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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Smut fungi (Ustilaginomycetes and Microbotryales, Basidiomycota) in Panama</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Piepenbring</surname>
<given-names>Meike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universität Tübingen Botanisches Institut Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik/Mykologie</institution>
<addr-line>Tübingen </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>411</fpage>
<lpage>428</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This is the first publication dedicated to the diversity of smut fungi in Panama bases on field work, the study of herbarium specimens, and referentes taken from literatura. It includes smuts parasitizing cultivated and wild plants. The latter are mostly found in rural vegetation. Among the 24 species cites here, 14 species are recorded for the first time for Panama. One of them, Sporisorium ovarium, is observes for the first time in Central America. Entyloma spilanthis is found on the host species Acmella papposa var. macrophylla (Asteraceae) for the first time. Entyloma costaricense and Entyloma ecuadorense are considered synonyms of Entyloma compositarum and Entyloma spilanthis respectively. For the new conbination Sponsorium panamensis see note at the end of this publication. Descriptions of the species are complemented by some illustrations, a checklist, and a key.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Esta es la primera publicación dedicada a la diversidad de carbones en Panamá. Tiene su base en trabajo de campo, estudio de especímenes herborizados y referencias de la literatura. Se incluyen carbones patógenos de plantas cultivadas y silvestres. Las últimas se encontraron sobre todo en zonas rurales. Entre las 24 especies citadas en este estudio, 14 especies son primeros registros para Panamá y una de éstas, Sporisorium ovarium, para América Central. Se encontró Entyloma spilanthis por primera vez en la planta hospedera Acmella papposa var.macrophylla (Asteraceac). Entyloma costaricense y Entyloma ecuadorense son sinónimos de Entyloma compositarum y Entyloma spilanthis respectivamente. &quot;Sphacelotheca&quot; panamensis es una especie dudosa. Se complementan las descripciones de las especies con algunas ilustraciones, una lista de especies y una clave.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Checklist</kwd>
<kwd>neotropics</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>smut fungi</kwd>
<kwd>Sponsorium panamensis</kwd>
<kwd>Tilletiales</kwd>
<kwd>Ustilaginales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Informes en la familia Pteridaceae (Filicales) para el Neotrópico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas - Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>429</fpage>
<lpage>434</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Several contributions to the Neotropical pteridophyte flora are made in this paper with the range extensions for four species of Adiantum, two species of Doryopteris and one species of Eriosorus. The species concerned are: A. polyphyllum Willd. for Nicaragua and Costa Rica; A. trichochlaenum Mickel et Beitel for Guatemala and Costa Rica; A. villosissimum Mett. ex Kuhn for Costa Rica; A. wilesianum Hook. for Nicaragua; D. nobilis (T. Moore) C. Chr. for Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela; D. redivida Fée for Panama; and Eriosorus hirtus (Kunth) Copel. for Costa Rica. The concept of D. pedata (L.) Fée is redefined.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>New records</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Adiantum</kwd>
<kwd>Doryopteris</kwd>
<kwd>Eriosorus</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropic</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<surname>Berry</surname>
</name>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Seis especies nuevas y dos nuevos registros de helechos (Pteridophyta) para Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas - Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>435</fpage>
<lpage>452</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Six new species of Pteridophyta from Costa Rica are described: Dryopteris flaccisquama A. Rojas, Hypolepis lellingeri A. Rojas, Hypolepis moraniana A. Rojas, Melpomene alan-smithii A. Rojas, Selaginella osaënsis A. Rojas and Terpsichore esquiveliana A. Rojas. Blechnum stoloniferum (Mett. ex E. Fourn.) C. Chr. and Trichomanes micayense Hieron. are new records for the country. Only D. flaccisquama and M. alan-smithii are present outside Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Six new species of Pteridophyta from Costa Rica are described: Seis especies nuevas de Pteridophyta para Costa Rica son descritas: Dryopteris flaccisquama A. Rojas, Hypolepis lellingeri A. Rojas, Hypolepis moraniana A. Rojas, Melpomene alan-smithii A. Rojas, Selaginella osaënsis A. Rojas, Terpsichore esquiveliana A. Rojas. Se informan Blechnum stoloniferum (Mett. ex E. Fourn.) C. Chr. y Trichomanes micayense Hieron. Para el país. Sólo D. flaccisquama y M. alan-smithii están presentes fuera de Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>new records</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridophyta</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Nuevas especies, nombres nuevamente utilizados y nuevas distribuciones en los helechos arborescentes (Filicales: Cyatheaceae) para el Neotrópico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas - Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>453</fpage>
<lpage>466</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two new species are described for the Neotropic, four species are newly accepted, and four species and one variety are reported. The new species are: Cyathea grayumii A. Rojas and C. panamensis A. Rojas. Cyathea alfonsiana L. D. Gómez, C. holdridgeana Nisman &amp; L. D. Gómez, C. onusta H. Christ and C. squarrosa (Rosenst.) Domin are recognized; Cnemidaria coclena Stolze, Cyathea andina (H. Karst.) Domin, C. caracasana var. meridensis (H. Karst.) R. M. Tryon, C. macrosora (Baker) Domin and C. pseudonanna (L. D. Gómez) Lellinger are reported from Costa Rica and Panama.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Dos especies nuevas son descritas para el Neotrópico, cuatro especies anteriormente sinonimizadas son reconocidas, y se amplián la distribución de cuatro especies y una variedad. Las nuevas especies son: Cyathea grayumii A. Rojas y C. panamensis A. Rojas. Cyathea alfonsiana L. D. Gómez, C. holdridgeana Nisman et L. D. Gómez, C. onusta H. Christ y C. squarrosa (Rosenst.) Domin son nuevamente aceptadas, y Cnemidaria coclena Stolze, Cyathea andina (Karst.) Domin, C. caracasana var. meridensis (H. Karst.) R. M. Tryon, C. macrosora y C. pseudonanna (L. D. Gómez) Lellinger son ampliadas en su distribución.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cyatheaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropic</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridophyta</kwd>
<kwd>Tree ferns</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ocho nuevas especies y nuevos ámbitos geográficos de helechos de la familia Tectariaceae (Filicales) en el Neotrópico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas - Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>467</fpage>
<lpage>488</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The following species of Tectariaceae (Filicales) from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia and Perú are described as new: Ctenitis sotoana A. Rojas, Megalastrum ctenitoides A. Rojas, Tectaria darienensis A. Rojas, T. faberiana A. Rojas, T. longipinnata A. Rojas, T. murilloana A. Rojas, T. pascoensis A. Rojas and T. subdimorpha A. Rojas. The new combination of M. karstenianum (Klotzsch) A. Rojas is proposed. The distributions of C. bullata A. R. Sm., C. microchlaena (Fée) Stolze, C. submarginalis (Langsd. et Fisch.) Ching, T. andina (Baker) C. Chr. and T. sodiroi (Baker) Maxon are enlarged.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las siguientes especies de Tectariaceae (Filicales) de Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia y Perú son descritas como nuevas: Ctenitis sotoana A. Rojas, Megalastrum ctenitoides A. Rojas, Tectaria darienensis A. Rojas, T. faberiana A. Rojas, T. longipinnata A. Rojas, T. murilloana A. Rojas, T. pascoensis A. Rojas y T. subdimorpha A. Rojas. La nueva combinación de M. karstenianum (Klotzsch) A. Rojas es propuesta. Las distribuciones de C. bullata A. R. Sm., C. microchlaena (Fée) Stolze, C.submarginalis (Langsd. et Fisch.) Ching, T. andina (Baker) C. Chr. y T. sodiroi (Baker) Maxon son ampliadas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ctenitis</kwd>
<kwd>Megalastrum</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropic</kwd>
<kwd>new combinations</kwd>
<kwd>new records</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridophyta</kwd>
<kwd>Tectaria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Departamento de Biologia Setor de Ecologia</institution>
<addr-line>Grande MS</addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Departamento de Biologia Setor de Ecologia</institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Patterns of local abundance and regional distribution of tree species were analyzed on three spatial scales and compared with those predicted by Hanski's 1982 original core-satellite model, Brown's 1984 nichebased model, and Tokeshi's 1992 model. Data were collected in seven forest fragments dispersed over approximately 7200 km2, remnants of a former continuous forest in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul state, southwestern Brazil. Fifty-six east-west-oriented 10 m Ľ 150 m plots were randomly demarcated in those fragments from 1994 to 1996. In each plot all trees having DBH &gt; 0.15 m were recorded and measured. The smallest scale was that of the fragments themselves and the greatest was that of the entire region. No evidence was found of the bimodality predicted by Hanski's 1982 model on any scale. On all scales, an unimodal pattern was found whose mode was on the left side (satellite mode) of the distribution. This pattern was in best agreement with the predictions of Tokeshi's 1992 model.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los patrones de abundancia local y la distribución regional de árboles fueron analizados en tres escalas espaciales y comparados con los modelos de Hanski 1982, núcleo-satélite, el modelo basado en el nicho de Brown 1984, y el modelo de Tokeshi 1992. Los datos fueron recolectados en siete fragmentos remanentes de bosque, distribuidos en aproximadamente 7 200 km2, en Mato Grosso do Sul, suroeste de Brasil. De 1994 a 1996, se demarcó aleatoriamente, en estos fragmentos, cincuenta y seis unidades de muestras, orientados en el sentido este-oeste, con 10 m x 150 m. En cada unidad se midió todos los árboles con DAP &gt; 0.15 m. La menor escala fue el propio fragmento y la mayor escala toda la región. No encontramos evidencias de la bimodalidad prevista por el modelo de Hanski 1982. En todas las escalas se encontró un patrón unimodal, con moda a la izquierda de la distribución (moda satélite). El patrón observado en estos remanentes se ajustó más bien a las previsiones del modelo de Tokeshi 1992.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Fertilizantes Químicos Dominicanos (FERQUIDO)  </institution>
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<institution>,CATIE Unidad de Fitoprotección </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) </institution>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biological activity of a plant extract (common rue, Ruta chalepensis) and a semi purifíed fraction (from &quot;tacaco cimarrón&quot;, Sechium pittieri) on mahogany shootborer larvas (Hypsipyla grandella) was studied. A randomized complete block design, with four replications, was used. H. grandella third instar larvas were exposed for 24 h to Cedrela odorata leaf discs dipped in several treatment dissolutions of each extract (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.20, and 10%); afterwards, each larva was transferred to a flask containing an artificial diet and was allowed to complete its development. Variables measured included food consumption (foliar area eaten in 24 h), mortality, and developmental effects (developmental time for each larval instar and the pupa, and pupal weight). The common rue extract showed a clear antifeedant activity at a concentration as low as 0.32%, whereas the &quot;tacaco cimarrón&quot; fraction caused toxicity, especially at the two highest concentrations (3.20 and 10%).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la actividad biológica de un extracto de follaje de ruda (Ruta chalepensis) y de una fracción semipurificada de &quot;tacaco cimarrón&quot; (Sechium pittieri) sobre las larvas del gusano barrenador de las meliáceas (Hypsipyla grandella). Se utilizó un diseńo de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Durante 24 h se expusieron larvas de tercer estadio de H. grandella a discos de follaje de Cedrela odorata impregnados con cada tratamiento. Estos consistieron en disoluciones de cada extracto (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.20 y 10%); posteriormente cada larva se transfirió a un frasco que contenía dieta artificial, donde se le permitió completar su desarrollo. Las variables de respuesta fueron el consumo de alimento (área foliar comida en 24 h), la mortalidad y efectos sobre el desarrollo (tiempo de desarrollo de cada estadio larval y de la pupa, y el peso de la pupa). El extracto de ruda causó fagodisuasión a una concentración de apenas 0.32%, mientras que la fracción de &quot;tacaco cimarrón&quot; provocó toxicidad especialmente a las dos mayores concentraciones (3.20 y 10%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypsipyla grandella</kwd>
<kwd>mahogany shootborer</kwd>
<kwd>Meliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>common rue</kwd>
<kwd>&quot;tacaco cimarrón&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>antifeedant</kwd>
<kwd>mortality</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Volatile essential oil constituents of Alpinia smithiae (Zingiberaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,National University of Singapore Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Kent Ridge Crescent </addr-line>
<country>Singapore</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Sacred Heart College Department of Botany </institution>
<addr-line>Kerala </addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>509</fpage>
<lpage>512</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The composition of leaf and rhizome essential oils of Alpinia smithiae that grow wild in the Western Ghats of Kerala (South India) was analysed by gas chromatography. The major components were &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n2/Beta.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=19&gt;-caryophyllene, sabinene, myrcene and 1,8-cineole in both samples, but variation in the yield of oil as well as the major components between the two plant parts was observed.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La composición de los aceites escenciales de hojas y rizomas de Alpinia smithiae, que crece silvestre en Ghats Occidental de Kerala (sur de India), fue analizada por cromatografía de gases. Los principales componentes en ambas muestras fueron &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rbt/v49n2/Beta.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=19&gt;-cariofileno, sabinero, mirceno y 1,8-cinole, pero fue observada la existencia de variación entre las dos partes de la planta en la capa de aceite así como en los princiapales componentes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Alpinia smithiae</kwd>
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<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseńanza en Nutrición y Salud  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Escherichia coli 0157: H7 has emerged as a new pathogen and is found worldwide. We studied the effect of several storage temperatures on the survival of this bacterium in common foods from a neotropical environment (Costa Rica) because at least seven clinical cases have been reported from the country, and no epidemiological link or probable food association has been described. High (106- 108 CFU/ml) and low (104-106 CFU/ml) populations of E. coli were inoculated (three replications) in ground meat, chopped cabbage, chicken giblets and pasteurized milk and incubated at 0, 6 and 12 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h. Vegetables and milk were also stored at 22 °C for the sarne periods.The E. coli 0157: H7 enumeration was done according to the methodology describes in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Populations of E. coli 0157: H7 showed either an increasing or decreasing trend, according to temperature, time or food base. Our data indicate that E. coli 0157: H7 is capable of surviving and growing in meat, cabbage, milk and chicken giblets; food items commonly consunied by Costa Ricans.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Escherichia coli 0157, H7 ha emergido como un nuevo patógeno y se encuentra mundialmente. En Costa Rica, por lo menos ha informado de siete casos clínicos, y no se ha encontrado un lazo epidemiológico o asociación con alimentos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de diferentes temperaturas de almacenamiento sobre la sobrevivencia de esta bacteria en alimentos de uso común. Una población alta de E. Coli (106- 108 UFC/ml) y una baja (104-106 UFC/ml) fueron inoculadas (tres réplicas) en carne picada, repollo picado, vísceras de pollo y leche pasteurizada e incubadas a 0, 6 y 1 °C por 24, 48 y 72 h. Los vegetales y la leche también fueron incubados a 22 °C por los mismos períodos. La enumeración de E. Coli 0157: H7 se realizó de acuerdo a la metodología descrita en el Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Las poblaciones de E. coli mostraron tendencias a aumentar o disminuir, dependiendo de la temperatura, tiempo y base alimenticia. Nuestros datos indican que la E. coli 0157: H7 es capaz de sobrevivir y crecer en carne, repollo, leche y vísceras de pollo, alimentos de uso común en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>milk</kwd>
<kwd>cabbage</kwd>
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<kwd>survival</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bahía Concepción (Gulf of California) was studied to describe some extremely low dissolved-oxygen values at the bottom of the bay. Surveys included measurements of vertical distribution of temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphates and hydrogen sulfide. Thermal stratification from early spring to autumn and a well-mixed water column during the winter were present. Dissolved-oxygen concentration was homogeneous in the water column from winter to spring (5-7 mg L-1). From summer to autumn, bottom dissolved oxygen ( 20 m) decreased to reach conditions of hypoxia (1-2 mg L-1) or anoxia; nitrate, nitrite, and phosphates increased (up to 13, 1.7 and 2.2 *M) followed by a last short period of a deep hydrogen sulfide layer (up to 3.1 mg L-1). A back calculation to estimate the input of organic matter in the deep layer showed that 18 g C m-2y-1 needed to be trapped in the bottom to induce such an oxygen depletion. This period is thought to be unfavorable for bottom infauna in this bay.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se midió seis variables físico-químicas en Bahía Concepción (Golfo de California, 1993 y 1994) para explicar el origen de valores muy bajos de oxígeno disuelto en el fondo. La estructura hidrográfica mostró una fuerte estratificación térmica vertical del inicio de la primavera hasta el otońo, mientras que durante el invierno se observa una columna de agua homogénea. Las concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto siguen el mismo patrón: homogéneas de invierno a primavera (5-7 mg L -1), mientras que del verano al otońo disminuyen en la capa de fondo ( 20-m) hasta alcanzar condiciones de hipoxia (1-2 mg L-1) o anoxia. Las concentraciones de nitrato, nitrito y ortofosfatos también aumentan en la capa de fondo (13, 1.7 y 2.2 *M respectivamente), seguido de un corto período de formación de sulfuro de hidrógeno (hasta 3.1 mg L-1). Por cálculos indirectos se establece que 18 g C m-2 a-1 de materia orgánica son atrapados en el fondo provocando la severa disminución del oxígeno disuelto. Este período se considera crítico para la fauna bentónica de esta bahía.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anoxic basin</kwd>
<kwd>organic matter inputs</kwd>
<kwd>hydrography</kwd>
<kwd>nutrients</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Concepción</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To assess the occurrence, spatial distribution and species composition of small infauna on a mangrove shore, core samples were taken along a transect in Missionary Bay at Hinchinbrook Island, north-east Australia. Three sites were arranged within the mangrove forest and one site was located in an adjacent mudflat. The sites were surveyed four times between November 1988 and October 1989. Based on the records from all samples and sites, 39 taxa were identified. Diversity (H') ranged from 1.18 to 2.38. Overall, total abundances of small infauna (retained on a 0.25 mm sieve) reached a mean value of 5 477 ind. M-2 with little variation throughout the transect or over time. Species numbers and diversity were higher in the mudflat than at the mangrove sites. The taxonomic composition changed between the mangrove forest and the mudflat: Oligochaeta were more abundant in mangrove sediments, whereas Polychaeta dominated in the mudflat. Of the polychaetes, Capitellidae were almost restricted to the mangrove sites, Sabellidae were recorded frequently at all sites, and Sigambra parva and Myriochele sp. were confined to the mudflat and the mangrove fringe. These species accounted also for dissimilarities between sites. Multivariate analyses showed a distinct assemblage at the mudflat compared to the mangrove sites. This survey showed that small infauna is an abundant component of mangrove sediments, which has been previously underestimated.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para evaluar la presencia, distribución espacial y composición de especies de la infauna pequeńa en una costa de manglar, se tomaron muestras con barrenos a lo largo de un transecto en la bahía Missionary, isla Hinchinbrook, noreste de Australia. Se arreglaron tres sitios es el bosque de manglar y un sitio se localizó en un banco de lodo adyacente. Los sitios se muestrearon cuatro veces entre noviembre de 1998 y octubre de 1989. Basados en los registros de todas las muestras y sitios, se identificaron 39 táxones. La diversidad (H') varió de 1.18 a 2.38. Entre todo, las abundancias totales de la infauna pequeńa (retenida en un tamiz de 0.25 mm) alcanzaron un valor promedio de 5477 ind. m -2,con poca variación por todo el transecto o por tiempo. Los números de especies y la diversidad fueron más altos en el banco de lodo que en los sitios de manglar. La composición taxonómica cambio entre el bosque de manglar y el banco de lodo: Oligochaetos fue má abundante en los sedimentos de manglar, mientras que Polychaeta dominó en el banco de lodo. De los poliquetos, Capitellidae estuvo casi restringida a los sitios de manglar, Sabellidae se registró con frecuencia en todos los sitios y Sigambra parva y Myriochele sp. se confirmaron al banco de lodo y al borde del manglar. Estas especies contaron también para las diferencias entre los sitios. Los análisis multivariados mostraron un conjunto diferente en el banco de lodo en comparación con los sitios del manglar. Este estudio mostró que la infauna pequeńa es un componente abundante de sitios de manglar, y que ha sido previamente subestimado.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Community structure of zooplankton in the main entrance of Bahía Magdalena, México during 1996</article-title>
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<surname>Gómez-Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>Jaime</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Oregon State University College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Corvallis OR</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>454</fpage>
<lpage>558</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The zooplankton community structure, including copepods, euphausiids, chaetognaths, and decapod larvae, was monitored during six circadian cycles using Bongo net (500 *m mesh net) samples from Bahía Magdalena, on the southwest coast of Baja California, México. Samples were obtained during three oceanographic surveys (March, July, and December 1996) to describe the changes in the zooplankton community structure throughout the main mouth of Bahía Magdalena. The zooplankton community structure showed strong changes with a close relation to environmental conditions. During March, a well-mixed water column with low temperature and salinity indicated an influence of the California Current water and local upwelling processes. During July, temperature increased a nd a wide salinity range was recorded. The stratification of the water column was intense during summer, enhancing the thermocline. The highest temperatures and salinity were recorded in December, related to the presence of the Costa Rica Coastal Current (CRCC). The thermocline deepened as water temperature increased. A typical temperate community structure with low specific richness dominated by Calanus pacificus, Nyctiphanes simplex, and Acartia clausi and high zooplankton biomass (average 9.3 and 5.5 ml 1000 m-3respectively) during March and July shifted to a more complex tropical community structure with a low zooplankton biomass in December (average 0.37 ml 1000 m-3). The mouth of Bahía Magdalena has a vigorous exchange of water caused by tidal currents. The zooplankton community structure was not significantly different between the central part of Bahía Magdalena and the continental shelf outside the bay for all months. The results suggest a more dynamic inside-outside interaction of zooplankton assemblages than first thought.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La estructura de la comunidad de zooplancton, incluyendo copépodos, eufáusidos, quetognatos y larvas de decápodos, fue monitoriada por seis ciclos circadianos usando muestras de redes Bongo (red de 500 mm de poro) de bahía Magdalena, en la costa suroeste de Baja California, México. Las muestras se obtuvieron durante tres viajes oceanográficos (marzo, julio y diciembre de 1996) para describir los cambios en la estructura de la comunidad de zooplancton por toda la boca principal de la bahía Magdalena. La estructura de la comunidad de zooplancton mostró cambios fuertes con una relación cercana a las condiciones ambientales. Durante marzo, una columna de agua bien mezclada con baja temperatura y salinidad indicó una influencia del agua de la Corriente de California y de procesos de afloramiento local. Durante julio, la temperatura aumentó y se registró un ámbito de de salinidad amplio. La estratificación de la columna de agua fue intensa durante el verano, realzando la termoclina. Las temperatura y salinidad más altas fueron registradas en diciembre, relacionadas a la presencia de la Corriente Costera de Costa Rica (CRCC). La termoclina se hizo más profunda al aumentar la temperatura del agua. Una estructura de una comunidad templada típica con una riqueza específica baja denominada por Calanus pacificus, Nyctiphanes simplex y Acartia clausi y una biomasa de zooplancton alta (promedio 9.3 y 5.5 ml 1000 m-3 respectivamente) durante marzo y julio cambió a una estructura de una comunidad tropical más compleja con biomasa de zooplanton baja en diciembre (promedio 0.37 ml 1000 m-3). La boca de la bahía Magdalena tiene un intercambio vigoroso de agua causado por corrientes. La estructura de la comunidad de zooplancton no fue significantemente diferente entre la parte central de la bahía Magdalena y la plataforma continental afuera de la bahía en todos los meses. Los resultados sugieren una interacción de adentro hacia afuera más dinámica de los grupos de zooplancton que los antes pensado.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Zooplankton community structure</kwd>
<kwd>zonation</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Magdalena</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<addr-line>Chetumal Quintana Roo</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Interannual ichthyoplankton variation, was analyzed in Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico, during December of four consecutive years (1994-1997). A total of 32 families, 35 genera and 21 species of fish larvae were identified. The most abundant fish larvae were the Gobiidae followed by the Callionymidae, Clupeidae and Tetraodontidae. Larval diversity was low when compared with other periods (&quot;dry&quot; and &quot;rainy&quot;). Three spatial associations (internal, medium and external) were found in December 1994 and 1995. In 1996-1997, stations of the inner and outer parts of the bay were mixed. The dominant families characterized most of the faunal associations. Egg density was highest in the external zone of the bay, whereas larvae were most abundant in the inner area. Major factors affecting the fish larval assemblages during December (1994-1997) in Bahía de la Ascensión seem to be related to the nursery areas location and to the tropical fishes reproductive period.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron las variaciones interanuales del ictioplancton, en la Bahía de la Ascensión, Quintana Roo durante diciembre de 1994 a 1997. Fueron identificadas 32 familias, 35 géneros y 21 especies de peces. Las familias dominantes fueron la Gobiidae, Callionymidae, Clupeidae y Tetraodontidae. La diversidad larval fue baja comparada con la registrada en otras épocas del ańo (secas y lluvias). En diciembre de 1994 y 1995 se observaron tres asociaciones espaciales (interna, media y externa). En diciembre de 1996 y 1997 las asociaciones se conformaron por la mezcla de estaciones de la parte interna y externa de la bahía. Las familias dominantes caracterizaron a la mayoría de las asociaciones faunisticas. La densidad de huevos de peces fue más alta en la zona externa de la bahía, mientras que las larvas fueron más abundantes en la zona interna. Los principales factores que afectan a las asociaciones de larvas de peces durante diciembre (1994-1997) en la bahía de la Ascensión parecen estar relacionados a la localización de áreas de crianza, zonas de desove y al periodo y estrategia reproductiva de peces estuarinos y arrecifales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of logging on a mangrove swamp in South Mexico: cost / benefit analysis</article-title>
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<surname>Tovilla Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Cristian</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Tapachula </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Biología </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Biología Marina </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>571</fpage>
<lpage>580</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Environmental changes caused by logging in a mangrove swamp were studied in Barra de Tecoanapa, Guerrero, Mexico. Original forest included Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans and halophytic vegetation, and produced wood (164.03 m3/ha) and organic matter (3.9 g/m2/day). A total of 3.5 tons of wood per year were harvested from this area. Later, an average of 2 555 kg of maize per planting cycle were obtained (market value of 88 USD). Succession when the area was abandoned included strictly facultative and glycophyte halophytes (16 families, Cyperaceae and Poaceae were the best represented). After logging, temperatures increased 13 °C in the soil and 11°C in the air, whereas salinity reached 52 psu in the dry season. These modified soil color and sand content increased from 42.6 to 63.4%. Logging was deleterious to species, habitat, biogeochemical and biological cycles, organic matter production, seeds, young plants, genetic exchange conservation of soil and its fertility, coastal protection, and aesthetic value; 3 000 m2 had eroded as the river advanced towards the deforested area (the cost/benefit analysis showed a ratio of 246: 1). There was long-term economic loss for the community and only 30% of the site has recovered after five years.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>En el presente trabajo se estudian los cambios causados por la deforestación de un manglar al sureste de México. La vegetación original incluia a R. mangle, L. racemosa y A. germinas. Se registró una sucesión apareciendo halofitas estrictas, facultativas así como glicófitas. En la época seca la temperatura aumentó 13 °C en el suelo y 11°C en el aire, y la salinidad alcanzó hasta 52 ups; además, se modificó la fauna y los ciclos biogeoquímicos; cambiaron las condiciones estéticas, se presentó una fuerte erosión y por lo tanto una pérdida económica. El área se ha recuperado en un 30% después de cinco ańos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>halophytes</kwd>
<kwd>logging</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>succession</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During 1994 we collected specimens of Spondylus leucacanthus near Isla Danzante, Gulf of California. We measured seawater temperature, and sampled stomach contents and phytoplankton. The reproductive season was assessed through the gonadic index. There is a cool season from December to May and a warm season from June to November. The stomach content was composed of detritus (60%), phytoplankton (30%), and unidentified materials (10%). The highest abundance of phytoplankton cells in the bottom water and the stomach content were in March, April, and May, during the seasonal change of temperature. The gonadic index showed a single peak, confirming that the population has an annual pattern of reproduction. The start of gametogenic phase and maturity in the population coincide with the abundance of phytoplankton.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante 1994 se recolectaron especímenes de S. leucacanthus en Isla Danzante, Golfo de California, se registró la temperatura superficial y del agua del fondo, se tomaron muestras del contenido estomacal y del fitoplancton en el medio, la época de reproducción se estimó a través del índice gonádico. Se encontró una temporada fría de diciembre a mayo y una cálida de junio a noviembre. El contenido estomacal estuvo compuesto por detritus (60%), células fitoplanctónicas (30%) y restos de espículas de esponjas y material no identificado (10%). La mayor frecuencia de células del fitoplancton en el contenido estomacal y en el medio ocurrió de marzo a mayo. La población tiene un patrón reproductivo anual, la actividad gametogénica y la madurez de la población coinciden con los picos de abundancia del fitoplancton.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>gonadic index</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diversidad malacológica en una comunidad de Arca zebra (Mollusca: Bivalvia)en Chacopata, Estado Sucre, Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prieto</surname>
<given-names>Antulio S.</given-names>
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</name>
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<given-names>Natividad</given-names>
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</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Alvarez</surname>
<given-names>Miyosky</given-names>
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</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Dpto. Biología Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná Estado Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayacán </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>591</fpage>
<lpage>598</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diversity of a subtidal epifaunal mollusk community was studied from September, 1990 to September, 1991 in Chacopata, Sucre State, Venezuela. There were 40 species (24 bivalves and 16 gastropods). The diversity indexes (H` = 2.087, J`=0.392, 1/D = 0.528) were low when compared with other tropical zones. Monthly diversity reached its maximum in September, 1990 (1.63 bits/ind.) and July, 1991 (1.60 bits/ind.); minimum diversity occurred in June, 1991 (0.52 bits/ind.). A Log series model applied to species abundance data showed a straight line with a diversity index a of 5.56. Of 40 species identified, the turkeywing Arca zebra was dominant (69 % in number of individuals and 72 % of biomass) followed by Pinctada imbricata, Modiolus squamosus, Chama macerophyla and Anadara notabilis. The predatory snails Phyllonotus pomum, Chicoreus brevifrons and Murex recurvirostris seemed to have trophic relationships with A. zebra. The total mean biomass in wet weight (469.20 + 263g m-2, shell included) was high which indicates that A. zebra, a species with a rapid growth rate, occupies a central role in the assemblage as an efficient filter feeder that converts planktonic food into available biomass, supporting one of the most important fisheries in Venezuela.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La diversidad malacológica de una comunidad submareal de Arca zebra se estudió, desde septiembre, 1990 hasta septiembre, 1991, en Chacopata, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Se identificaron 40 especies (24 de bivalvos y 16 de gasterópodos). Los parámetros de diversidad en número de la comunidad fueron bajos (H` = 2.087 bits /ind., J` = 0.392, Simpson = 0.528) cuando se comparan con otros reportes de áreas tropicales. Los datos del número de individuos por especies con el rango conforman una línea recta ajustada por la serie logaritmica, con un índice de diversidad (a) de 5.66. Las máximas diversidades mensuales se observaron en septiembre, 1990 (1.63 bits/ind.) y julio, 1991 (1.60 bits/ind.), la mínima ocurrió en junio, 1991 (0.52 bits/ind.). De las 40 especies identificadas, la pepitona, Arca zebra fue la especie dominante en número (68.87 %) y en biomasa (72.34 %), seguida por Pinctada imbricata, Modiolus squamosus, Chama macerophyla y Anadara notabilis. Los gasterópodos predadores Phyllonotus pomum, Chicoreus brevifrons y Murex recurvirostris parecen tener relaciones tróficas con la especie dominante. La biomasa promedio total en peso húmedo con la concha (469.20 + 263 g m-2) es alta e indica que A. zebra, la especie dominante de rápido crecimiento, desempeńa el papel más importante en la comunidad como un eficiente filtrador, que convierte el alimento planctónico en biomasa disponible, soportando una de las pesquerías más importantes de la región.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Arca zebra</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>mollusks</kwd>
<kwd>community</kwd>
<kwd>benthos</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Producción secundaria e índice de condición en Arca zebra (Mollusca: Bivalvia) del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela</article-title>
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<surname>Prieto Arcas</surname>
<given-names>Antulio</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Sucre Escuela de Ciencias</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela Departamento de Biología Pesquera </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>599</fpage>
<lpage>608</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Production and condition index of a turkeywing (Arca zebra) population were studied from August 1984 to August 1985 in Pariche, Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela. Production was studied through bimonthly collections using a method designed for populations with continuous reproduction and indistinguishable age classes. The population distribution was stable with a mean density of 37 ind.m-2. A production of 131.61 g dry weight m-2.year-1 was calcuclated from data on density, biomass and weight increase along the year. Highest production was between February 1985 and August 1985 (65%) and concentrated in individuals 60.00-79.95 mm long (45.73%). There was large seasonal variation in the mean monthly condition index (IC= (Ps/Ph) x100) in the two size classes examined: it reached a maximum in July 1985 (26.84%) and a minimum in January 1985 (16.31%).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la biomasa, producción secundaria e índice de condición del bivalvo Arca zebra, desde agosto, 1984 hasta agosto, 1985 en Pariche, localidad situada en la costa norte del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. La densidad promedio fue de 37 ind.m-2, con una mayor abundancia a 3 m de profundidad (49.75 ind.m-2). La estructura poblacional es estable con reclutamientos en octubre, diciembre 1984 y junio 19885. Los valores bimensuales de biomasa oscilaron entre 189.86 g Ps m-2 (agosto-84) y 28.51 g Ps m-2 (octubre-84), con un promedio de 93.69 g Ps m-2, y no presentaron diferencias significativas (Fs, P 0.05). Utilizando un método para poblaciones con reproducción contínua y edades no separables, se obtuvo una producción secundaria de 131.61 g Ps. m-2.ańo-1, y la relación P/B de1.41 ańo-1. La mayor producción secundaria ocurrió entre febrero 1985 y agosto 1985 (65%), con el mayor aporte por el intervalo 60.00-79.95 mm (45.73%). Se observaron cambios significativos en la variación mensual del índice de condición (IC= (Ps/ Ph) x100) en dos clases de tallas analizadas, presentando los valores más altos en julio de 1985 (26.84%) y el mínimo en enero de 1985 (16.31%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Arca zebra</kwd>
<kwd>fishery resource</kwd>
<kwd>turkeywing</kwd>
<kwd>Bivalvia</kwd>
<kwd>production</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 40 species of syllids (Polychaeta: Syllidae) inhabiting Thalassia testudinum beds in Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela, belonging to 13 genera, are reported; 36 species are new for Venezuela: Branchiosyllis exilis, B. oculata, Eusyllis lamelligera, Exogone arenosa, E. breviantennata, E. naidinoides, E. naidina, E. parahomoseta mediterranea, Grubeosyllis clavata, G. heterocirra, Odontosyllis detecta, O. enopla, O. gibba, Opisthosyllis brunnea, Plakosyllis brevipes, Sphaerosyllis bilobata, S. glandulata, S. magnidentata, S. piriferopsis, S. riseri, S. longilamina, S. taylori, Syllis alosae, Syllis riojai, n. comb., S. beneliahui, S. broomensis, S. cornuta, S. corallicola, S. garciai, S. hyalina, S. lutea, S. mexicana, S. prolifera, S. sardai and Xenosyllis scabra.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se registran 40 especies de Sílidos (Polychaeta: Syllidae) que habitan las praderas de la fanerógama marina Thalassia testudinum en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela, pertenecientes a 13 géneros, de las que 36 especies resultan nuevas para Venezuela: Branchiosyllis exilis, B. oculata, Eusyllis lamelligera, Exogone arenosa, E. breviantennata, E. naidinoides, E. naidina, E. parahomoseta mediterranea, Grubeosyllis clavata, G. heterocirra, Odontosyllis detecta, O. enopla, O. gibba, Opisthosyllis brunnea, Plakosyllis brevipes, Sphaerosyllis bilobata, S. glandulata, S. magnidentata, S. piriferopsis, S. riseri, S. longilamina, S. taylori, Syllis alosae, Syllis riojai, S. beneliahui, S. broomensis, S. cornuta, S. corallicola, S. garciai, S. hyalina, S. lutea, S. mexicana, S. prolifera, S. sardai y Xenosyllis scabra.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Syllidae</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Autolytinae, Eusyllinae y Exogoninae (Syllidae: Polychaeta) del Parque Nacional de Coiba, Panamá</article-title>
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<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Madrid </addr-line>
<country>Espańa</country>
</aff>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>621</fpage>
<lpage>628</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This is the second paper on the Syllidae (Polychaeta) from hard substrata of the Coiba National Park (Pacific coast of Panama) (the first paper treated Syllinae). On this second paper nineteen species belonging to eleven genera of the subfamilies Autolytinae, Eusyllinae and Exogoninae (Syllidae: Polychaeta) are reported. The samples were collected by SCUBA diving, either by removing 4 kg blocks of dead coral (Pocillopora spp.) or scraping off 25 x 25 cm quadrats of Telesto multiflora or algae (Dyctiota cf. flavellata, Padina cf. durvillaei and another currently unidentified species). They were collected during four expeditions carried out between 1996 and 1998. Four species are newly reported for the Eastern Pacific: Eusyllis lamelligera Marion &amp; Bobretzky, 1875, Exogone exmouthensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1980, Proceraea cf. cornuta (Agassiz, 1863) and Sphaerosyllis (S.) magnidentata Perkins, 1981. Ten species are reported for the first time from the Central America Pacific coast: Amblyosyllis cf. granosa Ehlers, 1897 (sensu Westheide 1974), Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka, 1912, Autolytus multidenticulatus Westheide, 1974, Exogone naidinoides Westheide, 1974, Grubeosyllis concinna (Westheide, 1974), Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin &amp; Milne Edward, 1833), Opisthodonta mitchelli Kudenov &amp; Harris, 1995, Pionosyllis articulata Kudenov &amp; Harris, 1995, Sphaerosyllis (S.) californiensis Hartman, 1966 and Syllides cf. reishi Dorsey, 1978. The family Syllidae is represented in the Coiba National Park by 14% of cosmopolitan species, 14% of circumtropical species, 22% of Atlantic and Pacific species and 25% of Pacific species restricted to warm waters. In samples of dead coral the dominant species are S. armillaris (Muller, 1771) and S. gracilis (Campoy, 1982); in samples of telestaceans Grubeosyllis concinna dominates.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En cuatro campańas científicas al Parque Nacional de Coiba, Panamá, (1996-1998), se han hallado 19 especies de la familia Syllidae (subfamilias Autolytinae, Eusyllinae y Exogoninae). Se citan por primera vez para el Pacífico oriental cuatro especies: Eusyllis lamelligera Marion &amp; Bobretzky, 1875, Exogone exmouthensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1980, Proceraea cf. cornuta (Agassiz, 1863) y Sphaerosyllis (S.) magnidentata Perkins, 1981. Diez especies se citan por primera vez para las costas del Pacífico de América Central: Amblyosyllis cf. granosa Ehlers, 1897 (sensu Westheide 1974), Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka, 1912, Autolytus multidenticulatus Westheide, 1974, Exogone naidinoides Westheide, 1974, Grubeosyllis concinna Westheide, 1974, Odontosyllis fulgurans, (Audouin &amp; Milne Edwars, 1833), Opisthodonta mitcheli Kudenov &amp; Harris, 1995, Pionosyllis articulata Kudenov &amp; Harris, 1995, Sphaerosyllis (S.) californiensis Hartman, 1966, Syllides cf. reishi Dorsey, 1978. La especie más dominante en las muestras de Pocillopora ssp. muerto, es S. armillaris con más del 50% de los ejemplares identificados y en las muestras de Telesto cf. multiflora las especies más abundante es G. concinna (67.36%). Por otro lado, una cuarta parte de las especies que aparecen en las muestras tomadas están restringidas a las aguas cálidas del Pacífico. Un 22% de las especies aparecen en Atlántico y Pacífico, y más del 13% son aparentemente circuntropicales y otro tanto aparentemente cosmopolitas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Syllidae</kwd>
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<kwd>Eusyllinae</kwd>
<kwd>Exogoninae</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Growth (length), was compared in A. franciscana populations from Utah, United States of America, and Yape, Chile, and A. persimilis (population from Salinas de Hidalgo, Argentina), cultured under controlled conditions (24°C, seawater 35 g/l, feeding with Chaetoceros calcitrans). There were significant differences among all stages of A. franciscana (Utah) and A. persimilis, whereas we found significantly differences only in two stages of A. persimilis and A. franciscana (Yape); both A. franciscana had similar total lengths in all stages analyzed. Habitat adaptations could explain these results.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comparó el crecimiento individual expresado en largo total, de dos poblaciones de A. franciscana (Utah, Estados Unidos, y Yape, Chile) y A. persimilis (Salinas de Hidalgo, Argentina) cultivadas a partir de quistes bajo condiciones controladas (24°C, agua de mar 35 g/l, alimentación con Chaetoceros calcitrans). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en todos los estadios analizados entre las poblaciones de A. franciscana de Utah y A. persimilis, mientras que entre A. persimilis y A. franciscana de Yape, hubo similitudes sólo en dos estadios, y A. franciscana de Utah y Yape registraron similar tamańo corporal para todos los estadios analizados. Las adaptaciones a los hábitats podrían explicar estos resultados.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200022</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line>Coyoacan México, D.F.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Campeche Centro EPOMEX </institution>
<addr-line>Campeche Campeche</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>635</fpage>
<lpage>642</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diapterus rhombeus dominates the nektonic community of Terminos Lagoon and is associated to zones with submerged vegetation, temperatures between 27 and 33°C and salinity between 25 and 36.5 UPS. A total of 3 024 individuals were collected with a trawl net in 23 sites between September 1997 and September 1998. The length-weight model parameters are a=0.0098; b = 3.155 with a 96% correlation. The growth parameters are L &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Infinito.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 20.4 cm, k = 0.74 and t o= - 4.207 and the total mortality coefficient is 3.526. Fish length is 2.5 - 18.0 cm with a mode of 7.5 cm. Recruitment is continuous with a peak from May to August. The species uses several habitats of the lagoon mainly for feeding and growth, reproduction probably occurs in the adjacent continental shelf. Movements between continental shelf and the estuarine system represent a continuous energy flow.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Diapterus rhombeus es una especie dominante dentro de la comunidad nectónica de la Laguna de Términos y se encuentra asociada a zonas con vegetación sumergida, con temperaturas entre 27 y 33°C y salinidad entre 25 y 36.5 UPS. Un total de 3024 individuos fueron recolectados con una red de arrastre en 23 sitios entre septiembre de 1997 y septiembre de 1998. Los parámetros del modelo Talla-Peso son a=0.0098; b=3.155 con una correlación del 96%. Los parámetros de crecimiento son L &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Infinito.GIF&quot; WIDTH=12 HEIGHT=12&gt; = 20.4cm, k= 0.74 y t o= -4.207 con un coeficiente de mortalidad total de 3.526. La población está representada por organismos con tallas entre 2.5 y 18.0 cm con una moda de 7.5 cm. El reclutamiento es continuo con un marcado pulso entre mayo y agosto. La especie utiliza distintos hábitat dentro de la Laguna de Términos principalmente para fines de alimentación y crecimiento y es probable que la maduración y reproducción se desarrollen en la plataforma continental adyacente. Estos movimientos de la especie se traducen en un continuo flujo de energía entre ambos sistemas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diapterus</kwd>
<kwd>rhombeus</kwd>
<kwd>Gerreidae</kwd>
<kwd>Terminos Lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>fish growth</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis de la dinámica ambiental de la Boca de Estero Pargo y estructura de sus comunidades de peces en variaciones estacionales y ciclos de 24 horas; y resultados de los cruceros de otońo en la Sonda de Campeche de la Laguna de Términos antes y después del derrame petrolero del pozo IXTOC-1 (Quinto informe)</article-title>
<source>Análisis de la dinámica ambiental de la Boca de Estero Pargo y estructura de sus comunidades de peces en variaciones estacionales y ciclos de 24 horas; y resultados de los cruceros de otońo en la Sonda de Campeche de la Laguna de Términos antes y después del derrame petrolero del pozo IXTOC-1 (Quinto informe)</source>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Abundance variation of Porichthys margaritatus (Pisces: Batrachoididae) throughout thermic and bathymetric gradients in the central Mexican Pacific</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Godínez-Domínguez</surname>
<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aguilar-Palomino</surname>
<given-names>Bernabé</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González-Sansón</surname>
<given-names>Gaspar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro de Ecología Costera </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de A Coruńa Departamento de Biologia Animal, Vegetal y Ecología </institution>
<addr-line> Coruńa</addr-line>
<country>Espańa</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de la Habana Centro de Investigaciones Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>643</fpage>
<lpage>646</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Three cruises, one in cach of the main stream patterns in the area, were made on the central Mexican Pacific continental slope (May-June 1995, November 1995, and March 1996). Seven trawl sampling sites were defined per cruise, and in each site four bathymetric levels were sampled (20, 40, 60, and 80 m). During the warmest seasons, the highest abundance of Porichthys margaritatus was at 60 m. When the temperature of the bottom water was lower, in March 1996, the highest abundance of P. margaritatus moved towards 40 m. The depths with greatest abundance fluctuated between 18 and 21°C, indicating a narrow temperature preference range. A Gaussian model was used to explain the relation between abundance and temperatura.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron tres cruceros de pesca demersal, uno por cada pauta principal de circulación marina en la zona (mayo-junio de 1995, noviembre de 1995, y marzo de 1996). Se determinaron siete sitios de muestreo en cada crucero y en cada sitio se muestrearon cuatro estratos batimétricos (20,40, 60 y 80 m). Durante la época cálida, las mayores abundancias de Porychthys nwrgaritatus se encontraron en 60 m. Cuando la temperatura de fondo fue mínima durante marzo de 1996, las mayores abundancias se desplazaron a 40 m de profundidad. La temperatura de máximas abundancias fluctuaron entre 18 y 21 °C, lo cual indica un estrecho rango de preferencia térmica. Se propone un modelo Gaussiano para explicar la relación entre la abundancia y la temperatura.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Porichlhys margaritatus</kwd>
<kwd>bathymetric distribution</kwd>
<kwd>temperature-abundance relation</kwd>
<kwd>Western tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>unimodal response model</kwd>
<kwd>Gaussian distribution</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Impacts of Oreochromis mossambicus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) upon habitat segregation among cyprinodontids (Cyprinodontiformes) of a species flock in Mexico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Fuselier</surname>
<given-names>Linda</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Kentucky Center for Ecology </institution>
<addr-line>Lexington KY</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>656</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Five species of Cyprinodon in Laguna Chichancanab, Yucatan, Mexico comprise a young species flock whose ecology and evolution has not been thoroughly studied, but whose existence is threatened with extinction. Species flocks evolve in isolated areas where predators and competitors are absent. Since the description of the Chichancanab flock, Oreochromis mossambicus, a species introduced into the lake for which I examined habitat in the 1980s, has become common throughout the basin. I assessed relative abundance of flock species in the lake. examined habitat use and segregation among the three most common flock species and examined the affects of O. mossambicus upon flock species habitat use. Cyprinodon beltrani was the most abundant flock species in 1997, followed by C. maya and C. labiosus; C. verecundus and C. simus were rare. Cyprinodon beltrani was found in shallow water, nearshore, over thick beds of submerged Chara, and little emergent vegetation Cyprinodon beltrani exhibited diurnal variation in nearshore habitat use. In the field, the habitat use of C. beltrani and O. mossambicus broadly overlapped. In aquarium experiments, three flock species exhibited habitat use segregation and C. beltrani and C. labiosus showed agonistic behaviors that strengthened segregation. Cyprinodon maya differed from C. beltrani and C. labiosus by its greater dispersion of individuals and use of areas higher in the water column. The presence of O. mossambicus caused a shift in habitat use by C. maya and C. labiosus that put these species into habitat occupied by C. beltrani. The presence of introduced species has caused a significant perturbation of the conditions that fomented speciation of the Chichancanab flock 8000 years ago.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cinco especies de Cyprinodon en la Laguna Chichancanab, Yucatán, México comprenden un cardumen jóven de especies cuya ecología y evolución no ha sido estudiada a fondo, pero cuya existencia está siendo amenazada con la extinción. Los cardúmenes de peces evolucionan en áreas aisladas donde los depredadores y los competidores están ausentes. Desde la descripción del cardumen de Chichancanab, Oreachromis mossambicus, una especie introducida al lago de la cual yo examiné el hábitat en los 80's, se ha vuelto común en toda la laguna. Yo evalué la abundancia relativa de especies del cardumen en el lago y uso de hábitat y segregación entre la especies del cardumen más comunes y examiné los efectos de O. mossambicus en el uso de hábitat de las especies del cardumen. Cyprinodon beltrani fué la especie de cardumen más abundante en 1997, seguida por C. maya y C. labiosus; C. verecundus y C. simus fueron muy raras. Cyprinodon beltrani fue encontrada en aguas someras, cerca de la costa, sobre lechos densos de Chara y poca vegetación emergente. Cyprinodon beltrani exhibió variación diurna en el uso del hábitat cerca de la costa. En el campo, el uso de hábitat de C. beltrani y O. mossambicus se traslapaban ampliamente. En experimentos en acuarios, tres especies de cardumen exhibieron segregación de uso de hábitat y C. beltrani y C. labiosus mostraron comportamientos agonísticos que fortalecen la segregación. Cyprinodon maya se diferencia de C. beltrani y C. labiosus por su mayor dipersión de individuos y uso de áreas más altas en la columna de agua. La presentación de O. mossambicus causó un cambio en el uso de hábitat de C. maya y C. labiosus que puso a estas especies dentro del hábitat ocupado por C. beltrani. La presencia de esta especie introducida ha ausado una perturbación significante de las condiciones que fomentaron especiación de cardumen de Chichancanab hace 8 000 ańos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Habitat segregation</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna Chichancanab</kwd>
<kwd>Cyprinodon</kwd>
<kwd>species flock</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatan</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ecología trófica y reproductiva de Trichomycterus caliense y Astroblepus cyclopus (Pisces: Siluriformes) en el río Quindio, Alto Cauca, Colombia</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad del Quindio Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Armenia Quindio</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>657</fpage>
<lpage>666</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The trophic and reproductive ecology of catfish (Trichomycterus caliense and Astroblepus cyclopus) was studied in the Quindio River upper Basin, Alto Cauca, Colombia. The pH was neutral, water oxygen content high (8.4 ppm) and temperature in the habitats was 18.63°C; both species are nonmigratory and sympatric with four other fish species. The ovaries mature primarily between May and September in T. caliense; between December and May in A. cyclopus. The mean size at maturity is 8.3 cm (standard length) in T. caliense and 6.0 cm (standard length) in A. cyclopus; the sex ratio is 1:1 in T. caliense (X=3.4, P&gt;0.05) and in A. cyclopus (X˛=1.44, P&gt;0.1); the fecundity is low (191 and 113 oocytes respectively) and the eggs are small (1.5 and 2.39 mm respectively). The fishes are insectivorous and specialize in Coleoptera, Diptera and Trichoptera; Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients (rs=0.464) indicated that there are differences (T= 2.5148, P&lt;0.01) between their diets; both taxa did not agree with the expected trophic habits for sympatric species that are morphologically similar and related in the same trophic level.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El período de reproducción de Trichomycterus caliense ocurrió entre mayo y septiembre; de Astroblepus cyclopus sucedió de diciembre hasta mayo, es decir que tienen épocas de reproducción alternadas entre sí; la talla promedio de captura fue de 8.3 cm de longitud estándar para T. caliense y de 6.0 cm de longitud estándar para A. cyclopus; la proporción macho a hembra fue de 1:1 (X˛= 3.4, P&gt;0.05) en T. caliense y en A. cyclopus (X˛ = 1.44, P&gt;0.1); la fecundidad fue baja, así como el diámetro del ovocito (191 con 1.5 mm) en T. caliense y en A. cyclopus (113 con 2.39 mm). Son peces insectívoros con predominio de Coleoptera, Diptera, y Trichoptera, además compiten por alimento y espacio; el rango de correlación de Spearman (rs= 0.46439) seńala que las dietas son estadísticamente significativas (T=2.5148, P&lt; 0.01), así ambos táxones no coincidieron con los hábitos tróficos esperados para especies simpátricas morfológicamente similares y relacionadas en el mismo nivel trófico; se registró por primera vez a Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda) como un parásito intestinal en ambas especies. Prefieren pequeńas quebradas de alta montańa neotropical, de tipo primario y secundario con flujo constante de agua y cristalina, de abundante vegetación ribereńa, el sustrato está estructurado por lodo, arena, piedras, troncos y material de origen vegetal en descomposición, con pH alrededor de la neutralidad, oxígeno disuelto alto (8.38 ppm) y temperaturas promedio de 18.63&amp;ordm;C; de amplia distribución en la cuenca, se determinaron seis especies simpátricas en estos hábitats. T. caliense (con 22.84%) y Bryconamericus caucanus (con 19.41%) son los táxones más abundantes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ecology</kwd>
<kwd>trophic</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>catfish</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomycterus caliense</kwd>
<kwd>Astroblepus cyclopus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>667</fpage>
<lpage>672</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cetacean strandings in Costa Rica are reported for a period of 33 years, with a total of 35 strandings, 13 species and 247 individuals involved. The vast majority of documented strandings occurred on the Pacific coast and correspond to single individuals (32 and 28 strandings respectively). The highest stranding number was in the period from 1990 to 1999 (n=24). Physeter catodon (cachalot or sperm whale) is the species with the highest frequency of strandings (n=8) and the family Delphinidae has the majority of species (n=8) and strandings (n=22). No other general tendencies were determined with the existing data.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se informan los casos de encallamientos de cetáceos en Costa Rica. Un total de 35 casos conocidos para 13 especies involucradas y un total de 247 individuos. La gran mayoría de los casos provienen de la costa Pacífica (32) y 28 corresponden a encallamientos individuales. El cachalote, Physeter catodon, es la especie con mayor frecuencia de encallamientos (8) y la familia Delphinidae abarca la mayor cantidad de especies involucradas (8) y de casos de encallamientos (22). No se determinó ninguna otra tendencia general con la información disponible.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cetacea</kwd>
<kwd>strandings</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The attraction of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) to different types of lure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Babatunde Idowu</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Akinsete</surname>
<given-names>Alfred</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Department of Biological Sciences  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Agriculture Department of Mathematical Science </institution>
<addr-line>Abeokuta </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>673</fpage>
<lpage>678</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Zonocerus variegatus is a common grasshopper in parts of west and equtorial Africa.The distribution in Nigeria extends from the lowland rainforest zone to the savannah in the north. The influence of lure on the behaviour of grasshopper inside cages (120 insect per cage) was investigated. Nymphs and adults of Zonocerus variegatus responded positively to intact leaves,crushed leaves and inflorescence of the common compositae weed Chromolaena odorata inside muslin bags, and intact plants. There were significant differences in the attraction recorded for starved nymphs, fed nymphs and starved adults. Attraction was more to intact leaves and is by olfaction. The increase in the attraction of starved nymphs is time dependent. Attraction to plant parts ceased after the plants were dried for 24 and 48 hours at room temperature and when plants were placed in transparent polythene bags. Gut motility and gut activity were higher during the day than at night. Nymphs, adults and egg pods placed separately inside muslin bags were not attractive to adults or nymphs.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Zococerus variegatus es un saltamontes común en partes de Africa ecuatorial y oeste. La distribución en Nigeria se extiende desde la zona baja del bosque lluvioso hasta la sabana en el norte. La influencia del cebo sobre el comportamiento del saltamontes dentro de las jaulas (120 insectos por jaula) fue investigada. Las ninfas y los adultos de Z. variegatus respondieron positivamente a hojas intactas, hojas aplastadas e inflorescencias de la hierba común compuesta Chromolaena odorata dentro de bolsas de muselina y a plantas intactas. Hubo diferencias significativas en la atracción registrada en ninfas mantenidas con hambre, ninfas alimentadas y adultos mantenidos con hambre. La atracción fue más hacia hojas intactas y fue por olfato. El aumento en la atracción de ninfas mantenidas con hambre fue tiempo-dependiente. La atracción a partes de plantas paró luego de que las plantas fueron secadas por 24 y 48 hr a temperatura ambiente y cuando las plantas fueron puestas en bolsas transparentes de polietileno. La motilidad y actividad del intestino fue más alta durante el día que la noche. La ninfas, adultos y masa de huevos puestos separadamente dentro de bolsas de muselina no fueron atractivos para adultos o ninfas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Z. variegatus</kwd>
<kwd>attraction</kwd>
<kwd>nymphs</kwd>
<kwd>adult</kwd>
<kwd>instars</kwd>
<kwd>Chromoleana odorata</kwd>
<kwd>behaviour</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of food plants on the volume of repellent secretion obtained in adult Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,University of Agriculture Dept of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Abeokuta </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>679</fpage>
<lpage>684</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The volume of secretion obtained from adult Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)was influenced by the type of food plants. Insects fed on leaves of cassava Manihot esculenta, bitter leaves Vernonia amygdalina, and a mixture of M. esculenta and Acalypha wilkesiana gave a good volume of secretion while Chromolaena odorata, Elaeis guinensis, Aspilia africana and Citrus sinensis did not favour secretion production. No significant difference was recorded in the volume of secretion obtained from Z. variegatus from the two seasons irrespective of the food plant. Similarly, food plants gave no significant difference on the volume of secretion between the two seasons.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El volumen de secreción obtenida de adultos de Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) fue influenciado por el tipo de planta de alimento. Los insectos alimentados de hojas de casava Manihot esculenta, hojas ácidas de Vernonia amygdalina y una mezcla de M.esculenta y Acalypha wilkesiana dieron un voulumen bueno de secreción, mientras que Chromolaena odorata, Elaeis guinensis, Aspilia africana y Citrus sinensis no favorecieron la producción de secreción. No se encontró diferencia significativa en el volumen de secreción obtenida de Z. variegatus en las dos estaciones independientemente de la planta de alimento. Similarmente, las plantas de alimento no dieron diferencia significativa en el volumen de secreción entre las dos estaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Zonocerus variegatus</kwd>
<kwd>secretion</kwd>
<kwd>food plants</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Wild vectors and reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi were surveyed from February 1993 to June 1994 in Ticumán (18°46N, 99°07W), Mexico (Deciduous Tropical Forest). Direct faeces examination showed that 87% of Triatoma pallidipennis hosted the parasite; T. cruzi forms were present in cultures inoculated with faeces of fifty 67% triatomine bugs and thirty CD-1 strain mice (10 d old) inoculated (peritoneum) with faeces of positive insects T. cruzi amastigotes were found in heart 67%, kidneys 47%, liver 80%, lungs 50%, oesophagus 60%, skin 23%, spleen 73% and stomach 60%. T. cruzi was isolated by direct blood examination from seven 21% chiropterans and five 38% rodents and T. cruzi forms were present in cultures inoculated with blood of twenty-three 68% chiropterans and seven 54% rodents and T. cruzi amastigotes were seen in the kidneys of one 3% chiropterans and four 31% rodents and only in one Pteronotus parnellii mexicanus, organisms were seen in skin 2%. There was no association between organs and T. cruzi infection (p 0.05).</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000200030</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de la alimentación con sangre humana sobre la fecundidad, fertilidad y ciclo biológico de Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)</article-title>
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<addr-line>La Hechicera Mérida</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of several human blood fractions artificially fed to Rhodnius prolixus Stal 1859 on oviposture (fecundity), egg-hatching (fertility) and life cycle was observed. Specimens fed on man's blood were more fecund than those fed with woman's blood. There were no significant differences in fertility related to host sex. The nymphal development time and number of feedings to molt to the following instar were estimated. Animals fed only on blood plasm did not finish nymphal development, while those fed only blood red cells ended their life cycle in the third nymphal instar. Total life cycle lasts 129 days in individuals fed with whole blood.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se observó el efecto de diferentes fracciones de sangre humana sobre la ovipostura (fecundidad), la eclosión (fertilidad) y el ciclo biológico de Rhodnius prolixus Stal 1859 utilizando un alimentador artificial. En los ejemplares alimentados con sangre de hombre, la fecundidad fue mayor que en los alimentados con sangre de mujer. No hubo diferencia significativa en la fertilidad relacionada con la procedencia de las fracciones. En cada estadio se estimaron los tiempos de permanencia y el número de ingestas necesarias para mudar al siguiente estadio ninfal. Los animales alimentados sólo con plasma no completaron el desarrollo ninfal, mientras que los alimentados sólo con glóbulos rojos se desarrollaron hasta el tercer estadio. El ciclo de vida se completó en 129 días en los individuos alimentados con sangre sin fraccionar.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>oviposture</kwd>
<kwd>eclosion</kwd>
<kwd>vector</kwd>
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<addr-line>La Hechicera Mérida</addr-line>
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<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding and defecaction behavior of Rhodnius prolixus Stal, 1859, R. robustus Larrousse, 1927, R. neivai Lent, 1953 and R. pictipes Stal, 1872, artificially fed on human blood, were studied under laboratory conditions. In all species, first instar nymphs did not defecate in the first 30 minutes after feeding. R. pictipes did not accept artificial feeding but fed directly on humans. Nymph and adult R. prolixus had a higher defecation index (DI) than other species; third instar nymphs had the highest DI=1.62. In all instars, most individuals accepted the food in Ł 3 minutes and finished feeding in less than 15 minutes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el comportamiento alimenticio y de defecación de Rhodnius prolixus Stal, 1859, R. robustus Larrousse, 1927, R. neivai Lent, 1953 y R. pictipes Stal, 1872 alimentados artificialmente con sangre humana en condiciones de laboratorio. La ninfa I de todas las especies no defecaron en la primera media hora después de haber iniciado la ingesta. R. pictipes no se acercó a picar en el alimentador artificial aunque si lo hizo cuando el alimento se ofreció directamente sobre el cuerpo humano. Las ninfas y adultos de R. prolixus mostraron índices de defecación (ID) superiores a los correspondientes de las otras especies, y la ninfa III presentó el mayor ID=1.62. La mayoría de individuos de todos los estadíos de desarrollo aceptaron el alimento en un tiempo entre 0 y 3 min y se alimentaron en menos de 15 minutos.</p></abstract>
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</aff>
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<institution>,Banchory Research Station  </institution>
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<institution>,The University of Edinburgh Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology </institution>
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
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<fpage>697</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Vertical distribution of eggs of the macadamia nutborer Ecdytolopha torticornis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its preference of oviposition sites within and between macadamia cultivars were studied in Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, in 1992 (N = 6 939). E. torticornis eggs were found throughout the foliar parts of the tree, but fewer eggs were laid in the crown top than in the mid or lower crown. Differences in the horizontal distribution of the eggs were not significant, albeit more eggs were found in the outer positions. The numbers of eggs found within the crowns of different clones were similar, implying that the nutborer has no preference for a particular cultivar.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la distribución vertical de los huevos del barrenador de la nuez de macadamia Ecdytolopha torticornis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) y los sitios de preferencia de oviposición en los árboles y entre clones de macadamia. Se detectó la presencia de huevos de E. torticornis en todo el árbol, sin embargo, se encontró un menor número de huevos en la parte alta de la corona que en la parte media e inferior. La diferencia en la distribución horizontal de los huevos fue no significativa, a pesar de encontrarse un mayor número de huevos en las posiciones externas. El número de huevos entre clones fue similar, sugiriendo que la polilla del barrenador no tiene preferencias de oviposición entre clones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ecdytolopha torticornis</kwd>
<kwd>oviposition</kwd>
<kwd>sampling</kwd>
<kwd>macadamia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>During March and April of 1996, I made field observations of the sedentary subspecies of grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum cracens), in 600 points of the pine savannas of northeastern Nicaragua. Isolated individuals were found in the humid depressions, but breeding populations were located exclusively in areas that had suffered a recent fire. Territorial behavior varied in intensity apparently as a function of territory size: the most aggressive males were those trying to defend smaller territories in populations close to Miskito villages, where most of the fires occur. In contrast to what is happening in other parts of Central America, the Nicaraguan grasshopper sparrow may be indirectly protected from extinction by the Miskitos traditional fire practices.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>pine savannas</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200034</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological variation in the tropical anole, Anolis casildae (Squamata: Polychrotidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nicholson</surname>
<given-names>Kirsten E.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ibáńez D.</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jarainillo</surname>
<given-names>César A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lips</surname>
<given-names>Karen R.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Miami Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Coral Gables Florida</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  </institution>
<addr-line>Balboa Ancón</addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Southem Illinois University Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Carbondale Illinois</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>709</fpage>
<lpage>714</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We describe morphological variation (scalation and coloration) observed among eight individuas of the Panamanian lizard species Anolis casildae. This variation was not observed in the holotipe and aids in identification of this recently described species (originally describes on the basis of a single, male specimen). This species occurs only in the Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Chiriquí Province) and the adjacent Bosque Protector Palo Seco (Bocas del Toro Province) in western Panama. Anolis casildae can be distinguisbed from all other Panamanian anole species via six features: (1) two enlarged superciliary scales (the first larger than the second); (2) an anterior nasal scale in contact with the rostral scale or separated from the rostral by one scale; (3) 6-8 sublabial scales to the center of the eye; (4) 3-4 scales between the supraorbital semicircles; (5) unique coloration (4-6 oblique brown bands interspersed by blueoutlined yellow patches; dewlap is a dirty cream color with broad yellow scale rows irregularly interspersed with smaller emerald green scales) and (6) A. casildae occurs from 1 050 to 1 400 m in the Cordillera Central. We also compare our natural history observations of A. casildae to a similar large anole, A. frenatus, a species which we believe A. casildae to be elosely related.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nosotros describimos la variación morfológica (escamación y coloración) observada entre ocho individuos de la especie de lagartija panameńa Anolis casildae. Esta variación no fue observada en el holotipo y ayuda en la identificación de esta especie recientemente descrita (originalmente descrita con base en un único espécimen macho). Esta especie ocurre solo en la Reserva Forestal Fortuna (Provincia de Chiriquí) y en el Bosque Protector Palo Seco (Provincia de Bocas del Toro) adyacente, en el oeste de Panamá. Anolis casildae se puede distinguir de las demás especies panameńas de Anolis por seis características: (1) dos escamas superciliares agrandadas (la primera más grande que la segunda); (2) una escama nasal anterior en contacto con la escama rostral o separada de ésta por una escama; (3) seis-ocho escamas sublabiales hacia el centro del ojo; (4) tres-cuatro escamas entre los semicírculos supraorbitales; (5) coloración única (cuatro-seis bandas café oblicuas interespaciadas por parches amarillos bordeados de azul; la papada es de color crema sucio con filas anchas de escamas amarillas interespaciadas irregularmente con escamas verde esmeralda más pequeńas) y (6) A. casildae ocurre de 1 050 a 1 400 m en la Cordillera Central. Nosotros también comparamos nuestras observaciones de historia natural de A. casildae con un Anolis similar grande, A. frenatus, una especie a la que nosotros creemos está A. casildae cercanamente relacionada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Squamata</kwd>
<kwd>Polychrotidae</kwd>
<kwd>Anolis</kwd>
<kwd>A. casildae</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>natural history</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000200035</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Taxonomic Reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCord</surname>
<given-names>William P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Joseph-Ouni</surname>
<given-names>Mehdi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lamar</surname>
<given-names>William W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,East Fishkill Animal Hospital  </institution>
<addr-line>New York </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,EO Wildlife Conservation and Artistry  </institution>
<addr-line>New York </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Texas at Tyler College of Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Tyler Texas</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>715</fpage>
<lpage>764</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Relationships among turtle species loosely categorized within the South American genus Phrynops are explored. Three once recognized genera (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys and Phrynops) that were demoted to subgenera, and then synonymized with Phrynops, are demonstrated to warrant full recognition based on morphometric analysis, skull osteology, and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing. Mesoclemmys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops as a monotypic genus including M. gibba. The genus Rhinemys, previously a synonym of Phrynops, is resurrected for the species R. rufipes. Ranacephala gen. nov. is described to inciude the species R hogei. The genus Batrachemys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops and inciudes B. dahli, B. nasuta B. raniceps, B. tuberculata, and B. zuliae. The taxon vanderhaegei is placed in Bufocephala gen. nov. The genus Phrynops is redefined to include the taxa P. geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus and P.williamsi. Ciadistic analysis of morphological data supports this taxonomy. A new species of Batrachemys is described from the western Amazon region, and is distinguished by having facial markings in juveniles, a relatively wide head, and a flattened shell. The new species, B. heliostemma sp. nov., is sympatric with and most similar to the recently resurrected form Batrachemys raniceps in the upper Amazonian region of Peru and adjacent Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia. Lastly, morphometric data from living and museum specimens of all species of Batrachemys are presented.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigaron las afinidades entre las especies de tortugas agrupadas casualmente dentro del género suramericano Phrynops. Tres géneros anteriormente reconocidos (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys, y Phrynops), que fueron subsecuentemente colocados como sub-géneros, y luego puestos bajo sinonimia de Phrynops, se reconocen ahora como géneros válidos basándose en análisis morfométrico, osteología craneal y de secuencias génicas, nucleares y mitocondriales. Mesoclemmys se reconocen como género válido, monotipíco, conteniendo la especie M. gibba, y no como sinónimo del género Phrynops. El género Rhinemys, previamente sinónimo de Phrynops, se reconocen como género monotipíco Y conteniendo la especie R. rufipes. Se describen Ranacephala gen. nov. e incluyendo la especie R. hogei. Se reconocen el género Batrachemys no como sinónimo de Phrynops sino como género válido e incluyendo las especies: B. dahli, B. nasuta, B. raniceps, B.tuberculata, y B. zuliae. La especie vanderhaegei se colocan en Bufocephala gen. nov.. El género Phrynops se definen de nuevo e incluye las especies: P. geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus, y P. williamsi. Esta taxonomía está apoyada por análisis cladistíco, Se describe una especie nueva de Batrachemys desde la region peruana de Iquitos, y que se destaca por la presencia de patrones distintivos en las caras de juveniles, por su cabeza relativamente ancha y por su caparazón de forma aplastada. La especie nueva, B.heliostemma sp. nov., se asemeja a Batrachemys raniceps, reconocida nuevamente. Ambas son simpátricas en la region altamazónica de Perú y los paises adyacentes Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela y Colombia. Finalmente, se presentan los datos morfométricos tomados de ejemplares vivos y de museo para todas las especies del género Batrachemys.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>South America</kwd>
<kwd>toadhead</kwd>
<kwd>lquitos</kwd>
<kwd>systematics</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<month>06</month>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>773</fpage>
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