from Islas Secas, Panamá. Trapania inbiotica sp. nov. has a white body with red patches, white rhinophores with some little red patches, yellow appendages with partially red bases. The radula is composed of 28 rows of teeth. Each tooth has a large conical cusp with 21-24 denticles. Two or three of those denticles on the inner side of the cusp are smaller than the others. There are also 1-3 small denticles on the outside of the cusp. The jaw elements are very irregular.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Panamá</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Population dynamics and stock assessment for Octopus maya (Cephalopoda:Octopodidae) fishery in the Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico</article-title>
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<given-names>María E</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Yucalpetén  </institution>
<addr-line>Progreso Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Lerma  </institution>
<addr-line>Campeche Campeche</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<fpage>323</fpage>
<lpage>331</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The octopus (Octopus maya) is one of the most important fish resources in the Mexican Gulf of Mexico with a mean annual yield of 9000 ton, and a reasonable number of jobs created; O. maya represents 80% of the total octopus catch, followed by Octopus vulgaris. There are two artisanal fleets based on Octopus maya and a middle-size fleet that covers both species. Catch-at-length structured data from the artisanal fleets, for the 1994 season (August 1st to December 15th) were used to analyze the O. maya population dynamics and stock and to estimate the current level of exploitation. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were: L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n2-3/http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n2-3/infinito.GIF&quot; WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=14&gt; = 252 mm, mantle length; K=1.4 year -1; oscillation parameters C=1.0, WP=0.6; and tz=0.842 years. A rough estimate of natural mortality was M=2.2, total mortality from catch curve Z=8.77, and exploitation rate F/Z=0.75. This last value suggests an intensive exploitation, even when yield per recruit analysis indicates both fleets may increase the minimum legal size on about 10% to increase yields. The length-based VPA also shows that the stock is being exploited under its maximum acceptable biological limit. These apparently contradictory results are explained by biological and behavioral characteristics of this species. Because most females die after reproduction, a new gross estimation of natural mortality was computed as M=3.3. The new estimate of exploitation rate was F/Z=0.57. This new value coincides with results from the length-VPA and the Thompson and Bell methods, the former suggesting that a reduction of 20% in fishing mortality may provide larger yields. This fishery resource is fully exploited and current management measures must be revised to sustain and probably optimize yields.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Octopus maya es uno de los recursos pesqueros más importantes del Golfo de México, con rendimientos anuales promedio de 9 000 t, y constituye el 80% de la captura total, seguido por O. vulgaris. En la pesquería participan dos flotas artesanales sobre O. maya, y una de mediana altura capturando ambas especies. Datos de frecuencia de longitudes de la captura para la temporada de pesca 1994 (Agosto 1° a Diciembre 15) fueron usados para analizar la dinámica poblacional y el estado de explotación de O. maya. Los parámetros del modelo de von Bertalanffy fueron: L° = 252 mm longitud de manto, K = 1.4 años-1, C = 1.0 y WP = 0.6, y tZ = 0.842 años. Una estimación inicial de la mortalidad natural fue M = 2.2, la mortalidad total Z = 8.77, y tasa de explotación F/Z = 0.75, lo cual sugiere una intensa explotación. El análisis de rendimiento por recluta indica que podría aumentarse la talla mínima legal para incrementar los rendimientos. El VPA indica un recurso explotado al límite de su capacidad biológica. Debido a que las hembras mueren después de la reproducción, una nueva estimación de mortalidad natural, M = 3.3, y tasa de explotación, F/Z = 0.57 fueron obtenidas, coincidiendo con los resultados del VPA basado en longitudes y el método de Thompson y Bell.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>stock assessment</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Disparity, decimation and the Cambrian &quot;explosion&quot;: comparison of early Cambrian and Present faunal communities with emphasis on velvet worms (Onychophora)</article-title>
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<given-names>José A</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Academia Sinica Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>China</country>
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<fpage>333</fpage>
<lpage>351</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The controversy about a Cambrian &quot;explosion&quot; of morphological disparity (followed by decimation), cladogenesis and fossilization is of central importance for the history of life. This paper revisits the controversy (with emphasis in onychophorans, which include emblematic organisms such as Hallucigenia), presents new data about the Chengjiang (Cambrian of China) faunal community and compares it and the Burgess Shale (Cambrian of Canada) with an ecologically similar but modern tropical marine site where onychophorans are absent, and with a modern neotropical terrestrial onychophoran community. Biovolume was estimated from material collected in Costa Rica and morphometric measurements were made on enlarged images of fossils. Cambrian tropical mudflats were characterized by the adaptive radiation of two contrasting groups: the vagile arthropods and the sessile poriferans. Arthropods were later replaced as the dominant benthic taxon by polychaetes. Vagility and the exoskeleton may explain the success of arthropods from the Cambrian to the modern marine and terrestrial communities, both in population and biovolume. Food ecological displacement was apparent in the B. Shale, but not in Chengjiang or the terrestrial community. When only hard parts were preserved, marine and terrestrial fossil deposits of tropical origin are even less representative than deposits produced by temperate taxa, Chengjiang being an exception. Nutrient limitations might explain why deposit feeding is less important in terrestrial onychophoran communities, where carnivory, scavenging and omnivory (associated with high motility and life over the substrate) became more important. Fossil morphometry supports the interpretation of &quot;lobopod animals&quot; as onychophorans, whose abundance in Chengjiang was equal to their abundance in modern communities. The extinction of marine onychophorans may reflect domination of the infaunal habitat by polychaetes. We conclude that (1) a mature ecological community structure was generalized during the Cambrian, and even biodiversity and equitability indices were surprisingly close to modern values; (2) the morphological diversity and geographic distribution of onychophorans indicate a significant pre-Cambrian evolutionary history which does not support the &quot;explosion&quot; hypothesis; (3) disparity among phyla was not as important as the explosion-decimation model predicts, but in the case of onychophorans, disparity within the phylum was greater than it is today and its reduction may have been associated with migration into the sediment when large predators evolved.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con base en nuevos hallazgos paleontológicos hechos en el sur de China se analiza la controversia sobre la &quot;explosión del Cámbrico&quot; que supuestamente incluyó un gran aumento en la diversidad morfológica, con la aparición de muchos filos que posteriormente se extinguieron. Se compara las comunidades fósiles de Cheng-yiang (China) y Burgess Shale (Canadá) con una comunidad marina similar moderna (Punta Morales, Costa Rica) y con una comunidad terrestre moderna (Coronado, Costa Rica) que al igual que los dos depósitos fosilíferos incluye al filo Onychophora. Se concluye que (1) durante el Cámbrico las comunidades costeras tropicales eran similares a las modernas al punto de que incluso los índices de biodiversidad y equitabilidad eran semejantes a los actuales; (2) la diversidad morfológica y distribución geográfica de los onicóforos indican una larga historia evolutiva precámbrica que no apoya el modelo de la &quot;explosión&quot;; (3) las diferencias morfológicas entre filos no eran tan importantes como predice el modelo de &quot;explosión seguida de extinción&quot;, pero en la caso de los onicóforos, la diversidad morfológica dentro del filo era mayor en el Cámbrico que en la actualidad, y su reducción puede haber estado asociada con la migración al interior del sedimento al evolucionar mayores depredadores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Disparity</kwd>
<kwd>decimation</kwd>
<kwd>&quot;explosion&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>community ecology</kwd>
<kwd>feeding</kwd>
<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>fossil</kwd>
<kwd>Metazoa</kwd>
<kwd>evolution</kwd>
<kwd>Chengjiang</kwd>
<kwd>Burgess Shale</kwd>
<kwd>Cambrian</kwd>
<kwd>Recent</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 1173 specimens of Stomatopoda were captured in 27 localities at different depths (20 to 73 m) during three oceanographic cruises in the Mexican Pacific along the continental shelf of the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas. Seven species were identified of the families Eurysquillidae, Lysiosquillidae and Squillidae. Squilla hancocki and Squilla parva were the most abundant species and the most frequently found together. The relationships between total length and carapace length were obtained for these species, which show that males of S. hancocki have a longer carapace length than females having the same total length, whereas for S. parva the opposite occurs. Larger sizes than previously reported were obtained for Lysiosquilla panamica and Squilla mantoidea. Squilla bigelowi was recorded for the first time in the Gulf of Tehuantepec. All the species were found in the intermediate platform (25-60 m); E. veleronis, S. hancocki and S. parva extended their distributions to the external platform (60-120 m), and S. hancocki and S. parva reached the circalittoral zone (10-25 m).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se capturaron un total de 1173 especímenes del orden Stomatopoda en 27 localidades a diferentes profundidades (20 a 73 m) durante tres cruceros oceanográficos en el Pacífico Mexicano a lo largo de la plataforma continental de los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas. Se identificaron siete especies de las familias Eurysquillidae, Lysiosquillidae y Squillidae. Squilla hancocki y Squilla parva fueron las especies más abundantes y las más frecuentemente encontradas juntas. Se obtuvieron las relaciones entre la longitud total y la longitud del caparazón para estas dos especies; que indican que con una misma longitud total los machos de S. hancocki tienen una longitud del caparazón mayor que las hembras, mientras que para S. parva sucede lo contrario. Se registraron longitudes totales más grandes a las reportadas previamente para Lysiosquilla panamica y Squilla mantoidea. Squilla bigelowi se registró por primera vez en el área. Todas las especies se encontraron en la plataforma intermerdia (25-60 m); E. Veleronis, S. Hancocki y S. parva se distribuyeron hasta la plataforma externa (60-120 m) y S. hancocki y S. parva abarcaron la zona circalitoral (10-25 m).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Stomatopoda</kwd>
<kwd>Crustacea</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Crustaceans associated with macroalgae were collected for one year by scuba diving in Bajo Pepito, Isla Mujeres, mexican Caribbean. A total of 148 organisms were found: three orders, 11 families, 18 genera and 19 species in nine types of associations. The order with highest abundance was Isopoda (112), followed by Amphipoda (20) and Decapoda (16).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Como resultado de muestreos mensuales durante un año en Bajo Pepito, Isla Mujeres, Caribe mexicano, se presentan los crustáceos asociados a macroalgas recolectadas por buceo autónomo. Se hallaron un total de 148 organismos: tres ordenes, 11 familias, 18 géneros y 19 especies en nueve tipos de asociaciones. El orden con mayor abundacia fue Isopoda (112) seguido de Amphipoda (20) y Decapoda (16).</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata synthesizes some of the most promising substances against solid-type tumors, but the only available source are the natural populations of this tunicate, which is reared or collected in different parts of the world. A total of 33 locations were sampled in the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. The tunicate was not found in Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, but it was well established on mangrove roots in the Yucatan Peninsula where we estimated densities more or less equal to one colony and an average production of 115 g of biomass per lineal meter of mangrove coastline in one location (Río Lagartos). Sustainable management appears to be possible.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata sintetiza un grupo de moléculas consideradas hoy en día como unas de las más prometedoras contra diversos tipos de tumores. Sin embargo, la síntesis de este compuesto todavía no se ha podido conseguir químicamente, y la única fuente de producto activo la constituye las poblaciones naturales de este tunicado, el cual se cultiva o colecta en distintas partes del mundo para la obtención del producto activo. Con este trabajo, se ha intentado hacer una valoración preliminar de la población de E. turbinata en el Golfo de México y Península de Yucatán. Se muestrearon 33 localidades, desde el Estado de Veracruz en el Golfo de México, hasta Quintana Roo en el Caribe. Parece que la especie está bien establecida en la Península de Yucatán; sobre todo en el Mar Caribe, aunque se trata de poblaciones discontinuas y separadas geográficamente. Entre todas las localidades prospectadas, solo en Río Lagartos situada al Norte de la Península de Yucatán, se detectaron poblaciones con densidades próximas a 1 colonia/metro margen de manglar, y una producción media de 115 g de biomasa por metro lineal de manglar, que podría ofrecer posibilidades para establecer un programa de manejo del recurso de manera sustentable.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A stratified sampling design was used for a hydroacoustic survey of the inner parts of the Gulf of Nicoya in 1987 and 1988. The bottom topography of the inner Gulf was modeled by introducing the concept of a topographical basin model, as the basis for the projection of the sample survey estimates to the entire inner gulf. The bottom depth contours and volumes for the basin model were constructed from nautical charts. The estimates of sample abundance were made for the fish in the inner Gulf using the acoustic methods, EMS (Expectation Maximization and Smoothing) and echo integration. The estimates of population were made by the multiplication of the topographic model's estimate of water volume and a model of fish density dependent on bottom depth. The results showed a general decrease in fish density biomass with bottom depth, and a simultaneous tendency for maximum concentrations over bottom depths of about four meters. The four meter bottom depth includes a broad expanse of the inner Gulf located south of Isla Chira. Overall estimates of volumetric density (0.269 fish/m³) and of areal densities (1.88 fish/m²) are comparable to other estuarine shallow water environments.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizó un diseño muestral estratificado para llevar a cabo una evaluación hidroacústica de la sección interior del Golfo de Nicoya. La topografía submarina fue modelada introduciendo el concepto topográfico de la cuenca, como una forma de proyectar los estimados del muestreo a todo el Golfo interno. Las isobatas y volúmenes de la cuenca del Golfo fueron construidos a partir de cartas náuticas. Los estimados de abundancia en las muestras se hicieron para los peces en la parte interna del Golfo utilizando los métodos acústicos conocidos como EMS (Expectation, Maximitation and Smoothing) y ecointegración. Los estimados de población se obtuvieron a partir de la multiplicación de los estimados del modelo topográfico de volúmen acuático y un modelo de densidad de peces dependiente de la profundidad. Los resultados muestran una disminución general en densidad de peces al aumentar la profundidad y una tendencia simultánea hacia la acumulación máxima en profundidades cercanas a los cuatro metros. Las áreas de fondo marino de aproximadamente cuatro metros incluyen extensas zonas de la parte interna del Golfo localizadas al sur de la Isla de Chira. Los estimados globales de densidad por volumen (0.269 peces/m³) y de densidad por área (1.88 peces/m²) son comparables con otros ambientes estuarinos someros.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the fecundity and growth in populations of the silver mullet, Mugil curema, in coastal areas of northeastern Venezuela between March 1992 and July 1993. The average number of ovocytes in gonads of 23-42 cm adults was 54 x 104, and the relative fecundity was 1311 ovocytes g-1 of fish. The size of mature ovocytes did not vary in different portions of the same gonad (p 0.05) or among the adults in three populations studied. The average egg diameter for adults was 426 &amp;micro;m (CI= 4.34). Age of juveniles, collected from the La Restinga Lagoon at about monthly intervals, from counts of growth lines on the otoliths ranged from 50 to 240 days. The relation of age (number of growth lines) to standard length follows an exponential growth curve. The growth of juveniles varied seasonally and was greatest during the rainy season (April to August), when temperatures were highest. The time of spawning has probably been adapted so that peak recruitment into the lagoons occurs just prior to the rainy season when conditions for growth are most favorable.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución espacial de capturas de tiburón en el pacífico nicaragüense y su relación con algunas variables oceanográficas</article-title>
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<institution>,ADPESCA  </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,INRECOSMAR  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Between August 1995 and August 1997 long line fishing techniques and a bathythermograph were used to correlate some physical variables with the spatial distribution of four shark species in 26 fishing cruises off the Nicaraguan Pacific Coast. They were the thresher (Alopias vulpinus), blue (Prionace glaucea), gray (Carcharhinus falciformis) and hammer (Sphyra lewini). All species concentrated in the southeastern Nicaraguan Pacific, at the seasonal upwelling area of Papagayo Gulf. The range of sea surface temperatures in which the sharks were captured was 25- 28°C. We could clearly associate this physical parameter with shark availability. The vertical distribution of the captured sharks suggests that they occupy termocline levels above the 15°C isotherm. Although these species are oceanic, the blue shark was captured in ocean waters over the 1800m isobar, while the grey and thresher sharks where close to the continental shelf. Body length in decreasing order are: thresher (210-290 cm, SN = 21), blue (60-240 cm, SN = 13) and gray (80-200 cm, SN = 17).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre agosto de 1995 y agosto de 1997, se llevaron a cabo 26 campañas de pesca en el Pacífico de Nicaragua. Utilizando el palangre como arte de pesca y un batitermógrafo, fue posible relacionar algunas variables físicas con la distribución espacial y vertical de las diferentes especies de tiburón capturadas: thresher (Alopias vulpinus), azul (Prionace glauca), gris (Carcharhinus falciformis) y martillo (Sphyrna lewini). La distribución espacial de todas las especies mostró una significativa aglomeración en el extremo sureste del Pacifico nicaragüense, justo en el área de influencia del afloramiento estacional del Golfo de Papagayo. El ámbito máximo de temperaturas superficiales en las que se efectuaron las capturas se ubicó entre los 25°C y los 28°C. Se logró determinar una clara dependencia entre este parámetro físico y la presencia del recurso. La distribución vertical de las capturas evidenció que estas especies se localizan principalmente en los niveles termoclinos, sobre la isoterma de 15°C. En cuanto a la dependencia de las capturas con la profundidad local, el tiburón azul se capturó en áreas fundamentalmente oceánicas, sobre la isóbata de 1800 m, mientras que el tiburón gris y thresher a pesar de ser también oceánicos, mostraron una tendencia a acercarse a la plataforma continental. Finalmente, en cuanto a las tallas, los registros mostraron que los especímenes con mayor talla pertenecieron al tiburón thresher, con longitudes entre los 200 y los 300 cm. Le siguió en orden descendente el tiburón gris y el tiburón azul.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fishery</kwd>
<kwd>sharks</kwd>
<kwd>thermal distribution</kwd>
<kwd>nicaraguan pacific waters</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Cabo Pulmo reef is the most important coral formation of the Gulf of California; however, its ichthyological fauna has not been poorly studied. To produce a systematic list with data on relative abundance and frequency, and biogeographical affinities, we relied on visual census, field observations, analysis of commercial and sport fisheries (from 1986 to 1998), and the literature. A total of 236 species have been recorded at Cabo Pulmo (155 genera and 60 families). This number doubles previous compilations and represents 65.1% of all reef fishes known from the Gulf of California, and about 35% of its entire shallow-water fishes. Of the total species number, 68.3% are from the Panamic Province, 11.0% Indo Pacific colonizers and the same percentage gulf endemics, 7.6% are circumtropical, 1.7% Atlantic and 0.5% cosmopolitan; none are endemic to the reef. The most abundant taxa are the labrids Thalassoma lucasanum, T. grammaticum and the pomacentrid Chromis atrilobata. Only eleven species (4.7% of total) appeared in 75% to 100% of census, and 36 (15.3% of total) had high levels of both abundance and frequency, evidencing that the community is dominated by few taxa. Local species richness exceeds the number reported for most rocky or coral reefs of the Pacific coast of México, and indicates that Cabo Pulmo is a key area in the gulf and the entire Mexican Pacific, from the ichthyological point of view.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We analyze the origin of knowledge about fish species richness in the Tuxpan-Tampamachoco estuarine system, in Veracuz, México. A complete inventory of the fish species known to date for this system (N=179) was elaborated from published lists and from sampling seagrass meadows of Tampamachoco Lagoon, which yielded 14 previously unknown species. When compared, the different lists showed a low similarity that may reflect differences in sampling methods and collecting strategies. Current data suggest that fish species richness in Mexican coastal lagoons (Gulf of Mexico) is not related with lagoon surface area, as has been suggested, but with number of inventorie. A sampling design for the assessment of fish species richness in estuarine systems should consider: a) using the highest possible variety of sampling fishing gears, b) collecting in all microhabitat types and c) the preference of bimonthly or quarterly samplings for two or more years over monthly samplings in a single year.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of Acestrocephalus (Characiformes: Characidae) from Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Museo de Historia Natural La Salle  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<institution>,Universidad Experimental de los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora  </institution>
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<year>2000</year>
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<fpage>443</fpage>
<lpage>447</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of Acestrocephalus is described from 60 specimens collected in the Río Orinoco and Río Negro drainages, Venezuela. This species is distinguished from all other Acestrocephalus by the combination of the following characters: anal rays, 29-36; 63-71 perforated scales on the lateral line; 10-12 scales above and 9-12 below the lateral line; 39-52 teeth on the maxillary; 9-12 premaxillary teeth; 8-12 teeth in the inner row on the dentary; 5-7 gill rakers on the lower part of the first gill arch; humeral, peduncular and caudal blotch absent.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie, Acestrocephalus ginesi, con base a 60 ejemplares recolectados en las cuencas del Río Orinoco y Río Negro, Venezuela. Esta especie difiere de otros miembros del género por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: aleta anal, 29-36 radios; 63-71 escamas con poro en la línea lateral; escamas transversales 10-12 / 9-12; 39-52 dientes en el maxilar; 9-12 dientes en el premaxilar; 8-12 dientes en la fila interna del dentario; 5-7 branquispinas en la parte inferior del primer arco branquial; mancha humeral, peduncular y caudal, ausentes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Characiformes</kwd>
<kwd>Characidae</kwd>
<kwd>Acestrocephalus</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Río Orinoco</kwd>
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<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<addr-line>Armenia Quindio</addr-line>
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<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Three new fish species are described: Bryconamericus dahli from the basins of the Patia and Mira rivers; B. ichoensis from Chaparraido Creek, the upper Atrato River basin, and B. galvisi from upper Putumayo River. Bryconamericus dahli can be distinguished from other Bryconamericus species by body depth and the larger head. B. dahli is similar to B. caucanus, but can be distinguished by the number of anal fin rays, head width and maxilla. Bryconamericus ichoensis can be distinguished by its small size, absence of a spot on the caudal peduncle, and generally 27 to 30 anal fin rays. B. ichoensis may be closely related to B. multiradiatus, but can be distinguished by the number of unbranched rays in the dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins, the number of predorsal scales, body depth, etc. Bryconamericus galvisi, can be distinguished from other species of Bryconamericus by its single peduncle spot, high branched anal fin ray, the lateral line scales count, and elongated body. This species is similar to B. caucanus and can be distinguished by the number of teeth on the maxilla and by the number of vertebrae. The genus Bryconamericus is a natural and valid group, which is related to Hemibrycon. Moreover the Knodus and Eretmobrycon are synonym of Bryconamericus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen tres nuevas especies: Bryconamericus dahli que habita en la cuenca de los Ríos Patia y Mira; B. ichoensis capturada en la Quebrada Chaparraidó, alto Río Atrato y B. galvisi colectada en el alto Río Putumayo. Bryconamericus. dahli se distingue de las especies conocidas de Bryconamericus por presentar un cuerpo relativamente profundo en ejemplares inmaduros y adultos, y por la cabeza más grande; es similar a B. caucanus, distinguiéndose en el número de radios de la aleta anal, en el tamaño de la cabeza y del maxilar. B. ichoensis puede diferenciarse de las especies conocidas por su pequeño tamaño (excepto con B. multiradiatus), por la ausencia de una mancha peduncular, sustituida por una banda oscura que se prolonga sobre los radios medios caudales, por 27-30 radios ramificados de la aleta anal; posiblemente se relaciona con B. multiradiatus por su enanismo, se distingue por el número de radios simples de las aletas dorsal, pectorales y pélvicas, por el número de escamas predorsales, por la profundidad del cuerpo. Bryconamericus galvisi, se puede distinguir dentro de Bryconamericus por una mancha peduncular, por el número mayor de radios ramificados de la aleta anal, por el número alto de escamas en la línea lateral y por el cuerpo elongado. Esta especie es muy semejante y relacionada a B. caucanus, distinguiéndose por el número de dientes en el maxilar, por la longitud del maxilar con relación al diámetro del ojo y por el número de vértebras. Se pueden diferenciar entre sí por la ausencia de una mancha humeral en B.dahli; la parte anterior de la línea lateral no forma una curva, de cuerpo elongado, de cabeza pequeña y la longitud postorbital mayor en B. galvisi; la aleta dorsal presenta tres radios simples en B. ichoensis. Se incluyeron datos del hábitat típico de los nuevos taxones. Se planteo que Bryconamericus es un grupo valido y natural, muy relacionado con el género Hemibrycon, mientras los géneros Knodus y Eretmobrycon son sinónimos de Bryconamericus.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>New species</kwd>
<kwd>Characoids</kwd>
<kwd>Tropical fish</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of the fish genus Ilyodon is described from San Juan Tacámbaro river, Michoacán, México 19° 10’ 42’’ N, 101&amp;deg; 20’ 45&quot; W. We used 129 specimens representing I. whitei, 60 of I. furcidens and 84 of the new species for our analyses. These included samples of both sexes. The new species is distinguished from I. whitei and I. furcidens by its strongly convex cephalic profile, the size and disposition of the pores of the lateral line of the preorbital, the thinner caudal peduncle, its strongly bifid tooth and the form and size of neural prezygapophyses of caudal vertebrae.</p></abstract>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A management plan for the sport fishery of Parachromis dovii (Pisces: Cichlidae) (Gunther 1864) in Hule lake, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<surname>Tabash B</surname>
<given-names>Farid A</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Emilier</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Estación de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Puntarenas </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje Centro Naútico Pesquero </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>473</fpage>
<lpage>485</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A first attempt to regulate the fishing activity while preserving the species and its habitats is presented for Hule lake. We intensively sampled the &quot;guapote&quot; between March 1996 and April 1997 using monofilament gill nets and a floating line, collecting 421 individuals. P. dovii biomass was relatively low; this species had a long life cycle (8-10 years) and the growth oscillation was low (C=0.3). Maximum life expectation was estimated at 12 years and the point of minimum growth coincided with the spawning that takes place between November and December. After spawning, P. dovii take around seven months to reach recruitment size (54.6 mm). The length of first maturation was 134 mm Lt, which indicates that this species is viable for reproduction soon after leaving the protection zones around the lagoon. &quot;Guapote&quot; sport fishing in the Hule lake is in equilibrium, the renewal rate is 80%. An increment in the actual fishery effort is not recommended, since it could seriously affect the natural renewal capacity of the stock.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un primer intento para regular la actividad de la pesca deportiva para el guapote lagunero, Parachromis dovii mediante los resultados de un programa de evaluación del recurso y del estudio de la dinámica poblacional de esta especie se presenta. La biomasa del guapote es relativamente baja. La especie presenta un ciclo de vida largo (8 a 10 años) con una baja oscilación en el crecimiento (C= 0.3), la expectativa de vida máxima estimada fue de 12 años y el punto de mínimo crecimiento coincidió con el período de desove (entre Noviembre y Diciembre). Luego del desove, P. dovii permanece en las áreas protegidas cerca de 7 meses hasta alcanzar la talla de reclutamiento (54.6 mm Lt). La longitud de primera maduración fue de 134 mm Lt, lo que indica que esta especie es apta para reproducirse poco tiempo después de haber abandonado las áreas de protección, ubicadas alrededor de la laguna. También se describen algunos aspectos de su biología. La pesca deportiva del guapote en la laguna Hule mantiene aún a la población en equilibrio, la tasa de renovación natural se estima en 80%, por lo que no se recomienda permitir un incremento en los niveles actuales de esfuerzo pesquero, dado que esto afectaría seriamente la capacidad de renovación natural de P. dovii.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cichlasoma</kwd>
<kwd>Parachromis</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>stock assessment</kwd>
<kwd>management plan</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>sport fishing</kwd>
<kwd>Hule lake</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200020</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Espectro trófico de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) en la presa Infiernillo, Michoacán-Guerrero, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Hidrobiología </institution>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo Laboratorio de Manejo Ambiental </institution>
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<fpage>487</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The trophic spectrum of tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner 1864), was determined by stomach content analysis in 153 organisms collected during 1993 in Michoacán-Guerrero, México. The feeding status of the fish at the time of observation was evaluated by the examination of fat surrounding the gut, gastric replection and the condition coefficient. The quantitative evaluation of the food items was carried out by the combination of the following analysis: Frequency of Occurrence, Volumetric Method, Volumetric Mean Index and Relative Importance Index. Diet consisted of: detritus and vascular plant residues as a primary food; unicellular algae as secondary food; and remains of insects and fish, Gramineae seed, filamentous algae, cladocerans, ostracods, rotifers and copepods as occasional food. We detected a difference in food preferences between juveniles and adults and a variation in the consumption proportions of some food items during the rainy and dry seasons. Thus, we concluded that O. aureus is an omnivorous species with preference for detritus and vascular plant remain. Feeding seems to be determined by the abundance of food items found in the habitat and adults showed a trend to eat only detritus. Feeding does not seem to be a limiting factor in the development of the tilapia in Infiernillo dam.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó el espectro trófico de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner 1864), a través del análisis del contenido estomacal de una muestra de 153 especímenes recolectados durante 1993. El estado de alimentación se evaluó por la proporción de grasa alrededor del estómago e intestino, la replexión gástrica y el coeficiente de condición. La evaluación cuantitativa del alimento, se realizó a través de los métodos Volumétrico (V) y Frecuencia de Aparición (FA) y los Indices Medio Volumétrico (IMV) e Importancia Relativa (IIR), los cuales se combinaron para determinar el espectro trófico de la tilapia. Se determinó que su dieta en la presa Infiernillo está constituida por: detritus y plantas vasculares como alimentos preferentes; algas unicelulares como alimento secundario y peces, insectos, semillas de gramíneas, algas filamentosas, cladóceros, ostrácodos, rotíferos y copépodos, como alimentos ocasionales. Se detectaron diferencias alimentarias entre juveniles y adultos y variaciones en el consumo de elementos alimentarios en la época de secas y lluvias. Se concluye que Oreochromis aureus es una especie omnívora con preferencia hacia el detritus y los restos de plantas vasculares. La alimentación esta determinada por la abundancia de las presas en el medio y en los adultos se basa preferentemente en el detritus. La alimentación no es un factor que limite el desarrollo de la tilapia en la presa Infiernillo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Oreochromis aureus</kwd>
<kwd>tilapia</kwd>
<kwd>food analysis</kwd>
<kwd>Infiernillo dam</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<fpage>495</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The parasitic prevalence and mean intensity in the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, was seasonally determined during an annual cycle (February 1994 to February 1995) in the confluence of the Colorado and Hardy rivers, Baja California, México. Two species of parasites were identified, a nematode, Contracaecum multipapillatum (von Drasche, 1882) (Ascaridida: Anisakidae), and a copepod, Ergasilus versicolor Wilson, 1911 (Poecilostomatoida: Ergasilidae). The larvae of C. multipapillatum, which were represented by two size classes (A and B stages), had prevalences of 30% and 14.5%, respectively; while A. versicolor had a prevalence of 72.7%. The mean intensity of C. multipapillatum was 6.18 and 2.37 individuals per infected fish for A and B stages, respectively; and for A. versicolor, it was of 4.01. The number of parasites (taxa combined) increased with the size of fish (r= 0.22, p= 0.02), but it was independent of the host’s condition factor (K SL).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La prevalencia e intensidad parasitaria de la lisa cabezona, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, fue cuantificada durante un ciclo anual (febrero 1994 a febrero 1995) en la confluencia de los ríos Colorado y Hardy, Baja California, México. Dos especies de parásitos fueron reconocidas: Contracaecum multipapillatum (von Drasche, 1882) (Ascaridida: Anisakidae) y Ergasilus versicolor Wilson, 1911 (Poecilostomatoida: Ergasilidae). Las larvas del nematodo C. multipapillatum, representadas por dos estadíos (A y B), exhibieron prevalencias de 30% y 14.5%, respectivamente; mientras que el copépodo E. versicolor, mostró una prevalencia de 72.7%. La intensidad media de C. multipapillatum fue 6.18 y 2.37 parásitos/huésped para los estadíos A y B, respectivamente, y en E. versicolor, ésta fue de 4.01. El número de parásitos (táxones combinados) incrementó con la talla del pez (r= 0.22, p= 0.02), pero fue independiente del factor de condición (K LP) del huésped.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur  </institution>
<addr-line>Chetumal Q.R.</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding habits of seven cichlid species (Archocentrus octofasciatus, A. spilurus, &quot;Cichlasoma&quot; robertsoni, &quot;C.&quot; synspilum, &quot;C.&quot; urophthalmus, Petenia splendida, Thorichthys meeki) in Lake Caobas, southern Yucatan Peninsula, were studied. Samples were taken with enclosure and cast nets during the dry and rainy seasons of 1995 (day and night). The environment was characterized by measuring temperature, conductivity and pH. All individuals were below 41 mm SL (N=281). Frequency of occurrence and prey abundance were analyzed. Main prey items were chironomids, mites, copepods, cladocerans, and ostracods. The cichlids fed mainly on zooplankton, with the partial exceptions of P. splendida (piscivore), &quot;C.&quot; synspilum and A. spilurus (herbivores). A cluster analysis showed that the most similar trophic spectra were those of T. meeki, &quot;C.&quot; robertsoni and &quot;C.&quot; salvini, which were also the least diverse. &quot;C.&quot; synspilum and A. spilurus had an intermediate distance between their diets and those of other species. The species with the most distinctive feeding composition were P. splendida (with the most diverse and equitable diet) and the omnivore A. octofasciatus (whose diet was the richest one). T. meeki showed quantitative diel, ontogenetic, and seasonal diet changes, but none between sexes. &quot;C.&quot; robertsoni, &quot;C.&quot; salvini and &quot;C.&quot; synspilum differ in food habits in Caobas and in other localities, a fact that underscores the trophic adaptability of cichlids. Trophic overlap between cichlids in Caobas could imply absence of competition, perhaps because resources are abundant in the ecosystem.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la alimentación de siete especies de cíclidos (Archocentrus octofasciatus, A. spilurus, &quot;Cichlasoma&quot; robertsoni , &quot;C.&quot; synspilum, &quot;C.&quot; urophthalmus , Petenia splendida, Thorichthys meeki) en la laguna Caobas, sur de la península de Yucatán. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo durante las estaciones seca y lluviosa de 1995. Los ejemplares medían menos de 41 mm LP. Se evaluó la frecuencia de aparición y la abundancia de las presas. Los ítemes alimentarios predominantes fueron los quironómidos, ácaros, copépodos, cladóceros y ostrácodos. La mayoría de las mojarras se mostraron zooplanctófagas, con la excepción parcial de P. splendida (piscívora), &quot;C.&quot; synspilum y A. spilurus (herbívoras). A. octofasciatus tuvo el más amplio espectro alimentario y se consideró omnívoro. Thorichthys meeki mostró cambios cuantitativos en la dieta por hora del día, talla del pez y estación del año, no así por sexo.</p></abstract>
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<addr-line>Coto Brus </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Thirteen representatives of Myxariaceae sensu Jülich: Heterochaetella brachyspora (Bourdot &amp; Galzin) Luck-Allen, Myxarium atratum (Peck) Ginns &amp; Lefebvre, M. granulum Hauersl., M. laccatum (Bourdot &amp; Galzin) Reid, M. mesomorphum (Bourdot &amp; Galzin) Haursl., M. mesonucleatum Kisim., Oberw. &amp; L.D. Gómez nov. sp., M. subsphaerosporum Kisim., Oberw. &amp; L.D. Gómez nov. sp., Protodontia subgelatinosa (Karst.) Pilát; Pseudohydum gelatinosum (Fr.) P. Karst., P. gelatinosum var. paucidentata Lowy; one species of Sebacinaceae, Efibulobasidium albescens (Sacc. &amp; Malbr.) K. Wells; and the Tremellodrendropsidaceae Tremellodendropsis flagelliformis (Berk.) Crawford var.ovalispora Crawford, are reported or described from Costa Rica. The corticioid Cystidiodontia artocreas (Berk &amp; Curt. ex Cooke) Hjortstam is also reported from Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen como nuevas para la ciencia o para Costa Rica trece especies de hongos de las familias Myxariaceae sensu Jülich: Heterochaetella brachyspora, Myxarium atratum, Myxarium granulum, Myxarium laccatum, Myxarium mesomorphum, Myxarium mesonucleatum sp. nov., Myxarium subsphaerosporum sp. nov., Protodontia subgelatinosa, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum var. paucidentata. Una especie rara de Sebacinaceae, Efibulobasidium albescens una Tremellodendropsidaceae, Tremellodendron flagelliforme var. ovalispora. Además, una corticiácea nueva para el país, Cystidiodontia artocreas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Basidiomycetes</kwd>
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<kwd>Sebacinacea</kwd>
<kwd>Tremellodendropsidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Efibulobasidium</kwd>
<kwd>Heterochaetella</kwd>
<kwd>Myxarium</kwd>
<kwd>Protodontia</kwd>
<kwd>Tremellodendropsis</kwd>
<kwd>Cystidiodontia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000200026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Basidiomicetos resupinados de Costa Rica. Especies nuevas o raras de Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae</article-title>
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<institution>,Universität Tübingen Botanisches Institut </institution>
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<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,O.T.S. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, y Estación Biológica Las Cruces </institution>
<addr-line>Coto Brus </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>539</fpage>
<lpage>554</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Species of Atractiellales (Auriculariaceae s.l.), Exidaceae, Sirobasidaceae and Tremellaceae are reported as new for Costa Rica or as new to science, Tremella coalescens L.S. Olive, Sirobasidium minutum Kisim., Oberw. &amp; Gómez sp. nov., Heterochaete vitrea Kisim., Oberw. &amp; Gómez sp. nov., Exidiopsis mucedinea (Pat.) K.Wells, Helicogloea aurea Baker, Saccoblastia sphaerospora Möller and Occultifur internus (L.S. Olive) Oberw. All the new species are described and illustrated. Since the original material collected in Brazil by Möller is lost, a neotype for Saccoblastia sphaerospora Möller is proposed. This Costa Rican collection represents the first record since the discovery of the species in 1891. Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk is reported for the first time from Costa Rica as the fungal host of Occultifur internus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comunica la presencia en Costa Rica de los siguientes hongos basidiomicetos resupinados: Exidiopsis mucedinea, Helicogloea aurea Baker que hasta ahora solo se conocía del holotipo panameño, Heterochaete vitrea especie nueva, Occultifur internus, originalmente descrita de Tahiti, Saccoblastia sphaerospora Möller, descrita en 1895 de Brasil y desde entonces no recolectada. Se propone esa especie como especie típica del género Saccoblastia y se propone la colección costarricense como neotipo, Sirobasidium minutum, especie nueva, y Tremella coalescen antes conocida solo de E.E.U.U. Todas las especies se ilustran y pertenecen a varios grupos de Auriculariales s.l.. El penioforoide Hyphoderma argillaceum, hospedero de Occultifur internus, no se conocía hasta ahora de Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Basidiomycetes</kwd>
<kwd>Atractiellales</kwd>
<kwd>Auriculariales</kwd>
<kwd>Exidiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Sirobasidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Tremellaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Tremella</kwd>
<kwd>Exidiopsis</kwd>
<kwd>Heterochaete</kwd>
<kwd>Helicogloea</kwd>
<kwd>Saccoblastia</kwd>
<kwd>Sirobasidium</kwd>
<kwd>Occultifur</kwd>
<kwd>Hyphoderma</kwd>
<kwd>mycota</kwd>
<kwd>neotropics</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000200027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New Species of Lentaria (Fungi: Aphyllophorales): redescription and mating systems of L. surculus and L. byssiseda</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Tennessee Botany Department </institution>
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<country>USA</country>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>555</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The following names are proposed for species of Lentaria new to science: L. boletosporioides from New Zealand with stout basidiomata and boletoid basidiospores; L. caribbeana from Caribbean islands and circum-Caribbean landmasses, with large basidiomata and large basidiospores; L. glaucosiccescens from New Zealand, with basidiomata turning grey-green upon drying; and L. rionegrensis from Argentina, with densely branched, ruddy basidiomata. Lentaria javanica nom. nov. is proposed to substitute for Clavaria compressa, a later homonym. Basidiospore statistics indicate infraspecific differentiation within L. surculus and two morphological variants are described. Lentaria surculus and L. byssiseda exhibit tetrapolar mating systems, and the two species are sexually interincompatible.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se proponen los siguientes nombres para las especies de Lentaria nuevas para la ciencia: L. boletosporioides de Nueva Zelandia, L. caribbeana del Caribe y regiones vecinas, L. glaucosiccescens de Nueva Zelandia, y L rionegrensis de Argentina. Se propone a Lentaria javanica nom. nov., como nombre substituto para Clavaria compressa, un homónimo tardío de su nomenclatura. Se discute el agrupamiento infraespecífico dentro de L. surculus basado en estadísticas de las mediciones de las esporas. Se describen los sistemas reproductivos para L. surculus y L. byssiseda, y se encontró que éstas dos especies son sexualmente interincompatibles.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The wood anatomy of Coccoloba cozumelensis Hemsl., Coccoloba spicata Lundell, Gymnanthes lucida Sw., Blomia cupanioides Miranda, Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn., Aspidosperma megalocarpon Müell Arg. and Ehretia tinifolia L., is described. One tree per species was collected in the tropical rain forest of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Their wood has important traditional uses in furniture, tools, rural buildings, posts, fences railroads and firewood. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were described and measured in wood samples, permanent slides and macerated material. These species have diffuse porosity, alternate vessel pits, simple perforation plates, numerous and small rays; libriform fibres are common, as well as ergastic material in gum forms, calcium carbonate and silica crystals. These characteristics explain aesthetical, weigth, hardness and resistance (to mechanical and biological damage) characters that fit traditional use by the Maya.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of two natural light-growing conditions (understory versus light gaps) and the interaction with nutrient availability (through fertilization) was studied in the understory herb Begonia decandra, in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Sixteen potted plants obtained from cuttings were randomly chosen and distributed in each of eighth forest environments (four light gaps and four understories), for a total of 128 plants. Fertilizer was applied to half of the plants in each site. After seven months in the two given microenvironments, increased light and fertilization resulted in greater growth and some changes in the biomass allocation patterns. All measured variables responded similarly to reported changes for tree seedlings and saplings from other tropical and subtropical regions. Total growth parameters (height, biomass and leaf area) were very sensitive to increases in the main resource (light). The addition of nutrients treatments were less important in producing changes in the allocation variables (root to shoot ratio, leaf area ratio, and specific leaf mass) under conditions of high light availability. Changes due to nutrient levels were relatively greater on plants grown under understory conditions. Also, small light differences among sites can cause significant changes in the variables related to total growth. Lastly, plant mortality in the nutrient treatments was found to be independent of mortality in two forest light environments. Some hypotheses about resource acquisition and plant growth are not supported by this data.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Begonia</kwd>
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<fpage>591</fpage>
<lpage>604</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The following new species in the New World Natada complex are described: Natada minuscula, Natada cecilia, Natada lalogamezi, Natada kokii, Natada monteverdensis, Narosopsis iangauldi, and Euprosterna wemilleri. Natada minuscula is the smallest known species in the complex. Of the new species, only Natada kokii, Natada cecilia and Narosopsis iangauldi are known to occur outside of Costa Rica. Previously the New World Natada complex had 43 species in the neotropics. It is anticipated that the proportion of new species in the complex will exceed other major lineages of Limacodidae found in Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe las siguientes especies nuevas del complejo Natada del Nuevo Mundo: Natada minuscula, Natada cecilia, Natada lalogamezi, Natada kokii, Natada monteverdensis, Narosopsis iangauldi, and Euprosterna wemilleri. Natada minuscula es la especie más pequeña del complejo.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Natada</kwd>
<kwd>Narosopsis</kwd>
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<institution>,1531 Norfolk Avenue  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<fpage>605</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Normally, butterfly behavior and population size are studied intensively for brief periods or occasionally for long periods, not in detail for long periods, producing an incomplete view in both cases. How time limitation affects studies has been unknown for a long time. This paper analyses this problem based on an intensive long term study of Vanessa atalanta (L.) that covered nearly 8000 days, most of them consecutive, for 22 years (April 15, 1977-April 14, 1999), in a subtropical habitat near Orlando, Florida. There is no evidence that ethological studies are affected by their normally brief duration (one year or less), but the analysis of yearly values hid the associations of number of individuals and arrival time with climate. In small areas, isolated population counts lasting less than two weeks are not reliable, according to this study. We found no difference in number of visitors for El Niño years. The daily number of visitors was inversely correlated with temperature and precipitation, but arrival time of the first visitor was positively correlated with both. The number of visitors reaches a peak near the end of Winter. The activity period span is greater than in more seasonal climates. Individuals were active even at 10° C and with 9 m/s winds. Individuals with fresh wing condition were most common from January to June. There were 82 atypical cases of individuals arriving before 12:00 hr. Aerial interactions were seen whenever there was more than one individual in the site (i.e. 41 % of days, N=7634 total days). Only once in these 22 years was predation seen.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000200033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Identificación de Lutzomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) grupo verrucarum por medio de microscopia electrónica de sus huevos</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Antioquia Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>615</fpage>
<lpage>622</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The value of Colombian phlebotomine eggs for species determination was studied with a scanning electron microscope. The species diversity and medical importance of the verrucarum group were the bases to select Lutzomyia youngi, Lutzomyia evansi, Lutzomyia columbiana and Lutzomyia longiflocosa. The egg surface was poligonal. Lutzomyia youngi, and Lutzomyia columbiana had pentagonal or hexagonal patterns; Lutzomyia evansi elongated polygons and Lutzomyia longiflocosa irregular polygonal sculpturing, frequently rectangular. Egg scanning electron microscopy is reliable to identify species of the verrucarum group.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Colombia la microscopia electrónica de huevos de phlebotomineos para determinación de especies es nueva. Debido a la diversidad de especies e importancia médica del grupo verrucarum se estudiaron cuatro de estas especies: Lutzomyia youngi, Lutzomyia evansi, Lutzomyia columbiana y Lutzomyia longiflocosa. El modelo de superficie del huevo es poligonal. Lutzomyia youngi y Lutzomyia columbiana exhibieron un modelo pentagonal o hexagonal, Lutzomyia evansi polígonos elongados y Lutzomyia longiflocosa un modelo poligonal frecuentemente rectangular. La microscopia electrónica de huevos es confiable para identificar especies del grupo verrucarum.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>verrucarum group</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aedes albifasciatus, a floodwater mosquito, is widely distributed in freshwater habitats in Argentina. At high population densities it is an important pest in urban areas. A two year study was conducted in a natural population of A. albifasciatus around La Plata area, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The breeding site was weekly sampled from May, 1996 to April, 1998. Immature stages of A. albifasciatus were collected with a standard 300 ml dipper. Each sample unit consisted of 100 dipper. Highest densities of mosquito larvae occurred when the breeding site was flooded among 90 and 100 % of its capacity after remaining dry for several days or weeks. The larvae required between six and eight days to become adult in summer (temperature mean 24.6 °C in January and 21.3 °C in February). In autumn-winter, 43 days (temperature mean 10.6 °C) and in spring 22 days (temperature mean 15.5 °C).</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200035</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The effects of food presentation and microhabitat upon resource monopoly in a ground-foraging ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) community</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Gettysburg College Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Gettysburg PA</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of South Florida Division of Natural Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Sarasota Florida</addr-line>
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<year>2000</year>
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<fpage>629</fpage>
<lpage>642</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Neotropical wet forests several species of omnivorous, resource-defending ants, live and forage in close proximity to one another. Although the forest floor is heterogeneous in microhabitat and food quantity, little is known about the impact of microhabitat and food variation upon resource monopoly among ants. We investigated how food type and microhabitat influence food monopoly in resource-defending ants in old-growth tropical wet forest in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. We measured several microhabitat characteristics at 66 points in a 0.5 hectare plot, and baited each point with two categories of tuna bait. These baits were presented in &quot;split&quot; and &quot;clumped&quot; arrangements. We measured the frequency of bait monopoly by a single species, as well as the number of recruited ant foragers at a bait. Out of five common species, two (Wasmannia auropunctata and Pheidole simonsi) more frequently monopolized one bait type over the other, and one (P. simonsi) recruited more ants to the split baits. We then considered the recruitment response by all ant species in the community. We found that the frequency of monopoly, sharing, and the absence of ants at a given point in the rainforest differed with bait type. The frequency of monopoly was associated with microhabitat type in two out of eight microhabitat variables (leaf litter depth and palms); variation in two other types (canopy tree distance and leafcutter ant trails) was associated with changes in forager number. In at least two ant species, food presentation affected monopoly at baits; among all resource-defending ants, the microhabitats where ants foraged for food and the type of food located determined in part the frequency of monopoly and the number of foragers at the food item. These results suggest that the location and presentation of food items determines in part which ant species will utilize the resource.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los bosques húmedos de la Región Neotropical conviven varias especies de hormigas omívoras, defensoras de recursos alimenticios. Aunque el suelo del bosque es heterogéneo en microhábitat y alimento, se sabe poco sobre el impacto de ambos en las hormigas. Se investiga cómo influencian el tipo de alimento y el microhábitat la forma en que estas hormigas acaparan el alimento en un bosque húmedo tropical maduro (bajuras de Costa Rica). Se midieron ocho características de microhábitat en 66 puntos de una parcela de 0.5 ha. En cada punto se colocaron dos categorías de cebo (atún): &quot;dividido&quot; y &quot;agrupado.&quot; Se midió el acaparamiento de cebo por especie y el número de hormigas por cebo. De cinco especies comunes, dos (Wasmannia auropunctata y Pheidole simonsi) monopolizaron con más frecuencia uno de los dos tipos de cebo, y una (P. simonsi) tuvo más individuos en los cebos divididos. La frecuencia de monopolio, comportamiento, y la ausencia de hormigas en punto dado en el bosque varió con el tipo de cebo. La frecuencia de acaparamiento se asoció con tipo de microhábitat en dos variables de microhábitat: profundidad de la hojarasca y palmas; la variación en distancia de bóvedas de árboles y caminos de hormigas cortadoras de hojas se asoció con cambios en el número de buscadores de alimento. En al menos dos especies la presentación del alimento afectó el acaparamiento; entre todas las hormigas estudiadas, los microhábitats y el tipo de alimento determinan en parte la frecuencia de acaparamiento y el número de individuso que llega al alimento. Estos resultados sugieren que la localización y presentación de alimento determina en parte cual especie de hormiga utilizará el recurso.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Competition</kwd>
<kwd>recruitment</kwd>
<kwd>food presentation</kwd>
<kwd>ant</kwd>
<kwd>foraging behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Wasmannia auropunctata</kwd>
<kwd>Pheidole</kwd>
<kwd>microhabitat</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A taxonomic survey on fungus-growing ants (Attini) was made at 14 beaches on Santa Catarina Island (SC), Brazil. The samplings were manual, in soil or litterfall, in the following habitats: sandy beach, herbaceous vegetation and shrubby vegetation. From 12 species of Attini (ten of Acromyrmex Mayr and two of Cyphomyrmex Mayr), the most frequent were Cyphomyrmex morschi Emery and Acromyrmex crassispinus Forel, collected, respectively, on eight and ten of the monitored beaches. Altogether, Sorensen’s similarity coefficients were high (range: 0.59-0.80), in spite of the lower numbers of ant species on sandy beaches</p></abstract>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Spider prey (Araneae) of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in southeastern Brazil</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fifty five nests and 216 cells of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi were obtained from trap-nests (cut bamboo canes) in Santa Carlota Farm (Itaoca Section=IS and Santana Section=SS), Cajuru and on the São Paulo University Campus, Ribeirão Preto (=RP), both in the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Sept. 1993 - Oct. 1995). The prey (spiders) of 40 cells from IS, 58 from SS and 39 from RP were identified. The greatest nesting frequency occurred during the hot and wet season (September to April). T. rogenhoferi preyed upon individuals of five spider families, with Araneidae (orb-weaver spiders) being the most frequent (99.6%). Alpaida aff. negro (58%) was the most frequently collected species in IS, followed by A. alto (24.8%); in SS (59.6%) and RP (64.7%) the most frequent species was A. veniliae, followed in SS by A. aff. negro (14.9%) and in RP by A. leucogramma (13.5%). The size of reproductive niches, H’=1.25 (IS), H’=1.30 (SS) and H’=1.29 (RP) were not significantly different. There was a positive correlation between the reproductive niche width (H’) and evenness.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200038</article-id>
<title-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Survivorship curves and longevity of workers were studied in two queenright and two queenless colonies of Bombus (Fervidobombus) atratus. Survivorship curves for workers of all colonies were, in general, convex, indicating an increasing mortality rate with increasing age. The mean longevity for the workers from queenright colonies, 24.3 days and 17.6 days, was not significantly different from that in queenless colonies, 21.2 days and 20.2 days. In all colonies workers started foraging activities when aged 0-5 days, and the potential forager rates rose progressively with increasing age. Mortality rates within each age interval were significantly correlated with the foraging worker rates in all colonies. Only in two of the colonies (one queenright and one queenless) longevity was significantly correlated with worker size. The duration of brood development period seems to be one of the most important factors influencing adult worker longevity in this bumble bee species.</p></abstract>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,BIOECO Museo de Historia Natural T. Romay </institution>
<addr-line>Santiago de Cuba </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Museo Nacional de Historia Natural  </institution>
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<country>Cuba</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>665</fpage>
<lpage>670</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new Anolis species of the Alpha section from the north region of eastern Cuba (Holguín province) is described. It differs from all Cuban species of Anolis in its green coloration with greenish gray bands on body, legs and tail, in having subtriangular mental scales as well as in other details of color and scutellation. This new species is most closely related to A. isolepis but it can be distinguished from both, A. i. isolepis and A. i. altitudinalis, by its coloration and pattern, the larger body size, the presence of smooth ventral scales (similar in size to the dorsal scales) and by the absence of enlarged postcloacal scales in the male.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie de Anolis de la sección Alpha para la región norte de Cuba oriental (provincia Holguín). Difiere del resto de las especies cubanas del género en su color verde con franjas verticales gris verdosas en el cuerpo, la cola y las extremidades, en la forma subtriangular de las escamas mentales y en otras características de coloración y escamación. La especie más parecida es A. isolepis, aunque varios caracteres diferencian a sus dos subespecies de la nueva especie descrita.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sauria</kwd>
<kwd>Iguanidae</kwd>
<kwd>Anolis</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000200040</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Taxonomía de algunos microtéidos (Squamata) de Venezuela: variación y distribución geográfica de Euspondylus acutirostris y descripción de un nuevo Euspondylus del nordeste de Venezuela</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Francisco de Miranda Centro de Investigaciones en Ecología y Zonas Áridas </institution>
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<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Museo de Historia Natural La Salle  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<fpage>671</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Only two species of the microteiid lizard genus Euspondylus (E. acutirostris and E. phelpsorum) had been reported from Venezuela. New records of the poorly known gymnophthalmid lizard Euspondylus acutirostris are reported extending its known range along the Coastal Range and Sierra de Aroa (north-central Venezuela) and Sierra de San Luis (northwestern Venezuela), all records occurring at the cloud forest above 1000 m. Seven body measurements were included and morphological variation is described based on at least 17 new specimens. Sexual dimorphism is determined in, at least, eight characteristics of size and squamation. Specimens were found in epiphytic bromeliads and the ground. The populations from Sierra de Aroa and Sierra de San Luis (only one specimen known from each locality), differ from those of the Coastal Range (supposedly the nominal population) in some morphological and coloration features, suggesting that the former two could represent different taxonomical entities. A new species of Euspondylus is described based on an female (taken within a bromeliad) from Cerro El Humo, Sucre, northeastern Venezuela. It differs from congeners mainly by having keeled scales on the limbs and a very acute snout.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Teiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Taxonomy</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>New records of the poorly known microteiid lizard Prionodactylus ampuedai, morphological variation, and new data on natural history are reported. We report the loss of the holotypes of P. ampuedai and P. phelpsorum, and designate a neotype for the former. Euspondylus goeleti is resurrected from the synonymy with E. phelpsorum and this latter is transferred to the genus Prionodactylus.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diet of the white-lipped peccari Tayassu pecari was studied from July 1996 to April 1997 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, through fecal analysis and direct observations. The feces consisted of 61.6% fruits, 37.5% vegetative parts, 0.4% invertebrates and 0.5% unidentified material. These proportions are similar to those reported for white-lipped peccaries diet in South America, but the species consumed were different. In Corcovado, the white-lipped peccary fed on parts of 57 plant species (37 of them fruits). Moraceae was the most represented family. In contrast, the diet of the Peruvian Amazon peccary primarily consists of plant parts (Arecaceae). Costa Rican peccary diet consisted of vegetative parts from Araceae and Heliconaceae. Direct observation showed that peccaries spent 30% of feeding time rooting. Samples taken from rooting sites suggest that peccaries fed on earthworms. Diet differed between months, seasons and habitats. They ate more fruits in coastal and primary forests and more vegetative parts in secondary forest. In the months Octubrer and November the consumption of vegetative parts exceeded fruit consumption.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la dieta del chancho de monte (Tayassu pecari) por medio de análisis de heces y observación directa de julio de 1996 a abril de 1997 en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica. En las heces se encontró 61.6% de frutos, 37.5% de materia vegetativa, 0.4% de invertebrados y 0.5% no fue identificado. Estas proporciones coincidieron con lo reportado para Sudamérica, pero las especies consumidas fueron diferentes, sumando en total 57 especies, de los cuales 37 fueron de frutos. La familia más representada en la dieta fue Moraceae en lugar de Arecaceae como en la Amazonía peruana. Las partes vegetativas de la dieta pertenecieron principalmente a las familias Araceae y Heliconaceae. Mediante la observación directa se determinó un 30% del tiempo de alimentación dedicado a escarbar bajo tierra, lo cual es sugerido por el indicar que estarían alimentándose principalmente de lombrices, lo cual es sugerido por el análisis de muestras de los escarbaderos. Se encontraron variaciones temporales y espaciales en su dieta. Hubo diferencias en la dieta entre hábitats, entre meses, y entre estaciones (húmeda y seca). Los chanchos de monte se alimentaron más de frutos en los bosques costero y primario y más de plantas en el bosque secundario; sin embargo, el consumo de partes vegetativas superó al de frutos en los meses de octubre y noviembre.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>white-lipped peccary</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Lafora disease is an uncommon genetic condition. Four cases (two families) were detected in Zarcero, a small town in Costa Rica (population under 2000). They belonged to two separate consanguineous marriages but both families had common ancestors. The diagnosis of Lafora disease was confirmed by liver biopsy in one of the patients. The ages of onset were 13, 14, 16 and 17 years. Patients died after four, nine, six and five years of severe progressive physical and mental deterioration, respectively. The gene for Lafora disease arrive to Zarcero from one of its founders. There are no other cases reported from Costa Rica: this is an example of genetic drift, or more specifically, founder effect.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La enfermedad de Lafora es una condición genética infrecuente. Cuatro casos (dos familias) fueron detectados en Zarcero, una pequeña localidad de Costa Rica (población bajo 2000). Ellos pertenecieron a dos matrimonios consanguíneos y ambas familias tenían ancestros comunes. El diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Lafora fue confirmado por medio de una biopsia de hígado en uno de los pacientes. Las edades de aparición fueron 13, 14, 16 y 17 años. Los pacientes murieron después de cuatro, nueve, seis y cinco años de deterioro físico y mental severo, respectivamente. El gen de la enfermedad de Lafora llegó a Zarcero a partir de uno de sus fundadores. No han habido informes de otros casos en Costa Rica: este es un ejemplo de deriva genética, específicamente el efecto fundador.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000200044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A cytogenetic and/or cytochemical study was performed in 166 individuals with leukemia or related disorders, in two major Costa Rican hospitals. In those patients treated at an adult’s hospital (14 years old and over), acute leukemias represented 66% of all cases. In that hospital the most frequent types of disorders were, in decreasing order: ANLL (M1), ALL, CML (all of them showed the Ph chromosome) and MDS. In the cases from a childrens’ hospital (&lt;14 years old) acute leukemias were 98%. Among them the order of frequency was: ALL (70%): ALL-1(84%), ALL-2(16%) and ANLL (27%): M5aM3M4M5b. In ALL 85% were type B and occurred mostly in women while 15% of them were type T and more frequent in males. There was 5.6% infant leukemia, which presented a similar number of acute lymphoids and myeloids. The cytogenetic pattern was similar among Costa Rica and other tropical and temperate countries.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó estudio citogenético y/o citoquímico a 166 pacientes con leucemia o trastornos relacionados, referidos a dos hospitales costarricenses (HNN y HCG). En los enviados al HCG (mayores o iguales a 14 años ), las leucemias agudas representaron el 66% de los casos. Entre ellos los tipos de trastornos más frecuentes fueron en orden decreciente: LANL (M1), LAL, LCM (entre ellos todos mostraron cromosoma Ph) y SMD. Dentro de los casos enviados al HNN (&lt; 14 años) las leucemias agudas constituyeron el 98% de los casos. En éstos las clases más frecuentes fueron en orden decreciente: LAL (70%): LAL-1(84%) y LAL-2(16%) y la LANL (27%): M5aM3M4M5b. En la LAL el 85% fueron de tipo B y predominaron en mujeres mientras que el 15% de tipo T y más frecuentes en varones. Hubo un 5.6% de leucemia infantil, la cual presentó un número similar de agudas linfoides y mieloides. Los hallazgos citogenéticos fueron bastante parecidos a los publicados en otros países tropicales y templados.</p></abstract>
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