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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Taxonomía y distribución de los corales hermatípicos (Scleractinia) del Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>James T.</surname>
<given-names>Ketchum</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Héctor Reyes</surname>
<given-names>Bonilla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Museo de Historia Natural </institution>
<addr-line> La Paz</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>803</fpage>
<lpage>848</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In spite of some recent detailed accounts about the scleractinian corals of the Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, taxonomic work on this fauna has been sparse. Consequently, solid taxonomic background is needed, especially to support further studies at community level. During five field trips (between 1990 and 1995) collections were made at different depths on three of the archipelago islands: Socorro, Clarión and San Benedicto. A total of 250 specimens were collected. Coral identifications were made using co-ocurrence methods concomitant with their descriptions, diagnosis and illustrations from a number of publications, and with morphological analysis. Coral distributions were taken from literature. Twenty-two species of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals are described, with their local and world-wide geographic distribution, and each illustrated with macro and microphotographs. Keys to the genera and species of the archipelago are also included. Porites and Pocillopora exhibit the highest species richness with a great intraspecific variation, as well as a number of morphological convergences within and between species which form species complexes, and several new species and morphs. Clarion, the oldest and most isolated island of the archipelago, harbors a number of coral morphs that are probable new species. More than half of the species found at the Revillagigedos are distributed exclusively on oceanic islands of the eastern Pacific and close to one third exist only at this archipelago. The Revillagigedos have strong faunal similarities and share a number of endemics with Clipperton Atoll, all of which support the idea that these islands constitute a separate biogeographic subregion within the eastern Pacific. Lastly, the present document substantiates the hypothesis that the Revillagigedos are important stepping-stone islands for the migration of in-shore marine species from the Central to the eastern Pacific</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A pesar de los recientes registros detallados sobre los corales escleractinios del Archipiélago Revillagigedo, el trabajo taxonómico sobre esta fauna ha sido escaso. Por lo anterior, se hace necesario conformar una base taxonómica sólida para fundamentar otros trabajos a nivel comunitario. Las recolectas de los especimenes se realizaron a diferentes profundidades y en tres de las islas que componen el archipiélago: Socorro, Clarión y San Benedicto, durante 5 salidas de campo de 1990 a 1995. Un total de 250 especimenes fueron recolectados, transportados al laboratorio, catalogados y depositados en el Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. La identificación de los corales se llevó a cabo utilizando la técnica de co-ocurrencia apoyado con las descripciones, diagnosis e ilustraciones aparecidas en diferentes publicaciones, así como con análisis morfológicos. Las distribuciones coralinas se tomaron de la literatura existente sobre el tema. Se describen 22 especies de corales escleractinios zooxantelados con su distribución geográfica local y mundial, y cada una ilustrada con macro y microfotografías. Se incluyen también las claves de identificación a nivel de género y de especie. Porites y Pocillopora muestran el nivel más alto de riqueza de especies con gran variación intraespecífica, además de un cierto número de convergencias morfológicas dentro y entre especies conformando complejos de especies, y algunas nuevas especies y morfos. Clarión, la isla más antigua y aislada del archipiélago, presenta un cierto número de formas coralinas que pudieran considerarse como especies nuevas. Más de la mitad de las especies encontradas en las Revillagigedo se distribuyen exclusivamente en islas oceánicas del Pacífico oriental y cerca de un tercio se distribuyen sólo en el archipiélago. Las Revillagigedo muestran gran similitud faunística y comparten cierto número de especies de peces y corales con el Atolón Clipperton, lo que apoya la idea de que estas islas constituyen una subregión biogeográfica aparte dentro del Pacífico oriental. Por último, el presente trabajo sostiene también la hipótesis de que las Revillagigedo funcionan como eslabones para la migración de especies de fauna marina litoral del Pacífico central hacia el oriental</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Revillagigedo</kwd>
<kwd>corals</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>tropical eastern Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>849</fpage>
<lpage>857</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Benthic annelid communities were studied during a one-year period (August/95 to July/96) in two sectors of the beaches Engenho d’Água and São Francisco, São Sebastião Channel (São Paulo, Brazil), where the substrate is composed by a mixture of sand and rock fragments. Abiotic parameters such as salinity of interstitial water and sediment properties were used to characterize the environment. The polychaetes were well represented in the two sectors and their distribution was related with sediment type. The density of individuals and the number of taxa was higher at São Francisco, while the diversity and the evenness were higher at Engenho d’Água. This difference can be a consequence of organic enrichment caused by domestic input, and of the lower and more variable salinity at São Francisco. Due to these factors, a high density of opportunistic species, like Capitella capitata ssp., Scolelepis squamata, Laeonereis acuta and several oligochaetes, represented 75.5% of total abundance at this sector</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron las comunidades bénticas de anélidos durante un periodo de un año (de agosto/95 a julio/96) en dos sectores de las playas Engenho d’Água and São Francisco, Canal de São Sebastião, donde el sustrato está compuesto por una mezcla de arena y fragmentos de roca. Se usaron parámetros abióticos como salidad del agua intersticial y propiedades de sedimento para caracterizar el ambiente. Los poliquetos estuvieron bien representados en los dos sectores y su distribución fue relacionada con el tiempo de sedimento. La densidad de los individuos y el número de táxones fuero mayores en São Francisco, mientras que la diversidad y la equidad fueron mayores en Engenho d’Água. Esta diferencia puede ser una consecueciade u enriquecimiento orgánico causado por una entrada doméstica y la salinidad más baja y variable en São Francisco. Debido a estos factores, la alta densidad de especiesoprtunistas como Capitella capitata ssp., Scolelepis squamata, Laeonereis acuta y varios oligochaetes, representó 75.5% de la abundancia local en ese sector</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sand with rock fragments beach</kwd>
<kwd>intertidal zone</kwd>
<kwd>annelids</kwd>
<kwd>polychaetes</kwd>
<kwd>São Sebastião Channel</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Gastropods and bivalves of commercial interest from the continental shelf of Jalisco and Colima, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Departamento de Ecología Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos y Acuicultura</institution>
<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>859</fpage>
<lpage>863</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The distribution and abundance with respect to depth and type of substratum of 20 species of gastropods and 4 species of bivalves of economic importance were examined in the continental shelf of Jalisco and Colima, México. These species were taken with net trawls at depths from 24 to 83 m in August, 1988. Most individuals and species of gastropods were collected in stations with sandy silt substratum. Bivalves were collected in sandy silt and medium sand substrata. The six most abundant species represented 81.2% of all gastropods and bivalves collected. These species are: Cantharus pallidus, Fusinus dupetittouarsi, Ficus ventricosa, Hexaplex brassica, Harpa conoidalis and Arca pacifica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>La distribución y abundancia con respecto a la profundidad y el tipo de sustrato de 20 especies de gastrópodos y 4 especies de bivalvos de importancia económica fueron examinados en la plataforma continental de las costas de Jalisco y Colima, México. Las especies fueron recolectadas con red de arrastre a profundidades de 24 a 83 m en agosto de 1988. La mayoría de los individuos y especies de gastrópodos fueron recolectados en estaciones con sustrato limo arenoso. Los bivalvos fueron colectados en sustratos limo arenoso y arena media. Las seis especies más abundantes representaron el 81.2% del total de gasteropodos y bivalvos colectados. Estas especies son: Cantharus pallidus, Fusinus dupetittouarsi, Ficus ventricosa, Hexaplex brassica, Harpa conoidalis y Arca pacifica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>gastropods</kwd>
<kwd>bivalves</kwd>
<kwd>continental shelf</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300004</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Occurrence and Distribution of Fresh-Water Molluscs in the Riacho Fundo Creek Basin, Brasilia, Brazil</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To study the distribution of molluscs in the Riacho Fundo Creek (cerrado region of central Brazil), five creek sites were sampled once every two months for one year. Molluscs were sampled using standardized kick-net sampling. Four species of molluscs were found : Physella cubensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria straminea and Pisidium sp. The most abundant were P. cubensis and Pisidium sp. P. cubensis was most abundant in the dry season and Pisidium sp. was most abundant in the rainy season, probably reflecting the rainy season increase of water currents</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para estudiar la distribución de moluscos en Riacho Fundo Creek (region cerrado en el centro de Brazil), se muestrearon cinco sitios en un arroyo una vez cada dos meses durante un año. Los moluscos fueron muestreados usando muestreos estandarizados de &quot;kick-net&quot;. Se encontraron cuatro especies de moluscos: Physella cubensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria straminea and Pisidium sp. Los más abundantes fueron P. cubensis and Pisidium sp. Physella cubensis fue la más abundante en la estación lluviosa, probablemente reflejando el aumento de corrientes de agua en la estación lluviosa</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Gastropoda</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Three hundred and twelve shells of Sanguinolaria cruenta were collected in May 1999 in a sandy beach in Tucacas, Falcón, Venezuela. For each shell, antero-posterior length (Lap), overall height (Al), wide (An), weight (Pe), valves area (Arv), anterior length (La) and dorsal height (Ad) were measured. The descriptive statistic of the studied individuals, allows to appreciate that the variables that are good as parameters for the taxonomic description of S. cruenta are: Lap, Al, An, La y Ad, given their little variability. The maximum class frequencies is 41-70 mm for Lap (91% of the population). Analysis of data determined relationships of Lap to An, Lap to La were isometric (Lap = 0.98078 An + 1.50456 and Lap = 0.98052 La + 5.25840, respectively), whereas the other relationships indicate allometric growth.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se colectaron 312 conchas de S. cruenta con su ligamento en Playa Tucacas, Edo. Falcón, en mayo de 1999. A cada ejemplar se le midió: longitud antero-posterior, altura total, ancho, longitud anterior, altura dorsal, área de la valva y su peso. Las variables biométricas más apropiadas para la caracterización de la especie fueron la longitud antero-posterior, la altura total, el ancho, la altura dorsal y la longitud anterior, dada su poca variabilidad. La clase de tallas más frecuente se encontró entre 41-70 mm (91% de la población). Las relaciones longitud anteroposterior-ancho y longitud anteroposterior-longitud anterior son tipo isométrico (Lap = 0.98078 An + 1.50456 y Lap = 0.98052 La + 5.25840, respectivamente), mientras las restantes son del tipo alométrico positivo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Morphometrics</kwd>
<kwd>Sanguinolaria cruenta</kwd>
<kwd>bivalve</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Crecimiento y madurez sexual de una población de Saccostrea palmula (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Costa Rica</article-title>
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<name>
<surname>Cabrera Peña</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>877</fpage>
<lpage>882</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Growth and sexual maturity in Saccostrea palmula were studied between May 1998 and May 1999, in Morales estuary, Punta Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (n=540 individuals according to sample size equation). The weight-length relationship for the population was Pt = 2.13 x 10-2 Lt1.6602 and von Bertalanffy growth function was Lt = 68.2 (1- e -0.1577 t). The mean sex ratio was 1.00 male: 0.92 females with sexually mature individuals found throughout the year. Spawning activity was highest between November and January. The mean condition index (IC = PCF/PV x 100) for the population was 121.53 ± 2.24 and the mean meat yield was 10.32 ± 1.64 %</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la estructura de la población, crecimiento, madurez sexual, índice de condición y rendimiento de Saccostrea palmula en el estero Morales, Punta Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, entre mayo de 1998 y mayo de 1999. La longitud total y peso total máximo encontrado fue de 66.66 mm y 24.64 g respectivamente. El crecimiento para la especie de acuerdo a la ecuación de von Bertalanffy, se rigió por Lt =68.2 (1- e -0.1577 t). La relación longitud total-peso total para la población indicó un crecimiento del tipo alométrico y se rigió por la ecuación Pt = 2.13 x 10-2 Lt1.6602. La proporción sexual fue de 1.00 macho: 0.92 hembras, con una talla mínima reproductiva en ejemplares mayores a los 10 mm de Lt y una actividad reproductiva durante todo el año. El mayor desove ocurre entre noviembre y enero. El índice de condición promedio para la población fue de 12.53 ± 2.24 % y el rendimiento de 10.32 ± 1.64 %</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Saccostrea palmula</kwd>
<kwd>oyster</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>sexual maturity</kwd>
<kwd>condition index</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Abundancia y tallas de Menippe mercenaria (Crustacea: Brachyura), en refugios artificiales en Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Colegio de la Frontera Sur  </institution>
<addr-line>Chetumal Quintana Roo </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Florida and Cuba the stone crab Menippe mercenaria (Say, 1818) is under strong fishing-pressure; nevertheless in the Mexican Caribbean it is considered as sub-utilized and poorly known resource. Artificial shelters (&quot;condominios cubanos&quot;) were used to study relative abundance, age structure, claw length-carapace amplitude relation, and population in three seasons and four sectors at Bahia Ascension, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The abundance varied according to the sector and sampling season: population was higher in the south and during the north wind (&quot;Nortes&quot;) season (January to March). The carapace amplitude was directly proportional to claw length (r² = 0.83, 0.97 and 0.89; p&lt; 0.05 in females, males and total, respectively). The results sugest that specimens with 37.5 and 67.5 mm of carapace amplitude are the most limited regarding refuge availability in the Bay</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Florida y Cuba el cangrejo moro Menippe mercenaria (Say, 1818) se encuentra sometido a fuertes presiones de pesca; sin embargo en el Caribe Mexicano se considera como un recurso subexplotado. Debido a que existen pocas evaluaciones del cangrejo como un recurso alternativo en la región, se emplearon hábitats artificiales (&quot;condominios cubanos&quot;), considerando tres temporadas de muestreo y cuatro sectores con el propósito de conocer la abundancia relativa, estructura de tallas, relación entre la longitud de quela-ancho del carapacho y aspectos poblacionales de estos organismos en la Bahía de la Ascensión, Quintana Roo, México. La abundancia varió de acuerdo a la estación y temporada de muestreo: el sector sur de la bahía y la temporada de nortes (enero a marzo) presentaron la mayor abundancia relativa. La amplitud del carapacho fue directamente proporcional a la longitud de la quela (r² = 0.83, 0.97 y 0.89, p&lt; 0.05 en hembras, machos y global respectivamente). Los resultados sugieren que los especímenes de 37.5 y 67.5 mm de amplitud de carapacho son los más limitados de refugio en la Bahía</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>stone crab</kwd>
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<kwd>bay</kwd>
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<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Size and fecundity observations of pea crab (Juxtafabia muliniarum) from the paleal cavity of!he oyster Saccostrea palmula were made from May 1998 to May 1999. Infestation frequency was 18.52 % in a sample of 540 oysters. Of 136 pea crabs, 36 % were couples, 60 % were single females and 4 % were single males. The mean caparace length of J. muliniarum was 5.6 + 0.74 mm (range 4.0 to 7.6 mm) for females and 2.7 + 0.60 mm (range 1.6 to 4.0 mm) for males. The mean weight was 0.180 + 0.084 g (range 0.06 to 0.4g) for females and 0.011 + 0.003 g (range 0.01 to 0.02 g) for males. Ovigerous females (43.75 % of all females) were found in all months. The caparace length - fecundity relationship was F = 3904.6 Ln (Lc) -4651.1. The caparace length-weight relationship was P = 6 X 10-4 Lc3.2122. The mean sex-ratio was 1.0 male: 2.4 females. Saccostrea palmula infected only by females was the dominant group (60.78 %). This mollusk is a new host record for the crab</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinaron las tallas, frecuencia de infección y fecundidad de Juxtafabia muliniarum de la cavidad paleal de Saccostrea palmula de mayo de 1998 a mayo de 1999, la frecuencia de infestación fue de un 18.52 % en una muestra de 540 ostras. De los 136 cangrejos, el 36 % fueron parejas, el 60 % hembras solas y el 4 % machos solos. El promedio de la longitud del caparazón fue de 5.6 + 0.74 mm (ámbito entre 4.0 y 7.6 mm) para hembras y 2.71 + 0.60 mm (ámbito entre 1.6 y 4.0 mm) para machos. El peso promedio fue de 0.180 + 0.084 g (ámbito entre 0.06 y 0.4 g) para hembras y 0.011 + 0.003 g (ámbito entre 0.01 y 0.02 g) para machos. La fecundidad de J. muliniarum se rigió por la ecuación F = 3904.6 Ln (Lc) -4651.1. En todos los meses se encontraron hembras ovígeras. La relación longitud del caparazón-peso total para machos y hembras se rigió porla ecuación Pt = 6 X 10-4 Lc3.2122. La proporción sexual fue de 1.0 macho: 2.04 hembras. Se registra a S. palmula como huésped de J. muliniarum</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Juxtafabia muliniarum</kwd>
<kwd>feeundity</kwd>
<kwd>pea crab</kwd>
<kwd>size</kwd>
<kwd>Saccostrea palmula</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of different densities of live and dead Chlorella vulgaris on the population growth of rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México División de Investigación y Posgrado Laboratorio de Zoología Acuática</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México División de Investigación y Posgrado Proyecto CyMA</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>895</fpage>
<lpage>902</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In order to maintain rotifer populations during periods of low algal production, it is necessary to offer alternate diets, some of which include forms of preserved algae. The present work is based on the effect of live and dead Chlorella vulgaris on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus. The experimental design consisted of 3 algal levels (0.5x10(6), 1.5x10(6) and 4.5x10(6) cells ml-1) offered in 3 forms (living, frozen and heat-killed). The maximal population density values for B. calyciflorus ranged from 55±1 ind. ml-1 (at 0.5x10(6) cells ml-1) to 471±72 ind. ml-1 (at 4.5x10(6) cells ml-1) with live Chlorella, but was much lower (6±1 to 26±6 ind. ml-1) with frozen or heat-killed alga under comparable food levels. However, the maximum population density of B. patulus under live or or heat-killed Chlorella was similar at comparable algal levels but when offered frozen algae it was four times less. The highest mean peak population density was 1227±83 ind. ml-1 under 4.5x10(6) cells ml-1. The rate of population increase for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.50 to 0.79 using live Chlorella, but under comparable conditions, this range was lower (0.21 to 0.31) for B. patulus. Results have been discussed in light of possible application for aquaculture</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para mantener poblaciones de rotíferos durante periodos con escasez de microalgas, es necesario ofrecer dietas alternativas, incluyendo algunas formas de microalgas preservadas. El presente trabajo analiza el efecto de Chlorella vulgaris viva y muerta sobre el crecimiento poblacional de Brachionus calyciflorus y Brachonus patulus. El diseño experimental consistió en tres niveles de algas (0.5x10(6), 1.5x10(6) y 4.5x10(6) células ml-1) ofrecidas en tres formas (viva, congelada y muerta con agua caliente). Las abundancias máximas de población de B. calyciflorus variaron desde 55±1 ind. ml-1 (en 0.5x10(6) células ml-1) a 471±72 ind. ml-1 (en 4.5x10(6) células ml-1) con Chlorella viva, mientras que, cuando se utilizó alga congelada o muerta con agua caliente, la abundancia fue mucho menor (6±1 a 26±6 ind. ml-1). Sin embargo, la máxima densidad de población de B. patulus con Chlorella viva o muerta con calor fue similar bajo niveles de algas comparables, mientras que cuando se ofreció alga congelada, la abundancia fue cuatro veces menor. La abundancia máxima de B. patulus fue 1 227±83 ind. ml-1 bajo 4.5x10(6) células ml-1. La tasa de crecimiento poblacional de B. calyciflorus varió desde 0.50 hasta 0.79 usando Chlorella viva, pero bajo las mismas condiciones, el rango es menor (0.21 a 0.31) para B. patulus. Los resultados se discuten para su posible aplicación en la acuacultura</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>Chlorella</kwd>
<kwd>Population growth</kwd>
<kwd>Live-alga</kwd>
<kwd>Dead-alga</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Morfología bucofaríngea y hábitos alimentarios de Micropogonias furnieri (Pisces: Sciaenidae) en la costa norte del Estado Sucre, Venezuela</article-title>
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<given-names>Lilia J.</given-names>
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<given-names>Antulio</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>903</fpage>
<lpage>913</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Morphology of the mandibular and pharyngeal region, and the feeding habits of Micropogonias furnieri were examined in 256 male and female specimens, between 28.7 and 54.3 cm total length, collected around Morro Puerto Santo, in northeast Sucre State, Venezuela (10º 45' 00&quot; N- 63º 8' 0&quot; W), from May 1989 to April 1990. M. furnieri has a small ventral mouth; protrusible premaxillary and dentary; first branchial arches with 21 to 27 gill rakers, generally 24 to 25; and 7 to 11 pyloric caecae. The index of vacuity was low, with mean value of 7.00 %. The mean intestinal index was 0.72, indicative of carnivorous species. Analysis of frequency of occurrence, indicates preference for crustaceans (45.70%), mainly crabs (34.90 %), followed by polychaetes (28.00 %), fishes (11.41 %) and occasionally mollusks and echinoderms (4.0 and 3.9 %, respectively). The diet of this species did not vary with sex</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la morfología de la región mandibular, faríngea y del tracto digestivo; y se analizaron los hábitos alimentarios de Micropogonias furnieri, de muestras adquiridas mensualmente desde mayo 1989 hasta abril de 1990, de la pesca artesanal, en la cercanía del Morro de Puerto Santo (10º 45' 00&quot; N- 63º 8' 0&quot; W), oriente de Venezuela. M. furnieri tiene boca pequeña situada en posición ventral; dientes mandibulares villiformes, dispuestos en bandas; branquispinas de 21 a 27 en el primer arco branquial, en la rama inferior del primer arco son cortas, con dentículos en el extremo; dientes faríngeos cónicos y agudos, premaxilar y dentario muy protrusibles. El índice de repleción reveló que las hembras se alimentan más intensamente que los machos y el índice de vacuidad fue bajo. Las presas preferenciales fueron los crustáceos (45.70 %), principalmente braquiuros (34.90 %) y anélidos poliquetos (28.00 %), seguido de peces (11.40 %) y ocasionalmente moluscos y ofiuroideos (4.0 y 2.9 %, respectivamente). No se encontraron marcadas diferencias en el consumo de los principales renglones alimentarios con el sexo a través del año. Las características de la región oromandibular, del aparato branquial, el análisis del contenido estomacal y el índice intestinal promedio de 0.72 indican que M. furnieri es una especie carnívora, principalmente bentófaga</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Micropogonias furnieri</kwd>
<kwd>feeding habits</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CICESE Departamento de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro de Ecología Costera </institution>
<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Sistema Nacional de Investigadores SNI  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>915</fpage>
<lpage>929</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The ichthyofauna fished in Bahía de Navidad. Jalisco, Mexico in the Central Pacific was surveyed during 1998. Six thousand nine hundred and fourty-four organisms of 130 species were caught which weighted P. 231 kg. Nearly 30 % of the species belonged to Carangidae, Haemulidae and Sciaenidae. The most important species in number and biomass were Microlepidotus brevipinnins, Caranx caninus and C. caballuso Species number, abundance and biomass fluctuated during the year. The largest number of species was caught in June (61), the minimum in March (33). January had the maximum abundance (1 397 organisms), while the minimum was obtained during August (251). The maximum biomass values were from January (556.5 kg), and the lowest from August (114.7 kg). Eighteen species accumulated 87 % of the total abundance. while 20 species represented 186.3 % of the biomass. There were large in differences species number, abundance and biomass nets of differ lent mesh size</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se cuantificó la ictiofauna obtenida por la pesquería ribereña de Bahía de Navidad, Jalisco, México durante 1998. Se capturaron 6 944 ejemplares distribuidos en 130 especies (3 231 kg). Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Carangidae, Haemulidae y Sciaenidae. Las especies más importantes en número y biomasa fueron Microlepidotus brevipinnins, Caranx caninus, C. caballus. El máximo número de especies se registró en junio (61), mínimo en marzo (33). En enero se capturó la mayor abundancia (1397 organismos), la menor durante agosto (25\). La mayor biomasa fue en enero (556.5 kg), y la menor en agosto (114.7 kg). Dieciocho especies acumularon el 86.7 % de la abundancia total, mientras que 20 especies reúnen el 86.3 % de la biomasa. De igual forma, se encontraron grandes diferencias entre el número de especies, la abundancia y la biomasa capturados en los diferentes tipos de redes</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diversity</kwd>
<kwd>El Niño event</kwd>
<kwd>ichthyofauna</kwd>
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<addr-line>Sinaloa </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dolphin fish population data were recorded from landings in Sinaloa, Nayarit and Baja Califonia Sur, Mexico, in 1997. Of 3 211 organisms only 2 812 produced complete biometric data. The maximal length and weight were 192 cm and 30 Kg. The three sampling sites and the climatic periods also were associated with different size (P &lt; 0.05). The covariate analysis of weight and length relationships indicated significative differences (P &lt; 0.05) for total data and by sex. Condition factor was higher throughout the study period in Mazatlán, and the variation was higher, in the spring. The sexual ratio was in Mazatlán was constant, while there were more males in Nayarit in the fall and the spring and in Los Cabos in the spring. There may be population differences, between the central mexican Pacific Coast and the Peninsula of Baja data</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Centro Interdiciplinario de Ciencias Marinas  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>12</month>
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<fpage>939</fpage>
<lpage>943</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Annual variation and relationship between the gonadosomatic index (lG) and the condition index (K) of Holacanthus passer were evaluated in 194 specimens from Cueva de León, Gulf of California (24°02' N, 110º 24' W). There was a significant negative correlation between IG and K in both sexes: indices exhibit an oposite seasonal pattern. The reproductive activity of both sexes is inversely related with nutritional status. There was a significant difference in IG but not in K values between males and females. The condition index may be used to determine reproduction time of the species in other localities without sacrificing the organisms. This could be a valuable tool to develop monitoring programs for fisheries and culture of this species</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la variación anual y la relación entre el índice gonadosomático (lG) y el índice de condición (K) de Holacanthus passer de un total de 194 especímenes recolectados en Cueva de León, Golfo de California, México (24°02' N, 110°24' W). Se encontró una correlación negativa significativa entre IG y K para ambos sexos: los índices presentan un patrón estacional opuesto. La actividad reproductiva de ambos sexos está inversamente relacionada con el estado nutricional del pez. Se encontró una diferencia significativa en los valores de IG pero no en los valores de K entre machos y hembras. El índice de condición puede ser usado para determinar la época de reproducción de la especie en otras localidades sin sacrificar al organismo y puede ser una herramienta valiosa para el desarrollo de programas de monitoreo para la pesquería y cultivo de la especie</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Holacanthus passer</kwd>
<kwd>Pomacanthidae</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>condition index</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución espacial de Cordyceps spp. (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae) y su impacto sobre las hormigas en selvas del piedemonte amazónico de Colombia</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Fundación Inguedé  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps were sampled in the foothills of the Colombian Amazon region (450 - 600 msnm altitude, January and May, 1998, i.e. dry and wet seasons, respectively). Healthy and Cordyceps-parasitized ants from a nearly pristine, a naturally disturbed and a human-disturbed forests were collected on 100 quadrants (1 m²) per forest. Litter, shrubs and trunks were explored as substrates, and samples were gathered in vertical strata from 50 cm to 2 m high. Aztec was the predominant ant genus in near pristine forest whereas Camponotus, Pheidole and Crematogaster were dominant in disturbed forests. In the naturally disturbed forest we found 759 individuals of Cordyceps unilateralis and 69 of C. lloydii var. binata parasitizing Camponotus spp (Formicidae: Formicinae), whereas C. kniphofioides var. ponerinarum and C. australis were found only in six cases infecting the ants Paraponera clavata and Pachycondila crassinoda (Formicidae: Ponerinae). In the human disturbed forest it were found 34 individuals of C. unilateralis on Camponotus. In the near pristine forest we did not find parasitized ants. The Camponotus spp ants parasitized by C. unilateralis and C. lloydii var binata were found predominantly in the substratum foliage up to 1 m. It was concluded that the incidence of Cordyceps-ant interactions is not influenced by the conservation status of the forest. Instead, relative humidity and presence/absence of host ants appear to be key factors. Also, the micro-spatial distribution of the interactions seems to follow a definite pattern. This work observations support the hypothesis on coevolution of dispersion mechanisms in Cordyceps and ant feromonal codes</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la diversidad del género Cordyceps, hongo entomopatógeno, en hormigas del piedemonte Amazónico colombiano (450-600 msnm, enero y mayo de 1998, épocas seca y lluviosa, respectivamente). La recolección de hormigas sanas y parasitadas por Cordyceps se llevó a cabo en tres bosques con distintos regímenes de perturbación: natural, antrópico y poco perturbado. Se establecieron 100 cuadrantes de 1 m² por cada bosque. Las muestras fueron tomadas en hojarasca, arbustos y troncos como sustratos, y cada 50 cm hasta 2 m de altura los estratos verticales. El género Azteca fue el predominante en el bosque poco perturbado, mientras Camponotus, Pheidole y Crematogaster abundaron en los bosques con perturbación natural y antrópica. El bosque con perturbación natural presentó 759 individuos de C. unilateralis y 69 de C. lloydii var. binata parasitando hormigas Camponotus spp. (Formicidae: Formicinae). Se encontraron sólo seis casos de C. kniphofioides var. ponerinarum y C. australis en las hormigas Paraponera clavata y Pachycondyla crassinoda (Formicidae: Ponerinae). En el bosque perturbado antrópicamente se presentaron 34 ejemplares de C. unilateralis en Camponotus mientras que en el menos perturbado no se observaron hormigas parasitadas. Se halló que las hormigas Camponotus spp. que son parasitadas por C. unilateralis y C. lloydii var. binata se ubican preferencialmente en el sustrato hoja, hasta 1 m de altura. Se determinó que la incidencia de la interacción Cordyceps / hormiga no está influenciada por el estado de conservación del bosque, sin embargo, la variación de la humedad relativa y la presencia o ausencia de la hormiga hospedera son factores que influyen en la diversidad de Cordyceps en hormigas. Se encontró, además, que la distribución microespacial de la interacción sigue un patrón determinado, aportando más argumentos a la hipótesis de que los mecanismos de dispersión de Cordyceps coevolucionaron con la hormiga influenciando sus códigos feromonales</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cordyceps</kwd>
<kwd>ants</kwd>
<kwd>entomopathogenic fungi</kwd>
<kwd>tropical rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>biological control</kwd>
<kwd>Camponotus</kwd>
<kwd>fungal ecology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">In Vitro micropropagation of Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<surname>Rout</surname>
<given-names>G.R.</given-names>
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<given-names>G.</given-names>
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<given-names>P.</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Regional Plant Resource Centre Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory Plant Biotechnology Division</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>957</fpage>
<lpage>963</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A successful protocol was developed for mass propagation of Lawsonia inermis Linn., an important medicinal plant. Multiple shoots were induced in apical and axillary meristems derived from mature explants of L. inermis on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.25 mg/l Kinetin (Kn), 0.5 mg/l ascorbic acid and 3% (w/v) sucrose. The rate of multiplication was higher when the cultures were incubated under continuous light rather than the 14h photoperiod. Rooting was readily achieved upon transferring the microshoots onto MS basal semi-solid medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) after ten days of culture. Micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized and successfully grown in soil</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se desarrolo un protocolo exitoso para la propagación en masa de Lawsonia inermis Linn., una planta medicinal importante. Se indujeron múltiples tallos en meristamos apicales y auxiliares derivados de explantes maduros de L. inermis en medio de Murashige y Skoog (1962) suplementado con 0.25 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurina (BA), 0.25 mg/l quinetina (Kn), 0.5 mg/l ácido ascórbico y 3 % (w/v) sucrosa. La tasa de multiplicación fue más alta cuando los cultivos fueron incubados bajo luz continua que bajo el fotoperíodo de 14hr. El enraizamiento se logró al tranferir los microtallos al medio basal, semi-sólido MS suplementado con 0.25 mg/l de ácido indol-3-butiríco (IBA) luego de 10 días de cultivo. Las plántulas micropropagadas fueron aclimatizadas y cultivadas con éxito en el suelo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>In vitro</kwd>
<kwd>micropropagation</kwd>
<kwd>medicinal plants</kwd>
<kwd>shoot multiplication</kwd>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Regional Plant Resource Centre Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory Plant Biotechnology Division</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>965</fpage>
<lpage>971</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The induction of rooting in microshoots of Zingiber officinale cvs. Suprava, Turia local, Suruchi and V3S18 was achieved on half-strength basal Murashige and Skoog's medium supplernented with 0.5-1.0 mg/l either indole-3-acetic acid (lAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2 % (w/v) sucrose within 7-9 days of culture. Rooting was inhibited when the microshoots were cultured under higher concentration of auxins. The microshoots cultured on medium supplemented with NAA induced large number of thin root hairs with friable calluses within 6-7 days. Peroxidase activity was deterrnined during root induction (0-day to the 10th day at every 2 day interval) from microshoots derived in vitro. The activity was minimum in the inductive phase (primary) and at the maximum level during the root initiative phase. These finding may be useful in monitoring the rooting behaviour in microshoots derived from different subculture and peroxidase activity as a marker for root initiation</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La inducción de enraizamiento en microtallos de Zingiber officinale cvs. Suprava, Turia local, Suruchi y V3S18 fue lograda en medio de Murashige y Skoog basal de dureza media suplementado con 0.5-1.0 mg/l ya sea con ácido 3-indol acético (lAA) o ácido 3-indol butírico (IBA) y 2 % (w/v) de sucrosa dentro de 7-9 días de cultivo. El enraizamiento fue inhibido cuando los microtallos fueron cultivados bajo concentraciones más altas de auxinas. Los microtallos cultivados en un medio suplementado con NAA indujeron un gran número de pelos de raíz con callos frágiles dentro de 6-7 días. La actividad de la peroxidasa fue determinada durante la inducción de enraizamiento (de 0 a 10 días, de cada 2 días) de microtallos derivados in vitro. La actividad fue mínima en inductiva (primaria) y máxima en la fase inicial Estos resultados pueden ser útiles para monitorear, el comportamiento de enraizamiento en microtallos derivados de diferentes subcultivos y la actividad de la peroxidasa como un marcador de inicio de enraizamiento</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>In Vitro</kwd>
<kwd>medicinal plant</kwd>
<kwd>peroxidase activity</kwd>
<kwd>root initiation</kwd>
<kwd>shoot multiplication</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vegetative propagation of Cecropia obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>LaPierre</surname>
<given-names>Louis M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of California Deparment Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolution </institution>
<addr-line>Los Angeles CA</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>973</fpage>
<lpage>976</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cecropia is a relatively well-known and well-studied genus in the Neotropics. Methods for the successful propagation of C. obtusifolia Bertoloni. 1840 from cuttings and air layering are described, and the results of an experiment to test the effect of two auxins, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA), on adventitious root production in cuttings are presented. In general. C. obtusifolia cuttings respond well to adventitious root production (58.3 % of cuttings survived to root), but air layering was the better method (93 % of cuttings survived to root). The concentration of auxins used resulted in an overall significantly lower quality of roots produced compared with cuttings without auxin treatment. Future experiments using Cecropia could benefit from the use of isogenic plants produced by vegetative propagation</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cecropia es un género bien conocido y bien estudiado en los Neotrópicos. Se discuten métodos exitosos para la propagación de C. obtusifolia Bertoloni, 1840 de fragmentos de troncos y acodos aéreos. A continuación se presentan los resultados de un experimento para examinar los efectos de dos tipos de hormonas (NAA e IBA) en la producción de raíces adventicias en fragmentos de troncos. En general, los fragmentos de C. abtusifalia responden bien en la producción de raíces adventicias (y sobreviven al azar 58.3% de los cortes), pero el método de acodos aéreos funcionó mejor (sobreviven al azar 93 %). El uso de hormonas resultó en raíces de baja calidad en comparación con cortes sin hormonas. Experimentos en el futuro que usan Cecropia pueden beneficiar al usar plantas isogénicas producidas por propagación vegetativa</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Cecropiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Cecropia obtusifolia</kwd>
<kwd>air layering</kwd>
<kwd>cuttings</kwd>
<kwd>vegetative propagation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Woody plant diversity and structure of shade-grown-coffee plantations in Northern Chiapas, Mexico</article-title>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)  </institution>
<addr-line>Chiapas </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Jardín Botánico </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Recursos Naturales y Pesca Secretaría del Medio Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>977</fpage>
<lpage>987</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Shade-grown coffee is an agricultural system that contains some forest-like characteristics. However, structure and diversity are poorly known in shade coffee systems. In 61 coffee-growers’ plots of Chiapas, Mexico, structural variables of shade vegetation and coffee yields were measured, recording species and their use. Coffee stands had five vegetation strata. Seventy seven woody species mostly used as wood were found (mean density 371.4 trees per hectare). Ninety percent were native species (40% of the local flora), the remaining were introduced species, mainly fruit trees/shrubs. Diametric distribution resembles that of a secondary forest. Principal Coordinates Analysis grouped plots in four classes by the presence of Inga, however the majority of plots are diverse. There was no difference in equitability among groups or coffee yields. Coffee yield was 835 g clean coffee per shrub, or ca. 1668 kg ha-1. There is a significant role of shade-grown coffee as diversity refuge for woody plants and presumably associated fauna, as well as an opportunity for shade-coffee growers to participate in the new biodiversity-friendly-coffee market</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El café bajo sombra es un sistema agrícola que contiene algunas características de los bosques. Sin embargo, las características estructurales y de diversidad de la sombra del café son poco conocidas. En 61 parcelas de productores del norte de Chiapas, Mexico, se midieron variables estructurales de la vegetación de sombra y los rendimientos de café, registrando las especies y sus usos. Los cafetales presentaron cinco estratos de vegetación. Se encontraron 77 especies leñosas, la mayoría de uso maderable (densidad promedio de 371.4 árboles por hectárea). Noventa por ciento fueron especies nativas (40% de la flora local), el porcentaje restante fueron especies introducidas, principalmente árboles o arbustos frutales. La distribución diamétrica se asemeja a la distribución típica de bosques secundarios. El Análisis de Coordenadas Principales distinguió cuatro grupos de parcelas por la presencia de Inga, sin embargo las parcelas son diversas. No hubo diferencias en equitabilidad entre grupos y tampoco en rendimientos de café. Los rendimientos fueron de 835 g de café pergamino por arbusto o aproximadamente 1668 Kg por hectárea. Se discute el importante papel del café de sombra como refugio de plantas leñosas y como hábitats para fauna asociada así como la oportunidad de los productores de participar en el nuevo mercado de café amable con la biodiversidad</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diversity</kwd>
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<kwd>Coffea arabica</kwd>
<kwd>vegetation structure</kwd>
<kwd>woody plants</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosystems</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300019</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Comportamiento fenológico del árbol Elaeagia uxpanapensis (Rubiaceae), en un bosque pluvial premontano de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Sede de Occidente Programa de Investigaciones del Bosque Premontano</institution>
<addr-line>San Ramón </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>989</fpage>
<lpage>998</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phenology of the tree Elaeagia uxpanapensis was studied from March 1994 to March 1998. This species is a canopy emergent in the A.M. Brenes Biological Reserve, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Fifteen mature trees were marked in order of appearance and observed every month using binoculars. A platform was built on one tree to better distinguish the transition from flowering to fruiting. Leaf abscission and budding were continuous throughout the year with several peaks, while flowering and fruit production occurred every 28 and 25 months, respectively. Leaf-fall was positively correlated with air temperature (n = 13, r = 0.44, p &lt; 0.05), and fruiting with precipitation (n = 13, r = 0.37, p &lt; 0.05) and relative humidity (n = 13, r = 0.39, p &lt; 0.02). Bud formation was inversely associated with precipitation (n = 13, r = -0. 66, p &lt;0.05) and relative humidity (n = 13, r = -0.61, p = 0.05)</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la fenología E. uxpanapensis (n = 13), árbol maderable y emergente del dosel de la Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, Alajuela, Costa Rica, de marzo 1994 a marzo 1998. Se construyó una plataforma a 25 m de altura para la observación de la transición de floración a fructificación. La caída de follaje y brotes foliares fueron continuas, y la floración (cada 28 meses) y la fructificación (cada 25 meses) fueron supranuales y prolongadas. La caída de follaje se asoció significativamente con temperatura ambiental (n = 13, r = 0.44, p &lt; 0.05), así como la fructificación con precipitación (n = 13, r = 0.37, p &lt; 0.05) y humedad relativa (n =13, r = 0.39, p = 0.05) . La aparición de brotes foliares se asoció inversamente con la precipitación (n = 13, r = -0.66, 5%) y humedad relativa (n = 13, r = -0.61, p &lt; 0.05)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Elaeagia uxpanapensis</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>premontane tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>suprannual</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The food habits of aquatic nymphs of 12 species of the family Leptophlebiidae were determined in a tropical intermittent stream in Venezuela . Three monthly samples of aquatic insects were taken from January to June in 1989. 225 stomach contents were analyzed. The results obtained were compared by the functional feeding groups classification. Species of the Thraulodes and Farrodes genus show significant differences in their diet</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Inquilines of Brachymenes dyscherus nests with special reference to Monobia schrottkyi (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Sphecidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Camillo</surname>
<given-names>Evandro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-USP Departamento de Biologia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1005</fpage>
<lpage>1012</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sixty-four inactive nests of the solitary mud-daubing wasp Brachymenes dyscherus, reused by 5 inquiline species, were collected at Fazenda Santa Carlota, Cajuru, São Paulo, Brazil in 1995 and 1996. Monobia schrottkyi used 52 nests; among the 717 cells available for use, 502 were reused. The number of cells per nest varied from 3 to 24; 1 to 16 individuals emerged from September to April (154 males and 112 females). Forty-six cells were parasitized by Melittobia sp. (n = 44) and Ichneumonidae (n = 2). Monobia curvata used 3 nests; among the 50 cells available for use, 38 were reused and 15 males and 8 females emerged from August to November. Three cells were parasitized by Ichneumonidae. Montezumia petiolata occupied 1 nest; among the 8 available cells, 7 were reused and 2 males and 3 females emerged in September. Podium denticulatum used 2 nests; the 20 cells available for use were reused and 11 males and 4 females emerged in August. Trypoxylon rogenhoferi used 5 nests that had 65 available cells; 48 of them were reused, from which 19 males and 11 females emerged from September to November. Three cells were parasitized by Ichneumonidae (n = 2) and Chrysididae (n = 1)</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se recolectaron 64 nidos inactivos de la avispa unta-dora de barro solitaria Brachymenes dyscherus reusados por 5 especies inquilinas en Fazenda Santa Carlota, Caju-ra, São Paulo, Brasil en 1995 y 1996. Monobia schrottkyi usó 52 nidos; entre las 717 celdas disponibles, 502 fueron reusados. El número de celdas por nido varió de 3 a 24; de 1 a 16 individuos emergieron desde setiembre hasta abril (154 machos y 112 hembras). Cuarenta y seis celdas fue-ron parasitadas por Melittobia sp. (n = 44) e Ichneumoni-dae (n = 2). Monobia curvata usó 3 nidos; entre las 50 cel-das disponibles, 38 fueron reusadas y 15 machos y 8 hembras emergieron desde agosto hasta noviembre. Tres celdas fueron parasitadas por Ichneumonidae. Montezumia petiolata ocupó un nido; entre las 8 celdas disponibles, 7 fueron reusadas y 2 machos y 3 hembras emergieron en setiembre. Podium denticulatum usó 2 nidos; las 20 celdas disponibles fueron reusadas y 11 machos y 4 hembras emergieron en agosto. Trypoxylon rogenhoferi usó 5 nidos que tuvieron 65 celdas disponibles; 48 fueron reusadas, de las cuales emergieron 19 machos y 11 hembras desde se-tiembre hasta noviembre. Tres celdas fueron parasitadas por Ichneumonidae (n = 2) y chrysididae (n = 1)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Eumeninae</kwd>
<kwd>Sphecidae</kwd>
<kwd>inquilinism</kwd>
<kwd>Monobia</kwd>
<kwd>Montezumia</kwd>
<kwd>Podium</kwd>
<kwd>Trypoxylon</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Insectos asociados con flores de malezas del Jardín Botánico de Santiago de Cuba, con énfasis en Hymenoptera</article-title>
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<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>CUBA</country>
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<institution>,Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO) Museo de Historia Natural Tomás Romay </institution>
<addr-line>Santiago de Cuba </addr-line>
<country>CUBA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1013</fpage>
<lpage>1026</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The insect visitors of flowers in nine weeds species were studied in the Botanical Garden of Santiago de Cuba, Eastern Cuba, during 1993 (March - June, spring season) and 1994 (January - March, end of winter and beginning of spring season). About 50 hours of collecting efforts were made at three times (0900-0930 hr in 1993; 0900-0930 hr, 1200-1230 hr and 1500-1530 hr in 1994). More than 140 species of at least 37 families were found; Hymenoptera dominated (with more than a half of specimens), followed by Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among Hymenoptera, bees (Apoidea) were the largest group, especially Apis mellifera L; followed by wasps (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) and ichneumon flies (Ichneumonidae); Microhymenopterans were not sampled. Hymenopterans of each weed were compared for diversity, similarity, dominant and subdominant species, visitation time, sampling efficiency, etc. Each plant species had a particular Hymenoptera complex, almost one third of which were natural enemies of agricultural pests, and most are believed to be potential pollinators. Closely related species showed similar patterns of daily activity, with a peak at 0900 - 0930 hr for all plant species. Second grade polynomial equations were the best fitted models to describe the relationships between number of species and number of specimens, and between total number of species and number of samples (R² = 0.9734 and R² = 0.9573, p &lt; 0.01). The role of weeds in the biodiversity of the agroecosystems is analyzed; as well as the effectiveness of this collection method to study Hymenoptera</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron los insectos visitantes en flores de nueve especies de malezas del Jardín Botánico de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba Oriental, durante 1993 (marzo a junio, en primavera) y 1994 (enero a marzo, final del invierno y comienzo de la primavera). Se contabilizaron unas 50 horas de recolecta en tres horarios diferentes (0900-0930 hr en 1993; 0900-0930 hr, 1200-1230 hr y 1500-1530 hr en 1994). Se identificaron más de 140 especies y por lo menos 37 familias; Hymenoptera fue el orden mejor representado (con más de la mitad de los individuos rerecolectados), seguido de Diptera, Coleoptera y Lepidoptera. Dentro de Hymenoptera las abejas (Apoidea) fueron mayoritarias, especialmente Apis mellifera L.; seguidas de avispas (Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) e icneumónidos (Ichneumonidae); los microhimenópteros no se recolectaron. Se comparó la himenopterofauna en cuanto a diversidad, similitud, especies dominantes y subdominantes, preferencia de horarios, eficiencia de los muestreos, etc. Cada especie de planta sustentó una fauna característica. Casi un tercio de los himenópteros visitantes fueron controles biológicos de plagas agrícolas, y la mayoría pueden considerarse polinizadores. Especies afines filogenéticamente presentaron patrones de actividad diaria semejante. El horario 0900 -0930 hr fue el de mayor biodiversidad en cuanto a número de especies visitantes. Al analizar el número de especies con relación al número de especímenes rerecolectados, así como el total de especies y número de muestreos realizados, las funciones de mejor ajuste fueron polinomiales de segundo grado (r² = 0.9734 y r² = 0.9573 respectivamente, p &lt; 0.01 en los dos casos). Se discute el papel de las malezas en la biodiversidad de los agroecosistemas y la utilidad de este método de muestreo para estudiar Hymenoptera</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Insect-plant relationships</kwd>
<kwd>weeds</kwd>
<kwd>flowers</kwd>
<kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>sampling methods</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Especies nuevas de abejas de Cuba y La Española (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Megachilidae, Apidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Genaro</surname>
<given-names>Julio A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Museo Nacional de Historia Natural  </institution>
<addr-line>Habana Vieja </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1027</fpage>
<lpage>1035</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Five new species of Antillean bees are described and illustrated: Colletes granpiedrensis n. sp. (Cuba) (Colletidae) is charaterized as follows: Head and mesosoma black, legs and metasoma brown. Dense brown hairs on head and mesosoma; white on frons and metasomal terga. Clypeus, frons and mesosoma with large punctures, lesser on vertex and metasoma. Malar space more wide than long. Male and female slightly similar, except in the apical margin of clypeus, supraclipeal area, and color of the pubescence on legs and sterna; Osmia (Diceratosmia) stangei n. sp. (Dominican Republic) (Megachilidae) is charaterized as follows: Dark metallic green, metasoma black with metallic green reflections. Pubescence light; body with large, closed punctures. Female with violet reflections in tergum III and mandible tridentate; Coelioxys (Cyrtocoelioxys) alayoi n. sp. (Cuba) (Megachilidae) is charaterized as follows: Female black, except basal area of mandibles, tegula, legs, lateral area of tergum I and sterna, reddish brown. Posterior margin of scutellum rounded. Apex of tergum VI with spine curved up. Sternum VI fringed with short, closed setae, and the apex with short spine; Coelioxys (Boreocoelioxys) sannicolarensis n. sp. (Cuba) (Megachilidae) is charaterized as follows: Black, except antenna and tegula brown; legs and sterna reddish brown. Clypeal margin straight in profile. Gradular grooves on metasomal terga II and III distinct medially. Fovea on metasomal tergum II of male deep and short, and Triepeolus nisibonensis n. sp. (Dominican Republic) (Apidae) is charaterized as follows: Dorsal pubescence (short and dense) on mesosoma and metasoma from white to yellow, according to specimen; ventral pubescence white. Tergal bands of hairs interrupted medially; two spots of light pubescence on tergum II. Male metasomal sternum VII with anterior margin V-shaped and basal constriction narrow</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen e ilustran cinco especies nuevas de abejas antillanas: Collectes granpiedrensis n. sp. (Cuba) (Colletidae); Osmia (Diceratosmia) stangei n. sp. (República Dominicana); Coelioxys (Cyrtocoelioxys) alayoi n. sp. (Cuba); C. (Boreocoelioxys) sannicolarensis n. sp. (Cuba) (Megachilidae) y Triepeolus nisibonensis n. sp. (República Dominicana) (Apidae)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bees</kwd>
<kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Colletes</kwd>
<kwd>Osmia</kwd>
<kwd>Coelioxys</kwd>
<kwd>Triepeolus</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>Hispaniola</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A key to the adult Costa Rican &quot;helicopter&quot; damselflies (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae) with notes on their phenology and life zone preferences</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hedström</surname>
<given-names>Ingemar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sahlén</surname>
<given-names>Göran</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Mid Sweden University Department of Applied Science </institution>
<addr-line>Sweden </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Uppsala University Evolutionary Biology Centre Systematic Zoology</institution>
<addr-line>Sweden </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Department of Ecumenical Research</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Halmstad University School of Business and Engineering </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1037</fpage>
<lpage>1056</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We present a key to the Costa Rican species of Pseudostigmatidae, comprising three genera with the following species: Megaloprepus caerulatus, Mecistogaster linearis, M. modesta, M. ornata and Pseudostigma aberrans. Pseudostigma accedens, which may occur in the region, is also included. For each species we give a brief account of morphology, phenology and life zone preferences, including distributional maps based on more than 270 records. These are not all of the known specimens from the area, but a high enough number to give a relatively good picture of the distribution and status of the species. We found M. caerulatus to be active during the first half of the year in seasonal, tropical semidry lowland forest and tropical moist forest at mid-elevation, but like M. linearis, M. caerulatus was active all year round in non-seasonal, tropical wet lowland forest and tropical moist forest at mid-elevation. Mecistogaster modesta also flew year round in non-seasonal, tropical wet lowland forest and tropical moist evergreen forest at mid-elevation, and likewise in seasonal and non-seasonal, tropical premontane moist forest. Only a few findings, however, have been made of M. modesta in seasonal, tropical semi-dry decidu-ous forest and seasonal, tropical moist evergreen forest. Mecistogaster ornata was missing entirely from non-sea-sonal, tropical wet lowland forest and non-seasonal, tropical moist forest at mid- elevation, while this species was active year round in seasonal, tropical dry lowland forest and tropical semi-dry forest, as well as in seasonal, tropical moist evergreen forest and tropical premontane moist forest, both at mid-elevation. Pseudostigma aberrans has so far been found too few times in Costa Rica for any indication of flight time preference</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta una clave de las especies de Pseudostigmatidae de Costa Rica. Esta familia está representada en este país por tres géneros con las siguientes especies: Megaloprepus caerulatus, Mecistogaster linearis, M. modesta, M. ornata y Pseudostigma aberrans. Se incluye también a Pseudostigma accedens, como probable en esta área. Se presenta un resumen breve de la morfología, fenología y preferencia de zona de vida de cada especie, incluyendo mapas de distribución basados en más de 270 registros. Esto no incluye todos los ejemplares conocidos en Costa Rica pero proporciona una buena perspectiva de la distribución y estatus de cada especie. Se encontró que M. caerulatus volaba en bosque tropical seco solamente durante la primera mitad del año, pero durante todo el año en bosque tropical húmedo premontano, en bosque tropical húmedo y en bosque tropical muy húmedo, sin estación seca. Mecistogaster linearis volaba todo el año en bosque tropical húmedo y en bosque tropical muy húmedo, ambos sin estación seca. Mecistogaster modesta también volaba durante todo el año en bosque tropical muy húmedo y en bosque tropical húmedo, sin estación seca, como también en bosque tropical húmedo premontano, pero hubieron pocas observaciones de esta especie dentro del bosque tropical seco. Mecistogaster ornata estaba ausente completamente del bosque tropical muy húmedo y bosque tropical húmedo, ambos sin estación seca. Sin embargo, esta última especie volaba durante todo el año en bosque tropical seco, en bosque tropical húmedo premontano, en bosque tropical semi-seco y en bosque tropical húmedo, todos estos sin estación seca. Pseudostigma aberrans se ha observado tan pocas veces en Costa Rica que no es posible saber la preferencia del tiempo de su vuelo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Odonata</kwd>
<kwd>damselflies</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudostigmatidae</kwd>
<kwd>key</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>life zone preferences</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>status</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A survey of homopteran species (Auchenorrhyncha) from coffee shrubs and poró and laurel trees in shaded coffee plantations, in Turrialba, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) Red Ecorregional de América Latina Tropical </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) Unidad de Fitoprotección </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1057</fpage>
<lpage>1065</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Asurvey of homopteran species (Auchenorryncha) was conducted in coffee plantations with no shade (C), and in those with shade of either poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) (CP) or poró plus laurel (Cordia alliodora) (CPL), in Turrialba, Costa Rica. A total of 130 species in ten families were collected, dominated by Cicadellidae (82 species). Species richness was highest in the CP system (88), followed by CPL (74) and C systems (60). Five most common species for all systems were Fusigonalia lativittata, Hebralebra nicaraguensis, Neocoelidia sp., Oliarus sp. and Clastoptera sp. Diversification of the coffee agroecosystem favors some species while limiting others, and have no effect on the majority of species. Thus, only F. lativittata, Neocoelidia sp. and Scaphytopius ca. latidens were well represented in all systems, but were more abundant in coffee shrubs. Additionally, the following were the dominant species in each system: Graphocephala sp. 1 (C), F. lativittata (CP) and H. nicaraguensis (CPL). Four species abundant on laurel trees, including H. nicaraguensis, appeared almost exclusively on these tree species. Species similarity was highest on the CP and CPL systems (51 % of the species in common), followed by the C and CP (39 %) and the C and CPL systems (38 %). These findings show that even disturbed systems can harbor many insect species, so that they deserve attention from conservation advocatesand biologists</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Turrialba, Costa Rica, se efectuó un inventario de especies de chicharritas (Homoptera: Auchenorryncha) en plantaciones de café sin sombra (C), así como en café asociado con árboles de poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) (CP) o de poró y laurel (Cordia alliodora) (CPL). Se recolectaron 131 especies, pertenecientes a diez familias, entre las cuales predominó Cicadellidae (82 especies). La riqueza de especies fue mayor para el sistema CP (88 especies), seguido por CPL y C, con 74 y 60 especies, respectivamente. Las cinco especies más comunes para los tres sistemas juntos fueron Fusigonalia lativittata, Hebralebra nicaraguensis, Neocoelidia sp., Oliarus sp. y Clastoptera sp. La diversificación del agroecosistema cafetalero parece favorecer a algunas especies y limitar a otras, pero no influye en la mayoría de ellas. Así, solamente F. lativittata, Neocoelidia sp. y Scaphytopius ca. latidens estuvieron bien representadas en los tres sistemas, aunque fueron más abundantes en los arbustos de café. Asimismo, las siguientes especies particulares fueron dominantes para cada sistema: Graphocephala sp. 1 (C), F. lativittata (CP) y H. nicaraguensis (CPL). Cuatro especies que fueron abundantes en los árboles de laurel, incluyendo a H. nicaraguensis, aparecieron casi exclusivamente en estos árboles. La similitud de especies fue mayor entre los sistemas CP y CPL (51 % de las especies en común), mientras que fue de 39 % entre C y CP, y de 38 % entre C y CPL. Estos hallazgos muestran que incluso algunos sistemas perturbados pueden albergar muchas especies de insectos, por lo que merecen la atención de los biólogos y conservacionistas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coffee</kwd>
<kwd>poró</kwd>
<kwd>laurel</kwd>
<kwd>shade trees</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Homoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300026</article-id>
<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Cecropia spp. (Cecropiaceae) trees are attacked by several insects; among them, Coelomera lanio (Dalman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The reproductive behavior of C. lanio was studied under laboratory conditions (12 hour photoperiod, 24.1 ± 0.1 o C and mean relative humidity 67.7 ± 0.6 %), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The insects were reared in cages and in Petri dishes and fed leaves of Cecropia pachystachya Trec. Reproductive activity began 5.8 ± 0.2 days after adult emergence and mean copulation time was 2.5 ± 0.1 min. The female began oviposition only after 25.7 ± 0.7 days. Each female laid a mean of 4.7 ± 0.4 times (range 1 - 9). The mean number of eggs per oviposition and female was 129.2 ± 2.4 and 587.4 ± 92.1 respectively, and the time between egg-layings averaged 16.3 ± 0.8 days</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Brasil, los árboles conocidos como &quot;embaúbas&quot; (Cecropia spp.: Cecropiaceae), son atacados por varios insectos, entre ellos, Coelomera lanio (Dalman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar el comportamiento reproductivo de C. lanio, en condiciones de 24.1 ± 0.1 o C, humedad relativa de 67.7 ± 0.6 % y fotoperíodo de 12 hr, en Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los insectos fueron criados en jaulas y cajas de Petri recibiendo como alimento hojas de Cecropia pachystachya Trec. El inicio de la actividad reproductora ocurrió a los 5.8 ± 0.2 días después de la emergencia de los adultos, con un tiempo de duración de la cópula de 2.5 ± 0.1 min. La hembra de C. lanio realizó su primera puesta después de 25.7 ± 0.7 días, registrándose un promedio de 4.7 ± 0.4 puestas. El número de huevos por puestas y el número total de huevos por hembra fue de 129.2 ± 2.4 y 587.4 ± 92.1, respectivamente, donde cada puesta fue colocada en un intervalo de 16.3 ± 0.8 días</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cecropia</kwd>
<kwd>beetle</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Galerucinae</kwd>
<kwd>reprodutive behavior</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300027</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Federal University of Viçosa Department of Animal Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Minas Gerais </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1073</fpage>
<lpage>1082</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Lepidoptera pest species from eucalyptus were collected in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations in the region of Três Marias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, every 15 days from June 1989 to June 1994 with five light traps. Twelve primary and 15 secondary pest species were collected in the period with an average of 13 387 and 812 individuals per light trap, respectively. Most collected primary pest species were Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae), Iridopsis subferaria (Geometridae), Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae) and Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae), totalizing for the study period an average of 5 450, 2 162, 2 436 and 1 458 individuals per light trap, respectively. Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) was the most collected secondary pest species, averaging 652 individuals/trap. Most primary pest species were collected during the dry season, from April to July, whereas most secondary pest species were collected during the rainy season, from January to March. These differences on seasonal occurrence between the two groups could be due to the fact that many secondary pest species of Eucalyptus in Brazil pupate in the soil, and they need humidity to complete its pupal stage</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La ocurrencia de plagas primarias y secundarias del orden Lepidoptera fue estudiada desde junio de 1989 hasta junio de 1994 en plantaciones de Eucalyptus urophylla, localizadas en la region de Tres Marias, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Durante este periodo, las colectas de lepidópteros fueron realizadas quincenalmente usando cinco trampas de luz. Después de cinco años de recolección la media total por trampa fue de 13 387 especímenes de plagas primarias y 812 de plagas secundarias, pertenecientes a 12 y 15 especies diferentes respectivamente. Las cuatro especies de plagas primarias más comunes fueron Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae), Iridopsis subferaria (Geometridae), Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae) e Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae) con media de 5 450; 2 162; 2 436 y 1 458 especímenes, respectivamente. A su vez, la plaga secundaria más comun entre las colectadas fue Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) con media de 652 especímenes. Por outro lado, durante la estación seca (marzo a julio) fue la época más adecuada para la presencia de plagas primarias, mientras que durante la época lluviosa (enero a marzo) fue la más apropriada para las plagas secundarias</p></abstract>
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<kwd>frequency</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Una nueva especie de rana de cristal del género Hyalinobatrachium (Anura: Centrolenidae) del Delta del Río Orinoco, Venezuela</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>José</given-names>
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</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Museo de Historia Natural La Salle  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Asociación Amigos de Doñana  </institution>
<addr-line>Sevilla </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1083</fpage>
<lpage>1093</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of Hyalinobatrachium of the fleischmanni group, H. mondolfii, is described from the Orinoco delta floodplains in Venezuela. This new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: parietal peritoneum clear, pericardium white, visceral and hepatic peritoneum white, color in life pale green with diminute yellow spots and, in preservative, cream with small dark melanophores (visible only under magnification), bones white in life, extense webbing, snout round in dorsal view and inclinate in lateral view, dorsal skin granulate and a advertisement call with a fundamental frequency greater than 5000 Hz</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie de Hyalinobatrachium del grupo fleischmanni, H. mondolfii, de las planicies inundables del delta del río Orinoco, Venezuela. Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii se distingue del resto de las especies del grupo por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: peritoneo parietal translúcido, pericardio y peritoneos visceral y hepático blancos, coloración dorsal en vida verde claro con diminutos puntos amarillos y en preservativo crema uniforme con diminutos melanóforos oscuros (visibles solo bajo magnificación, huesos blancos en vida, palmeadura de manos y pies extensa, cabeza redondeada en vista dorsal e inclinada en vista lateral, piel dorsal granular y un canto con frecuencia fundamental superior a los 5 000 Hz</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anura</kwd>
<kwd>Centrolenidae</kwd>
<kwd>Hyalinobatrachium</kwd>
<kwd>Orinoco Delta</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia </institution>
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<institution>,Universidade Estadual Paulista  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Jaú National Park is a large rain forest reserve that contains small populations of four caiman species. We sampled crocodilian populations during 30 surveys over a period of four years in five study areas. We found the mean abundance of caiman species to be very low (1.0 ± 0.5 caiman/km of shoreline), independent of habitat type (river, stream or lake) and season. While abundance was almost equal, the species’ composition varied in different waterbody and study areas. We analysed the structure similarity of this assemblage. Lake and river habitats were the most similar habitats, and inhabited by at least two species, mainly Caiman crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger. However, those species can also inhabit streams. Streams were the most dissimilar habitats studied and also had two other species: Paleosuchus trigonatus and P. palpebrosus. The structure of these assemblage does not suggest a pattern of species associated and separated by habitat. Trends in species relationships had a negative correlation with species of similar size, C. crocodilus and P. trigonatus, and an apparent complete exclusion of M. niger and P. trigonatus. Microhabitat analysis suggests a slender habitat partitioning: P. trigonatus was absent from river and lake Igapó (flooded forest), but frequent in stream Igapó. This species was the most terrestrial and found in microhabitats similar to C. crocodilus (shallow waters, slow current). Melanosuchus niger inhabits deep, fast moving waters in different study areas. Despite inhabiting the same waterbodies in many surveys, M. niger and C. crocodilus did not share the same microhabitats. Paleosuchus palpebrosus was observed only in running waters and never in stagnant lake habitats. Cluster analysis revealed three survey groups: two constitute a mosaic in floodplains, (a) a cluster with both M. niger and C. crocodilus, and another (b) with only C. crocodilus. A third cluster (c) included more species, and the presence of Paleosuchus species. There was no significant difference among wariness of caimans between disturbed and undisturbed localities. However, there was a clear trend to increase wariness during the course of consecutive surveys at four localities, suggesting that we, more than local inhabitants, had disturbed caimans. The factors that are limiting caiman populations can be independent of human exploitation. Currently in Amazonia, increased the pressure of hunting, habitat loss and habitat alteration, and there is no evidence of widespread recovery of caiman populations. In large reserves as Jaú without many disturbance, most caiman populations can be low density, suggesting that in blackwater environments their recovery from exploitation should be very slow</p></abstract>
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<kwd>wariness</kwd>
<kwd>Jaú National Park</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Una nueva especie de serpiente del género Sibon (Serpentes: Colubridae) de la vertiente del Caribe de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Serpentario Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1111</fpage>
<lpage>1120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sibon lamari, a new species of colubrid snake from northeastern Costa Rica is described on the basis of six specimens. The new form differs from the closely allied S. annulatus in color pattern, head size, subcaudal count, and number of labials bordering eye-orbit. This is the third species of Sibon, together with S. argus and S. longifrenis, possessing a green dorsal ground color in Costa Rica. Sibon lamari coexists sympatrically with S. annulatus, S. argus, S. longifrenis and S. nebulatus at the locality of Guayacán de Siquirres (Limón Province)</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sibon lamari, una nueva especie de serpiente colúbrido del noreste de Costa Rica es descrita con base en seis especímenes. La nueva forma difiere de la aliada cercana S. annulatus en patrón de color, tamaño de cabeza, conteo subaudal y número de labiales bordeando la órbita del ojo. Esta es la tercera especie de Sibon, junto con S. argus y S. longifrenis, que posee color de fondo dorsal verde en Costa Rica. Sibon lamari coexiste simpátricamente con S. annulatus, S. argus, S. longifrenis y S. nebutalus en la localidad de Guayacán de Siquirres (Provincia de Limón)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Serpentes</kwd>
<kwd>Colubridae</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Sibon</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ultraestructura de la cáscara de huevos eclosionados y no eclosionados de Kinosternon angustipons (Testudinata: Kinosternidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Sede Rodrigo Facio Escuela de Biología</institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Sede Rodrigo Facio Escuela de Geografía</institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Sede Rodrigo Facio Escuela de Biología</institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Institut fur Molekulargenetik Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Saarstrasse  </institution>
<addr-line>Mainz </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<fpage>1121</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The ultrastructure of eggshells of Kinosternon angustipons is described and compared with the ones of K. leucostomum and K. scorpioides. Four eggs from captive turtles (30 sections) were studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The shell has three layers: cuticle or external, calcareous or intermediate and testacean or internal. Hatched and non hatched eggs have similar characteristics in their external surface: fanned units and proteic fibers superposed at random. They differ in the presence of spongelike structures and more external porosity in non hatched eggs. The intermediate and testacean layers of the hatched eggs have lance point like spaces and are thin in the proteic fibers. The ultrastructural evidence shows that during the embryonic development the thickness of the peel decreases. Non hatched K. angustipons shells are thicker than in the other two kinosternon species of Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la ultraestructura de la cáscara de los huevos de Kinosternon angustipons y se compara con la de K. leucostomum y K. scorpioides. Esta investigación se realizó con cuatro huevos provenientes de tortugas en cautiverio, para una muestra de 30 secciones analizadas en el Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido. Está constituida por tres capas: la cutícula o externa, la calcárea o intermedia y la testácea o interna. La comparación entre huevos eclosionados y no eclosionados de K. angustipons muestra similitudes en cuanto a su superficie externa que es plana, unidades abanicadas y fibras proteicas superpuestas al azar. Los huevos no eclosionados se diferencian por la presencia de estructuras esponjoides y mayor porosidad externa. Los espacios con forma de punta de lanza y el adelgazamiento de las fibras proteicas son típicos en la capa calcárea y membrana testácea de los huevos eclosionados. La evidencia ultraestructural muestra que durante el desarrollo embrionario disminuye el grosor de la cáscara y, además que, la de los huevos no eclosionados de K. angustipons es más gruesa que la de los otros dos kinostérnidos costarricenses</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Kinosternidae</kwd>
<kwd>Kinosternon</kwd>
<kwd>K. angustipons</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>eggshell</kwd>
<kwd>turtles</kwd>
<kwd>comparative anatomy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We determined the taxonomic composition and spatial-temporal distribution of aquatic and raptor birds in a freshwater artificial pond of El Centenario, Baja California Sur, México, during 24 biweekly censuses (April, 1998 to March, 1999). The pond is particularly attractive for birds because of its variety of food items. A total 25 563 records of 69 species were done, among them the first report of Chlidonias niger and Phalaropus tricolor for the region. Species richness and abundance were determined for the migrant component, mostly Anatidae (16 species and 55.6 % of the total abundance) and shorebirds (18 species and 13.3%). The greater number of species and individuals was in C the deepest and more heterogeneus section of the pond. The most important species was Oxyura jamaicensis (30 % of the total observed individuals), with highest abundance in the peninsula. The artificial pond presented an atypical and distinct ornithological composition because it is located in an arid region, and acts as a resting site for migrant birds. The site included species that usually live in freshwater and coastal areas, a characteristic reflected in their high richness. It contributes noticeably to the local avian biodiversity</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la composición taxonómica y la distribución espaciotemporal de aves acuáticas en el estanque de almacenamiento del ejido El Centenario, B.C.S., durante 24 censos quincenales (abril de 1998 a marzo de 1999). El estanque es particularmente atractivo para las aves por la variedad de alimento que ofrece. Se realizaron 25 563 registros de 69, entre las que se reporta por primera vez en la región a Chlidonias niger y Phalaropus tricolor. La riqueza y la abundancia fueron determinadas por el componente migratorio, principalmente anátidos (16 especies y 55.6 % del total observado, respectivamente) y aves playeras (18 especies y 13.3 %). La zona que presentó el número mayor de especies e individuos fue la C, la más profunda y heterogénea. La especie más importante fue Oxyura jamaicensis (30 % del total observado), con los números más altos en la península. Este sitio presentó un componente aviar propio atípico, dada la aridez de la región, y funcionó como un sitio de escala e invernación para especies migratorias. Su componente incluye aves de afinidades costeras y dulceacuícolas, lo que se refleja en sus altas riquezas, contribuyendo notablemente a la biodiversidad local</p></abstract>
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<kwd>distribution</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Four pairs of the poorly understood tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus were captured and color banded at a grassland in Maracaibo, Venezuela in June 1997. Throughout the following 8 months, individuals were observed two days per week for 4 hours each. We recorded courtship behaviour, nest construction, incubation, parental care, territory defense and timing of reproductive cycle. Pairs lived in defined territories defended primarily by the male. Both sexes participated in nest building which began at the start of two rainy seasons: April and October. Between April and June, 80 % of nests were parasited by the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis). No parasitism was recorded in the later nesting season. Consequently, breeding success for the April and October seasons was 20 % and 83 % respectively. Only the female incubated and the mean clutch size was 2.2 eggs</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) cause different kinds of damage specially on oceanic islands. Pigs were introduced at Cocos Island, Costa Rica, during 1793 and bred successfully. I analised feral pigs diet, reproductive state, genetics and the effects of predation, in order to gather data on their ecology and impact on certain Cocos Island communities. The diet was studied, during a dry and a wet period, through stomach contents. The genetic variability was determined through PCR analysis on tissue samples which were taken from feral (Cocos Island) and domestic (mainland) pig ear-lobes. Pigs at Cocos were omnivorous, the most important diet category in both seasons was fruits. More pigs consumed fruits during the wet season but the fruits did occupy more somach volume during the dry season. Feral pigs did not disperse exotic seeds nor prey on animal endemic species. 56 % of the hunted pigs were males and 44 % were females. From females in reproductive age, 46 % were pregnant or suckling, and the average number of fetuses in a litter was 4.4. I confirmed a reproductive peak during January/ February but could not demonstrate a reproductive peak during June/July. The low fetuses number per litter could be related with some levels of stress. The genetic variability for all the evaluated parameters within the feral population was low but not as low as expected. I suggest a compensatory mecanism were the inbreeding depression reduces consanguinity and a species sucptible to stocastic, demographic or environmental factors turns to be an adapted species with high resilience</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los cerdos cimarrones (Sus scrofa) provocan diferentes tipos de daños particularmente en islas oceánicas. En la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, fueron introducidos en 1793 y se reprodujeron exitosamente. Para reunir datos sobre la ecología de los cerdos cimarrones y conocer su impacto sobre algunas comunidades de la Isla del Coco, analicé su dieta, estado reproductivo, genética y los efectos de la depredación. Estudié la dieta por medio de análisis estomacales en una época seca y otra húmeda. Determiné la variabilidad genética por análisis de PCR realizados sobre muestras de tejido provenientes de orejas de cerdos cimarrones de la Isla del Coco y cerdos domésticos del continente. Los cerdos fueron omnívoros y la categoría más importante de la dieta en ambas estaciones fue frutos. Los frutos fueron consumidos por más cerdos en la estación seca pero ocuparon mayor volumen en los estómagos en la estación húmeda. No detecté que los cerdos depredaran sobre especies animales endémicas ni que dispersaran semillas de especies exóticas. El 56 % de los cerdos cazados fueron machos y el 44 % hembras. El 46 % de las hembras en edad reproductiva estuvo preñada o lactante y el número medio de fetos por camada fue de 4.4. Confirmé un pico reproductivo en enero/febrero y no pude demostrar un pico reproductivo en junio/julio. El bajo número de fetos podría relacionarse con un estado de estrés poblacional. En general los resultados indican una reducida variabilidad genética para todos los parámetros evaluados en la población cimarrona aunque no tan baja como la esperada. Sugiero un mecanismo compensatorio donde la depresión por endocruzamiento reduce la consanguinidad y una especie susceptible a factores estocásticos, demográficos o ambientales se convierte en una especie adaptada y con capacidad de resiliencia</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Feral pig</kwd>
<kwd>Sus scrofa</kwd>
<kwd>Cocos Island</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>exotic species</kwd>
<kwd>breeding state</kwd>
<kwd>genetic variability</kwd>
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<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are of the most damaging exotic vertebrates, specially on oceanic island native communities. Feral pigs inhabit Cocos Island since 1793 and there are around 400-500 individuals. In order to quantify the impacts of the feral pigs at Cocos Island, I calculated the effect of the rooting activity and its influence on the natural erosion. During one year I walked, monthly, 15 km on trails estimating rooted area by transect and rooting recurrence. During eight months I compared erosion rates with and without rootings. I estimated the annual rooting rate between 10 and 20 % of the total island surface. The rooted area was the only measured variable which correlated with the soil erosion rate. The erosion rate without rootings was 23.6 kg/ha/year and with rootings was 200.4 kg/ha/year (P &lt; 0.01). The disturbances provoked by the rootings were not scattered homogeneously through the island. The rootings, together with the natural landslides, dominate the soil disturbance pattern at Cocos Island. This study suggests that the presence of feral pigs produces more erosion than the one that would naturally occur without feral pigs at Cocos Island</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El cerdo cimarrón (Sus scrofa) es uno de los vertebrados exóticos más perjudiciales para las comunidades nativas de los sitios donde ha sido introducido, sobre todo en islas oceánicas. Los cerdos cimarrones habitan la Isla del Coco desde 1793 y su abundancia se estima en 400-500 individuos. Para cuantificar el impacto de los cerdos cimarrones estimé los efectos de la actividad de escarbadura y su influencia sobre la erosión natural en la Isla del Coco. Durante un año recorrí mensualmente 15 km en senderos calculando el área escarbada por transecto y recurrencia en el escarbado. Durante ocho meses comparé tasas de erosión con y sin escarbaderos. Calculé la tasa de escarbadura anual entre un 10 y un 20 % de la superficie total de la Isla del Coco. El área escarbada fue la única variable de las medidas que se correlacionó con la tasa de erosión del suelo. La tasa de erosión sin escarbaderos fue de 23.6 kg/ha/año y con escarbaderos 200.4 kg/ha/año (P &lt; 0.01). Las alteraciones provocados por los escarbaderos no se reparten homogéneamente por toda la isla. Los escarbaderos junto con los deslizamientos naturales de tierra dominan el régimen de alteraciones de suelos de la Isla del Coco. Este estudio sugiere que la presencia de los cerdos cimarrones produce más erosión de la que se produciría naturalmente sin cerdos en la Isla del Coco</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Feral pigs</kwd>
<kwd>soil disturbances</kwd>
<kwd>rooting</kwd>
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<kwd>erosion rates</kwd>
<kwd>Cocos Island</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Seguimiento anual de la parasitosis gastrointestinal del tepezcuintle, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) en cautiverio en el trópico mexicano</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1171</fpage>
<lpage>1176</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Previous reports showed that the tepezcuintle (Agouti paca) is commonly infested by gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), mainly Eucoccidiida and helminths. However, there is no available information on the frequency of those parasites and their faecal egg excretions at different moments during the year. These information would provide a valuable baseline for the establishment of control strategies against GIP in tepezcuintles under captivity. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of GIP orders and genera that infest tepezcuintles under captivity and, to describe the dynamics of faecal egg and oocyst excretion in a year. Ten tepezcuintles were sampled (faeces) twice every month for twelve months. The faecal samples were processed by the flotation and McMaster techniques. Two orders of parasites were determinated: Strongylida and Eucoccidiida. Two genera of nematodes were also determinated: Strongyloides and Trichuris. The prevalence of Strongylida eggs, Eucoccidiida oocysts and Trichuris sp. eggs reached 10-20 % of animals in certain months. The most important genus was Strongyloides, found in 60 to 100 % of the animals year round. The average excretion of eggs in the group was 45 to 372 eggs per gram. Tepezcuintles kept under captivity in Yucatan are parasited with Strongyloides sp throughout the year, but only occasionally had oocysts of Eucoccidiida and eggs of Strongylida and Trichuris sp</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Informes previos muestran que el tepezcuintle es comúnmente infestado por parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI), principalmente por Eucoccidiida y helmintos; sin embargo, no existe información disponible sobre la frecuencia de estos parásitos y su excreción de huevecillos en heces en diferentes momentos a lo largo de un año. Esta información puede proveer un fundamento valioso para el establecimiento de estrategias de control contra PGI en tepezcuintles en cautiverio. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia de los géneros y órdenes de PGI que infestan al tepezcuintle en cautiverio y describir la dinámica de excreción de huevecillos y ooquistes fecales en un año. Diez tepezcuintles fueron muestreados (heces) dos veces por mes durante 12 meses. Las muestras fecales se procesaron por las técnicas de Flotación centrifugada y McMaster. Se determinaron dos órdenes: Strongylida y Eucoccidiida y dos géneros Strongyloides y Trichuris. Las prevalencias de huevecillos del orden Strongylida, ooquistes de Eucoccidiida y huevecillos de Trichuris sp. en los animales fue de 10 al 20 % en ciertos meses del año. El género Strongyloides fue el más importante, encontrándose de 60 a 100 % de los animales durante todo el año. La excreción promedio de huevecillos en el grupo estudiado fue de 45 a 372 huevecillos por gramo de heces. Los tepezcuintles en cautiverio en Yucatán están parasitados por Strongyloides sp. durante todo el año. Ocasionalmente estos animales tienen ooquistes de Eucoccidiida y huevecillos de Strongylida y Trichuris sp</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gastrointestinal parasites</kwd>
<kwd>tepezcuintle</kwd>
<kwd>Agouti paca</kwd>
<kwd>helminths, Strongyloides sp.</kwd>
<kwd>mexican tropics</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Swimming ability in three Costa Rican dry forest rodents</article-title>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Miami Department of Biology </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We investigated the swimming abilities of three Costa Rican dry forest rodents (Coues’ rice rat, Oryzomys couesi, hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, and spiny pocket mouse, Liomys salvini) associated with a large marsh, Laguna Palo Verde, using 90 s swim trials in a plastic container. Swimming ability was evaluated by observing the use of limbs and tail in the water, inclination to the surface, and diving and floating behavior. Rice rats could float, swim and dive, suggesting that they can exploit surface and underwater resources. Cotton rats swam at the water’s surface, but were less skilled swimmers than rice rats. Spiny pocket mice tired quickly and had difficulty staying at the water’s surface. Results suggest that differential swimming ability is related to the distribution of the three sympatric species within the marsh and adjacent forest habitats</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nosotros investigamos las habilidades de nado de tres ratones del bosque seco de Costa Rica (la rata arrocera de Coue, Oryzomys couesi, la rata algodonera híspida, Sigmodon hispidus, y el ratón espinoso, Liomys salvini) asociados a un gran pantano, Laguna Palo Verde, usando pruebas de nado de 90 s en un contenedor de plástico. La habilidad de nado fue evaluada observando el uso de las extremidades y cola en el agua, inclinación hacia la superficie y comportamiento de flotar y buceo. Las ratas arroceras pudieron flotar, nadar y bucear, sugiriendo que ellas pueden explotar los recursos en la superficie y bajo el agua. Las ratas algodoneras nadaron en la superficie del agua, pero fueron menos hábiles nadadoras que las rata arroceras. Los ratones espinosos se cansaron rápidamente y tuvieron dificultad para mantenerse en la superficie del agua. Los resultados sugieren que la habilidad de nado diferencial está relacionada con la distribución de las tres especies simpátricas dentro del pantano y los hábitats del bosque adyacentes</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Oryzomys couesi</kwd>
<kwd>Sigmodon hispidus</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300038</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) diet and fruit availability in a Costa Rican rain forest</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Altrichter</surname>
<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carrillo</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>Joel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>K. Fuller</surname>
<given-names>Todd</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y el Caribe </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Unidad de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad Centro Agronómico de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Massachusetts at Amherst Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,School of Renewable Natural Resources  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1183</fpage>
<lpage>1192</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied fruit availability, diet and habitat use by white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, southwest Costa Rica, from July 1996 to April 1997. The results show that the availability of important fruits for the white-lipped peccary differs between habitats and climatic seasons. Fruit availability was highest in the primary forest than secondary and coastal forest. There was a period of shortage of fruits to ends of the wet season, during which the consumption of not seasonal resources like leaves and shafts increased. The important fruits during this period of shortage were Ficus sp and Licania operculipetala. The several types of forest were used according to the fruit availability, and it was a direct relation between the consumption and the fruit availability</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Actualmente se reconoce que existe una alta estacionalidad en la producción de frutos en los bosques tropicales, que produce períodos críticos de escasez que afectan, entre otros, la dieta, movilidad y el uso de hábitat de las especies animales. No se conoce la forma en que el chancho cariblanco (Tayassu pecari) responde a esta variación. Nosotros estudiamos la dieta y el uso del hábitat del chancho cariblanco y la variación en la disponibilidad de frutos en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, al suroeste de Costa Rica, desde julio de 1996 hasta abril de 1997. Los resultados muestran que la disponibilidad de frutos importantes en la dieta del chancho cariblanco difiere entre hábitats y entre estaciones climáticas. Fue más alta en el bosque primario que en el bosque secundario y el bosque costero. Hubo un período de escasez de frutos a finales de la estación húmeda, durante el cual aumentó el consumo de recursos no estacionales como hojas y tallos. Los frutos importantes durante este periodo de escasez fueron Ficus spp. y Licania perculipetala. Los diferentes tipos de bosque fueron usados de acuerdo a la disponibilidad de frutos, y se encontró una relación directa entre el consumo y la disponibilidad de frutos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tropical rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>Tayassu pecari</kwd>
<kwd>white-lipped peccary diet</kwd>
<kwd>habitat use</kwd>
<kwd>fruit availability</kwd>
<kwd>Corcovado National Park</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300039</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Hábitos alimentarios del mapachín (Procyon lotor) (Carnivora: Procyonidae) en un bosque muy húmedo tropical costero de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Programa Regional de Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y Caribe </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Unidad de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1193</fpage>
<lpage>1197</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Raccoon (Procyon lotor) food habits were studied at Manuel Antonio National Park, a tropical rain forest in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica from May to December 1987, from September to December 1989 and from January to April 1990. A 134 feces sample size was used to assess the most important items in raccoon diet: two crab species (Gecarcinus quadratus and Cardisoma crassum) with a relative frequency of 0.94 in the rainy season of 1987, 0.76 in the rainy season of 1989 and 0.65 in the dry season of 1990. Fruits were the second category in importance, with relative frequencies of 0.09 for 1987, 0.32 for 1989 and 0.44 for 1990</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinaron los hábitos alimentarios del mapachín (Procyon lotor) en el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, un bosque tropical muy húmedo ubicado en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica, durante la estación lluviosa del año 1987 (mayo a diciembre), la estación lluviosa de 1989 (setiembre a diciembre) y durante la estación seca del año 1990 (enero a abril). Mediante el análisis de 134 muestras de heces se determinó que la categoría más importante en la dieta del mapachín estuvo compuesta por los cangrejos de tierra (Gecarcinus quadratus y Cardisoma crassum), con una frecuencia relativa de 0.94 en la estación lluviosa del año 1987, 0.76 en la estación lluviosa del año 1989 y 0.65 en la estación seca de 1990. La segunda categoría en importancia estuvo compuesta por frutos, con una frecuencia relativa de 0.09 en la estación lluviosa del año 1987, 0.32 en la estación lluviosa del año 1989 y 0.44 en la estación seca del año 1990. De acuerdo con los cambios estacionales en la dieta, los mapachines forrajearon de manera eficiente para maximizar la ganancia en la tasa neta de energía</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Procyon lotor</kwd>
<kwd>food habits</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300040</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">White-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus) ecology and management in neotropical agricultural landscapes during the dry season</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>Heather E.</given-names>
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</contrib>
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<surname>Vaughan</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Associated Colleges of the Midwest  </institution>
<addr-line>San Jose </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine </institution>
<addr-line>Madison </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Regional Wildlife Program </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,University of Wisconsin Institute of Environmental Studies </institution>
<addr-line>Madison </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1199</fpage>
<lpage>1206</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Habitat use by a C. capucinus troop was studied in an agricultural landscape during late dry season (March-April 1994) in northwest Costa Rica. Riparian forests, palm canals and living fence rows accounted for 82 % of observations, significantly more than the other six habitats present. The study troop consumed 24 species of plants and five animals. Feeding concentrated on the introduced African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (33.6 %) and mango (Mangifera indica) (27.2 %), found mostly in palm canals and mango orchards respectively. The troop rested between 0930-1330 hr and fed and moved between 0530-0930 hr and 1330-1730 hr. Living fence rows were used as travel routes or corridors and less intensively for other activities</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el uso de hábitat por una tropa de C. capucinus en una zona de agricultura durante la estación seca tardía (Marzo-Abril 1994) en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Los bosques riparios, canales de palmas y cercas de árboles vivos contaron con el 82 % de las observaciones, significantemente más que los otros seis hábitats presentes. La tropa de estudio consumió 24 especies de plntas y cinco animales. La alimentación se concentró en la palma de aceite Africana introducida (Elaeis guineensis) (33.6 %) y en mango (Mangifera indica) (27.2 %), encontrados principalmente en los canales de palmas y huertos de mango respectivamente. La tropa descansó entre las 0930-1330 hr y se alimentó y movió entre las 0530-0930 hr y 1330-730 hr. Las cercas de árboles vivos fueron usadas como rutas de paso o corredores y menos intensamente para otras actividades</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>African oil palm</kwd>
<kwd>agricultural land</kwd>
<kwd>capuchins</kwd>
<kwd>Cebus capucinus</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>habitat use</kwd>
<kwd>living fence rows</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300041</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in meat, poultry and veg-etables mixed with different concentrations of mayonnaise</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
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<given-names>María Laura</given-names>
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<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<name>
<surname>Antillón</surname>
<given-names>Florencia</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1207</fpage>
<lpage>1211</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the last 20 years Escherichia coli O157: H7 has emerged as a new pathogen, causing worldwide disease, death and economic loss. Different studies have revealed important survival characteristics of this pathogen, although there are divergent criteria about its ability to survive in various mayonnaise formulations. We studied the effect of different mayonnaise concentrations (0 %, 18 %, 37 % and 56 %) (weight/weight) over the survival of the bacterium in common foods from a neotropical environment (Costa Rica). High [10 7 -10 8 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml] and low E. coli populations (10 4 -10 6 CFU/ml) were inoculated, (three replicates) in meat, chopped cabbage and poultry, and mixed with commercial mayonnaise to obtain the concentrations specified. They were incubated at 12 ºC for 24, 48 and 72 hr. The E. coli O157: H7 enumeration was done according to a standard methodology. Populations of E. coli O157: H7 showed an increasing trend during the first incubation period (48 hr), in all the preparations, regardless of the fat concentration used. Our data indicate that E. coli O157: H7 is capable of surviving and growing in meat, cabbage and poultry mixed with mayonnaise, independently of its concentration</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los últimos 20 años, Escherichia coli O157: H7 ha emergido como un nuevo patógeno, causando enfermedad, muerte y pérdidas económicas mundialmente. Diversos estudios han revelado que este patógeno posee importantes características de sobrevivencia, no obstante, existe criterio divergente respecto a su habilidad para sobrevivir en varias formulaciones basadas en mayonesa. Se procedió a estudiar el efecto de diversas concentraciones de mayonesa (0 %, 18 %, 37 % y 56 %) (p/p) en la sobrevivencia de la bacteria en alimentos comunes de un ambiente neotropical (Costa Rica). Una población alta de E. coli (10 7 -10 8 UFC/ml) y una baja (10 4 -10 6 UFC/ml) fueron inoculadas, en tres ocasiones diferentes, en carne picada, repollo picado y pollo picado y mezcladas con mayonesa comercial, con el fin de obtener las concentraciones estipuladas. Estas muestras fueron incubadas a 12 ºC por 24, 48 y 72 hr. La enumeración de E. coli O157: H7 se realizó de acuerdo a la metodología descrita en el Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Las poblaciones de E. coli mostraron una tendencia a aumentar durante las primeras horas de incubación (48 hr) a pesar de las concentraciones de grasa utilizadas. Los hallazgos de este estudio indican que la E. coli O157: H7 es capaz de sobrevivir y crecer en ensaladas de carne, repollo, y pollo. Se debe tener precaución para evitar el falso sentimiento de seguridad derivado del uso de mayonesa en ensaladas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Escherichia coli O157: H7</kwd>
<kwd>mayonnaise</kwd>
<kwd>meat</kwd>
<kwd>cabbage</kwd>
<kwd>poultry</kwd>
<kwd>survival</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300042</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación in vitro de sustancias antibacterianas producidas por bacterias aisladas de diferentes organismos marinos</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela Dpto. Biología Pesquera Laboratorio de Acuicultura</institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1213</fpage>
<lpage>1221</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bacteria from several groups of marine organisms were isolated and, using direct antibiograms, identified those that produce antibacterial substances, using a human pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 as revealing microorganism. Bacteria which produce substances that inhibite S. aureus growth were identified through morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. Out of 290 bacteria, 54 (18.6 %) inhibited the growth of S. aureus, but only 27 survived for identification. Bivalves, sponges and corals were the most represented from which 41.2, 33.3 and 29.7 %, respectively, produced antibacterial substances of the isolated bacteria in each group. The marine species with highest proportions of these bacteria were the hard coral Madracis decactis (62.5 %), the sponges Cliona sp. (57.1 %) and the octocoral Plexaura flexuosa (50.0 %). Out of the 27 strains that produced antibacterial substances, 51.8 % were Aeromonas spp. and 14.8 % Vibrio spp. Marine bacteria that produce antibacterial substances are abundant, most belong in the Vibrionacea group and were isolated mainly from corals and bivalve mollusks</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizaron antibiogramas directos para detectar la presencia de bacterias productoras de sustancias antibacterianas aisladas de diferentes organismos marinos, utilizando el patógeno de humanos Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 como germen revelador. Alas bacterias que produjeron sustancias inhibidoras del crecimiento del germen revelador se les realizó pruebas morfológicas, fisiológicas y bioquímicas en función de identificarlas a nivel de género. De un total de 290 cepas 54 (18.6 %) inhibieron el crecimiento del germen revelador, pero sólo 27 se mantuvieron viables. Los grupos más representativos de donde se aislaron las bacterias productoras de sustancias antibacterianas fueron los moluscos bivalvos, las esponjas y corales, presentaron un 41.2, 33.3 y 29.7 %, respectivamente, de bacterias productoras relativas al número de sus aislados. Los organismos que presentaron una mayor proporción de bacterias inhibidoras del germen revelador se aislaron del coral Madracis decactis (62.5 %), la esponja Cliona sp. (57.1 %), y el octocoral Plexaura flexuosa (50.0 %). De las 27 cepas productoras de sustancias antibacterianas que se identificaron, 51.85 % pertenecieron al género Aeromonas y 14.8% al género Vibro. Los resultados muestran la abundancia de bacterias marinas productoras de sustancias antibacterianas, la mayoría de ellas pertenecientes al grupo de las vibrionáceas principalmente aisladas de corales y moluscos bivalvos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>antibiosis</kwd>
<kwd>marine bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
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<kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300045</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis de varios marcadores genéticos clásicos en la población de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morera</surname>
<given-names>Bernal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Marín-Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barrantes</surname>
<given-names>Ramiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universitat Pompeu Fabra Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y de la Vida Unitat de Biología Evolutiva</institution>
<addr-line>Barcelona </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Genómica Int.  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital San Juan de Dios Laboratorio Clínico Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología e INISA </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1237</fpage>
<lpage>1252</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A study of several loci blood groups (ABO, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran, MNSs, P, Rhesus and Secretor), and Hp serum protein was carried out on a sample of 2 196 unrelated Costa Rican individuals of both sexes. Data was classified and analyzed according to geographic regions. Gene frequencies and the goodness of fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. A geographic structuring was observed in the Costa Rican population. All the regions of Costa Rica show higher heterozigosity values than the ones observed in the indigenous Costa Rican groups, but similar or slightly higher than the ones observed in the Spanish populations. The genetic distance analysis evidenced that the regions of Costa Rica group close to each other in intermediate positions between the Amerindians and the Spanish, fact that is coherent with the statement that atributes a intermediate origin to the general population of Costa Rica. The data contradicts the idea that the Central region has a radically different population than the rest of the country. The outcome of these markers revealed poor values of exclusion probability in forensic and paternity cases, which confirms the importance of their replacement for DNA markers in the outlines of human identification of judicial investigation systems. These results are similar to other studies made in Latin American populations</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio de varios loci de grupos sanguíneos (ABO, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran, MNSs, P, Rhesus y Secretor) y de la proteína sérica haptoglobina en una muestra de 2 196 costarricenses no emparentados y de ambos sexos. Los datos fueron clasificados y analizados de acuerdo con la región geográfica de origen de los individuos. Se estimaron las frecuencias génicas y su bondad de ajuste al equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg mediante el método de máxima verosimilitud. Se observó la existencia de una estructuración geográfica en la población de Costa Rica. Todas las regiones de Costa Rica presentan valores de heterocigosidad mucho mayores a los observados en los pueblos indígenas costarricenses, pero semejantes o ligeramente mayores a los encontrados en poblaciones de España. El análisis de distancias génicas evidenció que las regiones de Costa Rica se agrupan próximas entre sí, en posiciones intermedias entre las amerindias y las de España, hecho que es coherente con el planteamiento que atribuye un origen mestizo a la población general de Costa Rica. Además, los datos contradicen la idea de que la región Central tiene una población radicalmente diferente a las demás regiones del país. Estos marcadores revelan pobres valores de probabilidad de exclusión forense y de paternidad, lo que confirma la importancia de su reemplazo por marcadores de ADN en los esquemas de identificación humana de los sistemas de investigación judicial. Tales resultados son similares a los encontrados en otras poblaciones latinoamericanas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Blood groups</kwd>
<kwd>haptoglobin</kwd>
<kwd>forensic</kwd>
<kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300046</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Nicaraguan population data on LDLR, GYPA, D7S8, HBGG, GC and HLA-DQA1 loci</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universitat Pompeu Fabra Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y de la Vida Unitat de Biología Evolutiva</institution>
<addr-line>Barcelona </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Genómica Int.  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Poder Judicial Organismo de Investigación Judicial Sección de Bioquímica</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica CIHATA </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1253</fpage>
<lpage>1260</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442001000300046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nicaraguans have become the most numerous and fastest increasing minority in Costa Rica: at present they represent around 6 % of the total population of the country. We have analyzed the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and HLA-DQA1) in 100 unrelated Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica. All loci studied were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Some statistical parameters of forensic interest were also calculated (h, PD and CE). Allele frequencies of the markers HLA-DQA1 and GYPAwere found to be significantly different between the populations of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Nevertheless, genetic distances showed that Nicaragua is close to other Hispanic-admixed populations like those from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and USA Hispanics. The loci set was assessed to be useful for paternity testing and individual identification in the Nicaraguan population residing in Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los nicaragüenses se han convertido en el grupo minoritario más numeroso y creciente en Costa Rica y en la actualidad representan alrededor del 6 % de la población total del país. Analizamos las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de seis marcadores genéticos (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC y HLA-DQA1) basados en la PCR en 100 nicaragüenses no emparentados, residentes en Costa Rica. Todos los loci estudiados cumplieron con el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. También se calcularon algunos parámetros estadísticos de interés forense (h, PD y EC). Se encontró que las frecuencias alélicas de los marcadores HLA-DQA1 y GYPA presentan diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones de Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Sin embargo, el análisis de distancias genéticas mostró que la población de Nicaragua es cercana a otras de origen hispano mestizo como las poblaciones de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica y los hispanos de Estados Unidos. Este conjunto de loci fue validado como útil para la realización de pruebas de paternidad y para la identificación de individuos en la población nicaragüense residente en Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>PCR-based</kwd>
<kwd>LDLR</kwd>
<kwd>GYPA</kwd>
<kwd>HBGG</kwd>
<kwd>D7S8</kwd>
<kwd>GC</kwd>
<kwd>HLA-DQA1</kwd>
<kwd>genetic markers</kwd>
<kwd>polymorphism</kwd>
<kwd>Nicaragua</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New records of amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from shallow waters of the Caribbean coast of Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Dpto. Estudios Ambientales e INTECMAR </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>49</volume>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Range extension of caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Caleta de Campos, Mexican Pacific</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hermoso-Salazar</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández-Alcántara</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Lab. Ecología Costera</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<fpage>1279</fpage>
<lpage>1280</lpage>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300064</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ampliación de ámbito de Gnathophylloides mineri (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) a Isla Socorro, Archipiélago Revillagigedo, México</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hermoso-Salazar</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solís-Weiss</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Lab. de Ecología Costera</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1980</fpage>
<lpage>1980</lpage>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300065</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Primer registro para Venezuela de la ascidia solitaria Herdmania momus (Urochordata: Ascidiacea)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montes</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prieto-Arcas</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Departamento de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1980</fpage>
<lpage>1980</lpage>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442001000300066</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Primer registro para el Caribe de la ascidia solitaria Styela barnharti (Urochordata: Stolidobranchia)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montes</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prieto-Arcas</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Departamento de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1281</fpage>
<lpage>1281</lpage>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300067</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La ascidia colonial Botryllus planus (Urochordata: Styelidae) en Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Montes</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Prieto</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Departamento de Biología, Escuela de Ciencias Laboratorio de Morfología Animal</institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1281</fpage>
<lpage>1281</lpage>
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</front>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300068</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">First record of Ulmeritoides misionensis (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) in Brazil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ribeiro Da-Silva</surname>
<given-names>Elidiomar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nascimento Lopes</surname>
<given-names>Maria José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Departamento de Ciências Naturais Laboratório de Insetos Aquáticos </institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia  </institution>
<addr-line>Manaus </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1281</fpage>
<lpage>1282</lpage>
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</front>
</article>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300069</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New range of the Brazilian endemic Platythyrea exigua (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Platythyreini)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Charles Delabie</surname>
<given-names>Jacques Hubert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau Laboratório de Mirmecologia </institution>
<addr-line>Santa Cruz </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1282</fpage>
<lpage>1282</lpage>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300070</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New records for leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Brazil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nova Coelho</surname>
<given-names>Luci Boa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ribeiro DaSilva</surname>
<given-names>Elidiomar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Departamento de Zoologia </institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade do Rio de Janeiro Escola de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Ciências Naturais</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1282</fpage>
<lpage>1283</lpage>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420010003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442001000300071</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hallazgos de Triatoma infestans en México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rocha</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Galvão</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jurberg</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carcavallo</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Departamento de Entomologia, Fiocruz Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
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<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1284</fpage>
<lpage>1284</lpage>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Moreno, C. 2001. Métodos para medir la biodiversidad: Vol. 1. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Oficina Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología para América Latina y el Caribe de UNESCO y Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. Serie Manuales y Tesis SEA. 84 p</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>1300</fpage>
<lpage>1302</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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