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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mensaje del fundador de la Revista de Biología Tropical</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>De Girolami</surname>
<given-names>Ettore</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>XIII</fpage>
<lpage>XVI</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comprendiendo los venenos de serpientes: 50 años de investigaciones en América Latina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>José María</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Instituto Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>377</fpage>
<lpage>394</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>As a tribute to Revista de Biología Tropical in its 50 th anniversary, this review describes some of the main research efforts carried out in the study of the chemical composition and the mechanism of action of toxins present in the venoms of snakes distributed in Latin America. Venom proteins involved in neurotoxicity,coagulopathies, hemorrhage and muscle necrosis are discussed, together with a description of the inflammatory reactions elicited by these venoms and toxins. In addition, the search for inhibitory substances present in plants and animals that may be utilized in the neutralization of venoms is analyzed. Some of the clinical studies performed on snakebite envenomations in Latin America are also reviewed, together with the development of technologies aimed at improving the quality of antivenoms produced in the region. Toxinology has become a fruitful and stimulating research field in Latin America which has contibuted to a better understanding of snake venoms as well as to an improved management of snakebitten patients</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La investigación científica sobre venenos de serpientes ha sido un campo de trabajo fructífero en América Latina. En la presente revisión se destacan algunos de los principales logros obtenidos en la comprensión de la estructura química y del mecanismo de acción de toxinas presentes en venenos de serpientes de la región. Además, se describen algunas líneas de trabajo en investigación clínica relacionada con el mejor conocimiento de la fisiopatología de estos envenenamientos en humanos y en el desempeño terapéutico de los antivenenos. También se destacan algunos logros en el desarrollo de tecnologías para la producción de antivenenos, así como en la caracterización de la capacidad neutralizante de estos inmunobiológicos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Snake venoms</kwd>
<kwd>toxins</kwd>
<kwd>antivenoms</kwd>
<kwd>neurotoxicity</kwd>
<kwd>coagulopathies</kwd>
<kwd>necrosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The present article gives an overview on the leading concepts and modelling approaches for marine ecosystems’ research including (1) The trophodynamic theory of pelagic ecosystems, (2) Compartment/network models, (3) Mesocosm experiments and (4) Individual based modelling approaches and virtual ecosystems (VE). The main research questions addressed, as well as the potential and limits of each approach, are summarized and discussed and it is shown how the concept of ecosystem has changed over time. Aquatic biomas spectra (derived from the theory of pelagic ecosystems) can give insight into the trophic structure of different systems, and can show how organism sizes are distributed within the system and how different size groups participate in the system’s metabolism and production. Compartment/network models allow for a more detailed description of the trophic structure of ecosystems and of the energy/biomass fluxes through the explicit modelling of P/B-and food consumption rates and biomasses for each system compartment. Moreover, system indices for a characterization and comparison with other systems can be obtained such as average trophic efficiency, energy throughput, and degree of connectivity, degree of maturity, and others. Recent dynamic extensions of trophic network models allow for exploring past and future impacts of fishing and environmental disturbances as well as to explore policies such as marine protected areas. Mesocosm experiments address a multitude of questions related to aquatic processes (i.e. primary production, grazing, predation, energy transfer between trophic levels etc.) and the behaviour of organisms (i.e. growth, migration, response to contaminants etc.) under semi-natural conditions. As processes within mesocosms often differ in rate and magnitude from those occurring in nature, mesocosms should be viewed as large in vitro experiments designed to test selected components of the ecosystem and not as an attempt to enclose a multitude of interacting processes. Models that use individual organisms as units can provide insight into the causes of natural variability within populations (growth, phenotype, behaviour) and into the role of intraspecific variation for interspecific processes, succession, and feedback mechanisms. In biological oceanography, interdisciplinary research is increasingly using &quot;Virtual Ecosystems&quot; to simulate non-linear interactions between the dynamics of fluctuating ocean circulation, the physics of air-sea interaction, turbulence and optics, biogeochemistry, and the physiology and behaviour of plankton, which can be compared with real observations. The different approaches available for the analysis of aquatic ecosystems should be seen as complementary ways for the description and understanding of ecosystems. The modern view of marine ecosystems, as has emerged from ecosystem analysis over the last decades, is that of a composite of loosely coupled subsystems of desynchron dynamics which through their combined action maintain the fundamental structure and function of the whole</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este artículo es una revisión de los conceptos y enfoques predominantes en la modelación e investigación de los ecosistemas marinos, tales como: (1) la Teoría Trofodinámica de ecosistemas pelágicos, (2) modelos de compartimentos/ red (compartment/network models), (3) experimentos de mesocosmos, y (4) modelos basados en enfoques individuales y ecosistemas virtuales. Se resumen y discuten preguntas relevantes para la investigación así como las limitaciones de cada enfoque, y se muestra como el concepto de ecosistema ha cambiado a través del tiempo. El espectro de biomasa acuática (obtenido de la teoría de ecosistemas pelágicos) puede revelar la estructura trófica de los diferentes ecosistemas; puede mostrar como el tamaño de los organismos se distribuyen dentro del ecosistema y como los diferentes grupos, de acuerdo al tamaño, participan en el metabolismo y producción del mismo. Los modelos de compartimentos/redes permiten describir más detalladamente la estructura trófica y el flujo de energía-/ biomasa en los ecosistemas, particularmente, con el modelamiento explícito de P/B y las tasas de consumo de alimento y biomasa de cada compartimento. Además, se pueden obtener índices para la caracterización y comparación entre sistemas, como por ejemplo la eficiencia trófica promedio, el rendimiento energético, los grados de conectividad y de madurez, y otros. Novedosas ampliaciones dinámicas de los modelos tróficos de red, permiten explorar los impactos pasados y futuros de las pesquerías y de las perturbaciones ambientales, así como sondear políticas de manejo como por ejemplo, las áreas marinas protegidas. Los experimentos de mesocosmos tratan con una multitud de preguntas relacionadas con procesos acuáticos (i.e. producción primaria, pastoreo, depredación, paso de energía entre niveles tróficos, etc.) y el comportamiento de los organismos (i.e. crecimiento, migración, reacción a los contaminantes, etc.) bajo condiciones seminaturales. Como los procesos dentro del mesocosmos frecuentemente difieren de los naturales en tasa y magnitud, éstos deberán ser considerados como grandes experimentos in vitro, diseñados para probar selectos componentes del ecosistema y no como intentos de abarcar múltiples procesos interactivos. Los modelos que utilizan organismos individuales como unidades, pueden revelar las causas de la variabilidad natural dentro de las poblaciones (crecimiento, fenotipo, comportamiento) y del papel de la variación intraespecífica de los procesos interespecíficos, de la sucesión y de los mecanismos retroactivos. Los ecosistemas virtuales están siendo utilizados ampliamente en la investigación interdisciplinaria dentro de la oceanografía biológica para simular interacciones no lineares entre las fluctuaciones dinámicas de la circulación oceánica, la física de las interacciones aire- mar, turbulencia y óptica, biogeoquímica, y en la fisiología y comportamiento del plancton. Todos estos aspectos pueden ser comparados con observaciones reales. Los diferentes enfoques disponibles para el análisis de ecosistemas acuáticos deberán ser considerados como medios complementarios para la descripción y comprensión de los ecosistemas. La perspectiva actual de los ecosistemas marinos es el resultado del análisis de ecosistemas durante las últimas décadas, y es la de un compuesto de subsistemas poco acoplados de dinámicas desincronizadas que mantienen la función y estructura fundamental del todo a través de la acción combinada</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Tropical coastal biodiversity has been modulated by tropical storms during a long time and it is currently facing a heavy human impact. The purpose of this review is to compile the available information to improve our understanding of hurricane impacts and to promote the establishment of coastal landscape monitoring, because that is the best way to assess these impacts. Although generalizations on hurricane effects are elusive, some historical dynamics and temporal relationships are included and some details are presented on the impacts by resuspension and movement of sediments, storm waves, and breaking off of coral reef organisms. Some effects on marine turtles and coastal forests are also briefly pointed out</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) has evolved in many ways since its founding in 1963 as a non-profit consortium offering graduate courses and facilitating research in tropical ecology in Costa Rica. By 2002, its international membership included about 65 institutions, including four from Costa Rica. It had developed three Costa Rican field stations (La Selva, Las Cruces, and Palo Verde) with excellent facilities for teaching and research, and it was constructing a new Costa Rican office at the University of Costa Rica. Combinations of internal and external pressures influenced OTS to develop in new directions in the 1980s and 1990s. It became more diversified and more concerned with applied science in its traditional areas of graduate education and research facilitation. The Organization also evolved into new niches: more applied biology, professional education, environmental education and policy, conservation efforts, and an expanded geographic distribution to other Latin American countries. OTS was composed of changing combinations of people (Boards, members, staff) with evolving and competing priorities for limited financial resources. External environmental changes also shaped OTS’s evolution. New problems of increased tropical deforestation, the emergence of the biodiversity &quot;crisis&quot; and conservation biology, global climate change, and calls for sustainable development affected OTS constituents and funding priorities of governments and foundations. Both internal and external pressures have in some cases demanded for OTS to improve its relationship with: Costa Rican biologists and their institutions, the Costa Rican government, and Costa Ricans living around the three OTS field stations</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) ha evolucionado en diversos campos desde su fundación en 1963 como un consorcio sin fines de lucro que ofrece cursos de especialización y facilidades para la investigación en ecología tropical en Costa Rica. Para el año 2002 sus miembros internacionales incluían 65 instituciones, incluidas cuatro de Costa Rica. Se habían desarrollado tres estaciones de investigación en Costa Rica (La Selva, Las Cruces y Palo Verde) con excelentes facilidades para la educación y la investigación, y se estaba construyendo una nueva oficina en la Universidad de Costa Rica. La combinación de presiones internas y externas obligaron a la OET a desarrollar nuevas direcciones en los años ochentas y noventas. La OET se diversificó y se preocupó más por la ciencia aplicada en sus áreas tradicionales de cursos de especialización y facilidades de investigación. La organización a su vez evolucionó hacia nuevos nichos: más biología aplicada, educación profesional, educación y política ambiental, esfuerzos de conservación y la distribución geográfica expandida a otros países de América Latina. La OET estaba compuesta de una combinación cambiante de gentes (Juntas, miembros, personal) con prioridades mejoradas y competitivas para los recursos financieros limitados. Los cambios ambienales externos también han moldeado la evolución de la OET. Los nuevos problemas de una creciente deforestación tropical, la emergente &quot;crisis&quot; de la biodiversidad y la biología de conservación, el cambio climático global y las llamadas por un desarrollo sostenible afectaron los constituyentes de la OET y las prioridades de financiamiento de gobiernos y fundaciones. Las presiones internas y externas combinadas en algunos casos, han demandado especialmente de la OET mejorar sus relaciones con los biólogos costarricense y sus instituciones, con el gobierno de Costa Rica y los costarricenses vecinos de las tres estaciones experimentales de la OET</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Environmental Education &amp; Policy</kwd>
<kwd>Graduate Education</kwd>
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<kwd>La Selva Biological Field Station</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">50 años de la Revista de Biología Tropical: Contribución al desarrollo de la Geo-Paleontología</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aguilar</surname>
<given-names>Teresita</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CIMAR Escuela Centroamericana de Geología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>473</fpage>
<lpage>476</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The geosciences contribution along the 50 years of the Revista de Biología Tropical had been scarcity and episodic. Until now there are 2374 papers but only 21 (0.88%) have some relation with geological sciencies. It`s posible to reconize two periods with geological contributions, one between 1963 and 1978. It`s appropiate to underline the importance of the biologist L. D. Gómez with his contributions about Costa Rican Paleobotanic in this period. The other period includes from 1988 to the present, and it`s tipyfied by an increase of biologist and geologist participation in different topics regarding with geosciences. Foreing and national researches are in the same ratio and belong from several contries like Costa Rica, México and Dominican Repubic. The subjects are concerning mainly about fossil taxonomy (Paleontology: 81%), only 19% are related with geological topics. Such distribution could be explained because the affinity between the fossil studies and the biological sciences</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las contribuciones sobre temas geocientíficos en los 50 años de la Revista de Biología Tropical ha sido muy escaza y episódica. De los 2i374 artículos publicados hasta la fecha, solamente 21 (0.88%) tienen alguna relación con las geociencias. Se pueden reconocer dos etapas de aportes relacionados con las ciencias geológicas, la primera entre 1963 - 1978, destacándose en ésta época los trabajos sobre la paleobotánica de Costa Rica realizados por el biólogo L. D. Gómez. La segunda etapa se inicia en 1988 y se continúa hasta la actualidad, con un incremento en la participación de biólogos y geólogos. La participación relativa entre nacionales y extranjeros ha sido muy equilibrada y los lugares tratados incluyen en orden de importancia Costa Rica, México, República Dominicana y algunos de interés general. Los temas han sido principalmente sobre diversos campos de la Paleontología (81%), constituyendo los temas netamente geológicos sólo el 19%. Esto se puede explicar por la mayor afinidad que existe entre el estudio de los fósiles y la Biología</p></abstract>
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</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,CSIRO Entomology  </institution>
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<country>Australia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>484</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>It is suggested that descriptive taxonomy of thrips must be integrated into biological studies if we are to understand patterns of evolutionary and ecological diversity. Collecting and describing new taxa is easy, but understanding their position in ecosystems and how they have contributed to the origin and maintenance of biological diversity is more important yet more difficult. Many authors fail to appreciate that individual thrips species are commonly highly polymorphic, both within and between sexes, with the result that 20% of species names and 30% of generic names are currently placed into synonymy. The biological significance of such polymorphism has been little studied, but the presence of large and small males in a species is presumed to indicate some form of male/male competition for resources; this is particularly common in fungus feeding species. Amongst phytophagous species, the recognition of the host plants on which thrips actually breed is a prerequisite to understanding patterns of diversity, some thrips lineages being associated with particular groups of plants whereas others exploit a diverse range of plants. Attempts to understand the diversity of thrips, including the application of cladistic methods, are severely limited by the lack of studies on the biology of individual species, although thrips exhibit a wide range of interesting biological phenomena, including various levels of sociality, gallinduction, specific pollination associations, virus transmission, and ectoparasitism</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se ha sugerido que la taxonomía descriptiva de los tisanopteros (trips) debe integrarse dentro de los estudios biológicos si queremos ser capaces de entender los patrones de diversidad evolutiva y ecológica. Recolectar y describir nuevos datos es fácil, pero entender su posición en los ecosistemas y como ellos contribuyen al origen y mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica es más importante y aún más difícil. Muchos autores han fallado al apreciar que es común que las especies individuales de trips son altamente polimórficas, tanto dentro como entre sexos, con el resultado de que el 20% de los nombres específicos y el 30% de los genéricos son actualmente considerados como sinonimias. El significado biológico de tal polimorfimo ha sido poco estudiado, pero se presume que la presencia de machos grandes y pequeños en una especie indica alguna forma de competencia entre machos por los recursos; lo cual es muy común en las especies que se alimentan de hongos. Dentro de las especies fitófagas, el reconocimiento de la planta hospedera sobre la cual los trips realmente se crían es un prerrequisito para entender los patrones de diversidad, algunos linajes de tisanopteros están asociados con grupos particulares de plantas mientras que otros utilizan un diverso ámbito de plantas. Los intentos de entender la diversidad de los trips, incluyendo la aplicación de métodos cladistas, están limitados severamente por la carencia de estudios sobre la biología de especies individuales, aunque los trips exhiben un amplio ámbito de fenómenos interesantes biológicos, que incluye varios niveles de comportamiento social, inducción de irritación, asociaciones específicas de polinización, transmisión de virus y ectoparasitismo</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">The function of female resistance behavior: Intromission by male coercion vs. female cooperation in sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad Universitaria </institution>
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<year>2002</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Female resistance behavior that occurs prior to intromission does not by itself imply forced copulation. Such behavior may function instead as a test of the male in order to favor some males over others, or to induce the male to desist. Thus, male persistence and forcefulness may sometimes be better described as persuasion rather than coercion. Under the persuasion hypothesis, the male only gains intromission due to an active response of the female. Under the coercion hypothesis, male and female are opposed in a physical battle which the female loses if copulation occurs. In species in which males are morphologically incapable of forcing intromission without active female cooperation (I argue here that this is probably a very common situation), data on the behavioral and ecological context in which resistance occurs can distinguish between the two possibilities. Partially congruent functions of resistance, seen from the female point of view, are female resistance to screen (male persuasion), and female resistance to avoid males non-selectively (male coercion). Sepsid flies illustrate these ideas. Females often struggle energetically in apparent attempts to dislodge mounted males and to prevent intromission, and males grasp females with powerful species-specific structures on their front legs and genitalia. This suggests the possibility of coerced intromission. But behavioral and morphological evidence demonstrate that active female cooperation occurs at the moment of intromission, and that males are probably dependent on this cooperation because they are not morphologically equipped to force their genitalia into those of an uncooperative female. Despite the impression from previous publications, male insects in general may seldom be able to achieve intromission by genitalic force. The species-specific forms of the grasping genitalia of male sepsids are probably not the result of an evolutionary arms race between coercive males and unselectively resistant females</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este artículo intenta organizar algunas ideas teóricas sobre posibles conflictos entre machos y hembras en cuanto a la cópula. Las ideas se ilustran con datos nuevos de una familia de moscas (Sepsidae), y con otros datos ya publicados sobre otros insectos. El hecho de que una hembra opone resistencia a la penetración por el macho no implica en sí mismo que la cópula es forzada, ya que la resistencia de la hembra también puede funcionar como una prueba del macho, para así tamizar entre diferentes machos y conseguir hijos superiores. Se contrastan dos hipótesis para el macho, la de la cópula por coerción vs. la de la cópula por persuasión; también se contrastan, desde la perspectiva de la hembra, dos hipóteses relacionadas, la resistencia para evitar a todo macho en forma no selectiva vs. la resistencia para tamizar entre machos. Cuando la morfología de la genitalia de los dos sexos es tal que el macho no es físicamente capaz de forzar la intromisión, como es el caso en las moscas sépsidas y probablemente en muchos otros insectos (a pesar de algunas publicaciones que sugieren lo contrario), las hipótesis contrastantes para cada sexo pueden resolverse con datos sobre el contexto ecológico en el cual ocurre la interacción macho-hembra. Se realizó un análisis de esta clase con los sépsidos. Parece más probable que la resistencia energética que la hembra pone al macho sea un esfuerzo para tamizar entre machos que un esfuerzo para evitar la cópula en forma no selectiva</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pesticide use in Costa Rica is very high and all year round. A high percentage of what is sprayed remains in the environment and in the living organisms around. This situation brings contamination and health problems to people in contact with them. The onset of adverse effects may be in the short or the long term, and symptoms vary widely, from headaches to cancer. Much research in this area has been devoted to acute or chronic effects, and not until recently to the genotoxic effect of pesticides. This study evaluated the genotoxic effect of pesticides used in banana packing activities, using the comet assay (single cell electrophoresis) as the biological marker in lymphocytes. This was a case-control double blind study of 30 exposed women from 15 banana farms and 28 women not occupationally exposed to pesticides from the same geographic area. Results show damage to single stranded DNA after working from 5 to 15 years (R 2 =0.12). In Costa Rica we do not have an historical record of the kind of pesticides used in banana farms, the period of time and for how long were they used. This prevented further analysis concerning dose, frequency of exposure and use of new or old kind of pesticides in the farms in relation to DNA damage. The comet assay is of value in the genetic monitoring of pesticide exposed populations</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El uso de plaguicidas en los países en desarrollo es extenso en cantidad y en tiempo. Un gran porcentaje de lo que se aplica queda en el entorno y en los organismos que ahí habitan, lo que acarrea problemas de contaminación ambiental y deterioro de la salud de las personas que están en contacto con ellos. Los efectos se pueden manifestar a corto o a largo plazo y los síntomas varían desde un dolor de cabeza hasta el desarrollo de cáncer. La mayoría de los estudios en esta área se han orientado hacia los efectos agudos o crónicos y recientemente se inicia el estudio del efecto genotóxico de los plaguicidas. En e1 presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto genotóxico de los plaguicidas utilizados en las empacadoras de banano, usando como marcador biológico la electroforesis de células únicas (conocido como ensayo cometa) en linfocitos aislados de sangre periférica. La población en estudio correspondió a 30 trabajadoras expuestas a plaguicidas, procedentes de 15 fincas bananeras y 28 mujeres sin antecedentes de exposición ocupacional a plaguicidas, de la misma área geográfica. Las trabajadoras que tenían entre cinco y quince años de trabajo presentaron mayor daño en la hebra sencilla del ADN (R² =0.12). Se desconoce si este efecto se debe a los plaguicidas que se utilizan actualmente o a plaguicidas empleados en el pasado. Tampoco fue posible correlacionar las dosis y las frecuencias de exposición a los plaguicidas con el daño al ADN, debido a que no existe un registro histórico sobre los productos empleados en el cultivo de banano, no se sabe por cuánto tiempo y las épocas en que fueron utilizados. Se recomienda el ensayo cometa para monitoreo genético en poblaciones expuestas a plaguicidas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Single cell electrophoresis</kwd>
<kwd>pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>human populations</kwd>
<kwd>lymphocytes</kwd>
<kwd>biomonitoring</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>banana plantations</kwd>
<kwd>female farmers</kwd>
<kwd>DNA</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Previous electron microscope studies of ultrastructural events during hepatitis A virus replication in experimentally infected cells have used only ultrathin section techniques. Nevertheless, no important differences were observed between infected and uninfected cells. This study was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and negative staining of whole LLC-MK2 cells grown directly on grids covered with support membranes, and then infected with an hepatitis A virus strain. Thin sections of infected and unifected controls were also analyzed. An intricate web of projections forming a net between cell interfaces was observed only in infected cells. Some of these projections were more than 700 nm long and had ballooning tips. Nevertheless, HAV particles were not visualized in the infected cells</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The growth performance of Rhizophora apiculata Blume (mangrove) seedlings in the presence and absence of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3 ) under different combinations of salinity and light was analyzed. Root and shoot growth responses of 75-day old seedlings in liquid-culture, were measured. It was concluded that light exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on all the growth parameters-number of primary roots, primary root length, shoot elongation, number of leaves, total leaf area; and, the GA3 treatment singly or in combinations with light, showed a significant influence on the total leaf area and primary root length</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó el crecimiento de las semillas de mangle Rhizophora apiculata Blume en presencia y ausencia de ácido giberelico (GA3 ) exógeno bajo diferentes combinaciones de salinidad y luz. Se midió crecimiento de la raíz y el brote en plántulas de 75 días de germinación en medio de cultivo líquido. Se concluye que la luz presenta un efecto inhibitorio significativo respecto a todos los parámetros de crecimiento - número de raíces primarias, longitud de la raíz primaria, elongación de la plántula, número de hojas, área total de las hojas; y el tratamiento de GA3 solo o en combinaciones con luz, mostró una influencia significativa sobre el área total de las hojas y longitud de la raíz primaria</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Life history and environment of Cecropia latiloba in Amazonian floodplains</article-title>
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<institution>,Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology  </institution>
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<country>Germany</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cecropia latiloba can be considered to be one of the most efficient colonizers of open areas in the nutrient-rich whitewater floodplains of the Amazon river. Its main strategy to be successful is the high tolerance towards waterlogging and submergence, and the fast vertical growth and reiteration capacity. This, and the tolerance of high irradiation and sediment deposition allow C. latiloba to form large monospecific stands on open sites, and thus the first closed canopy which represents the initial phase of a successional sequence which leads to highly diverse forests. This tree is extremely well adapted to the adverse growth conditions in Amazonian floodplains with prolongued periods of flooding and seedling submergence. The species occurs on the lowest levels in the flooding gradient. Although it belongs to the most often cited species under aspects of taxonomy, species distribution and general descriptions of the ecosystem, little has been published about its ecology. In the present paper the ecological, physiological and phenological characteristics of C. latiloba are described. It is an evergreen species which constantly produces new leaves. With flooding, leaf production is reduced but new leaves are flushed also with prolongued flooding. The peak of flowering and fruiting are in the flooded period. When mature, the fruits are dispersed mainly by water and fish. Seed germination occurs, without dormancy, within 5-13 days after water retreat. In the 7 months before the first flooded period seedlings reach 1 m of height, and height growth increases until a height of 15-20 m is achieved. Photosynthetic assimilation is high, with values of up to 21 mmol CO2m-2s-1 . C. latiloba is a very flood tolerant species, and waterlogged seedlings continuously produce new leaves and adventitiuos roots</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cecropia latiloba puede ser considerada una de las especies colonizadoras más eficientes de áreas abiertas en las llanuras inundadas de agua dulce, rica en nutrientes, del río Amazonas. Su principal estrategia para ser exitosa es la tolerancia al transporte por el agua y a permanecer sumergida, y su rápido crecimiento vertical y capacidad de reiteración. Esto, y la tolerancia a la alta irradiación y a la deposición de sedimentos permite a C. latiloba formar grandes parches monoespecíficos en sitios abiertos, y así el primer dosel cerrado el cual representa la fase inicial de la secuencia de sucesión que conduce a bosques altamente diversos. Este árbol, está extremadamente bien adaptado a las condiciones adversas de crecimiento en el terreno aluvial amazónico, con prolongados períodos de inundación y sumersión. La especie está presente en los niveles inferiores en la gradiente de inundación. Aunque pertenece a las especies más frecuentemente citadas en aspectos de taxonomía, distribución y descripción general del ecosistema, poco ha sido publicado respecto a su ecología. En el presente artículo se describen las características ecológicas, fisiológicas y fenológicas de C. latiloba. Es una especie siempre verde que constantemente produce hojas. Con las inundaciones, la producción de hojas se reduce pero nuevas hojas brotan también durante las inundaciones prolongadas. El pico de floración y fructificación es durante el período inundado. Cuando maduran, las frutas son dispersadas principalmente por el agua y los peces. La germinación de las semillas ocurre, sin latencia, entre 513 días después de la retirada de las aguas. En los 7 meses anteriores al primer período de inundación las plantas alcanzan 1 m de altura y el crecimiento se incrementa hasta que se alcanza una altura de 15-20 m. La asimilación fotosintética es alta, con valores de hasta 21 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 . C. latiloba es una especie muy tolerante a las inundaciones, y el transporte de troncos por el agua continuamente produce nuevas hojas y raíces adventicias</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cecropia latiloba</kwd>
<kwd>pioneer</kwd>
<kwd>inundation forest</kwd>
<kwd>floodplains</kwd>
<kwd>várzea</kwd>
<kwd>Amazon</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropics</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We used classical culture techniques to explore gut bacteria and changes associated with dietary change in the highly polyphagous, tropical caterpillar Automeris zugana (Saturniidae). Fifty-five third instar wild-caught sibs feeding on Annona purpurea (Annonaceae) in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica were divided into eight groups. Each of seven groups was reared to the ultimate instar on another species of food plant normally used by A. zugana. Some pupae were also analyzed for the presence of bacteria. Aerobic bacterial cultures were obtained from all 33 caterpillar guts and the eight pupae inventoried. There was no clear pattern in species composition of cultivated bacteria among the eight diets, and each caterpillar on a given food plant carried only a small fraction of the total set of species isolated from the set of caterpillars feeding on that food plant. Taken as a whole, the larvae and pupae contained 22 species of cultivable bacteria in 12 genera. Enterobacter, present in 81.8% of the samples, was the genus most frequently isolated from the caterpillars, followed by Micrococcus and Bacillus. Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 30.3% of the dissected caterpillars, but found in caterpillars feeding on only half of the species of food plants</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Usamos técnicas de cultivo clásicas para explorar las bacterias del intestino y los cambios asociados con el cambio dietético en la, altamente polífaga, oruga tropical Automeris zugana (Saturniidae). Se capturaron 55 individuos hermanos, silvestres, de tercer estadio, alimentándose de Annona purpurea (Annonaceae) en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) en el noroeste de Costa Rica y se dividieron en ocho grupos. Siete grupos fueron criados hasta el último estadio en otra especie de planta a la normalmente usada por A. zugana. Algunas pupas también fueron analizadas para ver la presencia de bacterias. Se obtuvieron cultivos de bacterias aeróbicas de los 33 intestinos de las orugas y de las ocho pupas muestreadas. No hubo un patrón claro en la composición de especies de las bacterias cultivadas entre las ocho dietas y cada oruga en una planta dada representó solo una pequeña fracción del conjunto total de especies aisladas de orugas alimentándose de esa planta. Tomándolas como un solo grupo, las larvas y pupas tuvieron 22 especies de bacterias cultivables en 12 géneros. Enterobacter, presente en 81.8% de las muestras, fue el género aislado de las orugas con más frecuencia, seguido por Micrococcus y Bacillus. Bacillus thuringiensis fue aislado de 30.3% de las orugas disectadas, pero encontrado en orugas alimentándose de solo la mitad de las especies de plantas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Automeris zugana</kwd>
<kwd>Saturniidae</kwd>
<kwd>caterpillar</kwd>
<kwd>insect gut</kwd>
<kwd>bacterial diversity</kwd>
<kwd>food plant</kwd>
<kwd>Área de Conservación Guanacaste</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Función del acumen en las hojas y su distribución vertical en un bosque lluvioso tropical de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>G. Farji-Brener</surname>
<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Paolini</surname>
<given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>La Torre</surname>
<given-names>María de los Angeles</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Quintero</surname>
<given-names>Estela</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonaccorso</surname>
<given-names>Elisa</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arnedo</surname>
<given-names>Luisa</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villalobos</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Comahue Depto. de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line>Bariloche </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Fundación Corredor Biológico Talamanca-Caribe  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Tucumán  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Agraria La Molina  </institution>
<addr-line>Lima </addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Universidad de Antioquía  </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Biología de Organismos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution>,Universidad Javeriana Fac. de Cs., Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A08">
<institution>,Proyecto Bio Darién  </institution>
<addr-line>Ancón </addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>561</fpage>
<lpage>567</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Water retention on the leaf surface can be maladaptive to the plant because it increases the colonization of epiphylls and interferes with the physiologic processes of the leaf, diminishing the photosynthetic capacity. To test if leaf driptips facilitate leaf drying after rainfall in a tropical rain forest of Costa Rica, we (1) experimentally measured the capacity to retain water on leaf surfaces of 30 plant species before and after dritip removal, and (2) analyzed the development of driptips along forest strata. We expected leaf driptips to be less developed in the upper strata due to the environmental conditions of the canopy (i.e., high solar radiation, strong winds and low relative humidity), which favor the natural drying of leaves. The presence of driptips increased 100% the water run off capacity of leaves in all the analyzed species. Also, the development of leaf driptips was smaller in canopy species than in understory species. Additionally, they became less developed in canopy species as trees increased in height. These results support the hypothesis that the adaptive role of driptips is to facilitate the drying of leaf surfaces</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La acumulación de agua en la superficie foliar puede ser nociva para la planta porque incrementa la colonización de epífilas e interfiere con los procesos fisiológicos de la hoja, disminuyendo la capacidad fotosintética. Para probar si la presencia del acumen en las hojas facilita el drenaje de la superficie foliar en un bosque tropical lluvioso de Costa Rica, (1) medimos experimentalmente la capacidad de retener agua en la superficie foliar de 30 especies antes y después de remover el acumen y (2) analizamos el desarrollo relativo del acumen en los diferentes estratos verticales del bosque. Esperábamos que los acúmenes se encontraran menos desarrollados en los estratos superiores, debido a que las condiciones ambientales allí existentes (i.e., alta insolación, fuertes vientos, baja humedad relativa) favorecen el secado de las hojas. La presencia del acumen incrementó en un 100% la capacidad de drenar agua de la superficie foliar en todas las especies analizadas. Además, el desarrollo del acumen fue menor en las especies de dosel comparadas con las especies de estratos más bajos. Adicionalmente, las hojas de las especies de dosel se hacen menos acuminadas a medida que el árbol crece en altura. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que la función adaptativa del acumen es facilitar el secado de la superficie foliar</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>driptips</kwd>
<kwd>forest strata</kwd>
<kwd>leaf drying</kwd>
<kwd>tropical rain forest</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Seed dissemination by frugivorous birds from forest fragments to adjacent pastures on the western slope of Volcán Barva, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<year>2002</year>
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<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Logging, cattle raising, and agricultural activities have caused the destruction of most forested areas in Costa Rica. In some middle and highlands the abrupt topography delayed the complete destruction of montane forest. Consequently, some fragments of almost pristine forest remain along streams that run in deep canyons. Frequently, these remnants serve as corridors between larger forested areas and as routes for movement of frugivorous birds. Eighteen bird species, e.g., Turdus plebejus, Elaenia frantzii and Ptilogonys caudatus are common dwellers of forest patches throughout the Pacific slope of the Volcán Barva. These species fly frequently from forest fragments to adjacent pastures. They defecated and regurgitated seeds of 28 plant species on stumps scattered on pasture areas. Isolated trees and specially the stumps are suitable microhabitats for germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La deforestación, la ganadería y las actividades agrícolas han causado la destrucción de la mayoría de los bosques en Costa Rica. Sin embargo, la abrupta topografía de las zonas medias y altas del país ha retardado este proceso de deforestación en el bosque montano. Es así como aún algunos fragmentos de bosques poco alterados estan todavía en pie a lo largo de riachuelos que corren en cañones profundos. Estos fragmentos sirven como corredores entre áreas más grandes de bosque y como rutas para el movimiento altitudinal de aves frugívoras. Dieciocho aves, e.g., Turdus plebejus, Elaenia frantzii y Ptilogonys caudatus son habitantes comunes de los parches de bosque presentes en la vertiente Pacífica del Volcán Barva. Estas especies vuelan frecuentemente entre los fragmentos de bosque y potreros adyacentes. Estas aves defecaron y regurgitaron semillas de 28 especies de plantas en troncos distribuidos en los potreros. Los árboles aislados y troncos son micro-hábitats adecuados para la germinación de semillas y el establecimiento de plántulas</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The use of tropical bromeliads (Tillandsia spp.) for monitoring atmospheric pollution in the town of Florence, Italy</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<surname>Brighigna</surname>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
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<institution>,Università degli Studi di Firenze Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale </institution>
<addr-line>Firenze </addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Università degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Ciamician </institution>
<addr-line>Bologna </addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Author for correspondence  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>577</fpage>
<lpage>584</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The results of an experiment with two species of epiphytic angiosperms (Tillandsia caput-medusae and T. bulbosa) for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air of Florence, Italy, are presented. PAHs are compounds known to be dangerous because of their carcinogenic potential, and among cormophytes, tillands (monocotyledons equipped with peculiar, specialised, epidermal trichomes) are considered promising for air pollution biomonitoring. PAHs data were obtained using GC/MS analysis of plant extracts. Analytical data indicated an increasing trend in time of PAHs bioaccumulation. This result was compared with instrumentally recorded parameters such as meteorological (rain) and environmental ones (PM10), indicating that trichome-operated physical capture of aerial particles was prominent in PAHs bioaccumulation on tillands. SEM (scanning electron microscope) observations confirmed the role of the trichomes. This work indicates that tillands are particularly useful, low-cost, biomonitoring organisms inside their area of distribution (all Latin American countries and southern USA) where these plants are easily available, but also wherever the climate allows them to survive</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan los resultados de un experimento con dos especies de angiospermas epífitas (Tillandsia caput-medusae y T. bulbosa) para monitorear hidrocarbonos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) en el aire de Florencia, Italia. Los PAHs son compuestos que se sabe son peligrosos por su potencial carcinogénico, y, entre las cormófitas, las tilandsias (monocotiledóneas equipadas con tricomas epidérmicos, especializados y peculiares) son consideradas promisorias para el biomonitoreo de la contaminación del aire. Se obtuvieron datos de PAHs usando el análisis de GC/MS de extractos de plantas. Los datos analíticos indicaron una tendencia creciente de la bioacumulación de PAH’s en el tiempo. Este resultado se comparó con los parámetros registrados instrumentalmente como los meteorológicos (lluvia) y los ambientales (PM10), indicando que la captura física de partículas aéreas por medio de tricomas era prominente en la bioacumulación de PAHs en las tilandsias. Las observaciones de SEM (microscopio electrónico de barrido) confirmaron el papel de los tricomas. Este trabajo indica que las tilandsias son organismos de biomonitoreo, de bajo costo y particularmente útiles dentro de su área de distribución (todos los países Latinoamericanos y el sureste de EUA) donde estas plantas son disponibles fácilmente, pero también donde el clima les permite sobrevivir</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Atmospheric pollution</kwd>
<kwd>biomonitoring</kwd>
<kwd>GC/MS analysis</kwd>
<kwd>PAH</kwd>
<kwd>Tillandsia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The research is focused on the relationship between population growth and conservation of the forest on the Osa Peninsula. Data of the geo-referenced censuses and information on land-use, derived from satellite images and aerial photography, were integrated into a GIS. We undertook an historical inventory of the changes in the population and the forest coverage, and the key events in the land tenure and economy of the region. Deforestation, reforestation, and fragmentation of the forest during the period 1980 - 1995 were analyzed. Relationships with the population potential, derived from the 1984 Costa Rican censuses, were identified, and the effects of third variables were controlled such as distances to the roads, rain, distances to the forest frontier, level of protection, etc. Both strong and significant associations between 1984 population potential and the three processes were detected. The probability of deforestation is null in unpopulated areas, 35% in areas with 25 - 30 potential farmers and to 65% in areas with 50 farmers and over. The probability of reforestation decreases from 100% to 28% and to 18% in these three categories. This kind of relationship persists in the multivariable analysis. An increase of 0.63% in the number of household, results in an increment of 1% in the risk of deforestation (elasticity). The elasticity in the chances of reforestation is -0.37 and 1% in fragmentation of the forest. An evaluation in the risk of deforestation for the period 1995 - 2005 was done. The most recent population data were used and it identifies several geographic areas with high deforestation risk</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio relaciona datos geocodificados de censos de población con información de uso de la tierra proveniente de imágenes de satélite y fotografías aéreas. Se analizan tres procesos: deforestación, reforestación y fragmentación en el período 1980 - 1995 y se identifican relaciones con potenciales de población derivados del censo de 1984, en las que se controlan efectos de terceras variables como caminos, lluvias, distancia al borde de bosque, grado de protección, etc. Entre 1980 y 1995 se taló el 16% del bosque, se fraccionó un 3% adicional y se reforestó el 32% del área en pastos o cultivos. Se identificaron fuertes y significativas asociaciones entre potencial de población en 1984 y los procesos de deforestación, reforestación y fragmentación. La probabilidad de deforestación es nula en áreas despobladas y llega a 54% en bosques con 75 o más hogares potenciales. La regresión múltiple muestra elasticidades del número de hogares de 0.63 en el riesgo de deforestación, de -0.37% en los de reforestación y de 1% en los de fragmentación. Se valora el riesgo de deforestación en 1995 - 2010 y se identifican las zonas geográficas con riesgo de perder el bosque por presión poblacional. Estas áreas incluyen la mayoría de bosques que no son parte del Parque Nacional Corcovado (especialmente la cuenca del río Rincón) y representan casi la mitad del bosque actual de la Península</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Osa Peninsula</kwd>
<kwd>Geographic Information Systems</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Anthoathecatae and Leptothecatae hydroids from Costa Rica (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)</article-title>
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<name>
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<institution>,University of Plymouth  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper is the first taxonomic account of the hydroid orders Anthoathecatae and Leptothecatae from the Caribbean and Pacific coast of Costa Rica. All specimens are currently stored at the reference collection of the Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica. Sixteen hydroid species are recorded: Eudendrium carneum, Pennaria disticha, Acryptolaria longitheca, Plumularia floridana, Halopteris polymorpha, Aglaophenia dubia, Aglaophenia latecarinata, Lytocarpia tridentata, Macrorhynchia phillipina, Macrorhynchia sp., Clytia gracilis, Cnidoscyphus marginatus, Thyroscyphus ramosus, Dynamena disticha, Sertularella diaphana, and Tridentata distans. An extensive synonymy has been given for each species. A simplified taxonomic key is included, and illustrations and descriptions are provided for each species</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio proporciona el primer informe taxonómico de los hidroides de los Ordenes Anthoathecatae y Leptothecatae presentes en las colecciones del Museo de Zoología de la Escuela de Biología de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se informan 16 especies de hidroides: Eudendrium carneum, Pennaria disticha, Acryptolaria longitheca, Plumularia floridana, Halopteris polymorpha, Aglaophenia dubia, Aglaophenia latecarinata, Lytocarpia tridentata, Macrorhynchia phillipina, Macrorhynchia sp., Clytia gracilis, Cnidoscyphus marginatus, Thyroscyphus ramosus, Dynamena disticha, Sertularella diaphana y Tridentata distans. Se presenta una exhaustiva revisión de la sinonimia y una clave taxonómica simple e ilustraciones y descripciones para cada una de las especies</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anthoathecatae</kwd>
<kwd>Lepthothecatae</kwd>
<kwd>hydroids</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Experimental life cycle of Philophthalmus gralli (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae) in Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas  </institution>
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<institution>,Escuela de Ciencias Departamento de Biología Laboratorio de Parasitología</institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Descriptions of the miracidium, mother redia, daughter redia, grandaughter redia, cercaria, metacercaria and adult stages of Philophthalmus gralli Mathis and Leger,1910 recovered from experimental infections are presented. The intermediate host, Melanoides tuberculata, was collected from freshwater rivulets in Aguasanta and Yaguracual, Sucre State, Venezuela. Chicken were orally infected with cercariae and metacercariae, and metacercariae were introduced directly into the eyes by pipette. Both processes of infection produced adult worms. This is a new geographical record for P. gralli</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Melanoides tuberculata</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Hyalella faxoni Stebbing, 1903 from Costa Rica is redescribed. The species was previously in the synonymy of Hyalella azteca (Saussure, 1858). The morphological differences between these two species are discussed</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La especie Hyalella faxoni Stebbing, 1903 de Costa Rica es redescrita. Esta especie estaba previamente en la sinonimia de Hyalella azteca (Saussure, 1858). Se discuten en este trabajo las diferencias morfológicas entre las dos especies</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An Annotated Description of Shallow Water Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Cayos Cochinos, Honduras</article-title>
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<institution>,Universtiy of Hull Dept. of Biological Sciences </institution>
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<institution>,Fundación Zoológica de El Salvador  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Taxonomic and biological aspects are presented on five species of shallow water holothurians from the Cayos Cochinos Biological Reserve-CCBR located on the northern Honduran shelf, western Caribbean at 16º N, 86º W. This article provides a taxonomic key of the recorded holothurians and morphometric/morphologic descriptions of their corresponding spicules. These five species belong to a single order (Aspidochirotida) and two families: Stichopodidae (Isostichopus badionotus) and Holothuriidae (Holothuria mexicana, H. thomasi, H. arenicola and Actinopyga agassizi). In addition, the commensal pearlfish, Carapus bermudensis is recorded from H. mexicana and A. agassizi</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Se presentan aspectos sobre la taxonomía y biología de cinco especies de holoturias de aguas someras de la Reserva Biológica de Cayos Cochinos-CCBR, ubicada en la plataforma norte del Mar Caribe de Honduras a los 16º N, 86º W. Este artículo provee la clave taxonómica correspondiente y descripciones morfológicas y morfométricas de las espículas de los holotúridos documentados. Las cinco especies pertenecen a un solo Orden (Aspidochirotida) y a dos familias: Stichopodidae (Isostichopus badionotus) y Holothuriidae (Holothuria mexicana, H. thomasi, H. arenicola y Actinopyga agassizi). Adicionalmente, se documenta la presencia del pez comensal Carapus bermudensis dentro de H. mexicana y A. agassizi</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of Cyllopsis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chacón</surname>
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<given-names>Kenji</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<fpage>679</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cyllopsis emilia Chacón and Nishida, a new satyrine species, is described from a single male specimen from Cerro de la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica. This new species can be distinguished from other species of Cyllopsis by its white coloration</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Una especie nueva de Satyrinae, Cyllopsis emilia Chacón y Nishida, es descrita a partir de un solo espécimen macho procedente del Cerro de la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica. Esta nueva especie puede distinguirse de las otras especies del género por su coloración blanca</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cyllopsis emilia</kwd>
<kwd>Cerro de la Muerte</kwd>
<kwd>Chusquea</kwd>
<kwd>high altitude</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of Scaris from southeastern Brazil, with notes on S. nessimiani and S. bahiensis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Zoologia</institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNIRIO Escola de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Ciências Naturais</institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
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<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>685</fpage>
<lpage>697</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anew leafhopper species, Scaris angrensis sp.nov., is described and illustrated based on an adult male from Angra dos Reis, State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The holotype is deposited in the entomological collection of Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The new species seems to be more closely related to S. bahiensis because of its single ventral process on the aedeagal base, being distinguished from that by the apical shape of the stylus. A problem related to the illustrations in the original description of S. nessimiani and S. bahiensis is herein corrected</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe e ilustra un nuevo cicadélido, Scaris angrensis sp.nov., basado en un macho adulto de Angra dos Reis, litoral sur del Estado de Rio de Janeiro. El holotipo está depositado en la colección de insectos del Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. La nueva especie parece estar relacionada más estrechamente con S. bahiensis debido a su &quot;proceso&quot; ventral en la base del edeago, difiriendo en la forma del ápice del estilo. Se corrige un problema relacionado con la descripción original de S. nessimiani y de S. bahiensis</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Insecta</kwd>
<kwd>Gyponinae</kwd>
<kwd>leafhopper</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>neotropics</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Morphometry and diet of Mormyrus rume in the Lekki lagoon, Nigeria</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Fawole</surname>
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<country>Nigeria</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aspects of the biology of Mormyrus rume (Cuvier and Valenciennes) in Lekki lagoon were investigated. This included the length-weight relationship, condition factor, food and feeding habits and the fecundity of the fish species. The major fishing methods employed for collecting the 225 specimens were castnetting and setnetting. The total lengths ranged from 15.0 to 24.9 cm while the standard lengths ranged from 13.0 to 23.0 cm. The body weights also ranged from 26.2 to 99.3g. The fish exhibited isometric growth in the lagoon. The mean condition factor obtained was 1.20. The condition factor generally decreased with increase in individual sizes. The major food items were detritus and plant parts. The population of males was significantly higher than the females. The gonadosomatic index showed that M. rume in the Lekki Lagoon uses an average of 7.89% of its body weight in egg production. Fecundity ranged from 741 to 6000 eggs with an average of 2991 eggs per female</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigó varios aspectos de la biología de Mormyrus rume (Cuvier y Valenciennes) en la laguna Lekki, que Estos incluyeron la relación longitud-peso, el factor condición, alimento y hábitos alimenticios, y la fecundidad de esta especie de peces. Los métodos principales de pesca empleados para recolectar 225 especímenes fueron por medio de redes (castnetting &amp; setnetting). La longitud total se distribuyó en un ámbito de 15.0 cm a 24.9 cm mientras que la longitud estándar se distribuyó entre 13.0 cm a 23.0 cm. Los pesos corporales se distribuyeron en un ámbito de 26.2 g a 99.3 g. Los peces exhibieron un crecimiento isométrico en la laguna. El factor condición promedio obtenido fue 1.20. El factor condición generalmente decrece con el incremento en el tamaño del individuo. Los principales alimentos fueron detritus y partes de plantas. La población de machos fue significativamente mayor que la de hembras. El índice gonadosomático mostrado por M. rume en la laguna Lekki presenta un promedio de 7,89% del peso corporal en producción de huevos. La fecundidad tiene un ámbito de 741 a 6 000 huevos con un promedio de 2 991 huevos por hembra</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Length-weight relationship</kwd>
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<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>Mormyrus rume</kwd>
<kwd>Lekki Lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200028</article-id>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estudio sobre agentes etiológicos de vaginitis en la mujer grávida costarricense</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Solano S</surname>
<given-names>Luis E</given-names>
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<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>699</fpage>
<lpage>712</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A fin de determinar la importancia de infecciones vaginales de tipo no gonorreico en nuestra embarazada, se tomaron muestras a 300 pacientes y se efectuaron las siguientes pruebas de rutina a cada una de ellas: presencia de Trichomonas vaginalis por examen del material a fresco, flora bacteriana por plateos sobre medio base para agar sangre, siembra y aislamiento de organismos del género Candida con posterior identificación específica utilizando los métodos del auxanograma y zimograma, determinación del pH por medio del indicador de Bogen, contenido de glucógeno de la mucosa utilizando lugol a fresco y examen microscópico de la muestra utilizando la coloración de Gram. Las pacientes fueron divididas en los siguientes grupos: normales; con infecciones leves sin vaginitis; con infecciones graves acompañándose de vaginitis, incluyendo en este grupo infecciones por T. vaginalis, C. albicans y Escherichia coli. Un último grupo comprendió las que presentaban vaginitis no determinadas y de tipo no infeccioso, entre las que se cuentan algunas por causas traumáticas y otras posiblemente por disturbios funcionales. Se encontró un total de 89 pacientes (29.66 %) con Trichomonas vaginalis, en 16 de las cuales éstas se acompañaron de Candida albicans y en 4 de las cuales las infecciones no se relacionaron a vaginitis ni anormalidades, suponiéndose se trate de estados iniciales de infección. Cuarenta pacientes (13.33 %) presentaron Candida albicans, 16 de las cuales tenían también T. vaginalis. Una paciente mostró vaginitis causada por Escherichia coli. Las pacientes presentaron Candida krusei en el 2% de los casos, pero no se encontró ninguna cepa de Candida stellatoidea. Se determinó como flora bacteriana normal y saprofítica a M. epidermidis, M. aurantiacus, M. flavus, M. candidus, Micrococcus sp., Gaffkya tetragenil, Sarcina Iutea, Streptococcus sp., Mima polymorpha, Herella vaginicola. CoIloides anoxydana, lactobacilos de Döderlein y difteroides. Los organismos más numerosos fueron los del género Micrococcus y,de la tribu Mimeæ, encontrándose éstos últimos en vaginas normales como en vaginitis y algunos de los primeros en vaginas normales a pH 4. Estamos de acuerdo en la posibilidad de dar a algunas cepas de Mitrococcus aurantiacus y de la tribu Mimeæ papel patógeno</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Samples from 300 pregnant women were obtained to determin the importance of non gonorreic vaginal infection and the following routine tests were performed on each one: the presence of Tríchomonas vaginali; was noted by examinationof the fresh material; the determination of the flora was done plating on &quot;blood agar base&quot;, members of the genus Candida were cultured and isolated, with their identification using auxanogram and zimogram methods: the pH was done by means of fue Bogen's indicator; the glycogen content determined with lugol solution on the fresh material; and a microscopic examination of the direct smear of the sample was performed with Gram stain. Patients were divided into several groups: 1) normal; 2) patients showing a minor grade of vaginitis; 3) other infections together with vaginitis incuding among these T.vaginalis, C. albicans and Escherichia coli; 4} One lase group &quot;with those cases of vaginitis of unknown origin and also those of non infectious nature such as some due to traumatic reasonsand probably some due to functional disturbances. A total 89 patients (29.66 %) with Trichomonas vaginalis were found; 16 of which were in combination with Candida albicans and 4 had no relation to vaginitis or to any abnormality, probably due to the fact of being in the initial stage of the infection. Forthy patients (13.3%) showed Candida albicans, 16 of which, as it has been mentioned. were in combination with T. vaginalis. One patients showed vaginitis caused by Escherichia coli. &amp;#9;.&amp;#9;.. Candida krusei was found in 2 % of the patients but none showed infection by Candida stellatoidea. The bacterial flora was determined as M. epidermidis, M. aurantiacus, M. flavus, M. candidus, Micrococcus sp., Gaffkya tetragena, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus sp., Mima polymorpha, Herella vaginicola, Colloides anoxydana, lactobacilos of Döderlein and difteroides. The genus Micrococcus and the tribe Mimeæ furnished the greater numbet of isolations, where the latter was found in normal vaginae as well as in vaginitis, and someof the micrococci in normal vaginae at pH 4. It is possible that M. aurantiacus, and some spedes of the tribe Mimeæ have pathological significance in some cases</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<fpage>717</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The sea turtle Lepidochelys kempi has an extensive range in coastal waters of the United States, and in parts of Florida is abundant as a seasonal resident. All known populations are sexually immature, and the breeding area of the species is not known. The present paper suggests the necessity of assuming a distant origin for the North American population, examines fragmentary evidence bearing on the coronary assumption of migratory movement, and somewhat hesitantly proposes the coast of northwestern Africa as a possible site of nesting. Spreading into American waters may occur via the Gulf Stream system. New records extend the range of the genus to northern Mauretania and into the Mediterranean</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La tortuga marina Lepidochelys kempi tiene amplia distribución en el litoral de los Estados Unidos, y abunda como visitante en la costa occidental de Florida, si bien en la costa oriental hay un trecho desde Melbourne hasta Miami en que no ha sido registrada. Tampoco ha sido registrada en las Bahamas ni en las Antillas, aunque un ejemplar recogido en Cuba, mencionado por AGUAYO (1) parece ser la especie africana L. olivacea, que se debe considerar como visitante y ocasional de esas islas; también existe por 10 menos un ejemplar registrado en las cercanías de Bermuda, y queda la posibilidad de que la &quot;batalí&quot; de Trinidad sea una u otra especie de Lepidochelys. L. olivacea, que se debe considerar como visitante y ocasional de esas islas; también existe por lo menos un ejemplar registrado en las cercanías de Bermuda, y queda la posibilidad de que la &quot;batalí&quot; de Trinidad sea una u otra especie de Lepidochelys. Todas las poblaciones conocidas en aguas norteamericanas son sexualmente inmaturas, y no se conoce el criadero de la especie. En este trabajo el autor sugiere la necesidad de suponer un punto de origen distante para estas poblaciones; examina los fragmentos disponibles de evidencia que apoyan la suposición corolaria de movimientos migratorios, y con algunas reservas propone la costa noroeste de Africa como sitio posible de anidaje. El sistema del Gulf Stream es probablemente la vía por la que se esparcen en las agrias de Norteamérica. Nuevos records hacen extender los limites de distribución de la especie hasta Mauritania y el Mediterráneo</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The phylogeny and relationships between the insect orders</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<surname>Wille</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>735</fpage>
<lpage>766</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El trabajo presente consiste en un análisis y evaluación de la literatura sobre la evolución e interrelación de los órdenes de los insectos, dando como resultado las siguientes conclusiones: 1) Nuestros conocimientos actuales parecen indicar que los artrópodos más cercanos a 105 insectos son los miriápodos, de los cuales los Symphyla poseen el mayor número de caracteres en común con los insectos primitivos. Esto parece sugerir que Insecta y Symphyla se derivaron de un tronco común, formado de artrópodos de tipo miriápodo. Hay evidencia también de que los insectos pueden haberse originado por medio de neotenia de dicho tronco común. 2) La tendencia reciente de excluir los apterigotos entognatos de la clase Insecta no parece estar bien justificada. 3) Investigaciones recientes indican que los apterigotos entognatos (Protura, Collembola y Diplura) están interrelacionados. 4) En vista de que las diferencias entre lepismátidos y maquílidos incluyen varias características de gran importancia filogenética (Cuadro 1), se considera que forman dos órdenes: Microcoryphia, que comprende a los maquílidos, y Thysanura propiamente dichos, o sea los lepismátidos. 5) El origen de los pterigotos aun continúa sin solución. 6) De todos los grupos vivientes de Pterygota los Ephemeroptera parecen ser los más primitivos. Los Odonata forman un grupo aislado, lo cual también es cierto de los Ephemeroptera, pero de todos los órdenes vivientes de Pterygota los efemerópteros son los que más se aproximan a los odonatos. 7) Los órdenes neópteros comprenden tres grupos o tendencias evolucionarias principales: Las líneas Orthopteroidea, Hemipteroidea y Neuropteroidea (Cuadro 2). 8) En el grupo ortopteroideo se pueden distinguir dos líneas: los Orthopteroidea propiamente dichos, con afinidades claras, y una línea (Panplecoptera) representada por Plecoptera, Embioptera, y Dermaptera (Cuadro 3), con afinidades dudosas. En el grupo ortopteroideo propiamente dicho pueden reconocerse ottas dos líneas: los Panorthoptera, representados por Grylloblattodea, Saltatoria, y Phasmida; los Dietyoptera, representados por Blattaria, Mantodea e Isoptera (Cuadro 4). Aunque los comejenes (Isoptera) superficialmente parecen estar muy lejanos de las cucarachas, un examen cuidadoso revelará una relación cercana entre los dos grupos (Cuadro 5). 9) La principal tendencia evolucionaria en los hemipteroideos es un desarrollo gradual de un aparato bucal chupador. 10) Dos líneas de evolución pueden ser reconocidas en el grupo neuropteroideo: los Panneuroptera incluyendo Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidiodea, Coleoptera, Strepsiptera e Hymenoptera, y los Panmecoptera (= Panorpoidea) incluyendo Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera y Siphonap.tera. En ambos grupos hay una tendencia hacia el desarrollo de un aparato bucal chupador</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="de"><p>Ein ausführliches Studium und Schatzung der Literatur über die Evolution und Beziehungen der verschiedenen Insektenordnungen erlauben dem Verfasser wie folgt abzuschliessen: 1) Die gegenwartige Kcnntnis scheint hinzuweisen, dass die Myriapoden die den Insekten nahre Gliederfüssler sind, von denen die Symphila die meisten charakteristischen Merkmale gemeinsam mit den ursprünglichen Insekten besitzen. Das Hisst schliessen, dass Insecta und Symphila vall einem gemeinsamen, van myriapoden-artigen Gliederfüsslern gebildeten Stamm sich ableiten. Es besteht aneh Merkmale, die daranf hinweisen, dass die Insekten vermittels Neotenie von besagten Stamm herrühren. 2) Es scheint, dass es keinen Beweis gibt, um die entognatischen Apterygoten von der Klasse Insecta ausznsehliessen. 3). Neueste Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, dass die entognatischen Apterygoten (Protura, Collembola, Diplura) in Beziehung zueinander sind. 4) Da die Untersehiede zwisehen Lepismatiden und Machiliden mehrere Merkmale von grosser phylogenetischer Bedeutung einsehliessen (Tafel 1), betrachtet der Verfasser die Bildung zweier Ordnungen: die Microeoryphia, weldle die Maehilíden umfassen, und die Thysanura, welche die Lepismatiden sind. 5) Der Ursprung der Pterygoten bleibt naeh wie vor im Ungewissen. 6) Von allen lebenden Gruppen der Pterygoten scheinen die Epheme roptera die Primitivsten zu sein. Die Odonata bilden eine Gruppe für sieh, was auch für die Ephemeroptera erwiesen ist, aber von allen lebenden Ordnungen der Pt-erygota sind es die Ephemeroptera die am meisten den Odonata ahnlích sind. 7) Die Ordnungen der Neoptera bestehen aus drei Gruppen oder hauptsachlichen evolutionären Bestrebungen: die Orthopteroidea; Hemiptcroidca und Neuroptcroidca (Tafel 2). 8) In der Gruppe der Orthopteroidea kann man zwei Linien unterseheiden: die tatsachlichen Orthopteroidea mit bestimmten Affinitaten und cinc Linie (Panplecoptera) gebildet durch Plecoptera, Embioptera und Dermaptera (Tafel 3) mit undeutlichcn Affinitaten. In der Gruppe der tatsacWichen Orthop. teroidea lassen sich weitere zwei Linien bestimmen: die Panorthoptera, gebíldet durch Grylloblattoidea, Saltatoria und Phasmida; die Dictyoptera, gebildet dureh Blattaria, Mantodea und Isoptera (Tafel 4). Wennglcich die Termiten oberflachlicherwcise weit entfernt von den Schaben sind, ein genaues Examen wird eine nahe Beziehung zwischen beiden Gruppen aufweisen (Tafel 5). 9) Die vorherrschcnde cvolutionare Bestrebung bei den Hemipteroidea ist cine abgcstufte Entwicklung des Saugwerkzeuges. 10) Zwei evolutionare Linien lassen sich in der Gruppe der Neuropteroidea erkennen: die Panneuroptera einschliesslích die Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidiodea, Coleoptera, Strepsiptera und Hymenoptera, und die Panmecoptera (= Panorpoidea) cinsehliesslích die Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera und Siphonaptera. In beiden Gruppen besteht die Tendenz zur Entwícklung eines Saugapparates</p></abstract>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An Extraordinary New Toad (Bufo) ttom Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Savage</surname>
<given-names>Jay M</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>767</fpage>
<lpage>781</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of toad, Bufo periglenes, is described from the Lower Montane Rainforest zone of the Cordillera de Tilarán on the divide between Puntarenas and AlajueIa provinces, Costa Rica. The new form exhibits a combination of extremely bright coloration and marked sexual dichromism. Males are solid orange, females greenish to black with scarlet spots. The species lacks a tympanum and columella and is voiceless. Tadpoles are described. Relationships and the role of sexual dichromism are discussed</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie de sapo, Bufo periglenes, del bosque montano bajo pluvial de la Cordillera de Tilarán en la divisoria entre las provincias de Puntarenas y Alajuela, Costa Rica. La nueva especie presenta una evidente combinación de colores brillantes y marcado dicromatismo sexual. Los machos son de un color anaranjado intenso uniforme, las hembras verdusco a negro con manchas rojo escarlata. Esta especie carece de tímpano, columela y voz. Se describen los renacuajos. Se discute el parentesco y el papel del dicromatismo sexual</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000200034</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a new lungworm occurring in man in Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morera</surname>
<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
</name>
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<name>
<surname>Céspedesu</surname>
<given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>783</fpage>
<lpage>796</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp. is described from Costa Rica where it produces lesions in the abdominal cavity of man. It can be distinguished from other species of the genus on the basis of its size, the length of the spicules, the position of the vulva and the morphology and position of the bursal rays. The parasite localizes in the small mesenteric arteries, especially in the ileocecal region, where it produces arteritis and thrombosis. Eggs in various stages of embryonation were found scattered in the tissues of the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, eliciting a granulomatous inflammatory reaction with in. tense eosinophilic infiltration</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los autores hacen la descripción de Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp., un nuevo metastrongilideo encontrado en Costa Rica, que produce lesiones en el hombre. Esta nueva especie se puede distinguir de las otras Catorce descritas hasta ahora, en base a su tamaño, la longitud de las espículas, la posición de la vulva y la morfología y disposición de los rayos bursales. A. costaricensis es la segunda especie del género de importancia en parasitología humana. La otra especie patógena para el hombre, A. cantonensis, es responsable de una forma de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. Los parásitos adultos, machos y hembras, se localizan en las arterias del mesenterio y de la pared intestinal, especialmente de la región ileocecal en donde provocan fenómenos inflamatorios y trombóticos que llevan a grados diversos de necrosis. La presencia de huevos en varios estados de embrionación, en el tejido de la pared intestinal y de los ganglios linfáticos regionales, produce una reacción inflamatoria granulomatosa con intensa infiltración eosinofilica. La pared intestinal se presenta engrosada, llegándose a producir cuadros de suboclusión u oclusión que obligan a intervenciones quirúrgicas de emergencia. La presencia 4e huevos en los tejidos humanos sugiere una mejor adaptación de A. costaricensis en el hombre, en comparación con A. cantonensis, que no llega a alcanzar el estado adulto en los tejidos encefálicos humanos. Sin embargo en los casos en que hemos encontrado larvas completamente formadas, ellas siempre están encerradas en la cáscara del huevo, lo que sugiere la imposibilidad de que las mismas lleguen a la luz intestinal y regresen al suelo para completar su ciclo de vida</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: The bacterial species concept was examined within the framework of plant and animal associated &amp;#945;-2 proteobacteria, taking into consideration the phylogenetic, taxonomic and biological approaches as well as the microbiologists perception. The virtue of the phylogenetic approach is that it gives an evolutionary perspective of the bacterial lineage; however the methods used possess low resolution for defining species located at the terminal branches of the phylogenetic trees. The merit of the taxonomic approach is that species are defined on the basis of multiple characteristics allowing high resolution at the terminal branches of dendograms; its disadvantage is the inaccuracy in the earlier nodes. On an individual level, the qualitative biological characteristics used for the definition of species frequently reveal shortcomings because many of these properties are the result of coevolution, parallel evolution or the horizontal transfer of genes. Nevertheless, when considered together with !be phylogenetic and taxonomic approaches, important uncertainties are discovered: these must be weighed if a practical definition of bacterial species is conceived. The microbiologists' perception is !be criterion expressed by a group of sponsors who, based on scientific and practical grounds, propose a new bacterial species. The success of this new proposal is measured by its widespread acceptance and its permanence. A difficult problem concerned with defining bacterial species is how to distinguish if they are independent evolutionary units or if they are reticulate evolutionary units. In the first case the inherence is vertically transmitted as a result of binary fission and clonal expansion. This may be !be case of some animal cell associated bacteria in which recombination appears to be precluded or exceptional. In the second case adaptive changes occurring within an individual can be horizontaIly transferred to many or all group members. This seems to be the condition of many intestinal and plant associated bacteria. Genetic drift and speciation in clonal bacteria will depend almost exclusively on mutation and internal genetic rearrangement processes, whereas speciation in reticulate bacteria will depend not only on these processes but in their genetic interactions with other bacterial strains. This uncertainty, which corresponds to the evolutionary process, is at the same time one of the key factors in defining a bacterial species</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se examinó la definición de especie bacteriana usando como ejemplos protebacterias del subgrupo &amp;#945;-2 asociadas con las plantas y con los animales y tomando en consideración estudios filogenéticos. taxonómicos, biológicos y el criterio de los microbiólogos. La virtud que tienen los estudios filogenéticos es que proporcionan una perspectiva evolutiva de los linajes bacterianos; sin embargo el los métodos usados poseen poca resolución para definir aquellas especies localizadas en las ramas terminales de los árboles filogenéticos. El mérito que tienen los métodos taxonómicos se debe ha que definen las especies con base en múltiples características, permitiendo así una excelente resolución en las ramas terminales de los dendogramas; su desventaja radica en su poca exactitud en los nodos iniciales de los cladogramas. A nivel individual los estudios biológicos frecuentemente presenta dificultades debido a que muchas de las características son el resultado de coevolución, evolución paralela o bien transmisión horizontal de genes; sin embargo cuando este concepto es considerado conjuntamente con el filogenético y el taxonómico, se logran responder algunas preguntas que ninguna de las estrategias puede resolver aisladamente El juicio expresado por un grupo de expertos con base en evidencias científicas y en la práctica cotidiana para proponer una nueva especie de bacteria es lo que se conoce como el criterio de los microbiólogos. El éxito de este criterio se mide por su aceptación general y por su permanencia a través del tiempo. Uno de los problemas mas difíciles respecto a la definición de especie bacteriana es como distinguir si estas son unidades evolutivas independientes o si ellas son unidades evolutivas reticulares. En el primer caso, la herencia es trasmitida verticalmente como resultado de la división binaria y la multiplicación clonal. Este podría ser el caso de algunas bacterias asociadas con los animales en las que la recombinación genética posiblemente no ocurre o bien es excepcional. En el segundo caso, los cambios adaptativos que suceden en un individuo pueden ser trasmitidos horizontalmente a varios o a todos los miembros de un grupo. Este pareciera ser el caso de muchas de las bacterias intestinales y de las asociadas con las plantas. La divergencia genérica y la especiación de bacterias con una estructura clonal dependerán casi exclusivamente de mutaciones y de los rearreglos genéticos internos que puedan suceder, mientras que la especiación de bacterias con una estructura retícular dependerá no solo de estos procesos, sino también de las interacciones genéticas con otras bacterias. Esta incertidumbre, la que sin lugar a duda corresponde al proceso evolutivo, es al mismo tiempo uno de los elementos esenciales para comprender la definición de especie bacteriana</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacterial species</kwd>
<kwd>Proteobacteria</kwd>
<kwd>review</kwd>
<kwd>Brucella</kwd>
<kwd>Bartonella</kwd>
<kwd>Ochrobactrum</kwd>
<kwd>Afipia</kwd>
<kwd>Agrobacterium</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizobium</kwd>
<kwd>Phyllobacterium</kwd>
<kwd>Rhodopseudomonas</kwd>
<kwd>Bradyrhizobium</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000200037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Disparity, decimation and the Cambrian &quot;explosion&quot;: comparison of early Cambrian and Present faunal communities with emphasis on velvet worms (Onychophora)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Academia Sinica Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology </institution>
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<year>2002</year>
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<lpage>841</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The controversy about a Cambrian &quot;explosion&quot; of morphological disparity (followed by decimation), cladogenesis and fossilization is of central importance for the history of life. This paper revisits the controversy (with emphasis in onychophorans, which include emblematic organisms such as Hallucigenia), presents new data about the Chengjiang (Cambrian of China) faunal community and compares it and the Burgess Shale (Cambrian of Canada) with an ecologically similar but modern tropical marine site where onychophorans are absent, and with a modern neotropical terrestrial onychophoran community. Biovolume was estimated from material collected in Costa Rica and morphometric measurements were made on enlarged images of fossils. Cambrian tropical mudflats were characterized by the adaptive radiation of two contrasting groups: the vagile arthropods and the sessile poriferans. Arthropods were later replaced as the dominant benthic taxon by polychaetes. Vagility and the exoskeleton may explain the success of arthropods from the Cambrian to the modern marine and terrestrial communities, both in population and biovolume. Food ecological displacement was apparent in the B. Shale, but not in Chengjiang or the terrestrial community. When only hard parts were preserved, marine and terrestrial fossil deposits of tropical origin are even less representative than deposits produced by temperate taxa, Chengjiang being an exception. Nutrient limitations might explain why deposit feeding is less important in terrestrial onychophoran communities, where carnivory, scavenging and omnivory (associated with high motility and life over the substrate) became more important. Fossil morphometry supports the interpretation of &quot;lobopod animals&quot; as onychophorans, whose abundance in Chengjiang was equal to their abundance in modern communities. The extinction of marine onychophorans may reflect domination of the infaunal habitat by polychaetes. We conclude that (1) a mature ecological community structure was generalized during the Cambrian, and even biodiversity and equitability indices were surprisingly close to modern values; (2) the morphological diversity and geographic distribution of onychophorans indicate a significant pre-Cambrian evolutionary history which does not support the &quot;explosion&quot; hypothesis; (3) disparity among phyla was not as important as the explosion-decimation model predicts, but in the case of onychophorans, disparity within the phylum was greater than it is today and its reduction may have been associated with migration into the sediment when large predators evolved.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con base en nuevos hallazgos paleontológicos hechos en el sur de China se analiza la controversia sobre la &quot;explosión del Cámbrico&quot; que supuestamente incluyó un gran aumento en la diversidad morfológica, con la aparición de muchos filos que posteriormente se extinguieron. Se compara las comunidades fósiles de Cheng-yiang (China) y Burgess Shale (Canadá) con una comunidad marina similar moderna (Punta Morales, Costa Rica) y con una comunidad terrestre moderna (Coronado, Costa Rica) que al igual que los dos depósitos fosilíferos incluye al filo Onychophora. Se concluye que (1) durante el Cámbrico las comunidades costeras tropicales eran similares a las modernas al punto de que incluso los índices de biodiversidad y equitabilidad eran semejantes a los actuales; (2) la diversidad morfológica y distribución geográfica de los onicóforos indican una larga historia evolutiva precámbrica que no apoya el modelo de la &quot;explosión&quot;; (3) las diferencias morfológicas entre filos no eran tan importantes como predice el modelo de &quot;explosión seguida de extinción&quot;, pero en la caso de los onicóforos, la diversidad morfológica dentro del filo era mayor en el Cámbrico que en la actualidad, y su reducción puede haber estado asociada con la migración al interior del sedimento al evolucionar mayores depredadores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Disparity</kwd>
<kwd>decimation</kwd>
<kwd>&quot;explosion&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>community ecology</kwd>
<kwd>feeding</kwd>
<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>fossil</kwd>
<kwd>Metazoa</kwd>
<kwd>evolution</kwd>
<kwd>Chengjiang</kwd>
<kwd>Burgess Shale</kwd>
<kwd>Cambrian</kwd>
<kwd>Recent</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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