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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Coexistence of reef organisms in the Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lins de Barros</surname>
<given-names>Monica M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castro</surname>
<given-names>Clovis B</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pires</surname>
<given-names>Débora O</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Segal</surname>
<given-names>Bárbara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional </institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro RJ</addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>741</fpage>
<lpage>747</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The first study on coexistence of reef benthic organisms in Brazilian coral reefs was done in three localities of the Abrolhos Archipelago. Organisms were recorded in concentric circle samples (10 and 20 cm in diameter) randomly laid on transects. Type and frequency of &quot;coexistence events&quot; between pairs of organisms were determined. Most frequent organisms (massive and branched coralline algae, Favia gravida, and Agaricia agaricites) also had many significant positive coexistence events. These results might be related to the abundances of these organisms. The most frequent coral (Siderastrea stellata), however, exhibited only a few significant coexistence events (9% of 32 tests). Since the great majority of events were positive, and since there was high variation in the species/groups involved in significant events in different localities, benthic communities of Abrolhos Archipelago may well be structured primarily by abiotic rather than biotic factors.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se hizo el primer estudio de coexistencia de organismos bénticos de arrecifes brasileños en tres localidades del Archipiélago de Abrolhos, registrando la presencia de organismos en círculos de 10 y 20 cm de diametro, distribuidos al azar en transectos. La mayoría de los organismo frecuentes (algas coralinas macizas y ramificadas, Favia gravida y Agaricia agaricites) mostraron la más alta &quot;coexistencia positiva&quot;, tal vez por su abundancia. El coral más frecuente (Siderastrea stellata), sin embargo, mostró apenas algunos eventos de coexistencia significativos (9% de 32 ensayos). Debido a que la mayor parte de los eventos fue positiva, y considerando que existe una alta variabilidad en las interacciones significativas en diferentes localidades, las comunidades bénticas del Archipiélago de Abrolhos pueden haber sido estructuradas principalmente por factores abióticos, mas que por factores bióticos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>community</kwd>
<kwd>reef benthic fauna</kwd>
<kwd>coexistence</kwd>
<kwd>biotic factor</kwd>
<kwd>abiotic factor</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>749</fpage>
<lpage>757</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To evaluate echinoderm distribution, abundance and density a double 50 m transect, with a side observation range of 2.5 m was used at each of 11 stations (bimonthly samplings, Aug. 1997-Febr. 1998). In Bahía de Loreto the Phylum Echinodermata consists of 26 taxa. The greatest mean abundance by transect and mean densities in order of importance for Echinoidea were: Echinometra vanbrunti (94.1+ 52.9 ind, 0.25 ind/m²), Centrostephanus coronatus (38.15. + 9.15 ind, 0.06 ind/m²), Tripneustes depressus (28.68 + 6.86 ind, 0.039 ind/ m²), Eucidaris thouarsii (10.66 + 3.37 ind, 0.025 ind/m²) and Diadema mexicanum (11.75 + 4.92 ind, 0.023 ind/ m²); for Asteroidea were: Phataria unifascialis, Mithrodia bradleyi and Acanthaster planci. Asteroidea was the dominant class with 12 species, followed by Echinoidea with ten and Holothuroidea was represented by four species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para evaluar distribución, abundancia y densidades de erizos, estrellas y pepinos de mar en la Bahía de Loreto se empleó un transecto de 50 metros, por duplicado, con un margen de observación de 2.5 m a cada lado del mismo por estación y fecha de muestreo. Se observaron mayores abundancias y densidades en la clase Echinoidea: Echinometra vanbrunti (94.1+ 52.9 ind, 0.25 ind/m²), Centrostephanus coronatus (38.15+9.15 ind, 0.06 ind/m²), Tripneustes depressus (28.68 + 6.86 ind, 0.039 ind/ m²), Eucidaris thouarsii (10.66+3.37 ind, 0.025 ind/m²) y Diadema mexicanum (11.75+4.92 ind, 0.023 ind/ m²); y para la clase Asteroidea: Phataria unifascialis, Mithrodia bradleyi y Acanthaster planci. Por el número de especies domina Asteroidea con 12, le siguen Echinoidea con 10 y Holothuroidea con 4.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,Instituto de Biología Laboratorio de Helmintología </institution>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>759</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We collected helminths from the &quot;sardines&quot; Harengula thrissina (N=61) and Opisthonema libertate (n=43), from Chamela Bay, Jalisco State, Mexico (12 and six species, respectively). The nematode Pseudoterranova sp., reached the highest values of prevalence and mean abundance in O. libertate (11.6% and 0.13 worms per host, respectively), while in H. thrissina the digenean Parahemiurus merus reached a prevalence of 49.1% and a mean abundance of 1.40 worms per host. Low similarity values (qualitative and quantitative) between helminths of both host species is a result of their opportunistic feeding habits (100% of the parasitic species in H. thrissina and 66% of those from O. libertate infect their host from prey) and differential exposure to helminth larvae.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El registro helmintológico de las &quot;sardinas&quot; Harengula thrissina (N=61) y Opisthonema libertate (N=43)en la Bahía de Chamela, Jalisco, México, establecido en este trabajo, está integrado por 12 y seis especies, respectivamente. De éstas, la que alcanzó los valores más elevados de prevalencia y abundancia en O. libertate fue el nemátodo Pseudoterranova sp. (11.6% y 0.13 gusanos por pez revisado), mientras que para H. thrissina lo fue tremátodo Parahemiurus merus con 49.1% y 1.40 helmintos por hospedero muestreado. La reducida similitud cualitativa y cuantitativa registrada entre las helmintofaunas de ambos hospederos, se atribuye a la naturaleza oportunista de su alimentación (100% de las especies parásitas de H. thrissina y 66% de las de O. libertate las infectan a través de esta vía), así como a la exposición diferencial de ambas especies de hospederos a los helmintos.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The vertical distribution and abundance of conspicuous gastropod and bivalve species were studied at five rocky beaches in Cuastecomate Bay, Jalisco. Sampling was done from September, 1993 through March, 1994 with 0.75 m2 quadrants placed along replicate transect lines (10 m long) in the supralittoral and mesolittoral (upper, middle and lower intertidal) zones. A total of 6 643 mollusks were collected. Gastropods dominated the samples (6 272 individuals, 44 species); the bivalves were less abundant and diverse (371 individuals, five species). Seventeen species comprised 89.8% of all individuals collected. The gastropods Nodilittorina aspera and Nerita scabricosta were the most abundant with 637.8 and 71.43 individuals/m2, respectively. The most abundant bivalves were Brachidontes adamsianus and Chloromytilus palliopunctatus with 60.7 and 61.3 individuals/m2 respectively. The abundance of gastropods decreased from the supralittoral to the lower tidal zones while the number of species increased in the same direction. The number of species of bivalves also increased from the supralittoral to the lower intertidal zone; the abundance of individuals was higher at the middle intertidal zone. Affinities between groups of species among sampling stations were identified by computing Pearson’s correlation coefficient using abundance values (ind./m2) and Jaccard's dissimilarity index using species presence or absence in the lower intertidal zone. Affinity among stations was not dependent upon their vicinity but on the high dominance of few species, the occurrence of many secondary species and beach characteristics.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta la distribución y abundancia de las especies conspicuas de gastrópodos y bivalvos encontradas en cinco playas rocosas de la Bahía Cuatecomate, Jalisco. El muestreo se realizó desde septiembre de 1993 hasta marzo de 1994 usando cuadrantes de 0.75 m2 colocados a lo largo de líneas de transectos (longitud = 10 m) en réplica, en las zonas supralitoral y mesolitoral (intermareal superior, medio e inferior). Se recolectó 6 643 moluscos. Los gastrópodos dominaron las muestras (6 272 individuos, 44 especies), los bivalvos fueron menos abundantes y diversos (371 individuos, cinco especies). Diecisiete especies representaron el 89.8% de todos los individuos recolectados. Los gastrópodos Nodilittorina aspera y Nerita scabricosta fueron los más abundantes con 637.8 y 71.43 individuos/m2, respectivamente. Los bivalvos más abundantes fueron Brachidontes adamsianus y Chloromytilus palliopunctatus con 60.7 y 61.3 individuos/m2, respectivamente. La abundancia de gastrópodos disminuyó desde el supralitoral hacia las zonas inferiores mientras que el número de especies aumentó en esa misma dirección. El número de especies de bivalvos también aumentó desde el supralitoral hacia la zona intermareal inferior; la abundancia de individuos fue mayor en la zona intermareal media. La afinidad entre grupos de especies de diferentes estaciones de muestreo fue identificada calculando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson usando los valores de abundancia (ind./m2), y el índice de disimilaridad de Jaccard usando la información sobre presencia o ausencia de las especies en la zona intermareal inferior. La afinidad entre estaciones no dependió de su cercanía sino de la alta dominancia de algunas especies, de la abundancia relativa de las especies secundarias y de las características propias de cada playa.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>gastropods</kwd>
<kwd>bivalves</kwd>
<kwd>rocky intertidal</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>vertical distribution</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To know the composition, abundance and distribution of gastropod larvae, monthly samplings were carried out in the south of Quintana Roo, Mexico and north of Belize, from April to December, 1996. Collections were made in six sites at Chinchorro Bank, four in the South Coast and six at Hol-Chan, Belize, between the 10 and 20 hrs. At each station 2.5 m_ of seawater were pumped through a 202 µm mesh; 27 species were identified. The most abundant species were: South Coast, Rissoina sp. 1., Limacina sp. 1 and Natica sp. 1, Chinchorro Bank, Limacina sp. 1, Creseis acicula, Cerithiopsis hero and Rissoina sp.1 and Hol-Chan, Limacina sp.2, Alaba incerta and Rissoina sp.1. The highest abundance was in rainy season. Apparently the presence of winds, coastal currents and food availability, control the distribution and abundance of larvae.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We quantified the abundance of juvenile Pinna carnea at Turpialito, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela, using collectors suspended at 8 m depth for 16 months and then evaluated their subsequent growth in suspended enclosures over 14 months in relation to concurrent measures of temperature and planktontonic food availability. All body components showed a rapid increase during the first four-five months. There was a decrease in somatic tissue mass and great variability in growth coincident at first spawning, suggesting a negative effect of gonadal production on somatic growth. A multiple regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between tissue growth and food availability as measured by organic sestonic matter. Although we determinated an adequated spat abundance for culture activities (80 spat per collector-30x60 cm), spat collection was limited, mainly from February through April. In addition to high variability in growth and negative influence of environmental factors during unfavorable periods, the muscles production required in 14 months, suggesting that P. carnea is not appropriate for commercial production of muscle. However, the high weight of all edible tissues mass attained (21 g) and the high survival rate in all experimentation (96%) suggests thatP. carnea is fit for aquaculture.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la abundancia de juveniles de Pinna carnea, el crecimiento y su relación con factores ambientales en cultivo suspendido en Turpialito, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. La abundancia se determinó usando colectores suspendidos a 8 m de profundidad en &quot;long line&quot; durante 16 meses. El crecimiento se determinó en cestas de cultivo en un &quot;long line&quot; a 8 m de profundidad y la temperatura y disponibilidad de alimento fueron registrados durante 15 meses. Todos los componentes del cuerpo se incrementaron rápidamente durante los primeros cuatro-cinco meses, posteriormente la masa de todos los tejidos somáticos muestran disminución y gran variabilidad en el crecimiento, coincidiendo con el primer período de desove, lo cual sugiere una influencia negativa de la gametogénesis en el crecimiento somático. Un análisis de regresión múltiple indicó una alta relación del crecimiento y la disponibilidad de alimento. Aunque se determinó una adecuada abundancia de juveniles (máximo 80 por colector-30x60 cm), la recolecta no fue continua. Esta característica, junto con la alta variabilidad del crecimiento y la influencia negativa de los factores ambientales en períodos desfavorables, además de la obtención de músculos de talla comercial en 14 meses, sugieren que la especie no es apropiada para la producción de músculos. Sin embargo, la elevada masa total de sus tejidos comestibles (21 g) y la alta sobrevivencia (96%), sugieren a P. carnea para ser cultivada.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of culture density on growth and survival of juveniles was studied in the scallop Lyropecten nodosus with intermediate hanging cultures in Golfo de Cariaco, Sucre state, Venezuela, from December 1993 to July 1994. Six spat-densities (7, 15, 30, 60, 125 and 250 scallops/nets) were evaluated. The initial shell height and dry mass tissue were 9.4 + 0.18 mm and 0.007 + 0.0026 g, respectively. The specimens were placed into pearl nets and suspended in a long line at 8 m depth. Growth patterns of somatic tissue were similar, but with different magnitudes and inverse proportionality to culture density. No effect of density was observed on survival. These results suggest that intraspecific competition of cultivated scallops cause stress, which affects growth but not survival. We suggest as strategy for the management of culture density, successive density reductions, to obtain in a six months culture (intermediate culture) specimens of 50 mm in shell height in order to start the final culture perio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El efecto de la densidad sobre el crecimiento y la supervivencia de juveniles del pectínido Lyropecten nodosus se estudió en condiciones de cultivo intermedio en el Golfo de Cariaco, Estado Sucre, Venezuela (diciembre 93 - julio 94). Se evaluaron seis densidades de siembra (7, 15, 30, 60, 125 y 250 ejemplares/cesta) con una longitud y una masa seca inicial de 9.4 + 0.18 mm y 0.007 + 0.0026 g, respectivamente. Los juveniles fueron colocados en cestas japonesas &quot;pearl nets&quot; y posteriormente suspendidas en un &quot;long line&quot; a 8 m de profundidad. Los patrones de crecimiento en cada uno de los compartimientos del soma fueron similares, pero con magnitudes diferentes e inversamente proporcionales a la densidades de cultivo; sin embargo, la supervivencia no fue afectada significativamente, sugiriendo que la competencia intraespecífica de los organismos en cultivo provocó un estrés notable, aunque insuficiente para causar mortalidad. Los resultados y estrategias proyectadas para el cultivo intermedio de L. nodosus sugieren un procedimiento de disminución de la densidad de organismos a través de desdobles sucesivos en un período de cultivo de seis meses obteniendo tallas cercanas a los 50 mm para comenzar el cultivo de engorde.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>scallop</kwd>
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<kwd>Golfo de Cariaco</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From the revision of more than 1 250 serpulids, 15 species from the Grand Caribbean Region were identified and characterized. Thirteen species were collected along the shores of the Yucatan Peninsula and eight were found in other localities in the Gulf of Mexico, seven others are from Cuba and comments on type specimens of two species are also included. Three morphometric analyses were made to evaluate some characters. The first on Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard), and related species and subspecies: P. brachysoma Schmarda, P. macrosoma Schmarda, P. s. fruticosa Mörch, P. s. pentapoma Mörch and P. s. tetrapoma Mörch, indicated that they are conspecific. Another one on Spirobranchus de Blainville species: S. dendropoma Mörch, S. giganteus (Pallas), S. polycerus (Schmarda) and S. polycerus augeneri ten Hove; indicated that S. giganteus differs from the other three taxa. The third analysis was made on Vermiliopsis annulata (Schmarda) sensu lato; it allowed the recognition of three different forms. Several incomplete specimens might belong to an undescribed genus. A key for identification of all the species recorded in the Grand Caribbean Region is also included.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir de la revisión de más de 1 250 ejemplares de serpúlidos, 15 especies de la región del Gran Caribe fueron identificadas y caracterizadas. Trece especies fueron recolectadas en las costas de la Península de Yucatán y ocho fueron encontradas en otras localidades en el Golfo de México, otras siete son de Cuba y se incluyeron comentarios sobre el material tipo de dos especies más. Se realizaron tres análisis morfométricos para evaluar algunos caracteres. El primero sobre Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard) y especies y subespecies relacionadas: P. brachysoma Schmarda, P. macrosoma Schmarda, P. s. fruticosa Mörch, P. s. pentapoma Mörch y P. s. tetrapoma Mörch, indicando que estas son con-específicas. Otro fue sobre las especies de Spirobranchus de Blainville: S. dendropoma Mörch, S. giganteus (Pallas), S. polycerus (Schmarda) y S. polycerus augeneri ten Hove; se demostró que S. giganteus es diferente de los otros tres táxones. El tercer análisis fue realizado sobre Vermiliopsis annulata (Schmarda) s.l., y permitió reconocer tres formas diferentes. Asimismo, varios ejemplares incompletos probablemente pertenecen a un género indescrito. Se incluye una clave de identificación para todas las especies registradas en la región del Gran Caribe.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000400009</article-id>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From the study of more than 450 specimens of Hydroides and Serpula, 12 species from the Grand Caribbean Region were identified and characterized. Eight species were collected along the shores of the Yucatan Peninsula and five were found in other localities in the Gulf of Mexico, seven others are from Cuba and comments on type specimens of five species are also included. One morphometric analysis made on Hydroides mucronatus Rioja and Hydroides cf. mucronatus, indicated several differences among them. Comments on all species are also included.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir de la revisión de más de 450 ejemplares de Hydroides y Serpula, 12 especies de la región del Gran Caribe fueron identificadas y caracterizadas. Ocho especies fueron recolectadas en las costas de la Península de Yucatán y cinco fueron encontradas en otras localidades en el Golfo de México, otras siete son de Cuba y se incluyeron comentarios sobre el material tipo de cinco especies más. Se realizó un análisis morfométrico sobre Hydroides mucronatus Rioja e Hydroides cf. mucronatus indicando varias diferencias entre ellas. Se incluyen comentarios a todas las especies.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Biologia </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Secondary production, density and biomass fluctuations, and some reproductive aspects of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were studied weekly for two years in a Brazilian coastal lagoon. Food (and secondarily temperature) seemed to be the main factor involved in the summer increments. In the first summer, a mass mortality of fish caused changes in the phytoplankton, which switched from the dominance of Cyanophyceae to Chlorophyceae and other groups. For two months, production, density and biomass were relatively high until the recovery of the Cyanophyceae dominance. In the second summer, peaks of shorter duration and higher values of production, in comparison to the first one, were found. The contribution of resting eggs hatching, in the first summer, and the increment in parthenogenetic reproduction, in the second summer, would account for the population increases observed. Males and mictic females occurred when densities were high.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>coastal lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>zooplankton</kwd>
<kwd>Brachionus plicatilis</kwd>
<kwd>secondary production</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000400011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Does damming of the Colorado River affect the nursery area of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the Upper Gulf of California?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aragón-Noriega</surname>
<given-names>Eugenio Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Calderón-Aguilera</surname>
<given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada  </institution>
<addr-line>Ensenada Baja California</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>San Diego CA</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>867</fpage>
<lpage>871</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>After damming the Colorado River the freshwater flow was reduced to 1 % of its virgin flow to the Upper Gulf of California (UGC). The ecological effects need to be properly documented. The UGC is the nursery area for Litopenaeus stylirostris, the most profitable fishery in the zone. In order to know the relative abundance of L. stylirostris postlarval stage we conducted a sampled survey every 14 days in 1993, 1994 and 1997, plus an intensive sampling during a complete tide cycle in July 1995 and 1996. We did 10 min trawls each hour during the flood tide. Relative abundance of postlarvae was higher (p&lt;0.05) in those years when freshwater flow reached the UGC.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El represamiento del Río Colorado ha ocasionado que el flujo de agua dulce sobre el Alto Golfo de California (AGC) se haya reducido hasta el 1 % del flujo original. Se ha documentado el efecto de la reducción de agua dulce sobre las condiciones hidrográficas del AGC, pero las repercusiones ecológicas no se han descrito apropiadamente. El AGC ha sido área de crianza para especies comerciales como el camarón Litopenaeus stylirostris. Se hicieron recolectas de postlarvas de L. stylirostris en el AGC durante cinco años consecutivos. Los muestreos fueron catorcenalmente en los años de 1993, 1994 y 1997 y se realizó una recolecta diaria durante 15 días consecutivos en los años 1995 y 1996. Para ello se arrastró una red de plancton de 505 &amp;micro; durante 10 min cada hora durante el flujo de marea. La abundancia relativa de las postlarvas de camarón en esta zona viaria considerablemente en años cuando el flujo de agua dulce incrementa. La abundancia es mayor hasta en un 200 % (p &lt; 0.05) cuando existe descarga de agua dulce al AGC.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Upper Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Colorado River</kwd>
<kwd>shrimp postlarvae</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus stylirostris</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420000004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442000000400012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Composición por tallas, edad y crecimiento de Litopenaeus vannamei (Natantia: Penaeidae), en la laguna Mar Muerto, Oaxaca-Chiapas, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramos-Cruz</surname>
<given-names>Sebastián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera (CRIP)  </institution>
<addr-line>Salina Cruz Oaxaca</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>873</fpage>
<lpage>882</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The commercial catches of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were sampled (May through November 1996) in the Mar Muerto lagoon located between Oaxaca and Chiapas states, Mexico. To measure it’s growth rate at the innermost portions of this system, 16 378 length and weight records were obtained. Length fluctuated between 11 and 145 mm, and weights between 0.1 and 26.3 g. The minimum mean size for recruitment to the exploited phase is 45 mm. Organisms leave the lagunar system for recruitment to the marine zone 83-120 mm/length, at an age of 1.5 - 4.5 months. Analysis of modal progression detected 13 generations inside the lagoon. The growth rates ranged between 0.13 and 1.27 mm/day, with a mean of 0.64 mm/day. The asintotic lengths fluctuated between 105 and 159 mm with a mean of 136 mm, while the asintotic weight fluctuated between 8 and 23 gr with a mean of 15 gr. The parameters of the von Bertalanfy growth model are: L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 136 mm, P&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 15 gr, k = 0.0161 mm and to = 5 mm. Both, L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; and P&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image17.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; doesn't represent, at least in this case, the asintótics sizes and weights that the specie reache inside the system, but should be interpret like the means sizes and weight that should have the organisms at the time to leave it.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De mayo a noviembre de 1996 se muestreó la captura comercial de camarón blanco (L. vannamei) en la laguna Mar Muerto, localizada entre los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas, México. Con la finalidad de conocer el crecimiento de esta especie en el interior de este sistema lagunar se registraron las tallas y pesos individuales de 16,378 camarones que en conjunto pesaron 68,645 g. Las tallas observadas fluctuaron entre 11 y 145 mm de longitud total, con pesos entre 0.1 y 26.3 g. La talla media mínima de reclutamiento a la fase explotada es de 45 mm. Los organismos abandonan el sistema lagunar para reclutarse a la zona marina con una talla que varía entre 83 y 120 mm, con una edad de1.5 a 4.5 meses. Con el análisis de progresión modal se detectaron 13 generaciones en el interior de la laguna. Las tasas de crecimiento fluctuaron entre 0.13 y 1.27 mm/día con un valor medio de 0.64 mm/día. Las longitudes asintóticas estimadas para cada generación variaron entre 105 y 159 mm, ubicándose la talla media en 136 mm, mientras que el peso asintótico medio fue de 15 g, con valores extremos de 8 y 23 g. Los parámetros del modelo de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy son: L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.gif&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 136 mm, P&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.gif&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 15 g, k = 0.0161 mm y to = 5 mm. Tanto L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.gif&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; como P&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v48n4/Image16.gif&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; no representan, al menos en este caso, las tallas y pesos asintóticos que la especie alcanza dentro del sistema lagunar, sino que deben de interpretarse como las tallas y pesos medios que debieran tener los organismos al momento de abandonarlo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>white shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>age</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>southern Mexico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In 1994 and 1995, 131 visual censuses of reef fishes were made using the stationary sampling method in Courtown, Albuquerque, Serrana and Roncador, four atolls of the Archipelago of San Andrés and Old Providence in the Southwestern Caribbean. Fish species and their abundances were recorded in four geomorphologic zones: lagoon, windward barrier reef, windward terrace and forereef terrace. A total of 98 species were censused; the most abundant were Chromis cyanea (14%), Clepticus parra (14%) and Stegastes partitus (10%). The most abundant families were Pomacentridae (37%), Labridae (28%) and Scaridae (10%). Analysis of similarities showed that differences between zones were greater than differences between atolls, but lagoon and forereef terrace were not significantly different. Cluster and ordination analysis confirmed these results; in addition, the ordination analysis placed the groups according to depth and wave-exposure gradients, suggesting that these two physical variables were responsibles for the clustering. Differences in equitability and species richness appear also due to these variables. Inverse analysis showed in each group few characteristic species, then the differences between zones were due specially to dominance of some species. The dominant trophic categories were planktivorous and herbivorous that were significantly different between zones. In shallow zones (shallow lagoonal patch reefs) and high wave-exposed zones (winward barrier reef) dominated herbivorous fishes, while in deeper zones (terraces and deep lagoonal patch reefs) planktivorous were more abundant.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En 1994 y 1995 se realizaron 131 censos visuales, utilizando el método de muestreo estacionario en Albuquerque Cays, Courtown Cays, Banco Roncador y Banco Serrana, atolones del Archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia en el Caribe suroccidental. Se determinó la composición y abundancia íctica en cuatro zonas geomorfológicas: laguna, arrecife periférico de barlovento, terraza de barlovento y terraza de sotavento. En total se censaron 98 especies, de las cuales las más abundantes fueron Chromis cyanea (14%), Clepticus parra (14%) y Stegastes partitus (10%). Las familias dominantes fueron Pomacentridae (37%), Labridae (28%) y Scaridae (10%). El análisis de similaridad entre las zonas mostró que las diferencias entre éstas fueron mayores que las posibles diferencias geográficas entre los atolones, excepto para la laguna y la terraza de sotavento, las cuales no tuvieron diferencias significativas. Los resultados de la clasificación y ordenación confirmaron lo anterior, además en la ordenación los grupos de estaciones quedaron ubicados según un gradiente de profundidad y grado de exposición al oleaje, insinuando que estas dos variables físicas fueron las responsables del agrupamiento de las estaciones. Las diferencias en términos de equitatividad y riqueza de especies parecen ser debidas a las mismas variables. El análisis inverso dio como resultado que en cada grupo hubo pocas especies características, por ende las diferencias entre las zonas parecen ser más debidas a la dominancia de ciertas especies. Las categorías tróficas dominantes fueron planctófagos y herbívoros, los cuales fueron significativamente diferentes entre las zonas. En las someras (arrecife lagunar somero) y con alta exposición al oleaje (arrecife periférico de barlovento) predominaron los herbívoros, mientras que en las profundas (terrazas y arrecifes lagunares profundos) los más abundantes fueron los planctófagos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<institution>,Dpt. Marine Science  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The marine phytoplankton of Venezuela has been studied on a regular basis since the mid 20th century. However, a species checklist that can be used as a framework for taxonomic studies is lacking. In this paper, an index of the marine microflora of Venezuela is presented for the first time. The index includes only those diatoms (89 centric and 186 pennate species), dinoflagellates (eight naked and 154 thecate species) and coccolithophores (24 especies) for which formal diagnosis and illustrations (drawings and/or photographs) have been reported in the scientific literature (journals and/or first degree or master's theses). It is ordered alphabetically according to class, order, family, and species. It includes the author (s) of the taxa.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los estudios sobre el fitoplancton marino de Venezuela han sido realizados de manera regular desde mediados del siglo XX. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se ha realizado un compendio de las especies encontradas que sirva como marco de referencia a los trabajos taxonómicos. En este trabajo se presenta por primera vez un índice de la microflora marina de Venezuela. El índice incluye sólo las diatomeas (89 especies céntricas y 186 especies pennadas), los dinoflagelados (ocho especies atecadas y 154 especies tecadas) y los cocolitóforidos (24 especies) a los cuales se les realizado una diagnosis formal e ilustraciones (dibujos y/o fotografias) y que han sido reportados en la literatura científica (revistas y/o tesis de licenciatura o maestría). Esta ordenado según la clase, orden, familia y especie. Además, en el se cita al autor (es) de cada taxón.ha.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>diatoms</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity and similarity of macrofungi of Sierra de Quila, Jalisco, México were analized in three different kinds of vegetation. Fungal diversity in the area is high. The pine-oak and cloud forests, were more diverse in their community structure than the oak forest. Similarity among the three kinds of vegetation was low, there are few species share among them; pine-oak and cloud forests show higher affinity than oak forests. This pattern of similarity is a general condition for others regions with environmental conditions similar to Sierra de Quila.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó a diversidad y similitud de los hongos macroscópicos de la Sierra de Quila, Jalisco, México en tres tipos de vegetación. En general la diversidad fúngica en la zona fue elevada. Los bosques de pino-encino y mesófilo de montaña resultaron ser significativamente más diversos en cuanto a su estructura de comunidad en relación conl bosque de encino. La similitud fungística entre los tres tipos de vegetación fue baja y son pocas las especies compartidas entre sí, resultando más afines el bosque de pino-encino y el mesófilo de montaña. Este patrón de similitud es una condición general para otras regiones que presentan características similares a las de la zona estudiada.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Because of some catastrophic events which occurred in Mexico during the 1980 decade, the utilization of &quot;tepescohuite&quot; bark against skin wounds and burns was popularized. The media manipulated the lack of available information about its medical properties and gave erroneous information to the society propagating a lot of myths. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine its taxonomic identity and to study the distribution, bark and wood anatomy of this species, and to determine its actual and historic uses, and the compilation of the information about bark pharmacology and toxicity. Its taxonomic identity is established as Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). It blooms and fructifies from November to June, occurring in Mexico (the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil, at altitudes of 0-1110 (-1520) m. In Mexico, it is found in dry forests, thorny thickets, Pinus and Pinus-Quercus forests, and in M. tenuiflora pure thickets, along roads and in resting or abandoned culture lands. This species has an aggregate distribution in the forests and a uniform one in the thickets. It presents a mean density of 9 individuals per m², with 0.45 of frequency per quadrat and 1.69 m² of mean coverture, and it has a wide range of tolerance to climatic and edaphic factors, confirming their invasive character. Regionally, the wood is used as fuel and fence construction, and against skin wounds and burns (bark tea, powder and/or ointment), and diverse products, such as shampoos, creams, capsules, soaps, etc., are commercialized. The bark is wrinkled, reddish-brown to grey, fibrous texture, 0.5-1.5 mm thick, resinous and with an astringent odor and flavor, and with a great quantity of tannins. The wood presents extremely short vessel elements, with alternate areolate punctuations, and simple perforated plates, vasicentric axial parenchima, confluent stripes, uniseriated rays, extremely short, fine and very short libriform fibres. The bark contains tannins, saponins, an alkaloide fraction, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir de una serie de catástrofes ocurridas en México durante la década de 1980, se popularizó el uso de la corteza del &quot;tepescohuite&quot; contra heridas y quemaduras de la piel. Los medios de comunicación masiva manejaron la escasa información hasta entonces conocida y desinformaron a la sociedad, propagando una serie de mitos alrededor de esta planta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la identidad taxonómica e investigar la distribución y anatomía de la corteza y de la madera de esta especie. También se investigaron sus usos actuales e históricos y se recopiló información sobre la farmacología y toxicidad de la corteza. Su identidad taxonómica se determina como Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae). Florece y fructifica de noviembre a junio y se localiza en México (estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela y Brasil, en altitudes de 0-1110 (-1520) msnm. En México se establece en selvas bajas, matorrales espinosos, en bosques de Pinus y de Pinus-Quercus, pudiendo formar matorrales casi puros de esta especie, así como a la orilla de caminos y en terrenos de cultivo en descanso o abandonados. Su distribución es agregada en los bosques y en las selvas y uniforme en los matorrales. Presenta una densidad promedio de 9 individuos por m², con 0.45 individuos de frecuencia por cuadrante y una cobertura promedio de 1.69 m²; además, tiene una gran amplitud de tolerancia a factores climáticos y edáficos, ratificando que es una especie de carácter oportunista y típicamente secundaria. Regionalmente, se utiliza como fuente de madera para combustible y postes para cercas, en medicina popular se usa contra heridas y quemaduras de la piel (infusión, polvo y/o pomada a partir de la corteza); además, se comercializan diversos productos como champúes, cremas, cápsulas, jabones, etc. La corteza es rugosa, de color café rojizo a grisácea, de textura fibrosa de 0.5-1.5 mm de grosor, olor y sabor resinoso y astringente, con gran cantidad de taninos. La madera presenta elementos de vaso extremadamente cortos con puntuaciones areoladas alternas y placa de perforación simple, parénquima axial vasicéntrico y en bandas confluentes, rayos uniseriados, extremadamente bajos y finos, y fibras libriformes muy cortas. La corteza contiene taninos, saponinas, una fracción alcaloide, lípidos, fitoesteroles, glucósidos, xilosa, rhamnosa, arabinosa, lupeol, metoxichalconas y kukulkanos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mimosa tenuiflora</kwd>
<kwd>tepescohuite</kwd>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>description</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>pharmacology</kwd>
<kwd>uses</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two types of inclusion bodies were consistently observed under light microscopy in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaf tissue infected with bean rugose mosaic virus (BRMV), a species of the genus Comovirus, family Comoviridae. One type consisted of vacuolated inclusions found mainly in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells. The other type consisted of abundant crystalloid inclusions of different sizes and shapes found consistently in glandular hairs, guard cells, phloem tissue, xylem elements and occasionally in epidermal and mesophyll tissues. The two types of inclusion bodies stained with Azure A and Luxol Brilliant Green Bl-Calcomine Orange 2RS (O-G), and were similar to those seen to be caused by other species of comoviruses.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae y Aphodiinae) were used to evaluate the effects of human activities in the area surrounding La Planada Natural Reserve, southwestern Colombia. During 1993 we monitored three habitats: primary and secondary forest, and open fields used for cattle grazing. A total of 55 296 trap / hours, evenly distributed among the three habitat types, captured 9 115 individuals (18 species, 11 genera). There were differences in species richness between habitats (F 2,9 = 29.88; P &lt; 0.001), an in number of individuals (F 2, 9 = 36.22; P &lt; 0.001). Collecting sites differed within habitats. Cluster analyses show that species composition differs between habitats with and without tree cover. Open areas act as barriers for movements of forest species. Differences between habitats and collecting sites may reflect high environmental heterogeneity, land use history of the sites or the influence of nearby disturbance. Some of the species found in open fields come from lower elevations and are usually associated with intense human disturbance. The proportion of digging and rolling species is similar in both primary and secondary forest, nocturnal species are more abundant; in open areas rolling species are absent and the number of diurnal species increases. We found no relationship between rainfall and species richness (r² = 0.26; P = 0.41), nor between rainfall and number of individuals collected throughout the year (r² = 0.07; P = 0.84). For all species the number of individuals collected decreased during dry season and during the onset of the rainy season.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un monitoreo a lo largo de 1993 en tres tipos de hábitat en la zona de influencia de la Reserva Natural la Planada (Nariño - Colombia): bosque primario, bosque secundario y pastizal. Se capturó 9 115 individuos pertenecientes a 18 especies y a 11 géneros. Se capturó un mayor número de especies (F 2, 9 = 29.88; P &lt; 0.001) e individuos (F 2, 9 = 36.22; P &lt; 0.001) en bosque primario que en bosque secundario y pastizal. Igualmente, se encontraron diferencias en la riqueza y la abundancia de las especies entre sitios de muestreo en el interior de cada hábitat. Los análisis de agrupamiento muestran que la composición de especies varía entre los hábitats con cobertura boscosas y zonas abiertas. En el bosque primario y en el bosque secundario, la proporción de individuos de hábitos cavadores y rodadores fueron similares, con el predominio de especies de actividad nocturna, mientras que en pastizal, desaparecieron los rodadores y se incrementaron las especies con actividad diurna. No se encontró una relación entre la precipitación y la riqueza de especies (r² = 0.26; P = 0.41), ni entre la precipitación y el número de individuos capturados a lo largo del año (r² = 0.07; P = 0.84). Todas las especies disminuyen su abundancia durante el período más seco del año y el inicio de las lluvias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Scarabaeinae</kwd>
<kwd>Aphodiinae</kwd>
<kwd>succession gradient</kwd>
<kwd>spatial heterogeneity</kwd>
<kwd>diversity and conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian Andes</kwd>
<kwd>Scarabaeinae</kwd>
<kwd>Aphodiinae</kwd>
<kwd>gradiente de sucesión</kwd>
<kwd>heterogeneidad espacial</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>Andes colombianos</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Phora of Costa Rica were reviewed and three species, all belonging to Schmitz's Group III, were recognized: P. americana Schmitz and Wirth, P. truncata new species and P. paramericana new species. Of the three species, P. americana is by far the most abundant, with the other two species being rarely collected. All specimens were collected in the central highlands of the country. The previous record of the Holarctic Region species P. stictica Meigen from Costa Rica was found to be based on a misidentification of P. truncata.</p></abstract>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense  </institution>
<addr-line>Campos dos Goytacazes RJ</addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We determined the size characteristics of foragers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens in a mature eucalyptus forest in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, at daytime (7: 30 to 10: 00 hr) and nighttime (19: 00 to 23: 00 hr). There were no significant differences between daytime and nighttime ant mass (Ma), but leaf fragment mass (Ml) and burden (B = [Ma + Ml]/Ma), which indicates relative load capacity, were significantly greater at daytime. There was a positive linear relationship between Ma and Ml for the combined daytime and nighttime data, and increases in Ma resulted in lower B. We compared A. sexdens characteristics with published results for Atta cephalotes, a closely related species. A. sexdens is larger and therefore able to carry heavier loads, but its burden is about 72% of the average value for A. cephalotes. We suggest that the lower load capacity of A. sexdens in comparison to A. cephalotes is related to its relatively larger size.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p>Nós determinamos as características de tamanho de forrageiras da saúva Atta sexdens em uma floresta adulta de eucalipto em Campos dos Goytacazes, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, nos períodos diurno (7: 30 a 10: 00 hr) e noturno (19: 00 to 23: 00 hr). Não houve diferença significativa entre o dia e a noite para a massa das formigas (Ma), mas a massa dos fragmentos de folhas (Ml) e o esforço ([Ma + Ml]/Ma), o qual indica a capacidade relativa de carga, foram significativamente maiores durante o dia. Houve uma correlação linear positiva entre Ma e Ml para os dados diurnos e noturnos combinados, e o aumento em Ma resultou em esforço menor. Nós comparamos as características de A. sexdens com resultados publicados para Atta cephalotes, uma espécie correlata. A. sexdens é maior e portanto capaz de carregar cargas mais pesadas, mas seu esforço é cerca de 72% do valor médio obtido para A. cephalotes. Nós sugerimos que a menor capacidade de carga de A. sexdens em relação a A. cephalotes é devida ao seu tamanho relativamente maior.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Huevos de Podisus sculptus Distant (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fueron recolectados en una alta población de larvas desfoliadoras de eucalipto, en Almerin, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Se obtuvieron seis especies de parasitóides de esos huevos: Ooencyrtus submetallicus Howard, Ooencyrtus sp.1 y sp.2 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Telenomus persimilis Ashmead, Telenomus cristatus Johnson y Trissolcus pustulans Johnson (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). T. persimilis presentaron una mayor tasa de parasitismo en huevos de P. sculptus. Además, esta espécie y O. submetallicus presentaron la mayor tasa de parasitismo de huevos de hospedeiro alternativo Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) en laboratorio.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442000000400024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylusmilesi species group (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Guatemala</article-title>
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<institution>,San Diego State University  </institution>
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<country>USA</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>48</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylus milesi group is described from the Sierra de Xucaneb, Guatemala. It is compared to the other 11 upland species from southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras referred to the group. Within the milesi group the new species differs from the other five forms which also have toe fringes in size of the finger disks, the snout shape in profile and the amount of toe webbing and dorsal tuberculation. Difficulties in distinguishing among the character states for the tympanum (distinct, indistinct and hidden) and between toe ridges and fringes indicate that very subtle differences separate recognized species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una especie nueva del grupo Eleutherodactylus milesi hallada en la Sierra de Xucaneb, Guatemala. Se compara con las otras once especies del grupo (alturas de sureste de México, Guatemala y Honduras). Dentro del grupo, difiere de las otras cinco especies que tienen flecos de pulgar en el tamaño de los discos digitales, la forma del hocico visto de perfil y la cantidad de membrana del pulgar y de tubérculos dorsales. La dificultad de distinguir entre características del tímpano (definido, indefinido y oculto) y entre rebordes y flecos del pulgar indican que hay diferencias muy tenues entre las especies actualmente reconocidas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Amphibia</kwd>
<kwd>Anura</kwd>
<kwd>Leptodactylidae</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of arboreal pitviper from the Atlantic versant of northern Central America</article-title>
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<institution>,The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Biology </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of green, prehensile-tailed pitviper of the genus Bothriechis is described from the Atlantic slopes of eastern Guatemala and western Honduras. This species appears to be most closely related to B. bicolor of the Pacific versant of Chiapas (Mexico) and Guatemala. Several other species of Bothriechis occur on the Atlantic versant of northern Central America, including two montane species, B. aurifer and B. marchi but, with one possible exception, these are not known to be sympatric with the new species and occur in different mountain ranges. The widespread B. schlegelii occurs up to at least 900 m on the Sierra de Caral, where the lowest elevation recorded for the new species is 885 m.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Reptilia</kwd>
<kwd>Squamata</kwd>
<kwd>Viperidae</kwd>
<kwd>Pitvipers</kwd>
<kwd>Bothriechis</kwd>
<kwd>New species</kwd>
<kwd>Izabal</kwd>
<kwd>Guatemala</kwd>
<kwd>Honduras</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442000000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diurnal raptors were counted monthly in the &quot;Playón de Mismaloya&quot;, reserve, Jalisco, Mexico, from November 1997 to October 1998. We identified 11 species; eight of them migrants, one resident and two resident with migrant populations. The highest increase in total number of individuals was from December to March, influenced mainly by the presence of Caracara plancus (Crested Caracara), Falco sparverius (American Kestrel) and Pandion haliaetus (Osprey). The two former species were observed frequently in open areas, where they could detect prey more easily, while ospreys were found only in estuaries, lagoons and beach, where food was available.</p></abstract>
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