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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">How to be a tropical scientist</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Revista de Biología Tropical  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cómo hacer ciencia en los trópicos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Revista de Biología Tropical  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mensaje del señor Rector de la Universidad de Costa Rica en la celebración del cincuenta aniversario de la Revista de Biología Tropical</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Macaya</surname>
<given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<year>2002</year>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mensaje de la señora Vicerrectora de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica en la celebración del 50 aniversario de la Revista de Biología Tropical</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González G.</surname>
<given-names>Yamileth</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Man-made lakes, ecological studies and conservation needs in Nigeria</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Araoye</surname>
<given-names>P.A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Lower Niger Basin Development Authority  </institution>
<addr-line>llorin </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>857</fpage>
<lpage>864</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The benefit derived from the creation of man-made lakes in Nigeria and other developing countries is usually associated with great risks. Whenever we establish a dam, it appears we dam the inherent consequences to the detriment of man and bis environment. Debts were incurred by the countries concerned, man and animals were displaced, arable lands destroyed including degradation of forest and wild life resources. The creation of dams have also ignored the prevention of man and bis life stock from the inherent spread of water borne diseases. The purpose for which a dam is created is threatened if man is indiscriminately exposed to the risk of water borne diseases. The poor and uneconomic management of the fish resources is also another major issue of concern. In order to tap the full potentials of reservoir projects and to promote conservation, it is important to have a round table talk involving all stake holders during the planning stage of such projects. Therefore apart from the engineering works, there is also need for collaboration with all experts from relates fields especially the biologists, sociologists and economists for bio-socio-economic reasons during the planning and implementation stages of dam projects in Nigeria and other developing countries.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La creación de represas y lagos artificiales en Nigeria y en otros países en vías de desarrollo, produce importantes beneficios, pero trae también grandes riesgos, pues es difícil evitar sus consecuencias inherentes, hacia el detrimento del hombre y su ambiente. Los países que desarrollan este tipo de proyectos deben adquirir deudas, desplazar personas y animales y enfrentar la destrucción de tierras que podrían utilizarse para cultivo, así como también la degradación del bosque y la vida silvestre. Se ha ignorado además, el riesgo que representa para el hombre y su ganado, la exposición indiscriminada a enfermedades transmitidas por el agua. El manejo pobre y antieconómico de los recursos pesqueros es otro factor importante a considerar. Con el objetivo de lograr un mejor aprovechamiento del potencial de las represas y promover la conservación, es importante organizar mesas redondas que involucren a todos los que participan durante la fase de planeamiento de los proyectos. Además de los trabajos de ingeniería, se necesita de la colaboración interdisciplinaria de expertos en áreas relacionadas, para los aspectos bio-socio-económicos de las fases de planeamiento e implementación de los proyectos de embalse, tanto en Nigeria como en otros países en vías de desarrollo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Artificial lakes</kwd>
<kwd>dams</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>fish resources</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000300009</article-id>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Over its first half century the Revista de Biología Tropical published many papers and supplements dealing with the botany. However, the Revista is not a primary botanical journal. A wide variety of topics and geographic sources have been included, taking into consideration species from the Neotropics, but also from India and Nigeria. A complete index of botanical papers is presented.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>botanic</kwd>
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<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Latin America</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Morfología vegetal neotropical</article-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<aff id="A01">
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>893</fpage>
<lpage>902</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>An analysis on plant morphology and the sources that are important to the morphologic interpretations is done. An additional analysis is presented on all published papers in this subject by the Revista de Biología Tropical since its foundation, as well as its contribution to the plant morphology development in the neotropics.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The first paper published in the Revista de Biología Tropical (RBT) on anything related to marine science was in 1963. Since then the number of marine-related papers has increased to 637, which represents 27% of the total production of RBT (excluding the Supplements), and 33% since 1979. Most publications are Full Articles on Ecology (135 papers). The marine ecosystem of which there is more publications is the coral reefs (28); and fish is the most studied taxonomic group (165). Almost half of the Supplements are marine related (12). The RBT must continue its efforts to maintain itself as a leading marine science publication in Latin America.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El primer artículo sobre cualquier tema marino fue publicado en 1963 y desde entonces ha venido aumentando el número de publicaciones marinas hasta llegar a 637. Este número representa el 27% de todos los artículos publicados en la RBT (excluyendo los Suplementos) y el 33% desde 1979. La mayoría son Artículos de Fondo principalmente sobre Ecología (135 trabajos). De los ecosistemas marinos sobre el que más se ha publicado es los arrecifes coralinos (28) y los peces es el grupo taxonónico del que hay más trabajos (165). Casi la mitad de los Suplementos o Números Especiales de la RBT son sobre temas marinos. La RBT debe realizar esfuerzos para mantenerse a la cabeza en publicaciones marinas en América Latina.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Over its fifty year history nearly twenty percent of the papers published in the Revista de Biología Tropical have been about inseets and arachnids. In the 1950's papers on arthropods of medical importance were dominant, in the 1960's there was a poliferation of papers on bees, and in more recent years the subjects have become incresingly diverse. In terms of nationality of contributing authors, the journal appears to have become increasingly international in later years.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The first electron microscope in Costa Rica was a donation from the government of Japan throught its International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 1974. This donation made possible the consolidation of what was to hecome the University of Costa Rica's Electron Microscope Unit (UME). Within three years the first scientific papers were published, dealing with ultrastructural aspects of &quot;Com's rayado fino virus&quot; and rotavirus, viral agent of human diarrhea. Subsequent papers out of the UME were published for the most part in the Journal of Tropical Biology, totaling at least 50 in that journal alone by the year 2000. With the recent acquisition of Energy Dispersive Spectrometer to coupled in transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope to X ray analysis, the data acquisition of the UME has been greatly enhanced, making possible to analyze both structure and elemental chemical composition in a specimen. Other applications of this new technology include studies of environmental pollution with heavy metals, such as comparative analysis of residues on leaves from urban areas and those on leaves from primary forest.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las publicaciones de investigación biomédica en la Revista de Biología Tropical</article-title>
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<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Instituto Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<month>12</month>
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<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The contributions published in Revista de Biología Tropical in the area of Biomedical Sciences are reviewed in terms of number of contributions and scope of research subjects. Biomedical Sciences, particularly Parasitology and Microbiology, constituted the predominant subject in the Revista during the first decade, reflecting the intense research environment at the Sebool of Microbiology of the University of Costa Rica and at Hospital San Juan de Dios. The relative weight of Biomedicine in the following decades diminished, due to the outstanding increment in publications in Biological Sciences; however, the absolute number of contributions in Biomedical Sciences remained constant throughout the last decades, with around 80 contributions per decade. In spite of the predominance of Parasitology as the main biomedical subject, the last decades have witnessed the emergence of new areas of interest in the Revista, such as Pharmacology of natural products, Toxinology, especially related to snake venoms, and Human Genetics. This retrospective analysis evidences that Biomedical Sciences, particularly those related to Tropical Medicine, were a fundamental component during the first years of Revista de Biología Tropical, and have maintained a significant presence in the scientific output of this journal, the most relevant scientific publication in biological sciences in Central America.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este trabajo se presenta un análisis temático de los trabajos de ciencias biomédicas publicados en la Revista de Biología Tropical durante sus 50 años de existencia. Las ciencias biomédicas, principalmente la Parasitología y la Microbiología, fueron el tema predominante en la Revista durante su primera década de existencia, como reflejo del dinámico y productivo ambiente de investigación existente alrededor de la Facultad de Microbiología de la Universidad de Costa Rica y del Hospital San Juan de Dios. El peso relativo de temas de investigación biomédica disminuyó paulatinamente en las décadas subsiguientes, aunque el número absoluto de contribuciones biomédicas se ha mantenido constante, con una media de cerca de 80 trabajos por década. La Parasitología ha sido el tema predominante en las publicaciones de tipo biomédico en la Revista; sin embargo, en las últimas décadas han aparecido publicaciones en una serie de temas como Farmacología de productos naturales, Toxinología, especialmente relacionada con venenos de serpientes y Genética Humana, lo cual ha ampliado el espectro temático de las ciencias biomédicas en los índices de la Revista. Este análisis retrospectivo evidencia claramente que las ciencias biomédicas, particularmente las relacionadas con Medicina Tropical, jugaron un papel fundamental en los primeros años de existencia de la Revista de Biología Tropical y han mantenido una presencia relevante durante las últimas décadas en esta publicación, sin duda la más importante y sólida de la región centroamericana en ciencias naturales.</p></abstract>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El presente estudio analiza las publicaciones realizadas por autores de instituciones de Costa Rica e incluídas en el Science Citation lndex (SCI), durante el trienio 1999-2001. Se encontró 722 referencias, distribuidas en 328 revistas, de las cuales el 90.7% correspondían a artículos originales de investigación. La productividad total de publicaciones en el SCI durante 1999-2001 continúa con la tendencia ligeramente creciente observada para 1980-1998, tanto en cifras absolutas, como en su ajuste a la población. La contribución de la Revista de Biología Tropical a estas cifras correspondió al 10.0%, 8.9% y 19.1%, respectivamente, en los años 1999, 2000 y 2001. La distribución temática de los artículos no mostró cambios marcados en relación con el patrón descrito para 1980-1998, con un aporte mayoritario de las ciencias biomédicas (33.3%) y biológicas (27.5%), seguido por las ciencias agronómicas (15.5%), química (13.6%), física (5.0%), geología (3.6%) matemáticas (1.5%). El análisis de las citaciones de publicaciones individuales (hasta el 15 de julio del 2002), mostró que solo el 45.2% de los artículos habían recibido el menos una citación. Se recopilaron los diez artículos más citados de este grupo de referencias, las cuales variaron entre 26 y 114 citas. El promedio de citaciones por artículo en el período estudiado fue de 2.60 y el número promedio de autores por artículo fue de 2.92. Al igual que durante 1980-1998, la Universidad de Costa Rica se mantuvo como la institución de mayor aporte de publicaciones en el SCI durante 1999-2001, con un promedio del 50.0% de la producción del país. El porcentaje de publicaciones realizadas sin coautoría de instituciones foráneas mostró una nivelación de la tendencia decreciente descrita para 1980-1998, estabilizándose durante el trienio 1999-2001 alrededor de un 25-30%.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The composition of the essential oil from leaves of Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Endl.) A. DC. collected in Turrialba, Costa Rica, was determined by capillary GC/MS. Seventy-six compounds were identified corresponding to ca. 95% of the oil. The major components were germacrene D (32.7%), &amp;#945;-pinene (16.3%), &amp;#946; - pinene (13.8%) and &amp;#946; -caryophyllene (4.1%). Thirty-one minor compounds were identified for the first time in this genus of plants.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Endl.) A. DC., recolectada en Turrialba, Costa Rica, se estudió mediante la técnica de cromatografía capilar gaseoso-líquida, acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas (GC/MS). Se identificaron 76 compuestos que correspondieron a cerca del 95% del aceite. Los componentes mayoritarios fueron germacreno D (32.7%) &amp;#945; -pineno (16.3%), &amp;#946; -pineno (13.8%) y &amp;#946; -cariofileno (4.1%). Dentro de los compuestos minoritarios, treinta y uno se describen por primera vez como constituyentes de este género de plantas.</p></abstract>
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<addr-line>Vicentina México, D. F</addr-line>
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<fpage>969</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>More new species, new combinations and new distributions are made in the large and difficult genus Elaphoglossum in Neotropic. Ten new species are describes, this are: Elaphoglossum adrianae A. Rojas, E. betancuri A. Rojas, E. caridadae A. Rojas, E. glabromarginatum A. Rojas, E. kessleri A. Rojas, E. macdougalii A. Rojas, E. paramicola A. Rojas, E. paxense A. Rojas, E. pseudoherminieri A. Rojas and E. solomonii A. Rojas. Three species are combined, this are: Elaphoglossum beitelii (Mickel) A. Rojas, E. curvans (Kunze) A. Rojas and E. eutecnum (Mickel) A. Rojas. Finally, 86 species are reported from other countries and some species names are synonymized.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nuevas especies, nuevas combinaciones y nuevas distribuciones adicionadas en el grande y difícil género Elaphoglossum. Diez especies nuevas son descritas, estas son: Elaphoglossum adrianae A. Rojas, E. betancuri A. Rojas, E. caridadiae A. Rojas, E. glabromarginatum A. Rojas, E. kessleri A. Rojas, E. macdougalii A. Rojas, E. paramicola A. Rojas, E. paziense A. Rojas, E. pseudoherminieri A. Rojas y E. solomonii A. Rojas. Tres especies son combinadas, estas son: Elaphoglossum beitelii (Mickel) A. Rojas, E. curvans (Kunze) A. Rojas y E. eutecnum (Mickel) A. Rojas. Finalmente, se amplía la distribución de 86 especies y algunos nombres de especies son sinonimizados.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dennstaedtia gracilis A. Rojas et Tejero (Dennstaedtiaceae) is herein describes and illustrated as a new species endemic to Mexico. Its belongs to the group of winged adaxial secondary costae species but it differs by the combination of caracters as smaller fronds, deltate pinnules and lobed segment apex.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Dennstaedtia gracilis A. Rojas et Tejero (Dennstaedtiaceae) es aquí descrita e ilustrada como una especie nueva endémica de México. Pertenece al grupo de especies que presentan un ala dorsal en la costa de las pínnulas pero difiere por la combinación de caracteres como hojas más pequeñas, rizoma delgado, pínnulas deltado-lanceoladas y ápice de los segmentos lobulado.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The losses of nutrients by fire were assesed in a Trachypogon savanna located in Calabozo, Venezuela. About 95% of the biomass, 97% of N, 61 % of P, 76% of K and 65% of Ca and Mg were transferred to the atmosphere. Ash deposition returned between 21-34% of Mg, Ca, K and P and 0.2% of N. Previous data indicated that precipitation and atmospheric fixation (in the case of N) could replace the rest of N, Ca, K and Mg transferted to the atmosphere. As a consequence of frequent burning (annual or biannual), the soil of the savanna showed lower organic matter and available P and K content when it is compared with a 32 year protected savanna.</p></abstract>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in composition and structure of a tropical dry forest following intermittent Cattle grazing</article-title>
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<institution>,The New York Botanical Garden Institute of Economic Botany </institution>
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<country>U.S.A</country>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Departamento de Ecología de los Recursos Naturales Instituto de Ecología</institution>
<addr-line>Morelia Michoacán</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In northwestern Costa Rica, cattle are being used as a &quot;management tool&quot; to reduce the amount of combustible material, mainly dominated by Hyparrhenia rufa, an African grass. This project is being developed within Parque Nacional Palo Verde and Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal, both of which fonn part of the only remaining tropical dry forests in Mesoamerica. To determine the short-term effects of cattle grazing on the natural vegetation, we compared the floristic composition within Palo Verde in an area under intermittent cattle grazing with an area that has not been grazed. There were significantly fewer plant species in the area with intermittent cattle grazing compared to the area with no grazing. Floristic composition of these two habitats was different as reflected by both Fisher's alpha values and the Shannon index of diversity, both of which were significantly higher in the ungrazed site. The ungrazed area contained more plant species and was more similar to mature forest. The structure of the vegetation was significantly different between the intermittently grazed and ungrazed sites with more small stems (1-5 cm dbh) and fewer large stems (&gt;5 cm dbh) in the intermittently grazed habitat. These results indicate that cattle grazing has an impact on the dry forest by reducing the relative abundance and density of larger tree species and by changing the species composition and structure of the community. The current management plan implemented in Palo Verde and Lomas Barbudal is not appropriate because of the impact that cattle have on the structure of the natural vegetation and should not be considered a viable alternative in other protected areas of dry forest in the Neotropics. We suggest that alternative fire prevention measures be evaluated including hand-cutting H. rufa, the creation of more frequent and larger fire breaks, and the development of green breaks.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el noroeste de Costa Rica se utiliza ganado como una &quot;herramienta de manejo&quot; para reducir la cantidad de material combustible, principalmente Hyparrhenia rufa, un zacate que proviene de Africa. Este proyecto se desarrolla dentro del Parque Nacional Palo Verde y la Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal, ambos forman parte de los últimos remanentes de bosque tropical seco de Mesoamérica. Con el fin de determinar los efectos a corto plazo del pastoreo de ganado vacuno sobre la vegetación natural, realizamos un muestreo dentro de Palo Verde para comparar la composición florística de un área de pastoreo intermitente con un área sin pastoreo. Encontramos significativamente menos especies de plantas en el área con pastoreo intermitente comparado con el área sin pastoreo. La composición florística de estos dos hábitats fue significativamente diferente basada en una comparación del alfa de Fisher y el índice de Shannon de diversidad; ambos fueron significativamente más altos en el área sin pastoreo. El área no pastoreado tuvo mayor número de especies y mayor semejanza con bosque maduro. La estructura de la vegetación fue significativamente diferente entre las dos áreas pastoreadas y no pastoreadas, con mayor número de individuos de diámetros pequeños (1-2.5 cm) y menor número de individuos de diámetros grandes (&gt;5 cm) en el área con pastoreo intermitente. Estos resultados sugieren que el ganado reduce la abundancia relativa y la densidad de las especies de árboles y cambia la composición florística y estructura del bosque tropical seco. El plan de manejo actual de Palo Verde y Lomas Barbudal no es apropriado debido al impacto que el ganado tiene sobre la estructura de la vegetación natural y no debe ser considerado como una alternativa viable para otras áreas protegidas del neotropico. Sugirimos que se evalúen métodos alternativos para prevenir incendios, como el corte de jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa) con machetes, la creación de rompefuegos en mayor cantidad y magnitud, y rompefuegos verdes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cattle</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>grazing</kwd>
<kwd>Hyparrhenia rufa</kwd>
<kwd>management</kwd>
<kwd>Palo Verde National Park</kwd>
<kwd>tropical dry forest</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000300021</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A study of the most important polliniferous plants for European and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) was made in Quintana Roo state. Comparisons were made between the plants visited by both bee types in order to determine whether there were qualitative or quantitative differences in their choice of plant species. Also some foraging strategies of the honeybees were analysed. Pollen from pollen load samples was acetolysed and mounted on slides. Subsequently the polien grains were identified, counted and photographed. A total of 206 pollen load samples were collected at Palmas and St. Teresa during two years. The most frequent species in the ponen load samples from European and Africanized honeyhees were Cecropia peltata, Metopium brownei, Lonchocarpus sp. 2, Viguiera dentata, Eragrostis sp. 1, Bursera simaruba and Eupatorium albicaule. Both types of honey bees show a high reliance on pollen from only a few species, the first five named above comprised around 50% of all the mean percentage frequencies. Families that contributed with the largest number of polien species were Fabaceae, Asteraceac, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaecae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Poaceac, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae and Tiliaceae. C. peltata, Trema micrantha, B. simaruba, Eugenia sp. 1, Thouinia canesceras, Pouteria sp. 1, Mimosa bahamensis and V. dentata, were the pollen species with the largest percentages of oceurrence in both European and Africanized bee pollen load samples, and also represent a &quot;long-term&quot; food resources during the year.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un estudio de las plantas poliníferas más importantes para las abejas europeas y africanizadas (Apis melifera L.) se realizó en el estado de Quintana Roo. Se hicieron comparaciones entre plantas visitadas por ambos tipos de abejas, con el objetivo de determinar si hay diferencias cualitativas o cuantitativas en la elección de la especie de planta. Adicionalmente, se analizaron algunas estrategias de forrajeo de las abejas. Muestras de cargas de pólen se acetolizaron y se montaron en láminas. Posteriormente, los granos de pólen se identificaron, se contaron y se fotografiaron. Se recolectaron un total de 206 muestras de cargas de pólen en Las Palmas y Sta. Teresa durante dos años. Las especies más frecuentes en las muestras de cargas de pólen fueron Cecropia peltata, Metopium brownei, Lonchocarpus sp. 2, Viguiera dentata, 1, Eragrostis sp. 1, Bursera simaruba y Eupatorium albicaule. Ambos tipos de abejas mostraron una alta dependencia hacia sólo unas pocas especies de plantas, las primetas cinco de las mencionadas anteriormente constituyen aproximadamente un 50% de todas las frecuencias de porcentaje promedio. Las familias que contribuyeron con un mayor número de especies de pólen fueron Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae y Tiliaceae. En tanto que C. peltata, Trema micrantha, B. simaruba, Eugenia sp. 1, Thouinia canesceras, Pouteria sp. 1, Mimosa bahamensis y V. dentata, fueron las especies de pólen con los más altos porcentajes de presencia en las cargas de pólen de las abejas y representan además, una fuente de recursos alimenticios de larga duración durante todo el año.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Apis mellifera</kwd>
<kwd>Erpean honeybee</kwd>
<kwd>Africanized honeybee</kwd>
<kwd>foraging behaviour</kwd>
<kwd>Polliniferous plants</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán Peninsula</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Nueva especie de Parathelohania (Microsporidia) en larvas de Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) en Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Osborn</surname>
<given-names>Frances</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina y Ciencias Aplicadas </institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná Estado Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>1045</fpage>
<lpage>1053</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The symptoms of Anopheles aquasalis larvae naturally infected by a microsporidium, and the ultrastructure of the infecting spores is describes. The larvae were maintained under laboratory conditions in salt concentrations of 10 g/l and 20 g/l of water. Daily recordings of the mortality of the larvae were made and the dates of change of instar were noted. Infected larvas were processed for transmission electronic microscopy using conventional methods at pH 7.2 and 260 mOsm/l. The infection by the microsporidia was positively correlated with an increase in the mean duration of the fourth instar of 2.88 to 6.33 days in 10 g/l of salt and of 2.47 to 6.14 days in 20 g/l of salt. Larval mortality also increased by approximately 50% during this instar in both salt concentrations. Development time and survival were not affected during the other immature stages. The mature spores found in the intestines of infected larvae were barrel shaped and measured approximately 2.6 x 2.4 mm. The exospore has a collar shaped prolongation at the posterior end of the spore. The spores are uninuclear with a posterior vacuole. The polar filament is anisofilar with nine rings, five with a diameter of 58 nm each and four with a diameter of 23 nm each. The polarplast is lamellate, and more tightly packed in the apical region. The reduction of the survival of A. aquasalis larvae infected with the microsporidia, and the increase in the development time suggest that this parasite might have a potential as a biological control of this pest. The microsporidium describes here has similar characteristics to that of the genus Parathelohania. I suggest that the rnicrosporidium found in A. aquasalis represents a new species and I propose the name Parathelohania aquasalensis. This is the first report of a microsporidium from a dipteran in Venezuela.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen los síntomas en larvas de A. aquasalis infectadas naturalmente con un microsporidio parasítico, y la ultraestructura de las esporas del mismo. Las larvas fueron criadas bajo condiciones de laboratorio en concentraciones de salinidad de 10 g/l y 20 g/l, registrándose diariamente la mortalidad y la fecha del cambio de estadío de las mismas. Las larvas infectadas fueron procesadas por rnicroscopía electrónica de transmisión usando métodos convencionales con pH 7.2 y 260 mOsm/I. El incremento de la infección por los microsporidios estuvo correlacionado positivamente con un aumento en la duración promedio del cuarto estadío de 2.88 a 6.33 días en 10 g/l de sal y de 2.47 a 6.14 días en 20 g/l. La mortalidad de las larvas también aumentó en aproximadamente 50% durante este estadío a ambas concentraciones de salinidad. No se observaron estas alteraciones en los otros estadíos. Las esporas maduras de los microsporidios fueron encontradas en el intestino de las larvas. Estas esporas mostraron forma de barril y dimensiones de 2.6 x 2.4 µm aproximadamente. La reducción en la supervivencia de las larvas de A. aquasalis infectadas con los microsporidios, y el aumento del tiempo de su desarrollo sugiere que este parásito podría ser un posible controlador biológico de esta plaga. El microsporidio descrito presenta características similares a las del género Parathelohania. Se sugiere que el microsporidio encontrado en las larvas de A. aquasalis es una especie nueva y se propone nombrarla Parathelohania aquasalensis. Este trabajo representa el primer reporte de un microsporidio encontrado en un díptero en Venezuela.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anopheles aquasalis</kwd>
<kwd>larvae</kwd>
<kwd>microsporidia</kwd>
<kwd>Parathelohania</kwd>
<kwd>parasite</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Environmental factors affecting tissue regeneration of the reef - building coral Montastraea annularis (Faviidae) at Los Roques National Park, Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolivar Sartenejas Laboratorio de Comunidades Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Tropical </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this study, the rates of tissue regeneration and recovery from injuries that emulated the bites of either butterfly or parrotfish on colonies of Montastraea annularis exposed to different sedimentation regimesp were determined. Two small reef patches were chosen elose to key Dos Mosquises, north of the Venezuelan mainland. Sixteen colonies (8 treatments + a single replicate) were artificially damaged at each patch and their recovery was monitored for three months by photographic means. The lesions were inflicted using two different techniques: scratching the polyps with a hard-nylon brush to resemble parrotfish (Scaridae) damages (Lesions Type 1) or jetting out the tissue with a syringe to simulate butterflyfish (Chaetondontidae) bites (Lesions Type 2). The diameter of the wounds ranged from 5 (small lesion) to 8 cm (large lesions) and both kinds were inflicted on the top and bottom of the colonies, with a single replicate for each treatment. The main factors affecting the recovery of the colonies' surface were lesion features (type, position and size), turbidity and chiefly, the sedimentation rate. WhiIe lesion recovery was slow where sedimentation and resuspension rates were high, tissue regeneration was improved under low sedimentation and resuspension conditions. Moreover, lesions located at the bottom of colonies regenerated completely, whereas sediments frequently covered top lesions and limited their recovery. More than 60% of the colonies with small lesions recovered almost completely in less than 90 days, whereas those with larger injuries frequently showed extensions of their damage and increased mortality. Tissue-only lesions (LT2) regenerated two to three times faster than those involving both tissue and skeletal damage (LT1).Other variables not controlled in this study, such as diseases, encrusting organisms overgrowth and herbivory introduced further variability to the regeneration rates.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este estudio se determinó la tasa de regeneración de tejidos y la recuperación de colonias de Montastraea annularis, expuestas a diferentes grados de sedimentación después de inducir daños que simulan los mordiscos de peces mariposa y peces loro. El estudio se realizó en dos pequeños parches de arrecife escogidos cerca del Cayo Dos Mosquises, al norte de Venezuela. Dieciséis colonias (8 tratamientos + una réplica) fueron dañadas artificialmente en cada parche, y su recuperación fue monitoreada mediante fotografías durante tres meses. Las lesiones se produjeron usando dos técnicas: raspado de los pólipos, para semejar los daños de peces loro (Scaridae) (tipo 1) y aspiración del tejido para simular los mordiscos de peces mariposa (Chaetondontidae) (tipo 2). El diámetro de las lesiones varió entre 5 (lesiones pequeñas) y 8 cm (lesiones grandes) y ambos tipos fueron infringidos en partes de abajo y arriba de las colonias. Los principales factores que afectaron la recuperación de la superficie de las colonias fueron las características de la lesión (tipo, posición y tamaño), la turbidez y principalmente, la tasa de sedimentación. La recuperación de las lesiones fue lenta donde las tasas de sedimentación y resuspensión fueron altas, y la regeneración del tejido fue mejor en condiciones de baja sedimentación y resuspensión. Además, las lesiones localizadas en la parte inferior de las colonias se regeneraron completamente, en tanto que los sedimentos frecuentemente cubrieron las lesiones superiores y limitaron su recuperación. Más del 60% de las colonias con lesiones pequeñas se recuperaron casi completamente en menos de 90 días, mientras que aquellas con grandes heridas mostraron extensiones de sus áreas dañadas y aumentó su mortalidad. Las lesiones que afectaron solamente al tejido (tipo 1) se regeneraron 2 a 3 veces más rápido que aquellas que involucraron tanto al tejido y como al esqueleto (tipo 2).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tissue regeneration</kwd>
<kwd>Montastraea annularis</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentation rates</kwd>
<kwd>recovery</kwd>
<kwd>artificial damages</kwd>
<kwd>Archipiélago de Los Roques</kwd>
<kwd>corals</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biologia Dto. de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species, Cirripathes secchini (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from the Abrolhos area (Babia, Brazil) is describes and constitutes the first record to this genus from Brazil. Two other species (Antipathes hirta, first record from the Southwestern Atlantic; and Antipathes fernandezi, first record from the Atlantic Ocean) are compared to the most recent redescriptions and new data on the size distribution of the characters is provided. To the present there are only two records of the order Antipatharia from Brazil.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie, Cirripathes secchini (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) proveniente de la región de Abrolhos (Bahia, Brasil), que constituye además el primer registro de este género en Brasil. Otras dos especies (Antipathes hirta, primer registro en el Océano Atlántico sur-occidental; Antipathes fernandezi, primer registro en el Océano Atlántico) se comparan a sus redescripciones más recientes y se agregan nuevos datos sobre la distribución de tamaño de sus caracteres taxonómicos. Hasta el momento existen apenas dos registros del orden Antipatharia en Brasil.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000300025</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Bremen Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) </institution>
<addr-line>Bremen </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, (CIMAR) </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The West Indian Topshell Cittarium pica is artisanally collected on rocky shores along the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica. There are neither data on the state of its exploitation nor exist any regulation of the fishery. From October 2000 to March 2001, the population dynamics of this species were studied at an unexploited and two exploited sites to determine the present impact of the fishery on the resource. Average population density with 14 ind./m² about three times higher at the unexploited than at the exploited sites. Length-frequeney histograms showed a strong shift towards smaller specimens at the exploited sites, which is also reflected in significantly higher rates of total mortality (Z = 4.05 and 4.47) when compared to the unexploited site (Z = 1.47). Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as k = 0.19-0.28 (yr-1) and L&amp;#8734;= 104 mm. No significant differences were found among sites. From these values a range of the growth performance index &amp;#934; was computed ( &amp;#934; = 3.31-3.48) which lies at the lower end of the values reported for other tropical marine gastropods. The size at first maturity for both sexes combined was estimated as 29.20 ± 1.14 mm. Exploitation rates &gt;0.6 for both exploited sites and a large fraction of small specimens (&lt;30mm) in the catches suggest overexploitation and recruitment overfishing. Based on the estimated maximum sustainable yield we recommend regulative measures for the fishery such as a control of a minimum landing size of 40 mm and a closure of the fishery during its reproductive period (from July to November).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El caracol Cittarium pica (West Indian Top Shell) es recolectado en forma artesanal en zonas rocosas de la costa Caribe de Costa Rica. A la fecha no hay datos sobre esta extracción ni existe regulación de su pesquería. La dinámica poblacional de esta especie fue evaluada, desde octubre del 2000 hasta marzo del 2001, en dos sitios en los cuales la especies es recolectada (Playa Negra y Cahuita), y en un sitio protegido de la actividad pesquera (Isla Uvita). La densidad promedio de la población fue 14 ind/m², cerca de tres veces más alta en el sitio protegido que en los dos no protegidos. Los histogramas de frecuencia de tallas mostraron un fuerte sesgo hacia los ejemplares más pequeños en los sitios no protegidos, lo que se refleja también en tasas de mortalidad total significativamente más altas (Z = 4.05 y 4.47) cuando se les compara con el sitio protegido (Z = 1.47). Los parámetros de crecimiento según von Bertalanffy fueron estirnados en k = 0.19 - 0.28 / año y L&amp;#8734;= 104 mm. No se encontró diferencias significativas entre los sitios. A partir de estos valores el índice &amp;#934; (performance index &amp;#934;) estuvo en un &amp;#945;mbito de 3.31 a 3.48, el cual se encuentra entre los valores bajos informados para otros gastrópodos tropicales. La edad a la primera madurez sexual para ambos sexos combinados fue estimada en 29.20 ± 1.14 mm. Las tasas de explotación fueron mayores a 0.6 para los sitios no protegidos y un alto componente de ejemplares pequeños (menos de 30 mm) en las recolectas, sugieren una sobre explotación de los adultos y sobrepesca en el reclutamiento. Con base en la estimación de la captura máxima sostenible (maximum sustainable yield), se recomienda algunas medidas reguladores de la pesquería como el control de un tamaño mínimo de desernbarque de 40 mm y la veda de la pesquería durante los rneses de reproducción (de julio a noviembre).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cittarium pica</kwd>
<kwd>Gastropods</kwd>
<kwd>ELEFAN</kwd>
<kwd>Fishery</kwd>
<kwd>Population Ecology</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Abundancia, estructura poblacional y crecimiento de Atrina maura (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) en una laguna costera tropical del Pacífico mexicano</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Mar Instituto de Recursos </institution>
<addr-line>Oaxaca </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad del Mar Instituto de Industrias </institution>
<addr-line>Oaxaca </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad del Mar Instituto de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line>Puerto Angel Oaxaca</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>1091</fpage>
<lpage>1100</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The abundance, population structure, and growth of the Pen-shell Atrina maura in the Corralero-Alotengo tropical lagoon system in Oaxaca, Mexico, were studied from February to September of 1997. An abundance analysis showed significant temporal and spatial differences (Kruskal-Wallis, p&lt; 0.001). Two spatial groups of abundance were found in the area, one from the mouth of the lagoon system to the middle of the Penshell bank, and the other between the middle of the Pen-shell bank and the head of the system. Three temporal periods of abundance were found (February-April-May; July-August; March-June-September). The distribution of population size showed that benthic recruitment of A. maura occurred from February to July. Length frequency of A. maura is commonly wide-ranging; nevertheless, in this study Pen-shell organisms with a valve length of 15 cm were frequently found. The growth rate length was 3.7 cm/month during the dry season (February to May), and 3.5 cm/month during the rainy season (June to September). Sex ratio was maintained at 1: 1 from February to May, but males were dominant from June to August, and the minimum length for reproduction was registered at 10 cm valve length.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Mensualmente, de febrero a septiembre de 1997, mediante muestreo aleatorio simple con dos repeticiones, se estudió la abundancia, estructura poblacional y crecimiento del molusco bivalvo Atrina maura en diez estaciones distribuidas de manera uniforme, en un banco natural localizado dentro del sistema lagunar Corralero-Alotengo, Oaxaca, México. El análisis de la abundancia reveló diferencias estadísticas, altamente significativas entre las estaciones y entre los meses de muestreo (Kruskal-Wallis, p&lt; 0.001). De acuerdo con el arreglo espacial de abundancia, se diferencian dos grandes grupos, uno de la boca a la región media del banco de A. maura y otro, de la mitad del banco hacia el interior del sistema lagunar. Temporalmente, se reconocieron tres períodos de abundancia; febrero-abril-mayo, julio-agosto, y marzo-junio-septiembre. La distribución de tallas, indica que A. maura se recluta al bentos de febrero a julio. Asimismo, aún cuando se encontró un amplio intervalo de tallas, dominan los organismos con longitud valvar mayor o igual a 15 cm (77.69%). Se estimó un crecimiento en talla de 3.7 cm/mes durante el periodo de secas (febrero a mayo) y de 3.5 cm/mes durante la temporada de lluvias (junio a septiembre). De febrero a mayo la proporción sexual fue 1:1, la dominancia de machos fue evidente en el período de junio a septiembre, y se detectó madurez gonadal a partir de 10 cm de longitud valvar.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
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<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>Pen-sheli</kwd>
<kwd>Atrina maura</kwd>
<kwd>tropical coastal lagoon</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Moluscos asociados a las raíces sumergidas del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle, en el Golfo de Santa Fe, Estado Sucre, Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela </institution>
<addr-line> Cumaná</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>1101</fpage>
<lpage>1112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A qualitative and quantitative monthly study of the mollusks community associated to the submered roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (L.), between October of 1998 and September of 1999, in six stations of the Gulf of Santa Fe. (Suere State, Venezuela). Were collected 4 704 specimens, 45 species of mollusks were identified (22 gastropods, 15 bivalves and 8 chitons). The most abundant species were: Crassostrea rhizophorae, Isognomon bicolor, L alatus and Brachidontes exustus. The highest values in diversity and evenness, and the smallest dominant values, were in the stations three and four, while the opposed happened in the stations one and two. The analysis of likeness showed that in the first five stations the space variations in the composition of the community are bigger than the temporary variations, while in the station six the temporary differences prevail. They were factors that could be important to determine the structure of the community, as vicinity to other ecosystems and/or specific biological aspects of the species like adaptations to fluctuating conditions, nutritious habits and migration in search of shady and protected atmospheres.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio mensual cualitativo y cuantitativo de la comunidad de moluscos asociados a las raíces sumergidas del mangle rojo, Rhizophora mangle, entre octubre de 1998 y septiembre de 1999, en seis estaciones del Golfo de Santa Fe (Estado Sucre, Venezuela). Se colectaron e identificaron un total de 4 704 individuos pertenecientes a 45 especies de moluscos (22 gasterópodos, 15 bivalvos y 8 polyplacóforos). Las especies más abundantes fueron: Crassostrea rhizophorae, Isognomon bicolor L alatus y Brachidontes exustus. Los valores más altos de diversidad y equitabilidad, y los menores valores de dominancia, se encontraron en las estaciones tres y cuatro, mientras que lo opuesto ocurrió en las estaciones uno y dos. El análisis de afinidad mostró que en las cinco primeras estaciones las variaciones espaciales en la composición de la comunidad son mayores que las variaciones temporales, mientras que en la estación seis priman las diferencias temporales. Se encontraron factores que podrían ser importantes para determinar la estructura de la comunidad, como vecindad a otros ecosistemas y/6 aspectos biológicos específicos de las especies como adaptaciones a condiciones fluctuantes, hábitos alimenticios y migración en busca de ambientes sombreados y protegidos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>mollusks</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangle</kwd>
<kwd>associate fauna</kwd>
<kwd>Santa Fe gulf</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442002000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dinámica poblacional de Donax dentifer (Veneroida: Donacidae) en Bahía Málaga, Pacífico colombiano durante el fenómeno &quot;El Niño&quot; 1997/1998</article-title>
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<institution>,Museo de Ciencias Naturales Instituto Vallecaucano de Investigaciones Científicas (INCIVA) </institution>
<addr-line>San Fernando Cali</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Section for Comparative Ecosystem Research </institution>
<addr-line>Bremerhaven </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Donax dentifer is a dominant member of the sandy beach communities of the Colombian Pacific coast. A population of this bivalve was monthly sampled in Playa Chucheros at the Bay of Málaga, Colombian Pacific, between August 1997 and July 1998, during the &quot;El Niño 1997/1998&quot; phenomenon. Quantitative samples were taken in perpendicular and parallel to the coastal line transects to determine the population density and a length-frequency distribution. Qualitative samples were taken to study the reproduction and monthly length weight relationship. Sea surface temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and pH in the water was monthly registered in the sampling station. Additionally, a tagging-recapture experiment was performed to growth estimations. Results indicate a continuous reproduction cycle with two annual spawning seasons in December and March. The growth parameters of the non-oscillating von Bertalanffy growth funetion were K= 0.62 yr-1 and L&amp;#8734; = 29.3 mm. Mortality (Z) was higher (2.65 yr-1) for small individuals (between 2 mm and 5 mm) while a lower Z value (1.71 yr-1) were obtained for larger ones (between 19 mm and 25 mm). An annual mean biomass value of B = 1.229 g ash-free dry weight m-2 and an annual somatic production of Psom =1.215 g ash-ftee dry weight m-2 were estimated, which correspond to a Psom / B value of 0.988. Population density increased in November and April, but any population density pattem related with &quot;El Niño&quot; was evident. Low body weight during NovemberDecember seems to show a relation between reproductive cycle in D. dentifer and El Niño 97/98 event. The fluctuation in dissolved oxygen show a high correlation with parameters of the reproductive cycle, which could be relatad to assimilation process and body weight cycle. Growth in D. dentifer in the Colombian Pacific coast was faster than other Donax species, as can be expected for tropical bivalves mollusks in comparison whit high latitude bivalves. The mortality pattern suggest that the population was selectively affected by El Niño 97/98, due to smaller individuals are living in the lowest areas of the beach, where they are exposed to abnormal seawater conditions for a longer time. Individual and population production was higher for medium-size animals than each for small-size ones, which were the most abundant in the population.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Donax dentifer es un bivalvo dominante en comunidades de playa arenosa en la costa del Pacífico colombiano. Se muestreó mensualmente una población de este bivalvo en Bahía Málaga, Pacífico colombiano entre agosto de 1997 y julio de 1998 cuando ocurrió el evento &quot;El Niño&quot; 1997/1998. Se tomaron muestras cuantitativas mensuales usando transectos lineales perpendiculares y paralelos a la línea de costa para determinar la densidad poblacional y realizar una distribución de frecuencias de longitud. Se tomaron también muestras cualitativas mensuales para estudiar la reproducción y establecer relaciones peso-longitud. Se registró la temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, salinidad y pH de la columna de agua en el sitio de muestreo. Adicionalmente se realizó un experimento de marcaje-recaptura para estimar el crecimiento de la población. Los resultados indican que la población tiene un ciclo de reproducción continuo, con dos períodos de desove anuales en diciembre y marzo. Los parámetros de crecimiento de la función de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy fueron K=0.624 año-1 y L&amp;#8734;=29.3 mm. La mortalidad total (Z) fue de Z=2.605 año -1 para los individuos pequeños (entre 2 mm y 5 mm) y menor (Z=1.714 año -1) para los individuos grandes (entre 19 mm y 25 mm). La biomasa promedio anual de la población fue =1.22 g de peso seco libre de cenizas m-2 y la producción somática anual Psom/= 1.215 g de peso seco libre de cenizas m-2, lo que corresponde a una tasa de Psom/= 0.988. Aunque se observó un incremento en la densidad poblacional durante noviembre y abril, no hay evidencia de una clara relación entre la densidad poblacional y la ocurrencia del fenómeno &quot;El Niño&quot;. Los cambios en la concentración de oxígeno disuelto mostraron una alta correlación con los parámetros del ciclo reproductivo, posiblemente como consecuencia de la influencia de este parámetro en procesos de asimilación y el ciclo de peso corporal. El crecimiento de D. dentifer fue más lento que en otras especies del género, como cabe esperarse para bivalvos tropicales en comparación con los de altas latitudes. El patrón de mortalidad observado sugiere un efecto selectivo de El Niño 97/98 sobre la población, debido a que los individuos pequeños ocupan las partes bajas de la zona intermareal, donde el grado de exposición al agua marina es alto. La producción poblacional e individual fue mayor para los animales de tallas medias en comparación con los animales pequeños aunque estos últimos fueron los más abundantes en la población.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Donax dentifer</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>El Niño</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>mortality</kwd>
<kwd>production</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biotic indexes are one of severas types of measures that are routinely used in biological monitoring in temperate streams and offer interesting possibilities to assess the environmental quality of rivers in the neotropics. Macroinvertebrate communities of seven southeastern Nicaraguan streams were monitored and seven ecological indexes were applied. The results suggest that information from the Indice Biótico Esteso (I.B.E.) is closely correlated to the results of other methods, but the I.B.E. index is easier to apply as well as avoiding high costs and time-consuming procedures. A calibration of the method is necessary for rapid assessment approaches in the neotropics.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Biología Tropical </institution>
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<institution>,Yunnan University Yunnan Research Centre for Chengjiang Biota </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Experimental preservation of velvet worms (phylum Onychophora), a very rare but evolutionarily important group that has existed for more than 500 million years, showed that the absence of bucal parts, adhesive-expelling organs, gonopore, eyes, legs, claws, annulation and papillation in fossils may not represent absence in the living animals. In fossils, leg thickness and claw orientation can be unreliable. The experiments indicate that not only absence, but even presence of certain structures can simply be the result of tissue decomposition. Computer-aided photorealistic reconstructions of fossil onychophorans are presented. We recommend future researchers to conduct taphonomy experiments specially before analysing unusual fossils.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La preservación experimental de los gusanos &quot;aterciopelados&quot; u onicóforos (Phylum Onychophora), un grupo poco común pero evolutivamente importante que ha existido por más de 500 millones de años, mostró que la ausencia de partes bucales, glándulas secretoras de adhesivo, gonoporo, ojos, patas, garras, anulación cuticular y papilas en los fósiles, puede no representar la ausencia de tales órganos en los organismos vivos. No son contables el grueso de las patas y la orientación de las garras (uñas), pues se modifican durante la preservación. Los experimentos indican que no sólo la ausencia, sino también la presencia de ciertas estructuras pueden ser simplemente resultado de la descomposición de los tejidos. Se presentan reconstrucciones fotorrealistas computarizadas de onicóforos fósiles. Para futuras investigaciones, recomendarnos conducir experimentos tafonónúcos previos al análisis del material preservado, especialmente antes de analizar fósiles poco comunes.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>model</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dos nuevas especies de bagres del género Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) de la Gran Sabana, Escudo de las Guayanas, Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lasso</surname>
<given-names>Carlos A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Provenzano</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Museo de Historia Natural La Salle  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Zoología Tropical </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>1139</fpage>
<lpage>1149</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trichomycterus celsae n. sp. and Trichomycterus lewi n. sp. are describes from the river Kukenán a tributary of the river Caroní, Orinoco basin, Guyana Shield, Venezuela. The new species are diagnosed within the Guyana Shield Trichomycterus species by a distinctive color pattern. Trichomycterus celsae has a uniform light brown color on dorsum and sides of the body; the ventral surface is yellowish or creamy. Trichomycterus lewi has an irregular pattern of black spots of different sizes on dorsum and sides of the body, the larger spots are located at the posterior part of the body, and, the ventral surface is whitish. The osteology of the new species showed that they belong to the genus Trichomycterus. Osteological features support the external diagnosis of both species, some of them are: in T. celsae, the skull has the fontanels well separated, T. Iewi has the fontanels closer andjoined by a narrow canal. In T. celsae, the dorsal border of the hyomandibula has a conspicuous notch. In T. Iewi, the metapterygoid has a projection on the posteroventral angle. Neural spine of the first preural centra is more elongated in T. Iewi.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen dos nuevas especies de bagres tricomictéridos, Trichomycterus celsae y Trichomycterus lewi, colectados en el río Kukenán, afluente del río Caroní (cuenca del Orinoco), Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. El río Kukenán esta ubicada en el área denominada U Gran Sabana, perteneciente a la porción venezolana de la región del Escudo de las Guayanas. Las dos nuevas especies se reconocen y se separan fácilmente entre ellas y entre las otras especies del género Trichomycterus descritas para esta región, por el patrón de coloración. Se describe el patrón de coloración, la morfometría y la merística, además se presentan las diferencias más llamativas entre los caracteres osteológicos observados en un ejemplar adulto de cada una de las nuevas especies. El patrón osteológico permite indicar que ambas especies pertenecen al género Trichomycterus.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Siluriformes</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomycteridac</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomycterus</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Orinoco</kwd>
<kwd>Guyana Shield</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420020003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442002000300032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Gonopodial system review and a new fish record of Poeciliopsis infans (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) for Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, central Mexico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Galindo-Villegas</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<name>
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<given-names>E</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Kochi University  </institution>
<addr-line>Nankoku-shi Kochi-ken</addr-line>
<country>Japan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Regional Fisheries Rescarch Center-Patzcuaro  </institution>
<addr-line>Ibarra Pátzcuaro Michoacán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>1151</fpage>
<lpage>1157</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Since 1997, Poeciliopsis infans Woolman 1894 has been recognized as a new inhabitant of Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan in Central Mexico. Between February 1997 and October 1998, nine fish samples were collected at Lake Patzcuaro. Morphometric and meristic counts were conducted on a random selection of 40 organisms of both sexes of Poeciliopsis infans. Males of these viviparous fish posses a modified anal fin called gonopodium. The characteristic hemal spine on the 18,h caudal vertebra for this species is describes herein and the bony components of the gonopodial structure and suspensorio that together comprise the gonopodial system, which is important for taxonomic studies at various levels of classification were reviewed. Poeciliopsis infans displays a high degree of sexual dimorphism in body shape and anal fin anatomy with the most conspicuous difference observed in anal fin height, which averages 40% of SI in males and 17% in females. Comparisons between male and female anal fins are describes herein as well as the possible impacts of this species on Lake Patzcuaro fish fauna.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir de Febrero de 1997 la especie Poeciliopsis infans Woolman 1894 es reconocida como un habitante más en las aguas del Lago de Pátzcuaro, el cual se sitúa en la meseta central mexicana. Nueve colectas ictiológicas se efectuaron en este lago dentro del periodo comprendido entre febrero de 1997 y octubre de 1998. Conteos meristicos y mediciones morfométricas se efectuaron en 40 organismos de ambos sexos seleccionados al azar. Los machos de esta especie presentan una aleta anal modificada que recibe el nombre de gonopodio. En este artículo se llevo a cabo una revisión y se describe la dieciochoava espina hemal que es una característica única de esta especie así mismo se describe el sistema gonopódico el cual está comprendido por la estructura gonopodial y el suspensorio. P. infans muestra un alto grado de dimorfismo sexual tanto en la forma del cuerpo como en la anatomía de la aleta anal, la diferencia más conspicua fue observada en la altura de dicha aleta la cual promedia 40% y 17% de la longitud furcal para machos y hembras respectivamente. Se hace una descripción de las comparaciones efectuadas en los dos sexos sobre la aleta anal y se discuten los posibles impactos ecológicos que esta especie podría generar sobre el resto de la ictiofauna que habita el lago de Pátzcuaro.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gonopodial suspensorio</kwd>
<kwd>introducted species</kwd>
<kwd>lake</kwd>
<kwd>Patzeuaro</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciliidae</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciliopsis infans</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Previous studies indicated the presence of high concentrations of nickel in the &quot;El truchón&quot; ponds (in México), so it was necessary to find a possible correlation between sediment physicochemical properties of this water body and the damage that could be produced on the rainbow trout which culture is done in a rustic reservoir. The study was initiated with the determination of the physicochemical properties of the trout farm sediments, which are; granular composition, total nitrogen percentage, organic matter content, pH, redox potential, cationic interchange capacity, and Ni concentration. LC50 of Ni at 96 h was determined on Onchorynchus mykiss in the sytem water-sediment from the trout farm at equilibrium time. In the same system the sublethal toxicity of Ni was evaluated by the determination of metallotioneine (MT) levels, o-demethylase activity (OD) and protein concentration. The results showed a significant increment in the three-biochemical parameters. A linear relation was observed between Ni concentration and MT, OD and protein concentration, so these damage biomarkers are recommended in order to evaluate Ni toxicity. Probably these effects were due to the physicochemical characteristics of the sediments, which may give a high capacity to store metal in it. According to the obtained results it was suggested not to use rustic ponds in the fish culture, and use concrete ponds to avoid the accumulation of toxic compounds or make periodic sediments remotion.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudios previos indicaron la presencia de elevadas concentraciones de níquel (Ni) en los estanques de la granja &quot;El Truchón&quot;, por tal motivo fue necesario establecer correlaciones entre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los sedimentos de este embalse y el daño que puede producirse sobre la trucha arcoiris cuyo cultivo se lleva a cabo en un reservorio denominado rústico. El estudio se inició con la determinación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los sedimentos de la granja, las cuales incluyeron: composición granular, porcentaje de nitrógeno total, contenido de materia orgánica, pH, potencial redox, capacidad de intercambio canónico y la concentración de Ni. Se determinó la CLSO del Ni-96 H sobre Oncorhynchus mykiss en el sistema agua-sedimentos de la granja-metal al equilibrio. En este mismo sistema se evaluó la toxicidad subletal del Ni, mediante la determinación de niveles de metalotioneina (MT), la actividad de la o-desmetilasa (OD) y la concentración de proteínas. Los resultados muestran un incremento significativo en los tres parámetros bioquímicos, observándose una relación linear entre efecto y concentración del Ni, por lo que estos biomarcadores de daño se recomiendan para evaluar la toxicidad del Ni. Probablemente estos efectos se deban a las propiedades fisicoquímicas del sedimento que le confiere alta capacidad de absorber el metal. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en este estudio se sugiere al truticultor no emplear estanques rústicos, sino aquellos revestidos de concreto, para evitar la acumulación de sustancias tóxicas o bien realizar remociones periódicas de su sedimento.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>sediments</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442002000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population sizes of six mammal species were estimated using the King method during the late dry season (March) of 1996 in the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. The white-faced monkey (Cebus capucinus), coati (Nasua narica) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with 148, 46, and 8 sighted individuals, respectively, demonstrated the largest populations in the refuge. The Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), tamandua anteater (Tamandua mexicana), and variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) were also included in the census. Population densities are calculated, habitat types are describes, and habitat use and activity periods are discussed.</p></abstract>
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</name>
<name>
<surname>Johns</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
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</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Diversity and abundance of selected animal species in undisturbed forest, selectively logged forest and plantations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia</article-title>
<source>Biol. Conserv</source>
<year>1982</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>24</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
</articles>
