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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes of individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cuenca</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>8</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pesticides have been widely used in developing countries over the years. A large amount of these remains in the environment and organisms. Pesticide pollution is detrimental to human health. The effects can be seen on a short or a long-term basis and the symptoms can vary from headache to cancer. Only a minority of studies focuses on their genotoxic effect. This study assesses the genotoxic effect of the pesticides used at banana-packaging plants with binucleate micronuclei assay using cultured lymphocytes. The studied population included 32 exposed and 37 unexposed women from Costa Rica. There is no significant difference between the two groups. However, women who worked at the packaging plant and had stillbirths or spontaneous abortions were 1.45 times more (&amp;#945;= 0.06) likely to have an increased micronuclei frequency than their coworkers who lacked those disorders; this may indicate genetic susceptibility. In vitro pesticides studies and susceptibility biomarkers are needed to identify subgroups with higher risks.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Micronuclei</kwd>
<kwd>lymphocytes</kwd>
<kwd>pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>human population</kwd>
<kwd>biomonitoring</kwd>
<kwd>banana workers</kwd>
<kwd>women</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We analyzed zooplankton biomass, micro- and nannophytoplankton abundance, Calanus pacificus Brodsky 1948 abundance, and sea surface temperature along the west coast of Baja California between February 1983 and September 1991. The zooplankton biovolume abundance decreased from spring to autumn. The average abundance of nannophytoplankton (&lt; 20µm) was generally higher than microphytoplankton (20 µm). Both increased 3.5 times in abundance after 1986. Seasonally, both fractions (NP and MP) were least abundant in winter and most abundant in summer and autumn. Calanus pacificus abundance was variable, but especially high in May of some years. Abundance was lowest in winter and highest in spring, dropping in summer and autumn. Sea surface temperatures averaged 21.5 ºC, with highest in autumn (24.2ºC) and the lowest in spring (17.9ºC). C. pacificus abundance and sea surface temperature were inversely related by cruise, season, and latitude. The phytoplankton abundance and zooplankton biomass and C. pacificus abundance showed low and high abundance patterns coincident with warming and cooling events (El Niño-La Niña).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se efectuó el análisis de la abundancia de la biomasa zooplanctónica, del micro y nanofitoplancton y de Calanus pacificus Brodsky 1948 en combinación con datos de temperatura superficial del mar en la costa occidental de la península de Baja California, entre febrero de 1983 y septiembre de 1991. La biomasa del zooplancton presentó una tendencia estacional de variación de la abundancia. Respecto al fitoplancton, la abundancia mensual de la fracción nanofitoplancton (&amp;lt; 20 µm) fue mayor, en términos generales, que la correspondiente al microfitoplancton ( 20 µm) y las densidades de ambas se incrementaron hasta en 3.5 órdenes de magnitud a partir de 1986. Estacionalmente, los valores promedio de ambas fracciones, son menores en el invierno y alcanzan su máxima densidad en el verano, descendiendo nuevamente en el otoño. Los niveles de abundancia del calanoide fueron muy variables mensualmente y especialmente altos en mayo de todos los años; asimismo el patrón estacional de su densidad presentó un ciclo bien definido: invierno con el menor valor, en primavera alcanzó el máximo para disminuir a través del verano y el otoño. La temperatura superficial del mar fluctuó en el intervalo de 12 a 31ºC y la tendencia global de esta variable física fue la de incrementarse a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Las variaciones de la abundancia del fitoplancton, de la biomasa zooplanctónica y de C. pacificus estuvieron influenciadas por el área geográfica y la época del año en que fueron hechas las observaciones, aunque el análisis mensual reflejó situaciones anómalas que coinciden con periodos de calentamiento y enfriamiento acentuados (El Niño/La Niña).</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The fish and invertebrates community structure in the Sabancuy estuary was analyzed in two seasons and 14 sampling stations (13 along the estuary and one in the marine adjacent coast). No significant differences were found between seasons. The environmental frame defines two zones within the estuary, the first extends from the access highway to Sabancuy town until the Pujo mouth in the west; the second from the bridge to the estuary head in the east. The most abundant invertebrates were mollusks (51.8% of the total), in biomass the crustaceans dominated. The fish included 21 families and 33 species; the most abundant were Gerridae, Scianidae, Sparidae, Lutjanidae and Ciprinodontidae. The highest diversities of both communities correspond to the central part of the estuary. These communities include three sections with notable differences in faunal distribution: one is influenced by the exit to Terminos lagoon, the secondary in the estuary head and a third is in a transition zone defined by the proximity of the town access bridge. The ecological organization suggests a strong division caused by the bridge, both sides are scarce in habitats and nutrient resources and this is reflected in the low species counts.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La estructura comunitaria de peces e invertebrados en el estero de Sabancuy fue analizada en dos temporadas y 14 estaciones de muestreo (13 a lo largo del estero y una en la costa marina adyacente). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las temporadas. El marco ambiental define dos zonas dentro del estero, la primera va de la carretera de acceso al pueblo de Sabancuy hasta la boca del Pujo en el oeste; la segunda del puente a la cabeza del estero en el este. Los invertebrados más abundantes fueron los moluscos (51.8 % del total) y en la biomasa los crustáceos. Los peces registraron 21 familias y 33 especies. Las familias más abundantes fueron Gerridae, Scianidae, Sparidae, Lutjanidae y Cipinodontidae. Las diversidades más altas de ambas comunidades corresponden a la parte central del estero. Estas comunidades presentaron tres agrupaciones con diferencias notables en la distribución de la fauna: una influenciada por la salida hacia la laguna de Términos, la segunda en la cabecera del estuario y la tercera es una zona de transición definida por la cercanía al puente de acceso del poblado. La organización ecológica implica una fuerte división debida al puente; ambos extremos presentan escasez de hábitats y recursos alimenticios, lo que se refleja en la pobreza de especies en esas áreas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Crustaceans</kwd>
<kwd>ictiofauna</kwd>
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<kwd>Sabancuy Estuary</kwd>
<kwd>Campeche</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This is the fourth and last contribution describing the individual structure, distribution and conservation status of coral reefs in the Province of Bocas del Toro. Here we describe 14 new reefs along 129 km of coast from Peninsula Valiente to Río Calovébora. Average live coral coverage for this region was 17.1% (&quot; 3.6%), mainly in the western region of the peninsula (Bahia Bluefield and Ensenada Tobobe). Coral cover increases with depth ( 5 m) for most species at several reefs and the corals Porites furcata and Acropora palmata dominated shallow waters. Acropora palmata was found abundant in 43% of the studied reefs and toward the regions of the Ensenada Tobobe and Punta Valiente. Coral recruitment rates were similar in distribution to those reefs with greater coral coverage, with average densities of 4 recruit/m² (maximum 9 recruits/m²) and mainly Agaricia spp., Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea. The greater diversity of corals and sponges was recorded toward the western side of the peninsula, with a total of 55 coral species in the study area, including two new records for Bocas del Toro (59 species in total), Dichocoenia stellaris and Madracis luciphila and increasing the diversity of corals of Panama to 65 species. We found 24 species of octocorals and Gorgonia mariae, Muriceopsis sulphurea and Muricea laxaoosens, are informed for the first time to the area, increasing in 10% the diversity for Bocas del Toro (32 in total). We recorded 48 sponges, including five new species for the area and representing an increase of 9% in the total number (58). Large populations of Acropora palmata were found in the Ensenada Tobobe, what justifies once again the need for modifying the existing protected area, so that this new region is incorporated within the conservation plans.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio, cuarto y último donde se describen los arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro y su estado de conservación en forma individual, contempla a 14 arrecifes continentales en 129 km de costa comprendidos entre la Península Valiente y el Río Calovébora. Se encontró una cobertura de coral vivo promedio para esta región de 17.1% (&quot; 3.6%), principalmente en el sector occidental de la península, en particular la zona interna de Bahía Bluefield, y en el sector de Tobobe. La cobertura de coral aumenta con la profundidad ( 5 m) en la mayoría de los arrecifes. Dos especies de coral, Porites furcata y Acropora palmata, dominan las aguas superficiales. El coral Acropora palmata se encontró abundante en seis de los 14 arrecifes estudiados concentrándose su mayor presencia hacia el sector de la Ensenada Tobobe y Punta Valiente. Los patrones de reclutamiento son similares en distribución a los de mayor cobertura, presentándose densidades promedios de 4 reclutas/m² (hasta 9 reclutas/m²) principalmente Agaricia spp., Porites astreoides y Siderastrea siderea. La mayor diversidad de corales y esponjas se registró hacia el sector occidental de Península Valiente encontrandose 55 especies de corales en el área de estudio, incluyendo dos nuevos registros para Bocas del Toro (59 especies en total); Dichocoenia stellaris y Madracis luciphila, incrementando también la diversidad de corales de Panamá a 65 especies. Se encontraron 24 especies de octocorales, informándose por primera vez tres especies: Gorgonia mariae, Muriceopsis sulphurea y Muricea laxa, aumentando así en un 10% la diversidad de Bocas del Toro a 32 especies en total. Se registraron cinco nuevas especies de esponjas, lo que representa un incremento del 9% en el número de especies que hacen un total de 58 para Bocas del Toro. La diversidad total de esponjas en el área de estudio fue de 48 especies. Se encontraron grandes poblaciones de Acropora palmata en la Ensenada de Tobobe lo que justifica, una vez más, la necesidad de modificar el área protegida actual de forma que se incorpore dentro de los planes de conservación este nuevo sector.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coral reefs</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>Bocas del Toro</kwd>
<kwd>Acropora</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>marine conservation</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Short-term aggressive behavior in scleractinian corals from La Blanquilla reef, Veracruz Reef System</article-title>
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<name>
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<institution>,Pronatura Península de Yucatán  </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
<addr-line>Tlalnepantla </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
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<month>03</month>
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</pub-date>
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</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>75</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The short-term aggressive behavior of scleractinian corals from La Blanquilla Reef, Veracruz Reef System, Gulf of Mexico was determined. Unilateral aggression, bilateral aggression and indifference were observed through experimental interspecific encounters in situ, in aquarium conditions and through direct observation of natural encounters on the reef. Species were characterized as highly aggressive, moderately aggressive and not very aggressive establishing a hierarchy with two competitive rings representing similar aggressive abilities among some species. Most observations of aggression were of extracoelenteric digestion. Mussa angulosa was the most aggressive species and Oculina diffusa the least. Apparently there is a direct relationship among aggressiveness and relative coverage as three of the most abundant corals at dephts of 4-9 m Montastraea cavernosa, Colpophyllia natans and Montastraea annularis, are all highly aggressive, have massive growth and have a high relative coverage. Siderastrea siderea is the only dominant species that was not ranked as highly aggressive; its high coverage is due to other reasons.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó el comportamiento agresivo a corto plazo de los corales escleractinios del arrecife La Blanquilla, Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, en el Golfo de México por medio de pares experimentales interespecíficos en condiciones de acuario y campo, así como de la observación directa de encuentros interespecíficos naturales. Las especies de coral fueron caracterizadas como altamente agresivas, moderadamente agresivas y no muy agresivas, estableciéndose una jerarquía en la que se incluyen dos anillos competitivos en los cuales las especies tienen una capacidad agresiva similar. La digestión extracelentérica fue el mecanismo de agresión más frecuentemente observado. La especie más agresiva fue Mussa angulosa y la menos agresiva Oculina diffusa. Aparentemente existe una relación directa entre la capacidad agresiva y la cobertura relativa de las tres especies más abundantes a profundidades entre 4-9 m Montastraea cavernosa, Colpophyllia natans y M. annularis, ya que todas fueron clasificadas como altamente agresivas, tienen un crecimiento masivo y una cobertura relativa alta. Siderastrea siderea es la única especie dominante que no fue clasificada como altamente agresiva, por lo que su cobertura alta es debida a otros factores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Scleractinian</kwd>
<kwd>coral</kwd>
<kwd>aggression</kwd>
<kwd>behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Veracruz</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of three food types on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera: Brachionidae)</article-title>
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<surname>Sarma</surname>
<given-names>S.S.S.</given-names>
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<surname>Larios Jurado</surname>
<given-names>Paula Susana</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Nandini</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Campus Iztacala Carrera de Biología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CyMA Project  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We compared the population growth of B. calyciflorus and B. patulus using the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their mixture in equal proportions as food. Food was offered once every 24 h in two concentrations (low: 1x10(6) and high: 3x10(6) ind. ml-1) separately for each species. The experiments were terminated after 15 days. In general, at any food type or concentration, B. patulus reached a higher population density. A diet of Chlorella alone supported a higher population growth of both rotifer species than yeast alone. B. calyciflorus and B. patulus achieved highest population densities (103+8 ind. ml-1 and 296+20 ind. ml-1, respectively) on a diet of Chlorella at 3x10(6) ind. ml-1. When cultured using the mixture of Chlorella and yeast, the maximal population densities of B. calyciflorus were lower than those grown on Chlorella. Under similar conditions, the maximal abundance values of B. patulus were comparable in both food types. Regardless of food type and density the rate of population increase per day (r) for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.13+0.03 to 0.63+0.04. These values for B. patulus ranged from 0.19+0.01 to 0.37+0.01. The results indicated that even though Chlorella was a superior foof for the tested rotifers, yeast can be effectively used at low concentrations to supplement algal requirements in rotifer culture systems.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comparó el crecimiento poblacional de dos especies planctónicas (B. calyciflorus y B. patulus) desarrolladas con el alga verde Chlorella vulgaris, la levadura de cerveza Saccharomyces cerevisiae y la mezcla de ambas dietas en proporciones iguales. B. patulus alcanzó las mayores densidades con cualquier tipo de alimento utilizado en comparación con B. calyciflorus. La dieta a base de Chlorella vulgaris sola promovió el mayor crecimiento poblacional en relación con la dieta de levadura sola. B. calyciflorus y B. patulus alcanzaron las mayores densidades de 103+8 ind. ml-1 y 296+20 ind. ml-1, respectivamente, con la dieta de Chlorella en 3x10(6) células ml-1. En condiciones similares, los valores máximos de abundancia de B. patulus fueron semejantes para ambos tipos de alimento. La tasa de incremento poblacional por día (r) para B. calyciflorus vario de 0.13+0.03 a 0.63+0.04, sin importar el tipo y densidad de alimento. Los resultados indican que la dieta a base de Chlorella fue mejor para los rotíferos considerados, y que la levadura puede usarse de manera efectiva a concentraciones bajas para complementar los requerimientos algales del sistema de cultivo de rotíferos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Population growth</kwd>
<kwd>alga</kwd>
<kwd>yeast</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Crecimiento del caracol Strombus gigas (Gastropoda: Strombidae) en cuatro ambientes de Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Navarrete</surname>
<given-names>Alberto de Jesús</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Departamento de Pesquerías Artesanales </institution>
<addr-line> Q. Roo</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>85</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The growth rate of queen conch cultured in pens was studied from October 1993 to March 1994. Sixteen pens (50 m² each, four pens per environment), were set in four environments: Thalassia, Thalassia-sand, Sand and Coral within a reef lagoon on Punta Gavilan and Banco Chinchorro. Twenty conchs were introduced in each pen (sizes: 100-120, 120-140, 140-160 and 160-180 mm shell length) and measured monthly to the nearest mm. Growth rate was assessed by two methods: a) shell marginal mean increase and b) the Gulland-Holt method considering all conch within pens. In the first method, the environment Sand had the highest growth (3.21 + 0.26 mm/month) at Punta Gavilan, whereas at Banco Chinchorro, highest growth was recorded in Coral (2.31 + 0.44 mm/month). Considering the second method, highest asymptotic length conch in Punta Gavilan occurred in Thalassia-sand (287.5 mm), whereas in Banco Chinchorro the highest asymptotic length was measured in Sand (318.1 mm). There were significant differences in growth between sites; juvenile growth is related with habitat quality mainly food availability.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la tasa de crecimiento de caracoles cultivados en corrales en cuatro ambientes diferentes. El cultivo se realizó de octubre de 1993 a marzo de 1994. 16 corrales de 50 m² de área cada uno, cuatro por ambiente, fueron colocados en los siguientes ambientes: Thalassia, Thalassia-arena, Arena y Coral, todos dentro de la laguna arrecifal en Punta Gavilán y Banco Chinchorro. En cada ambiente se introdujeron 20 caracoles de las siguientes tallas: 1) 100-120, 2) 120-140, 3) 140-160 y 4) 160-180 mm de longitud de concha. Los caracoles se midieron mensualmente con un vernier con una precisión de un mm. El crecimiento se evaluó por dos métodos: a) el incremento marginal promedio de la concha y por el método de Gulland-Holt. En el primer método, el ambiente Arena mostró el mayor crecimiento (3.21 + 0.26 mm/mes) en Punta Gavilán, mientras que en Banco Chinchorro, el mayor crecimiento ocurrió en coral (2.31 + 0.44 mm/mes). Con el segúndo método la mayor longitud asintótica en Punta Gavilán se midió en Thalassia-arena (287.5 mm), mientras que en Banco Chinchorro, la mayor longitud asintótica se midió en Arena (318.1 mm). Existieron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento entre los sitios y eso muestra que el crecimiento de los juveniles se relaciona con la cantidad de alimento disponible el cual fue mayor en Thalassia y Thalassia-arena. Sin embargo se requiere evaluar la cantidad de alimento, principalmente microfitobentos en los ambientes sin vegetación como Arena y Coral.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>semi-culture</kwd>
<kwd>Gastropoda</kwd>
<kwd>Strombus gigas</kwd>
<kwd>Quintana Roo</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>101</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Growth of the octopus (Octopus maya) off Yucatan (Mexico) was estimated from a long-term study (seven years) by the length-based methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA. Some 19 251 octopuses with a range of mantle length between 50 and 240 mm were sampled from commercial landings in 1983 - 1987, 1989 and 1992. The jackknife technique was applied to deal with uncertainty in growth estimates resulting from chance variations in sampling design. The growth index &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt; was used for comparative purposes. Results differed markedly among methods: ELEFAN produced parameter estimates within the range reported in the literature, whereas PROJMAT and SLCA showed problems to converge in an optimum combination of parameters, and tended to underestimate them. Jackknife analysis revealed very low intraannual variability in &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt; but high variability among years, especially when applying PROJMAT. No significant differences were found in precision parameters -percent error and coefficient of variation- among methods. Estimates of &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt; derived by ELEFAN varied between 4.19 and 5.23 and agreed with those reported in the literature (between 4.25 and 4.91), whereas PROJMAT and SLCA estimates were significantly lower. We suggest the use of ELEFAN, together with jackknife to estimate growth parameters of Octopus maya.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los parámetros de crecimiento del pulpo (Octopus maya) de las costas de Yucatán (México) fueron estimados en siete años comprendidos entre 1983-1987, 1989 y 1992. A tales efectos se realizó un análisis de frecuencia de tallas de 19 251 pulpos muestreados de la captura comercial, con un intervalo de longitud de manto comprendido entre 50 y 240 mm. Se usaron los métodos indirectos ELEFAN, PROJMAT y SLCA. La incertidumbre de las estimaciones inherente a cada método y derivada del diseño de muestreo fue analizada con la técnica jackknife. Los parámetros de crecimiento L&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/INFINITO.GIF&quot; WIDTH=14 HEIGHT=14&gt; y K se unificaron a efectos comparativos mediante el índice phi prima (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt;). El método ELEFAN resultó ser el más adecuado para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de O. maya, brindando valores en el rango de aquellos previamente reportados en la literatura, mientras que PROJMAT y SLCA mostraron problemas en la convergencia de los parámetros, y tendieron a subestimarlos. Las estimaciones mediante jackknife detectaron poca variabilidad intermensual en &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt; pero gran variabilidad interanual. Los estimadores de precisión de la técnica jackknife, error porcentual y coeficiente de variación porcentual, no difirieron significativamente entre métodos. Las estimaciones de &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n1/O.JPG&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=17&gt; derivadas del ELEFAN variaron entre 4.19 y 5.23, coincidiendo con aquellas reportadas en la literatura (entre 4.25 y 4.91), mientras que PROJMAT y SLCA aportaron valores significativamente menores. Los resultados de dicho métodos condicen además con aspectos de la biología de la especie (e.g., corta longevidad). Sugerimos utilizar el ELEFAN conjuntamente con jackknife para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de Octopus maya.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Growth</kwd>
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<kwd>uncertainty</kwd>
<kwd>Octopus maya</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatan</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Four expeditions were made to Coiba National Park between 1996 and 1998 to characterize this part of the poorly known Panamian Pacific polychaete fauna. The samples were collected by SCUBA diving, either by removing 4 kg blocks of dead coral (Pocillopora sp.) or scraping off 25 x 25 cm quadrats of Telesto multiflora or algae (Dyctiota cf. flavellata, Padina cf. durvillaei and another currently unidentified species). This paper deals with the Syllinae from hard substrates. Twenty-two species belonging to six genera of the subfamily Syllinae Grube, 1850 (Syllidae: Polychaeta) are reported. A new species, Syllis castroviejoi, is described. Four species are newly reported for the Eastern Pacific: Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy &amp; Alquézar, 1982), S. botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973), S. corallicola Verrill, 1900 and S. garciai (Campoy, 1982), and, likewise, two species are first reports for the Central American Pacific coast: Branchiosyllis pacifica Rioja, 1941 and Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920. Two species, Syllis magna (Westheide, 1974) and S. pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919), are newly reported for Panama.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los anélidos poliquetos del Pacífico panameño en general y los sílidos en particular son poco conocidos. En el marco de un inventario faunístico del Parque Nacional de Coiba, entre 1996 y 1998 el grupo del Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid realizó cuatro campañas científicas en las que se ha estudiado la poliquetofauna de los fondos duros. Las muestras corresponden a 4 kg de coral muerto (Pocillopora ssp.), raspados de 25 x 25 cm de Telesto multiflora y 25 x 25 cm de algas (Dyctiota cf. flavellata, Padina cf. durvillaei y otras), siempre tomadas por buceadores con escafandra autónoma. Se presentan en este trabajo los resultados del estudio de los poliquetos de la subfamilia Syllinae Grube, 1850 (Syllidae: Polychaeta). Se describe una nueva especie, Syllis castroviejoi. Se citan por primera vez para el Pacífico oriental cuatro especies: Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy &amp; Alquezar, 1982), S. botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973), S. corallicola Verrill, 1900 y S. garciai (Campoy, 1982). Dos especies se citan por primera vez para las costas del Pacífico de América Central: Branchiosyllis pacifica Rioja, 1941 and Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920. Dos especies, Syllis magna (Westheide, 1974) and S. pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919) son nuevas para Panamá.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Syllinae</kwd>
<kwd>Coiba</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Depto. Ecología Acuática </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper identifies the Exogoninae (Syllidae) from the Mexican Caribbean coasts and includes a key to identify all the species recorded from the Grand Caribbean Sea. The classification of the family and the composition of Exogoninae are briefly examined; the correct names of the subfamilies are Syllinae Grube, 1850, Eusyllinae Malaquin, 1893, Autolytinae Malaquin, 1893 and Exogoninae Langerhans, 1879. Exogoninae includes Anguillosyllis Day, 1963, Brania de Quatrefages, 1866, Braniella Hartman, 1963, Exogone Ørsted, 1845, Exogonella Hartman, 1961, Exogonoides Day, 1963, Parapionosyllis Fauvel, 1923, Psammosyllis Westheide, 1990, Spermosyllis Claparède, 1864, and Sphaerosyllis Claparède, 1863. Pseudexogone Augener, 1922, formerly included in the group, is not a syllid; it belongs to Pilargidae. We collected 814 specimens belonging to 3 genera, 3 subgenera and 13 species as Brania (4), Exogone (4) and Sphaerosyllis (5); five new species are described: Brania russelli n. sp, Brania uebelackerae n. sp, Brania westheidei n. sp., Exogone (Exogone) bondi n. sp. and Exogone (Parexogone) sanmartini n. sp. For each species, selected references, diagnostic features, observations on morphological variability, distribution and illustrations are provided; new species also have an english diagnosis. Most abundant species were B. uebelackerae n. sp. (295), S. taylori Perkins (169), E. (E.) dispar Webster (76), and E. (E.) bondi n sp. (72).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las especies de exogóninos que se encuentran en el Caribe mexicano y elaborar una clave de identificación para las especies del Gran Caribe. Se examina la clasificación de la familia Syllidae, la subfamilia Exogoninae; la autoría de las subfamilias son Syllinae Grube 1850, Eusyllinae Malaquin 1893, Autolytinae Malaquin 1893 y Exogoninae Langerhans 1879. Se reconocen como exogóninos los géneros Anguillosyllis Day 1963, Brania de Quatrefages 1866, Braniella Hartman 1963, Exogone Ørsted 1845, Exogonella Hartman 1961, Exogonoides Day 1963, Parapionosyllis Fauvel 1923, Psammosyllis Westheide 1990, Spermosyllis Claparède 1864, y Sphaerosyllis Claparède 1863. Pseudexogone Augener 1922, previamente incluido en el grupo, no es un sílido; pertenece a los Pilargidae. Se examinaron 814 ejemplares recolectados en el Caribe Mexicano, éstos se distribuyen en tres géneros, tres subgéneros y 13 especies que corresponden a: Brania (4), Exogone (4) y Sphaerosyllis (5); se incluye la descripción de cinco nuevas especies: Brania russelli n. sp, Brania uebelackerae n. sp., Brania westheidei n. sp. Exogone (Exogone) bondi n. sp. y Exogone (Parexogone) sanmartini n. sp. Para cada especie se incluyen referencias selectas, características, observaciones sobre la variación morfológica, distribución geográfica, ambiente e ilustraciones. Las especies con mayor número de ejemplares fueron: B. uebelackerae n. sp. (295), S. taylori Perkins (169), E. (E.) dispar Webster (76) y E. (E.) bondi n. sp. (72); el resto de las especies contaron con menos ejemplares. Se anexa una clave para identificar las 52 especies de exogóninos del Gran Caribe.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>Syllidae</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>sílidos</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución espacial y temporal de poliquetos (Polychaeta) bénticos de la plataforma continental de Tamaulipas, Golfo de México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Quintana Roo  </institution>
<addr-line> Q Roo</addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In three oceanographic cruises off southern Tamaulipas (May, July and November, 1992), a total of 102 sediment samples were collected by autonomous diving at depths of 2.5 to 20.5 m, with a cylindrical 4 liter acrylic tube. The samples were sieved (aperture size 0.5 and 1.0 mm). In total, 88 species of polychaete annelids were determined (33 families); 15 species are first records for Mexico and three for the Gulf of Mexico. The dominant species were Paraprionospio pinnata, Scoletoma verrilli, Ceratocephale oculata, Aricidea finitima, Apoprionospio pygmaea, Onuphis eremita oculata and Prionospio cristata; P. pinnata was the most abundant (14.4% of the total). Highest abundance and diversity of species was in May (63 species and 622 organisms), followed by July (48 species and 401 organism); November was lowest (47species and 217 organisms). Most diversity and abundance were found in the sandy bottoms.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante tres campañas oceanográficas en el sur del litoral de Tamaulipas (mayo, julio y noviembre de 1992), se recolectaron 102 muestras de sedimentos mediante buceo autónomo a profundidades de 2.5 a 20.5 m, con un nucleador de acrílico de forma cilíndrica de 4 l, tamizándose con una abertura de luz de malla de 0.5 y 1.0 mm. Se determinaron 88 especies de poliquetos (33 familias); 15 especies se registran por primera vez para aguas mexicanas y tres para el Golfo de México. Las especies dominantes son Paraprionospio pinnata, Scoletoma verrilli, Ceratocephale oculata, Aricidea finitima, Apoprionospio pygmaea, Onuphis eremita oculata y Prionospio cristata; P. pinnata es la más abundante (14.4% del total). En mayo se presentó la mayor diversidad de especies y abundancia (63 spp y 622 org.); seguida de julio (48 spp y 401 org.); la menor fue noviembre (47 spp y 217 org.). Las mayores diversidad de especies y abundancia fueron en fondos arenosos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>polychaetes</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Tropical river sardine, Caquetaia kraussii, captured from La Aguá lagoon (Sucre State, Venezuela) were acclimatized for four weeks at 22, 24, 30 and 32ºC and at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 17 ‰ salinity. To evaluate effects of thermal response to acclimatization level, the fish were transferred suddenly from lower temperatures (22 and 24ºC) to higher ones (32 and 30ºC) respectively. Then thermal resistance time was measured at the lethal temperature of 40.9ºC for 30 days. We considered that acclimatization process completed when resistance time was stabilized at the new temperature regime. For the saline effect, the concentrations of sodium and potassium were measured in the tissues at each treatment: gills, white muscle, gut and heart. The results showed that thermal tolerance increased rapidly in 3 h with a 6ºC rise in temperature (from 24 to 30ºC) and in 24 h with a 10ºC rise (22 to 32ºC). With decreasing temperatures, the acclimatization level reached its lowest in 11 days with a 6ºC decreases (from 30 to 24ºC) and in 14 days with a 10ºC decrease (32 to 22ºC). Caquetaia kraussii regulates as much sodium as potassium in gills and white muscle tissues at all salinity levels tested; however, gut and heart tissues showed significantly different regulations among salinities examined.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La sardina tropical de río, Caquetaia kraussii, capturada en la laguna La Aguá (Estado Sucre, Venezuela) fue aclimatada durante cuatro semanas a la temperatura de 22, 24, 30 y 32ºC y a 0, 5, 10, 15 y 17 ‰ de salinidad. Para evaluar los efectos de respuestas térmicas a los niveles de aclimatación, los peces fueron transferidos abruptamente desde las temperaturas bajas (22 y 24ºC) hasta las altas (32 y 30ºC) respectivamente. Se midió entonces la resistencia térmica a la temperatura letal de 40.9ºC durante 30 días. Se consideró que los peces habían alcanzado completamente su aclimatación cuando se estabilizaba al nuevo régimen de temperatura. Para el efecto salino, las concentraciones de sodio y potasio fueron determinadas en los tejidos: branquial, muscular, gástrico y cardíaco. Los resultados mostraron que la tolerancia térmica aumentaba rápidamente en 3 h cuando la diferencia de temperatura era de 6ºC (24 a 30ºC) y en 24 h cuando la diferencia era de 10ºC (22 a 32ºC). En los descensos de temperaturas, el nivel de aclimatación se alcanzó a los 11 días cuando el intercambio se hizo desde 30 a 24ºC y en 14 días con un descenso de 10ºC (32 a 22ºC). Los resultados indican que Caquetaia kraussii regula tanto sodio como potasio a nivel muscular y branquial a todos los niveles de salinidad estudiados; sin embargo a nivel gástrico y cardíaco se observaron regulaciones significativamente diferentes entre las salinidades examinadas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Thermal acclimatization</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Zoología Ernest F. Killian </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A revision of epinepheline (Epinephelinae) and serranine (Serraninae) fishes from the Eastern Chilean South Pacific is presented, based on collections housed in Chile, Peru and the USA. Four species are recognized: Pseudogramma australis pasquensis; Diplectrum conceptione; Paralabrax humeralis and Serranus huacarii. According to literature Paralabrax semifasciatus, Serranus semifasciatus and Prionodes huascarii are relegated to the synonymy of Paralabrax humeralis and Serranus huascarii respectively. Keys for the identification of genera and species are presented, and for each species we provide a diagnosis, remarks on colors, distribution, number of species in each genus and illustration. The keys use easily observed characters for differentiating the four species of the Eastern South Pacific epinepheline and serranine fishes of Chile.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta una revisión taxonómica de los peces de las Subfamilias Epinephelinae y Serraninae del Pacífico Suroriental Chileno. Se reconocen cuatro especies: Pseudogramma australis pasquensis; Diplectrum conceptione; Paralabrax humeralis y Serranus huascarii. De acuerdo con la literatura, Paralabrax semifasciatus, Serranus semifasciatus y Prionodes huascarii son sinonimos de P. humeralis y S. huascarii respectivamente. Se agregan claves para el reconocimiento genérico y específico. Para cada especie se presentan una diagnosis, ilustraciones y comentarios sobre color, distribución y número de especies en cada género mencionado. Las claves utilizan caracteres fácilmente observables que permiten diferenciar las especies de Epinephelinae y Serraninae del Pacífico Suroriental Chileno.</p></abstract>
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<addr-line> Jalisco</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A check-list and the relative abundance of the ichthyofauna from Bahia de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico is presented. This poorly known area of the eastern Tropical Pacific ocean is characterized by its great fish diversity. A total of 245 fish species (163 genera, 72 families) were collected during the 1994-1995 annual cycle. Vouchers were deposited in Centro de Ecologia Costera, Universidad de Guadalajara. The most important families in number of species were Carangidae (20 species), Haemulidae (20), Serranidae (17), Sciaenidae (13) and Lutjanidae (8); 20 species represented 85 % and 80 % of relative abundance and biomass respectively. Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caninus, Caranx caballus, Kiphosus analogus and Caranx sexfasciatus, were the dominant species. Most fish species collected in Bahia de Navidad have zoogeographical affinity with the Panamic Province (65%), and in lesser proportion with the Eastern Pacific Ocean (19%), Circumtropical (7%), Mexican Province (5%), Indo-Pacific Ocean (3%) and Gulf of California (0.4%). The great ichthyological affinity between the study area and the southern Gulf of California suggests an extension of the of Gulf southern limit.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta el elenco sistemático y la abundancia relativa de las especies ícticas de la Bahía de Navidad, Jalisco, México, área del Pacífico Oriental Tropical con gran diversidad íctica, poco conocida hasta ahora. El trabajo incluye 245 especies, 163 géneros y 72 familias, recolectadas durante el ciclo anual 1994-1995, las cuales se encuentran depositadas en la Colección biológica del Centro de Ecología Costera de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Carangidae (20), Haemulidae (20), Serranidae (17), Sciaenidae (13) y Lutjanidae (8) 20 especies representaron el 85 % y 80 % de abundancia relativa y biomasa respectivamente, Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caninus, Caranx caballus, Kiphosus analogus y Caranx sexfasciatus fueron las especies mas representativas. La mayoría de las especies recolectadas (158 especies), 65% del total, tienen afinidad a la Provincia Panámica y una menor proporción con afinidades al Océano Pacífico Oriental 47 (19%), Circuntropicales 17 (7%), de la Provincia Mexicana 13 (5%), Indopacífico 8 (3%), y endémicas del Golfo de California 1 (0.4%). El alto porcentaje de especies de peces de Bahía de Navidad también presentes en el sur del Golfo de California, indica una fuerte afinidad entre ambas, lo cual sugiere una mayor extensión del límite sureño del Golfo de California hasta la zona de Bahía de Navidad, Jalisco.</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diet seasonality and food overlap in fishes of the upper Orituco stream, northern Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ortaz</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Experimental </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>197</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diets of four diurnal fish species (Creagrutus bolivari, Knodus deuterodonoides, Knodus sp. and Poecilia reticulata) were examined during a year in the Orituco stream at northern Venezuela. The fishes were sampled monthly from February 1991 to March 1992 (except October 1991 and February 1992) in the stream main channel with a beach seine and a cast net. Diet is reported as frequency of ocurrence and numeric proportion because variation in prey sizes was small. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied. A total of 18 distinct prey items were found in stomachs. The diet of these fishes consisted of aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), allochthonous plant matter (fragments of leaves and seeds), microalgae (Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyceae) and terrestrial arthropods (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Arachnida). The low percentage of empty guts and the high fullness percentage of guts suggest that food was always abundant. Aquatic insects were more important in the dry season (November - April) while plant matter and terrestrial arthropods increased in the wet season (May - October). The Proportional Similarity Measure (PS) was high between characid species and low between characids and P. reticulata in the dry season. PS decreased during the wet season because of a reduction in aquatic insect consumption. The seasonal diet shift indicated the greater importance of allochthonous food only in the wet season.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la dieta de cuatro especies de peces (Creagrutus bolivari, Knodus deuterodonoides, Knodus sp. y Poecilia reticulata) que habitan el río Orituco al norte de Venezuela. Los muestreos se realizaron mensualmente entre febrero de 1991 y marzo de 1992 (excepto octubre/91 y febrero/92). Los peces se recolectaron con chinchorro y atarraya en el canal principal del río. La dieta se expresó como frecuencia numérica y de ocurrencia y se analizó con pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas. Se encontraron 18 items en la dieta y esta consistió de insectos acuáticos (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Plecoptera y Trichoptera), material vegetal alóctono (fragmentos de hojas y semillas), microalgas (Chlorophyta y Bacillariophyceae) y artrópodos terrestres (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera y Arachnida). El bajo porcentaje de estómagos vacíos y el alto grado de llenura estomacal sugirieron que el alimento siempre fue abundante. En la época de sequía (noviembre - abril), los insectos acuáticos fueron los más consumidos mientras que en lluvias incrementó el consumo de artrópodos terrestres y de material vegetal. En la época de sequía el Indice de Similaridad Proporcional (PS) fue alto entre los carácidos y bajo entre ellos y P. reticulata. En lluvias, PS disminuyó debido a la reducción en el consumo de insectos acuáticos. El cambio estacional en la dieta de las especies indicó la mayor importancia del material alóctono sólo en lluvias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tropical fishes</kwd>
<kwd>Characidae</kwd>
<kwd>Poecilidae</kwd>
<kwd>Creagrutus bolivari</kwd>
<kwd>Poecilia reticulata</kwd>
<kwd>Knodus deuterodonoides</kwd>
<kwd>Stomach content analysis</kwd>
<kwd>Orituco stream</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Size and distribution of Pandarus satyrus (Copepoda: Pandaridae) on the blue shark Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<given-names>José Rodrigo</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Recursos Costeros y Marinos  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>199</fpage>
<lpage>201</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 80 specimens of Pandarus satyrus, a cosmopolitan ectoparasitic copepod, were taken from fishery catches of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in the Eastern Pacific coast of Costa Rica. All specimens were found in the dorsal surface of pectoral fins (8-30 per shark). Longer specimens were most abundant.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pandarus satyrus</kwd>
<kwd>Copepoda</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparasite</kwd>
<kwd>Prionace glauca</kwd>
<kwd>Eastern Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Amazonia and the Gran Chaco are the largest phytogeographic units of the Neotropical Region. The Forest Wedge of the Santa Fe province of Argentina is the southernmost part of the Eastern Chaco, and there are three main types of forest, 1) the mixed dense forests, 2) the Schinopsis balansae &quot;quebrachal&quot; and 3) the Prosopis nigra var. ragonesei forests, distributed along an environmental gradient correlated with topographic elevation. In this paper litterfall and organic matter decomposition of four species were studied in two different microsites in a Schinopsis balansae forest during three years. Litter fall varied along the year following seasonal environmental variation but litterfall variations between years were not significant. Litterfall was not uniform over the whole surface, under close canopy monthly average litterfall amounts 32.67 g/m², in open gaps 4.47 g/m² and 15.07 g/m² under medium density canopy. Organic matter decomposition, like in other forests, was a negative exponential function of time, and the decomposition rate is independent from the microsites where it falls, 0.15 and 0.12 in sunny and shadow microsites respectively for Maytenus vitis-idaea, 0.10 and 0.11 in sunny and shadow microsites respectively for Achatocarpus praecox, 0.04 and 0.03 for Acacia praecox, 0.04 and 0.06 for Schinopsis balansae in sunny and shadow microsites respectively. Shurbs litter was decomposed faster than the tree litter, and the shurbs litter nutrientes level was also higher. Therefore the rate of organic matter decomposition is more correlated with leaf characteristics than with environmental variables.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Amazonia y el Gran Chaco son las unidades fitogeográficas más importantes de la región Neotropical. La Cuña Boscosa de Santa Fe es el extremo austral del Chaco Oriental. Está cubierta por tres tipos fundamentales de bosques, 1) los bosques densos mixtos, 2) los &quot;quebrachales&quot; de Schinopsis balansae y 3) los bosques de Prosopis nigra var. ragonesei, los que están ordenados siguiendo un gradiente correlacionado con la topografía. En este trabajo se analiza la circulación de materia orgánica, la caída de la hojarasca durante tres años y la descomposición de la hojarasca de cuatro especies en dos micrositios diferentes del mismo bosque, durante un año. La caída de hojarasca es diferente a lo largo del año, siguiendo variaciones ambientales estacionales, y las diferencias interanuales no son significativas. La caída de hojarasca no es uniforme sobre la superficie, en las abras se registró un promedio de 4.47 g/m², bajo canopeo cerrado 32.67 g/m² y bajo canopeo semi cerrado 15.07 g/m². La descomposición de materia orgánica es independiente del micrositio donde se deposita. La hojarasca de los arbustos se descompone mas rápido que la de los árboles. La tasa de descomposición es de 0.15 al sol y 0.12 a la sombra para M. vitis-idaea y de 0.10 al sol y 0.11 a la sombra para Achatocarpus praecox, en los árboles disminuye a 0.04 y 0.03 para Acacia praecox y 0.04 y 0.06 para S. balansae en micrositio soleado y umbrío respectivamente. El contenido de nutrientes también es mayor en los arbustos. Por lo tanto y aparentemente, la tasa de descomposición de la materia orgánica está más correlacionada con las características de las hojas que con las variables ambientales.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The floristic composition and structure of a premontane moist forest remnant were studied in the El Rodeo Protected Zone, Central Valley of Costa Rica. Three one-hectare plots were established in the non-disturbed forest, and all trees with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10 cm or greater were marked, measured and identified. The plots were located within a radius of 500 m from each other. A total of 106 tree species were recorded in the three plots. Average values: species richness 69.6 species ha-1, abundance 509 individuals ha-1, basal area 36.35 m² ha-1. Total diversity was 3.54 (Shannon Index, H’), and the species similarity among the plots ranged between S=0.68 and 0.70 (Sørensen Similarity Index). Most tree species are represented by few individuals (five or less). There is a lack of emergent trees and arborescent palms in the forest canopy. According to the Familial Importance Value, Moraceae, followed by Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and Sapotaceae, largely dominates this forest. Pseudolmedia oxyphillaria (Moraceae) is the dominant species (Importance Value Index), accounting for 25% of all the marked trees in the plots, followed by Clarisia racemosa (Moraceae), Heisteria concinna (Olacaceae), and Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae). The size class distributions were similar among plots, and in general followed the expected J-inverted shape. Differences in tree abundance, floristic composition, and spatial distribution of some species among the plots suggest heterogeneity of this ecosystem’s arborescent vegetation. Moreover, it is an important natural reservoir for the conservation of rare and endangered tree species in a national level. Using these results as a baseline, this study should start a long term monitoring of the structure and composition of this very reduced and fragmented ecosystem.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la estructura y composición florística de un remanente de bosque húmedo premontano (BHP) en la Zona Protectora El Rodeo, Valle Central de Costa Rica. Se establecieron tres parcelas permanentes (1 ha. cada una) en el bosque no alterado y se marcaron, midieron e identificaron todos los árboles con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (dap) &gt;10 cm. Las parcelas se ubicaron en un área de 500 m de radio. Se encontró un total de 106 especies, con un promedio de 69.6 especies ha-1 y 509 individuos ha-1, el área basal promedio 36.35 m² ha-1. La diversidad fue H’= 3.54 (Índice de Shannon) y las especies compartidas entre las parcelas S=0.68-0.70 (Índice de Similitud de Sørensen). El 52% de las especies estuvieron representadas por pocos individuos (cinco o menos). No se encontró árboles emergentes o palmas arborescentes. La familia Moraceae es la más importante, seguida de Fabaceae, Lauraceae y Sapotaceae (Índice de Importancia Familiar, FIV). Pseudolmedia oxyphillaria (Moraceae) es la especie dominante (Índice de Valor de Importancia, IVI) y constituye el 25% del total de individuos; seguida por Clarisia racemosa (Moraceae), Heisteria concinna (Olacaceae) y Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) como especies más relevantes. La distribución por categorías diamétricas fue similar en las tres parcelas y en general presentó la característica forma de J-invertida. Diferencias en cuanto a la abundancia de árboles, composición florística y distribución espacial de algunas especies entre las parcelas de estudio evidencian la heterogeneidad de la vegetación de este ecosistema. Además, la zona constituye un reservorio natural importante para la conservación de algunas especies raras o amenazadas en el nivel nacional. Utilizando los resultados de este trabajo como punto de partida, se pretende iniciar el seguimiento a largo plazo de los posibles cambios en la estructura y composición del bosque de este ecosistema, el cual se encuentra muy reducido y fragmentado en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The dry ecosystems in the ignimbrite meseta of Guanacaste, northwest Costa Rica is mapped. Plant community distribution is intimately related to the type of relief, soils and humidity. In the upper parts of the meseta, characterised by soils which are stony, sandy, and acidic, herbacious vegetation such as savanna and edaphic steppe is dominant. By contrast,woodland is found on the deep and organically rich soils of the valley floors. Within the herbaceous formations dwarf varieties of Byrsonima crassifolia (nance), Curatella americana (raspa guacal) and Quercus oleoides (encino) are found because of the acid and infertile soils.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Subterranean structures and mycotrophy of the achlorophyllous Dictyostega orobanchoides (Burmanniaceae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Philipps-Universität Fachbereich Biologie Morphologie und Systematik der Höheren Pflanzen</institution>
<addr-line>Marburg </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Plants of Dictyostega orobanchoides arise from about 1 mm thick rhizomes, which are densely covered by sessile, imbricate, peltate scale leaves. The resulting interfoliar spaces are inhabited by fungal hyphae up to 6 µm thick, often developing vesicle-like bladders. The fungus also colonizes the tissue of the scale leaves, inter- as well as intracellularly, forming vesicles but no arbuscules, and it even penetrates the vascular bundles of the leaves. The rhizome itself does not become infected. The 200 µm thick roots emerge from the rhizome and have a 2-layered cortex and voluminous rhizodermis, which both are delicate and often disrupted or missing. In contrast, the strongly reinforced, tertiary endodermis and the central cylinder are durable and have a considerable tensile strength. Although the roots grow through the hyphal masses in the interfoliar spaces when emerging from the rhizome, they only become infected from the rhizosphere. A collar of rhizomogenous tissue hinders the interfoliar hyphae from direct contact to the roots. Only within the rhizodermis, the mycorrhizal fungus builds coils of heteromorphic hyphae, arbuscule-like structures, and vesicles. Hence, the mycorrhiza in D. orobanchoides is assigned to the arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is hypothezised, that the ephemeral mycorrhizal tissue combined with the durable vascular system of the roots is a strategy to avoid the high costs of protecting the large rhizodermal surface area. The rhizomogenous collar is explained as an extra protection to the tender, young roots, when emerging from the rhizome. The necessity to include other subterranean plant organs along with the roots in future mycorrhizal studies is emphasized.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Plants of Dictyostega orobanchoides arise from about 1 mm thick rhizomes, which are densely covered by sessile, imbricate, peltate scale leaves. The resulting interfoliar spaces are inhabited by fungal hyphae up to 6 µm thick, often developing vesicle-like bladders. The fungus also colonizes the tissue of the scale leaves, inter- as well as intracellularly, forming vesicles but no arbuscules, and it even penetrates the vascular bundles of the leaves. The rhizome itself does not become infected. The 200 µm thick roots emerge from the rhizome and have a 2-layered cortex and voluminous rhizodermis, which both are delicate and often disrupted or missing. In contrast, the strongly reinforced, tertiary endodermis and the central cylinder are durable and have a considerable tensile strength. Although the roots grow through the hyphal masses in the interfoliar spaces when emerging from the rhizome, they only become infected from the rhizosphere. A collar of rhizomogenous tissue hinders the interfoliar hyphae from direct contact to the roots. Only within the rhizodermis, the mycorrhizal fungus builds coils of heteromorphic hyphae, arbuscule-like structures, and vesicles. Hence, the mycorrhiza in D. orobanchoides is assigned to the arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is hypothezised, that the ephemeral mycorrhizal tissue combined with the durable vascular system of the roots is a strategy to avoid the high costs of protecting the large rhizodermal surface area. The rhizomogenous collar is explained as an extra protection to the tender, young roots, when emerging from the rhizome. The necessity to include other subterranean plant organs along with the roots in future mycorrhizal studies is emphasized.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dictyostega</kwd>
<kwd>Burmanniaceae</kwd>
<kwd>root structures</kwd>
<kwd>rhizome structures</kwd>
<kwd>arbuscular mycorrhiza</kwd>
<kwd>myco-heterotrophy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Population structure and ecology of a tropical rare rhizomatous species of teosinte Zea diploperennis (Gramineae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Ciencias </institution>
<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur Instituto Manantlán de Ecología y Conservación de la Biodiversidad</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Texas Wesleyan University Biology Department </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>One of the objectives of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (Jalisco, México) is the conservation in situ of the teosinte Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley, Guzman &amp; Pazzi. Zea diploperennis is perennial, shade intolerant and its 1-3 m shoots are architecturally similar to maize. Clonal growth is of the phalanx type. Genets are iteroparous (modules semelparous). The demography of seven module and genet populations was studied in seven sites representing three stages of old-field succession. Seven permanent one-meter-square plots were randomly established in each site. All genets initially present and those that became established during our study were mapped and labeled according to year of establishment The magnitude of demographic fluctuations was greater in module populations. Genet population dynamics followed a seasonal rhythm with a maximum population size obtained at the onset of the rainy season. A relation was documented between percent annual mortality of a cohort and its age: the younger the cohort, the greater the mortality. This was a statistically significant relationship, Y=[sin(-0.288x + 1.657)] ² (r = 0.92, p &lt; 0.01), where is proportion annual mortality of genets and is the age of the cohort. The maximum rates of genet mortality occurred during the rainy season when population densities were greatest. As a consequence, we postulate that competition occurs principally during the rainy season. Linear relationships were observed between rate of population increase of genets versus old-field successional stage and soil type. Those areas with poor soil (Ultisol), degraded soil or soils with similar physical characteristics could be rehabilitated by introducing Z. diploperennis. Such rehabilitation would achieve two distinct objectives, promote propagation of this rare endemic and reclaim areas that are susceptible to erosion and further degradation.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la demografía de Zea diploperennis en siete sitios de cultivo abandonados. La magnitud de las fluctuaciones demográficas fue más grande en las poblaciones de módulos. La dinámica de las poblaciones de genets siguió un ritmo estacional con un tamaño máximo de la población al inicio de la temporada de lluvias; las cohortes más jóvenes presentan la más alta mortalidad, i. e., Y=[ sin(-0.288x + 1.657)] ² , (r = 0.92, p &lt; 0.01), donde es la proporción de la mortalidad anual y es la edad de la cohorte. La máxima tasa de mortalidad de genets ocurrió durante la temporada de lluvias cuando la densidad de la población fue más alta, cuando la competencia parece mayor. Hubo relaciones lineales entre la tasa de incremento de genets y el estado sucesional y el tipo de suelo. Aquellas áreas con suelos pobres degradados o suelos con similares características, pueden ser rehabilitados introduciendo Z. diploperennis, protegiéndola y combatiendo la degradación del suelo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Initial seedling recruitment</kwd>
<kwd>Manantlán</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>population structure</kwd>
<kwd>rehabilitation</kwd>
<kwd>teosinte</kwd>
<kwd>Zea diploperennis</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diterpenes and other constituents from Croton draco (Euphorbiaceae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Química and CIPRONA </institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Technical University of Berlin Institute of Organic Chemistry </institution>
<addr-line>Berlin </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<fpage>259</fpage>
<lpage>264</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Croton draco (Euphorbiaceae) from Guadalupe, San José, Costa Rica was collected in July 1992 and phytochemically studied (leaves, seeds, wood, bark, sap and flowers separately). Commonly known compounds such as 1-hydroxyjunenol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, the coumarin scopoletin, the nor-terpenoids 9-dehydrovomifoliol and 2,3-dihydrovomifoliol were obtained. Taspine, two aporphinic alkaloids, the diterpenes 9(11)-dehydrokaurenic acid, hardwikiic acid, the corresponding new 12-oxo derivative as well as five clerodanes and a phorbol ester were also isolated. Three clerodanes were not previously described and their NMR spectroscopical data and MS fragmentation patterns are reported.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se llevó a cabo un estudio fitoquímico de Croton draco (Euphorbiaceae) (por aparte hojas, corteza, madera, semillas, savia y flores). Se aislaron compuestos comunes como el 1-hidroxijunenol, p-hidroxibenzaldehido, ácido p-metoxubenzoico, alcohol 3,4,5-trimetoxicinámico, escopoletina y los norterpenos 9-dehidrovomifoliol y 2,3 dihidrovomifoliol. Además se aislaron dos alcaloides aporfínicos, taspina, ácido 9(11)-dehidrokaurénico, ácido hardwíkico y su derivado 12-oxo, así como cinco clerodanos y un éster de forbol (el cual fue el único compuesto aislado de las flores). De los compuestos aislados, tres clerodanos no han sido informados en la literatura por lo que se incluye sus datos espectroscópicos y fraccionamientos de la espectrometría de masas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Croton draco</kwd>
<kwd>Euphorbiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>terpenes</kwd>
<kwd>diterpenes</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100025</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Morfogénesis de la fase sexual de seis especies mexicanas del género Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae): Parte II</article-title>
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<addr-line> México, D. F.</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development of the sexual phase of six Mexican species of Dryopteris is described and compared. Spores of all studied species are monolete, ellipsoid and have a rugose surface; the perine is folded, brown to dark brown, with a tubercled outline. Germination pattern is of the Vittaria-type and the development pattern of the prothallia is of the Aspidium-type. Gametangia are of the common type for the leptosporangiate advanced ferns. First leaves of the sporophytes appear 258-265 after sowing and apparently in Dryopteris pseudo-filix-mas the sporophyte have an apogamic origin (80 days). To make a comparative analysis of gametophytic characteristics in the twelve Mexican species and conclude of germination is of the Vittaria-type and development pattern prothallial is of the Aspidium-type, and unicelular trichomes on margin and superficial gametophytic to yield irregular aspect are characteristics to yield unit and characteristic to genera to conform Dryopteridaceae family (sensu Moran 1995) with the exception of Didymochlaena genus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe y se compara la morfogénesis de la fase sexual de seis especies mexicanas de Dryopteris. Las esporas de todas las especies estudiadas son monoletes y elipsoidales, la perina es plegada, de color pardo claro a pardo obscuro, su superficie es rugosa y de contornos tuberculados. El patrón de germinación es tipo Vittaria y el desarrollo protálico es tipo Aspidium. Los gametangios son del tipo característicos de los helechos leptosporangiados. Se desarrollaron esporofitos en cinco de las seis especies y solamente en D. pseudo-filix-mas es de origen apogámico (80 días). Se hace un análisis comparativo de las características gametofíticas presentes en las 12 especies mexicanas del género y se concluye que el tipo de germinación Vittaria y el patrón de desarrollo protálico tipo Aspidium y gametofitos con tricomas unicelulares, capitados marginales y superficiales, de aspecto irregular, son características que le dan unidad y caracterizan a los géneros que conforman la familia Dryopteridaceae (Moran, 1995) a excepción del género Didymochlaena.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>morphogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>prothallus</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Many columnar cacti are bat pollinated. It has been suggested that this kind of pollination would be more important in tropical than in temperate regions where flowers are open only one night. Thrichocereus pasacana produces big and resistant white flowers. We analyzed flower characteristics, floral cycle, stigmatic receptivity, nectar production, pollen presence and floral visitors in a T. pasacana population at National Park Los Cardones (Salta, Argentina) in November 1997. Flower features were constant between individuals of the population. Flowers start opening at evening and anthesis time is from 18 to 40 hs. The estigma was receptive throughout the floral cycle. Anther dehiscence occurs with flower opening. Nectar production was highest between 18 to 24hs. Although T. pasacana are open during the night, floral visitors are diurnal. The most frequent was Xylocopa sp. In the study area, nectarivorous bats were not detected. The morphological features of T. pasacana flowers were similar but bigger compared to other columnar cacti. Anthesis time was also longer while nectar production was lower. T. pasacana pollination at National Park Los Cardones is done by bees.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la floración y polinización de Thrichocereus pasacana en Los Cardones (Salta, Argentina). La mayor prducción de néctar es de las 18 a las 24hs y las abejas Xylocopa sp. actúan como polinizadores.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Latencia en semillas de Stylosanthes hamata (Leguminosae) y su relación con la morfología de la cubierta seminal</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castillo</surname>
<given-names>Rosana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guenni</surname>
<given-names>Orlando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departemento de Estudios Ambientales </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Agronomía </institution>
<addr-line>Maracay </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>299</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The seed of Stylosanthes hamata is characterized by it's a high level of dormancy, which is imposed by seed-coat impermeability to water entry (harseededness or hard-seed condition). The level of hardseededness between upper and lower articulations of seven diploid and five tetraploid accessions was studied under tropical conditions. Germination tests on naked seeds (relative humidity: 55-65%, constant temperature: 27-30º C, photoperiod: 12/12 hr) showed that hard-seed percentage was, in most cases, over 85% independent of ploidy level and seed position within the fruit. Histochemical analysis indicated that hardseededness in this species was associated with a completely sealed microphile and hilum. This feature was also associated to: a) an epidermis consisting of a palisade-like layer of macrosclereids, b) a like-line at the outermost region of these cells and c) a high concentration of hydrophobic compounds located all across the seed-coat.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La semilla de Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. se caracteriza por presentar un alto grado de latencia asociada a una restricción a la absorción de humedad (semilla dura). En esta investigación, se estudió la dureza de semillas distales y basales de siete líneas diploides y cinco líneas tetraploides, cultivadas bajo condiciones tropicales. Las pruebas pruebas de germinación (HR: 55-65%, temperatura constante: 27-30&amp;ordm; C, fotoperíodo: 12/12 hr) llevadas a cabo en semillas desprovistas de vaina indicaron que el grado de dureza seminal estuvo en casi todos los casos por encima del 85%, independientemente del nivel de ploidia y de la posición de la semilla en el fruto. Así mismo, se realizó una caracterización morfo-anatómica de la cubierta seminal a través del uso del microscopio óptico y de barrido. Esta caracterización fue complementada con un estudio histoquímico para determinar la ubicación de compuestos hidrofóbicos en la cubierta seminal. Los resultados de estas pruebas señalaron que la dureza seminal estuvo relacionada con la presencia de un micropilo y un hilo totalmente cerrados, una epidermis compuesta por macroesclereidas en empalizada con una línea lúcida en las paredes más externas de estas células y a una alta concentración de compuestos hidrofóbicos en todos los tejidos que conforman la cubierta seminal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Stylosanthes hamata</kwd>
<kwd>hard-seed</kwd>
<kwd>hardseededness</kwd>
<kwd>dormancy</kwd>
<kwd>morpho-anatomical features</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>seed-coat</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Salta Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Instituto de Ecología y Ambiente Humano</institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The tree Caesalpinia paraguariensis grows in the Chaco region, Argentina. Fruits are indehiscent with many seeds. This species is an important source of wood and the fruits are consumed by cattle in Salta province. We studied seed germination under chemical, mechanical and biological scarification. Seeds from controls (without scarification) and those with biological scarification had a smaller (and similar) germination rate. The non-germinated seeds from biological treatments were mechanically scarified and their germination rate was similar to others under the mechanical treatment. Passage by digestive tracts would not enhance germination because viable seeds are still dormant due to their hard coats.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La germinación del árbol Caesalpinia paraguariensis se analizó mediante escrificación química, mecánica y biológica. El paso por el tubo digestivo de animales no mejora la tasa de germinación, pues la acción mecánica de la dura cubierta de estas semillas es un requisito de germinación.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>dormancy</kwd>
<kwd>Caesalpinia paraguariensis</kwd>
<kwd>scarification</kwd>
<kwd>cattle</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Plantas hospederas de Aphis gossypii (Aphididae), vector de virus del melón Cucumis melo (Cucurbitaceae) en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones Agronómicas </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Plant species associated with commercial melon crops and surrounding areas were examined to identity the natural host plants of Aphis gossypii Glover. The study was conducted in two farms located in different melon production areas and plant life zones of Costa Rica. Plant species diversity, percent coverage and distribution over time were recorded during one year. Differences between locations were observed. A total of 86 plant species (49 families) and 72 plant species (40 families) were identified associated to the crop in farms A and B, respectively. In both farms a total of 24 species plants (16 families) were colonized by A. gossypii and 16 (10 families) are new reports of host plant species for this aphid. The new reports are: Justicia comata, Tetramerium nervosum, Alternanthera pubiflora, Cassia massoni, C. reticulata, Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa, Croton argenteus, Caperonia palustris, Chamaesyce gyssopilopia, Phyllantus amarus, Sida decumbens, Ludwigia erecta, Passiflora foetida, Guazuma ulmifolia and Corchorus orinocensis.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se identificaron las especies hospederas naturales de Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae: Homoptera) en plantaciones comerciales de melón para la exportación en Costa Rica. El estudio se realizó en dos fincas, ubicadas una en la provincia de Guanacaste y la otra en la provincia de Puntarenas, correspondientes a dos zonas de vida vegetal diferentes. Se identificaron como especies hospederas del áfido todas aquellas especies vegetales en las que se observó la presencia del áfido en su forma áptera. En ambas fincas el estudio se realizó en los alrededores y dentro del cultivo de melón. En la finca A en cinco diferentes comunidades vegetales (cultivo, canal de drenaje, charral, potrero mejorado y semi-bosque) previamente seleccionadas y en la finca B en cuatro comunidades vegetales (cultivo, charral, pastizal natural y semi-bosque). Especímenes de las plantas colonizadas por áfidos y los áfidos colonizadores de cada especie fueron recolectadas para su identificación. Los áfidos se preservaron en alcohol al 70% v/v e identificaron utilizando las claves taxonómicas para áfidos, confirmándose como especie dominante a A. gossypii. La diversidad, cobertura y época de aparición de las especies de plantas hospederas fue monitoreada durante un año calendario en las diferentes comunidades vegetales presentes en ambas fincas, observándose diferencias entre las dos fincas estudiadas. En la finca A se observaron 86 diferentes especies vegetales, pertenecientes a 49 familias, asociadas al cultivo del melón, mientras que en la finca B se identificaron 72 especies de 40 familias. En conjunto para ambas fincas, un de 24 especies de plantas (16 familias) estaban colonizadas por el áfido A. gossypii. De éstas, 16 especies de 10 familias, son reportes nuevos de plantas hospederas para este áfido: Justicia comata, Tetramerium nervosum, Alternanthera pubiflora, Cassia massoni, C. reticulata, Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa, Croton argenteus, Caperonia palustris, Chamaesyce gyssopilopia, Phyllantus amarus, Sida decumbens, Ludwigia erecta, Passiflora foetida, Guazuma ulmifolia y Corchorus orinocensis.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Monk’s tonsure-like gaps in the tussock grass Spartina argentinensis (Gramineae)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lewis</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Ecofisiología Vegetal  </institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>313</fpage>
<lpage>316</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Monk's tonsure-like gaps develop inside gramineans and other plants. The tonsures of Spartina argentinensis originate as a result of tussock development and disturbance. As the tonsure develops the ring of tillers around it breakes down and new tussocks develop from the fragments, regenerating the grassland matrix vegetatively. The microenvironment inside the tonsure is different from the surroundings and microhabitat-specific taxa grow there.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los &quot;claros tipo tonsura de monje&quot; se desarrollan tanto en el interior de matas de gramíneas, como de especies no pertenecientes a dicha familia. Describimos las matas de Spartina argentinensis y sus tonsuras que surgen por el propio desarrollo de la mata y disturbios. A medida que la tonsura se desarrolla, el anillo de culmos que la rodea se rompe y nuevas matas se desarrollan a partir de los fragmentos, regenerando vegetativamente la matriz del pastizal. Los microambientes dentro y fuera de la tonsura son distintos, al igual que las especies que se establecen en ellos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Chaco</kwd>
<kwd>gaps</kwd>
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<kwd>grasslands</kwd>
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<kwd>pampa</kwd>
<kwd>disturbance</kwd>
<kwd>regeneration niche</kwd>
<kwd>savannas</kwd>
<kwd>Spartina argentinensis</kwd>
<kwd>tussocks</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Last instar larva of Penepodium dubium (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Buys</surname>
<given-names>Sandor Christiano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Departamento de Zoologia </institution>
<addr-line> Rio de Janeiro</addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>329</fpage>
<lpage>332</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The last instar larva of Penepodium dubium is described from southeastern Brazil. This is the first description of an immature stage of the genus Penepodium. The larva of P. dubium is similar to those of Podium, but it can be distinguished from the species of this genus by the presence of depressions on the front and clypeus, and lack of brownish blotched areas on the head. The cocoon of Penepodium seems to be unique among those of Sceliphrini in bearing a nipple-like projection at one end.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Sphecidae</kwd>
<kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd>
<kwd>digger wasp</kwd>
<kwd>larva</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dos nuevas especies de Phrynopus(Anura: Leptodactylidae) de los bosques nublados de Bolivia</article-title>
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<given-names>Michael B.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Mayor de San Simón Unidad de Biodiversidad y Genética </institution>
<addr-line>Cochabamba </addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Tennessee State University Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>333</fpage>
<lpage>345</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We describe two new species of Phrynopus from cloud forests in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The new species are assigned to the P. peruanus group and are characterized by the presence of basal webbing, distinctive coloration, and by having the first finger shorter than the second. The first of these new species was collected near Montepunko in Parque Nacional Carrasco and is known from eight males and six females. Among its distinctive characteristics are round cream-colored glands on its flanks. A second species is known from one male and one female collected near &quot;Zona de Aguirre&quot; near the northwest border of the park. V and X-shaped blotches and a dorsum that is smooth except for dorsolateral and scapular folds characterize this species. Musculature has rarely been described for species of Phrynopus. The species from Montepunko has unusual gular and thigh musculature that is quite unlike other species of the genus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe dos nuevas especies de Phrynopus de la Ceja de monte Yungueña de Cochabamba, Bolivia, P. adenopleurus y P. iatamasi. Ambas especies son asignables al grupo peruanus y se diferencian de las otras cuatro especies que existen en el país por presentar el primer dedo más corto que el segundo, tener membrana basal y por sus colores y diseños dorsales y ventrales. La musculatura ha sido pocas veces descrita para especies de Phrynopus. Phrynopus adenopleurus, especie nueva, posee una inusual musculatura mandibular y del muslo, muy poco parecida a lo descrito para otras especies del género.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Anura</kwd>
<kwd>Leptodactylidae</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Bolivia</kwd>
<kwd>musculature</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100034</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Guyana</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>Eric N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Noonan</surname>
<given-names>Brice P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>347</fpage>
<lpage>357</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new member of the genus Osteocephalus is described from the Pakaraima mountains of western Guyana. This species is the smallest known member of the genus and is probably closely related to O. subtilis. Both share a small size (less than 40 mm snout-vent length), large and bulgy eyes directed somewhat rostrally, green bones, smooth and brownish dorsal skin, relatively short and truncate snout, small tympanum, subgular and laterally expanded vocal sac, poorly developed subarticular and supernumerary tubercles, a supra-anal glandular ridge, and cream-white venter and subocular region. The new species can be distinguished from O. subtilis by the Buff iris (vs black), smaller overall size (32.7 vs 35.8-38.8 mm snout-vent length), relatively larger toe disks, and less developed foot webbing. The cranium of the new species is well ossified, relatively reduced in width between the orbits, without an exposed frontoparietal fontanelle and with the anterior arm of the squamosal extending to about half the distance to the maxillary. The vocal sac is subgularly poorly developed and possess lateral extensions to the area behind the jaw angles. Well developed supraocular and suprasquamosal cartilages give support to the enlarged eyes of this species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un nuevo miembro del género Osteocephalus se describe de las montañas Pakaraima del oeste de Guyana. Es la especie más pequeña del género y probablemente esté estrechamente relacionada con O. subtilis. Ambas especies comparten un tamaño pequeño (menos de 40 mm SVL), ojos grandes y sobresalientes, dirigidos hacia el rostro, huesos verdes, piel dorsal lisa, de tono castaño, hocico relativamente truncado y corto, tímpano pequeño, saco vocal subgular y expandido lateralmente, tubérculos subarticulares y supernumerarios poco desarrollados, pliegue supra-cloacal glandular, vientre y área subocular de color blanco-crema. La nueva especie se distingue de O. subtilis por su iris castaño-mostaza (negro en O. subtilis), tamaño menor (32.7 contra 35.8-38.8 mm SVL), discos de los dedos del pie relativamente más grandes, y membranas del pie menos desarrolladas. El cráneo de la nueva especie está bién osificado, relativamente reducido en ancho entre las orbitas de los ojos, sin una ventana frontoparietal expuesta, y con el brazo anterior del escuamoso extendiendose hasta cerca de la mitad de la distancia al maxilar. El saco vocal está poco desarrollado en el área subgular, y posee extensiones laterales hacia el área detrás del ángulo mandibular. Cartílagos supraoculares y supraescuamosales dan soporte a los grandes ojos de esta especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anura</kwd>
<kwd>Hylidae</kwd>
<kwd>Osteocephalus</kwd>
<kwd>New species</kwd>
<kwd>Guyana</kwd>
<kwd>Osteology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000100035</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Coastal waterbirds of El Chorro and Majahuas, Jalisco, México, during the non-breeding season, 1995-1996</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández-Vázquez</surname>
<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
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</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro de Ecología Costera </institution>
<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>359</fpage>
<lpage>367</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied how waterbirds used two small estuaries during the non-breeding season of 1995-1996. These estuaries, El Chorro and Majahuas, were located in the middle of a large span of non-wetland habitat along the Pacific coast of México. Whereas El Chorro was basically a large and open waterbody, Majahuas was a long and narrow corridor flanked by mangroves. The two estuaries had 77 species throughout our study, but shared only 58, due to differences in their habitat. Seabirds comprised 66% of all the birds; grebes, ducks and rails 16%; shorebirds 12% and herons and egrets 5%. During late winter and early spring a very reduced number of migratory species accounted for the dominance of seabirds. Sterna hirundo and Phalacrocorax brasilianus accounted for 40 and 33%, respectively, of all the seabirds. Opening or closure of the estuary mouth at El Chorro affected the bird communities at both sites, by exposing or inundating a large mudflat in that estuary. Overall, however, time of the year was more important in the composition of the bird assemblages. Both estuaries should be considered as a single unit.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante la estación no reproductiva de 1995-1996 estudiamos las aves acuáticas de los estuarios El Chorro y Majahuas, Jalisco, México. El Chorro es un cuerpo de agua más abierto, mientras que Majahuas está formado por canales rodeados por manglares. Registramos 77 especies de aves. Las aves marinas comprendieron el 66%, los patos y similares el 16%, las aves playeras el 12% y las garzas el 5%. Sterna hirundo y Phalacrocorax brasilianus representaron el 40 y 33%, respectivamente, del total de aves marinas. El que la bocabarra de El Chorro estuviera abierta o cerrada influyó en la concentración de aves en los dos esteros, debido a la exposición o inundación de áreas lodosas y arenosas. A pesar de las diferencias entre los dos estuarios, la época del año fue más importante en la composición de las comunidades de aves. Ambos esteros deben considerarse como una sola entidad ecológica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coastal waterbirds</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>seasonality</kwd>
<kwd>Aves acuáticas costeras</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>estacionalidad</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000100036</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Ciencias Grupo de Ecología Animal</institution>
<addr-line> Mérida</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Humanidades Escuela de Educación</institution>
<addr-line>Mérida </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of Venezuelan rabbit of the genus Sylvilagus from Fundo Millano (08º 46'N and 69º 56'W) and Chorrosco Bajo (08º 05'N and 69º 18'W), between 190 and 120 masl, state of Barinas, is described based on: 1. Body and skull measurements. 2. Coloration patterns of the pelage. 3. Arrangement and length of the color hair bands of dorsal, lateral, ventral nuchal, and gular patches. Body and cranial measurements, and some color patterns of the new species, Sylvilagus varynaensis, were compared with those of the closest relative groups such as S. brasiliensis (from Venezuela and Brazil), S. b. meridensis from the Venezuelan paramos, and three of the most representative groups of S. floridanus (S. f. continentis, S. f. orinoci, and S. f. valenciae). Most of the values recorded for these parameters were significally higher for the new species (P &lt; 0.005; Student &quot;t&quot; test). Cluster and principal components analysis of the data recorded for cranial characteristics indicated that S. varynaensis is the largest and darkest of the known Venezuelan rabbits, with a broader elongated skull and a different arrangement of the color hair bands.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una especie nueva de conejo silvestre de Venezuela procedente del Fundo Millano (08º 46’ N y 69º 56’ W) entre 120 y 180 m de altitud y Chorrosco Bajo (08º 05'N and 69º 18'W), entre 190 y 120 de altitud, en el estado Barinas. La descripción se basó en: 1. Medidas corporales y craneales. 2. Patrones de coloración del pelaje. 3. Organización y longitud de las bandas de color del pelo de las regiones dorsal, lateral, ventral, nucal y mancha gular. Las medidas corporales, craneales y algunos de los patrones de coloración de la nueva especie, Sylvilagus varynaensis, fueron comparados con las de los grupos más cercanos, como S. brasiliensis (de Venezuela y de Brasil), S. b. meridensis de los páramos venezolanos y tres de los grupos más representativos de S. floridanus (S. f. continentis, S. f. orinoci, S. f. valenciae). La mayoría de los valores registrados en estas medidas fueron significativamente más altos (P &lt; 0.005; &quot;t&quot; de Student) en la nueva especie de conejo. El Análisis de Componentes Principales y de Agrupación de los datos registrados para las características craneales indicaron que S. varynaensis es el conejo silvestre de mayor tamaño de Venezuela, de coloración más oscura, de cráneo más alargado y con arreglo diferente de las bandas de color del pelo en varias regiones corporales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Neotropics</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>rabbits</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Sylvilagus skull measuments</kwd>
<kwd>cluster analysis</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>383</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>White-lipped peccaries are non-seasonal breeders in South America, but little is known about their reproduction in Central America. There are few studies about the sex ratio of this species in the field. We studied the reproduction and sex ratio of white-lipped peccaries during 200 hours of field observation of four radiomarked and two unmarked herds, from July 1996 to April 1997, in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. Sex ratio data of three additional, radiomarked herds observed in 1998 were also included. We recorded numbers of mountings, presence of newborns and numbers of nursing interactions. The peccaries showed a distinct reproductive seasonality, with one mating peak in February and another in July. The greatest number of newborns and the peak in nursing activity were observed during July and August, when fruit availability for the peccaries was high. The adult sex ratio was significantly female biased (1.4:1 - 1.8:1), also in contrast with South American populations.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los &quot;chanchos cariblancos&quot; Tayassu pecari no son reproductores estacionales en Sur América. En Centro América se conoce muy poco sobre la reproducción de esta especie en la naturaleza. Estudiamos reproducción y la proporción de sexos durante 200 horas de observación de cuatro manadas marcadas con radiocollares y de dos manadas sin marcar, desde julio de 1996 hasta abril de 1997 en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica, agregando datos de proporción sexual de tres manadas observadas en 1998. Registramos el número de cópulas y de amamantamientos, así como la presencia de recién nacidos en las manadas. Observamos una marcada estacionalidad en la reproducción, con un pico en el número de cópulas en febrero y otro en julio. La mayor cantidad de recién nacidos y el pico de actividad de amamantamiento fueron en julio y agosto, cuando la disponibilidad de alimento era alta. Entre adultos predominaron numéricamente las hembras (1.4:1 - 1.8:1), lo cual difiere de lo conocido sobre las poblaciones suramericanas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Corcovado</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>mating</kwd>
<kwd>nursing</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
<kwd>Tayassu pecari</kwd>
<kwd>white-lipped peccary</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">New distribution, size and habitats records of decapod crustaceans from the eastern tropical Pacific</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hendrickx</surname>
<given-names>Michel E.</given-names>
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<institution>,  </institution>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010001</journal-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Ampliación de ámbito de Mellita persona (Amphipoda: Mellitidae) en el Caribe Sur</article-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Martín</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Atienza</surname>
<given-names>Dacha</given-names>
</name>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Díaz</surname>
<given-names>Yusbelly J.</given-names>
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</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departamento de Estudios Ambientales </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<journal-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">First record of the ant genus Probolomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerini: Platythyreini) in Brazil</article-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hubert</surname>
<given-names>Jacques</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Delabie</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
<given-names>Heraldo L.</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Vilhena</surname>
<given-names>José M. S.</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Agosti</surname>
<given-names>Donat</given-names>
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<institution>,CEPEC/CEPLAC Laboratório de Mirmecologia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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