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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">New taxa, new records and redefined concepts in the Elaphoglossum sect. Elaphoglossum subsec. Pachyglossa (Lomariopsidaceae) from Mexico and Central America</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas-Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud </institution>
<addr-line> México, D. F.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Twelve new species are described in the taxonomically difficult Elaphoglossum (sect. Elaphoglossum): Elaphoglossum angustifrons A. Rojas, E. delgadilloanum A. Rojas, E. ellipticifolium A. Rojas, E. incognitum A. Rojas, E. mesoamericanum A. Rojas, E. nicaraguense A. Rojas, E. polypodium A. Rojas, E. tejeroanum A. Rojas, E. reptans A. Rojas, E. terrestre A. Rojas, E. variabile A. Rojas and E. zavale A. Rojas. Also, E. latifolium (Sw.) J. Sm., E. sartorii (Liebm.) Mickel and E. viride (E. Fourn.) C. Chr. are amended, E. andicola (Fée) T. Moore and E. sporadolepis (Kunze ex Kuhn) T. Moore are reported.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Doce especies son descritas en el taxonómicamente difícil complejo Elaphoglossum latifolium (Sw.) J. Sm. (sect. Elaphoglossu m): Elaphoglossum angustifrons A. Rojas, E. delgadilloanum A. Rojas, E. ellipticifolium A. Rojas, E. incognitum A. Rojas, E. mesoamericanum A. Rojas, E. nicaraguense A. Rojas, E. polypodium A. Rojas, E. tejeroanum A. Rojas, E. reptans A. Rojas, E. terrestre A. Rojas, E. variabile A. Rojas y E. zavale A. Rojas. También E. latifolium (Sw.) J. Sm. Y E. sartorii (Liebm.) Mickel son corregidos, E. andicola (Fée) T. Moore y E. sporadolepis (Kunze ex Kuhn) T. Moore son informadas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Elaphoglossum</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Pachyglossa</kwd>
<kwd>Lomariopsidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Central America</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Notes on Elaphoglossum (Lomariopsidaceae) section Polytrichia subsection Hybrida in Mexico and Central America</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas-Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud </institution>
<addr-line>Vicentina México, D. F</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Elaphoglossum sect. Polytrichia subsect. Hybrida six new species are described: E. angustiob-longum A. Rojas, E. baquianorum A. Rojas, E. cotoi A. Rojas, E. jinoteganum A. Rojas, E. neeanum A. Rojas and E. silencioanum A. Rojas. New combination is made for Elaphoglossum mexicanum (E. Fourn.) A. Rojas. Two species are reported: E. barbatum (H. Karst.) Hieron. and E. scolopendrifolium (Raddi) J. Sm. Two species are redefined: E. erinaceum (Fée) T. Moore and E. tambillense (Hook.) T. Moore. E. pallidum (Baker ex Jenman) C. Chr. Is eliminated for Mexico and Central America. Of the new species only E. neeanum is present outside of the region. A key is given to those species in Mexico and Central America.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Seis especies nuevas son descritas: Elaphoglossum angustioblongum A. Rojas, E. baquianorum A. Rojas, E. cotoi A. Rojas, E. jinoteganum A. Rojas, E. neeanum A. Rojas y E. silencioanum A. Rojas. La especie Elaphoglossum mexicanum (E. Fourn.) A. Rojas es combinada; las especies E. barbatum (H. Karst.) Hieron. y E. scolopendrifolium (Raddi) J. Sm. son registradas; además, E. erinaceum (Fée) T. Moore y E. tambillense (Hook.) T. Moore son redefinidas, y E. pallidum (Baker ex Jenman) C. Chr. no se distribuye en México y Centroamérica. De las especies nuevas sólo E. neeanum se encuentra fuera de la región. Se proporciona una clave para reconocer las especies de México y Centro América.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Elaphoglossum</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Polytrichia</kwd>
<kwd>subsect. Hybrida</kwd>
<kwd>Elaphoglossaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Central America</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa Depto. de Biología-Botánica Estructural y Sistemática Vegetal </institution>
<addr-line> México, D. F</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development of the prothallia in nine species of Callipteris Bory (Woodsiaceae), four species of Diplazium, the genus from which Callipteris has been segregated, and one species of Dryoathyrium are studied in this paper. The data obtained are compared with the development of the prothallia of several other genera of Woodsiaceae. The main difference between Callipteris and the other genera of Woodsiaceae was that the antheridia dehiscence of Callipteris, occurs by an opercular cell and whereas some of Diplazium and other Woodsiaceae antheridia dehiscence occurs by a lateral or apical pore. The presence of antheridiogens is suspected on the basis of small ameristic male gametophytes in the cultures. Spore germination in Callipteris is Vittaria-type, prothallial development corresponds to Adiantum -type.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este estudio se presenta el desarrollo de los gametofitos de nueve especies de Callipteris Bory (Woodsia-ceae), cuatro especies de Diplazium, el género del cual fue segregado Callipteris y una especie de Dryoathyrium. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan, con los de otros géneros de Woodsiaceae. La principal diferencia encontrada entre Callipteris y los otros géneros de Woodsiaceae fue que la dehiscencia anteridial de Callipteris se presenta por una célula opercular, mientras que la dehiscencia anteridial de Diplazium y otras Woodsiaceae es por un poro lateral o apical. Se sospecha la presencia de anteridiógenos, por la presencia de pequeños gametofitos amerísticos y an-teridiados en los cultivos. En Callipteris la germinación es del tipo Vittaria, y el desarrollo protálico es del tipo Adiantum, para otros géneros de la familia, el desarrollo protálico puede ser también de tipo amorfo o Aspidium.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Callipteris</kwd>
<kwd>Diplazium</kwd>
<kwd>ferns</kwd>
<kwd>gametophyte</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>prothallus</kwd>
<kwd>Woodsiaceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Invasion by Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) in NW Argentina: early stage characteristics in different habitat types</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Agronomía Departamento de Ecología</institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Washington Dept. of Zoology </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Currently biological invasions are considered one of the world’s most serious conservation problems. Ligustrum lucidum is the most abundant exotic tree in secondary forest patches of montane forests of NW Argentina. We studied the determinants of success of the early stages of its life cycle in distinct habitat types, with the hope of identifying vulnerabilities that could be exploited to control the invasion. Seed arrival, germination, seedling recruitment and survival, and sapling growth were studied in edges, gaps and forest interior. Seed arrival was also assessed under perches and in open fields. Germination was studied in forest and grass-land patches. L. lucidum seedling survival and sapling growth were compared with the most abundant native species survival and growth. Seed arrival was strongly seasonal with a peak in mid-August. Seed rain did not differ significantly among habitat types, however there was a tendency for edges to receive more seeds when only dispersed seeds were considered. Perches strongly enhanced seed arrival; more than 40 times the number of seeds were dispersed beneath citrus plants (i.e. perches) than found in paired open areas. In the forest, seeds in gaps and edges had higher germination rates, but there was no difference in seedling survival. Fruits under closed canopy exhibited the lowest germination. Germination and survival were low in open areas. Neither seedling recruitment nor sapling growth differed between gaps and forest interior. L. lucidum saplings grew significantly more than saplings of the most common native species, and also showed higher seedling survival. L. lucidum is a prolific fruit producer, is capable of germinating and surviving in a broad range of forest environments, it is relatively shade tolerant and has higher survival and faster growth rate in comprison to the most common native species. All these characteristics highlight its potency as a successful invader, and point to few vulnerabilities that could be targets of control measures.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las invasiones biológicas son consideradas actualmente uno de los problemas de conservación más serios. Ligustrum lucidum es el árbol exótico mas abundante en los bosques secundarios del NO de Argentina. Estudiamos llegada de semillas, germinación, reclutamiento y crecimiento de renovales en claros, bordes e interior del bosque La llegada de semillas también se estudió bajo perchas y en sitios abiertos. La supervivencia y el crecimiento de renovales de L. lucidum fueron comparados con los de las especies nativas mas abundantes. El arribo de semillas fue estacional y los bordes mostraron una tendencia a recibir mas semillas dispersadas. La presencia de perchas aumentó la llegada de semillas. Dentro del bosque, las semillas germinaron mas en claros y bordes, pero no hubo diferencia en sobrevivencia. La germinación y la supervivencia fue baja en sitios abiertos. El reclutamiento y crecimiento de renovales no difirió entre claros e interior del bosque. Los renovales de L. lucidum crecieron mas que los renovales de las especies nativas mas comunes. L. lucidum se establece y sobrevive en un amplio rango de condiciones, es relativamente tolerante a la sombra y tiene una rápida tasa de crecimiento. Estas características indican su capacidad invasora, y señalan escasas vulnerabilidades que puedan ser usadas para su control.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Biological invasions</kwd>
<kwd>exotic species</kwd>
<kwd>secondary forest</kwd>
<kwd>montane forest</kwd>
<kwd>gaps</kwd>
<kwd>forest edges</kwd>
<kwd>Ligustrum lucidum</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Instituto de Ecología A.C. Departamento de Ecología Vegetal </institution>
<addr-line>Xalapa </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Flowering plant density can increase number of visits and fruit set in multi-flowering plants, however this aspect has not been studied on few flower species. We studied the effects of individual floral display and plant density on the fruit production of the epiphytic, moth-pollinated orchid, Ryncholaelia glauca, in an oak forest of Chavarrillo, Veracruz, Mexico. Species is nonautogamous, and produced one flower per flowering shoot each flowering season. We hypothesized that orchids with more flowering shoots and those on trees with clumps of conspecific should develop more fruits than isolated ones. R. glauca population flowers synchronously, and individual flowers last up to 18 days, with flowers closing rapidly after pollination. Individuals produced few flowers per year, although some plants developed flowers in both seasons and fewer of them developed fruits both years. There was no relationship between flower number per orchid, or per host tree, with the number of fruits developed per plant. Host trees with flowering and fruiting orchids were randomly dispersed and the pattern of distribution of flowering and fruiting plants was not related. Apparently, pollinators visit the flowers randomly, with no evidence of density dependence. The fruit set of R. glauca was as low as fruit set of multiflowered orchids moth pollinated, suggesting that fruit set on moth pollinated orchids could be independent of the number of flowers displayed.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La densidad de plantas floreciendo puede incrementar la tasa de visitas de polinizadores y la producción de frutos en plantas con inflorescencias multiflorales; sin embargo, este aspecto no ha sido estudiado en plantas con inflorescencias de una sola flor. En un encinar tropical de Chavarrillo, Veracruz, México, estudiamos el efecto de la densidad de plantas con flores y del despliegue floral en la producción de frutos de la orquídeas epífita, polinizada por polillas, Ryncholaelia glauca. La especie no es autógama y produce sólo una flor por eje de crecimiento, por año. La población de R. glauca florece sincronizadamente, las flores individuales duran más de 18 días y aquellas polinizadas se cierran rápidamente. Hipotetizamos que orquídeas con más ejes de crecimiento y aquellas en árboles con grupos de plantas floreciendo deben desarrollar más frutos que aquellas aisladas. Las plantas produjeron pocas flores por año, algunas plantas desarrollaron flores en ambos años y muy pocas desarrollaron frutos en ambos años. El número de frutos producidos por planta no estuvo relacionado con el número de flores por planta ni con el número de flores por árbol hospedero. Tanto los árboles con plantas con flores, como aquellos con plantas con frutos están distribuidos al azar y el patrón de distribución de plantas con flores y frutos no se relacionó. Aparentemente, los polinizadores visitan las flores al azar y no de forma denso-dependiente. La producción de frutos de R. glauca fue tan baja como la reportada para orquídeas multiflorales, polinizadas por polillas, lo que sugiere que la producción de frutos producidos en orquídeas polinizadas por polillas podría ser independiente del despliegue floral.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Floral display</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Ryncholaelia glauca</kwd>
<kwd>orchid</kwd>
<kwd>fruit set</kwd>
<kwd>spatial distribution</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Calvatia sporocristata sp. nov. (Gasteromycetes) from Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CSIC Real Jardín Botánico </institution>
<addr-line> Madrid</addr-line>
<country>España</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Santo Domingo Heredia</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>79</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Calvatia sporocristata, Gasteromycetes, is described and illustrated as a new species. Its taxonomic characters are discussed and compared with other closely related species of the genus. Few studies have been carried out on tropical Gasteromycetes. The new species here proposed has, as the main features: exoperidium corky, smooth, one-layered, pseudoparenchymatous; endoperidium thin, papyraceous, dextrinoid; subgleba cellular; capillitium septate, dissociated at the septal site, lycoperdon type, without pores, elastic and spores amigdaloid, 4-6 (-7) x 2.5-4.5 µm with spines aligned, forming crests, 0.8 µm high.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe e ilustra una especie nueva de Gasteromycete para Costa Rica, Calvatia sporocristata. Las características más importantes que distinguen esta nueva especie son: exoperidio corchoso, suave, uniestratificado, pseudoparenquimatoso; endoperidio delgado, papiráceo, dextrinoide; subgleba celular; capilicio septado, disociado en el septo, de tipo lycoperdon, sin poros, elástico y esporas amigdaloides, 4-6(-7) x 2.5-4.5 µm con equinulaciones alineadas formando crestas, 0,8-1 µm de altura.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Heterotrophic microbial activity and organic matter degradation in coastal lagoons of Colombia</article-title>
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<surname>Gocke</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Institut für Meereskunde  </institution>
<addr-line>Kiel </addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Louisiana at Lafayette Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Lafayette LA</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Cordoba  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<year>2003</year>
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<fpage>85</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this study we measured the community respiration and the bacterial respiration as part of the overall degradation process of organic material. Additionally, the turnover rates of the pools of dissolved free glucose and acetate as representatives of the fraction of easily degradable low molecular organic solutes were determined. The study was performed in several coastal lagoons of the &quot;Outer Delta of the Río Magdalena&quot; in northern Colombia. The lagoons can be separated into two groups: The first group contains highly productive brackish lagoons with chl a concentrations ranging from 62 - 130 µg/l. The second group consists of less productive freshwater lagoons with chl a between 5.5 - 19 µg/l. Turnover rates of glucose and acetate were very fast in the highly productive lagoons resulting in turnover times of less than 20 min for both compounds. In the less productive systems the cycling of glucose and acetate was much slower. Here the mean values of the turnover times were 2 hr for glucose and 1.5 hr for acetate. The rates of bacterial DNA-formation measured as thymidine incorporation differed significantly between both groups of lagoons, being very high (1.86 - 2.76 nmol/l/hr) in the highly productive and relatively low (0.073 - 0.55 nmol/l/hr) in the less productive group. Water column community respiration ranged between 122 and 16 µg C/l/hr with means of 88 µg C/l/hr in the highly and 19 µg C/l/hr in the less productive group. In the first group the mean values of the bacterial contribution to community respiration amounted to 37% and in the second group to 18%. The bacterial respiration was determined in an indirect way via bacterial biomass production and assuming a growth efficiency of 50%. It is discussed whether this relatively high growth efficiency allows reasonable results in both groups of lagoons.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio midió la respiración de la comunidad planctónica y la respiración bacteriana como parte del proceso de degradación del material orgánico. Adicionalmente se determinaron las tasas de renovación de los acervos de glucosa libre disuelta y acetato, como representativas de la fracción de compuestos orgánicos de bajo peso molecular facilmente degradables. El estudio fue desarrollado en varias lagunas costeras del Delta Exterior del Río Magdalena, al norte de Colombia. Las lagunas pueden ser divididas en dos grupos. El primero incluye lagunas salobres altamente productivas, con concentraciones de clorofila a entre 62-130 µg/l. El segundo grupo está conformado por lagunas de agua dulce menos productivas con clorofila a entre 5.5-19 µg/l. Las tasas de renovación de glucosa y acetato fueron muy altas en las lagunas muy productivas, con tiempos de renovación menores de 20 minutos para ambos compuestos. En los sistemas menos productivos los ciclos de ambas sustancias fueron mas lentos. Aquí los valores promedio de los tiempos de recambio fueron de 2 hr para glucosa y de 1.5 hr para acetato. Las tasas de formación de ADN, medida como incorporación de timidina, fueron significativamente diferentes entre ambos grupos de lagunas, siendo muy alta (1.86 - 2.76 nmol/l/hr) en el grupo altamente productivo y relativamente baja (0.073 - 0.55 nmol/l/hr) en el menos productivo. La respiración de la comunidad planctonica en la columna de agua estuvo entre 122 y 16 µg C/l/hr, con promedios de 88 µg C/l/hr en el grupo altamente productivo y 19 µg C/l/hr en el menos productivo. En el primer grupo los valores promedio de la contribución bacteriana a la respiración de la comunidad planctónica alcanzaron 37% y en el segundo grupo 18%. La respiración bacteriana fue determinada indirectamente a través de la producción bacteriana, asumiendo una eficiencia en el crecimiento de 50%. Se discute si esta eficiencia relativamente alta en el crecimiento lleva a resultados razonables en ambos grupos de lagunas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta</kwd>
<kwd>community respiration</kwd>
<kwd>bacterial activity</kwd>
<kwd>growth efficiency</kwd>
<kwd>glucose turnover</kwd>
<kwd>tropical coastal lagoon</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The physico-chemical characteristics and phytoplankton of Awba reservoir in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were monitored to determine the impact of eutrophication on phytoplankton composition. The principal component analysis identified three major components influencing the physicochemistry of the water, namely trace metals, dissolved oxygen and ionic composition. Comparative analysis with a previous study showed a phenomenal increase in zinc, copper and iron levels over a 10-year period. Furthermore, the ferruginous nature of the soil contributed to the high levels of iron which exceeded the World Health Organization Standards for drinking water quality. The most abundant phytoplankton species was Microcystis aeruginosa which has been implicated in toxic blooms in freshwaters. The conditions favouring cyanophyte blooms and their implications are discussed.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las características físico-químicas y el fitoplancton de la represa Awba en la Universidad de Ibadan, Nigeria fueron monitoreadas para determinar el impacto de la eutroficación en la composición del fitoplancton. El análisis de componentes principales identificó tres denominados metales traza, oxígeno disuelto y composición iónica, como los mayores componentes que influencian la físico-química del agua. El análisis comparativo con un estudio previo mostró un fenómeno de incremento en los niveles de zinc, cobre e hierro en un periodo de 10 años. Además, la naturaleza ferruginosa del suelo contribuyó a los altos niveles de hierro que exceden los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para agua potable. La especie más abundante de fitoplancton fue Microcystis aeruginosa la que ha sido implicada en floraciones tóxicas en agua dulce. Se discuten las condiciones que favorecen el crecimiento de cianófitas y sus implicaciones.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000100009</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Basic limnology of fifty-one lakes in Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,University of Tennessee Department of Geography </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We visited 51 lakes in Costa Rica as part of a broad-based survey to document their physical and chemical characteristics and how these relate to the mode of formation and geographical distribution of the lakes. The four oxbow lakes were low in elevation and tended to be turbid, high in conductivity and CO2 , but low in dissolved O2 ; one of these, L. Gandoca, had a hypolimnion essentially composed of sea water. These were similar to the four wetland lakes, but the latter instead had low conductivities and pH, and turbidity was often due to tannins rather than suspended sediments. The thirteen artificial lakes formed a very heterogenous group, whose features varied depending on local factors. The thirteen lakes dammed by landslides, lava flows, or lahars occurred in areas with steep slopes, and were more likely to be stratified than most other types of lakes. The eight lakes that occupy volcanic craters tended to be deep, stratified, clear, and cool; two of these, L. Hule and L. Río Cuarto, appeared to be oligomictic (tending toward meromictic). The nine glacial lakes, all located above 3440 m elevation near Cerro Chirripó, were clear, cold, dilute, and are probably polymictic. Cluster analysis resulted in three significant groups of lakes. Cluster 1 included four calcium-rich lakes (average 48 mg l-1), Cluster 2 included fourteen lakes with more Si than Ca+2 and higher Cl- than the other clusters, and Cluster 3 included the remaining thirty-three lakes that were generally less concentrated. Each cluster included lakes of various origins located in different geographical regions; these data indicate that, apart from the high-altitude glacial lakes and lakes in the Miravalles area, similarity in lake chemistry is independent of lake distribution.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se visitaron 51 lagos en Costa Rica como parte de un sondeo de lagos más amplio, con el fin de documentar sus carácteristicas físicas y químicas y las relaciones entre estas carácteristicas y el modo de formación y distribución geográfico de los lagos. Los cuatro lagos en U tienden a ser de baja altitud y turbios, así como a tener alta conductividad y CO2 , pero baja concentración de O2 ; uno de estos, L. Gandoca, tuvo un hipolimnion compuesto esencialmente por agua de mar. Estos lagos fueron similares a los cuatro lagos de humedales, pero estos últimos presentaron en cambio baja conductividad y pH, y la turbidez se debió a menudo a taninos en vez de sedimentos en suspensión. Los trece lagos artificiales forman un grupo heterogéneo, cuyos rasgos variaron dependiendo de factores locales. Los siete lagos formados por represamiento debido a derrumbes, flujos de lava o lahares ocurren generalmente en áreas de pendientes pronunciadas, y son más probables de estar estratificados que la mayoría de los otros tipos de lagos. Los ocho agos que ocupan cráteres volcánicos tienden a ser profundos, estratificados, de aguas claras y de baja temperatura; dos de estos, L. Hule y L. Río Cuarto, parecen ser oligomícticos (con tendencia a la meromixis). Los nueve lagos glaciales, todos localizados arriba de los 3 440 m de altitud cerca del Cerro Chirripó, fueron de aguas claras, fríos, diluidos y son probablemente polimícticos. Un análisis de conglomerados dio como resultado tres grupos distintos. El Grupo 1 incluyó cuatro lagos ricos en calcio (promedio de 48 mg l-1 ), el Grupo 2 incluyó catorce lagos con más Si que Ca +2 y una concentración de Cl - más alta que los otros grupos, y el Grupo 3 incluyó los restantes treinta y tres lagos que fueron en general menos concentrados. Los lagos en cada grupo tienen varios orígenes y están distribuidos en diferentes regiones geográficos; estos datos indican que, aparte de los lagos glaciales de gran altitud, la similitud en la química de los lagos es independiente de su distribución.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This study provides the first semi-quantititative account of the benthic campanulariid hydroids from Northern Bahia (Brazil), down to a depth of 60 m, based largely on collections obtained since 1992. Colonies were collected from six habitats along the coast of Salvador City, Todos os Santos Bay, Itaparica Island and at the northernmost part of the coast of the State of Bahia. From the 982 colonies examined, nine species were recorded: Campanularia hincksii, Clytia gracilis, C. hemisphaerica, C. hummelincki, C. linearis, C. macrotheca, C. noliformis, Obelia bidentata and O. dichotoma. Following a defined abundance scale, Clytia gracilis and C. noliformis were the most abundant species, whereas Campanularia hincksii and Clytia hummelincki were rare. Cluster analysis of relative abundance data revealed sandy shores had a markedly different hydroid community from other habitats. A simplified identification key, redescriptions, illustrations and data on nematocyst compliment are provided for each species. Campanularia hincksii, Clytia macrotheca and C. noliformis are reported from Brazil for the first time.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La familia Campanulariidae es relativamente bien conocida, sin embargo varios aspectos de su biología y ecología no han sido aclarados. Este estudio presenta el primer enfoque semicuantitativo sobre los hidroidos campanularidos del noreste del Brasil, distribuidos hasta los 60 metros de profundidad y se basa en colecciones obtenidas desde 1992. Las colonias fueron colectadas de seis hábitats a lo largo de la costa de Ciudad de Salvador, Bahía de Todos os Santos, Isla de Itaparica hasta la región norte de la costa del estado de Bahia. Se registraron nueve especies de las 982 colonias examinadas: Campanularia hincksii, Clytia gracilis, C.hemisphaerica, C. Hummelincki, C. Linearis, C. Macrotheca, C. Noliformis, Obelia bidentata y O. Dichotoma. En la escala de abundancia Clytia gracilis y C. Noliformis fueron las especies más abundantes, mientras que Campanularia hincksii y Clytia hummelincki fueron las especies raras. El análisis de clasificación con datos de abundancia relativa mostró que las costas arenosas poseen una comunidad de hidroidos muy diferente a la de los otros hábitats. Se proporciona una clave simplificada de identificación, redescripciones, ilustraciones y un estudio del cnidoma para cada especie. Campanularia hincksii, Clytia macrotheca y C. noliformis se informan por primera vez para Brasil.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Obelia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper we use allozyme analyses to demonstrate that individuals in Anthopleura krebsi aggregates are monoclonal. Additionally, sympatric samples of the red and the green colour-morphs of A. krebsi from Pernambuco, Brazil were genetically compared and no significant differences were observed between them (gene identity= 0.992), indicating that they do not belong to different biological species. All individuals within aggregates of the green colour-morph were found to be identical over the five polymorphic loci analysed. Such results would be extremely unlikely (P&lt;10 -11 ) if the individuals analysed had been generated through sexual reproduction, thus confirming the presence of asexual reproduction in this species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente trabajo se utilizó análisis de aloenzimas para demostrar que los individuos en los agregados de la especie Anthopleura krebsi son monoclonales. Además, muestras simpátricas de las variedades roja y verde fueron comparadas genéticamente y ninguna diferencia significativa fue observada entre ellas (Identidad génica= 0.992), indicando que ellas no pertenecen a especies biológicamente distintas. Todos los individuos dentro de un agregado de la variedad roja resultaron ser idénticos para los cinco loci polimórficos analizados. Tal resultado sería extremadamente improbable (p&lt;10 -11 ) si los individuos analizados hubiesen sido generados a través de reproducción sexual, confirmando así la presencia de reproducción asexual en esta especie.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new estuarine species, Nereis garwoodi (Polychaeta: Nereididae), from Bahía Chetumal, Mexican Caribbean coast</article-title>
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<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>155</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nereis garwoodi n. sp. is described on the basis of eight syntype specimens (six atokous and two heteronereis) collected in Bahía Chetumal, Mexican Caribbean coast, and the variability in the paragnath numbers in the pharynx is established using 180 specimens; paragnath numbers are I:10(SD=1.9); II:30 (SD=2.6); III:41 (SD=5.2); IV:29 (SD=3.5), V:1, VI:4, VII-VIII: &gt;30. Its eyes are big and its longest tentacular cirri reaches setiger 11. A revised key to species of Nereis recorded from the Grand Caribbean Sea is included.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe N. garwoodi n. sp. con base en ocho ejemplares sintipos (seis atokos y dos heteronereis) recolectados en el sublitoral (1 m) en la bahía de Chetumal y se define la variación en los paragnatos de las áreas diag-nósticas de la faringe usando 180 ejemplares, las cuáles son I:10(SD=1.9); II:30 (SD=2.6); III:41 (SD=5.2); IV:29 (SD=3.5), V:1, VI:4, VII-VIII:&gt;30. Se caracteriza por tener un cirro tentacular que alcanza el setígero 11. Se incluye una clave revisada para las especies de Nereis registradas en el Gran Caribe.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Factors affecting growth of the spiny lobsters Panulirus gracilis and Panulirus inflatus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in Guerrero, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
<addr-line>Cancún </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<fpage>165</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effects of sex, injuries, season and site on the growth of the spiny lobsters Panulirus gracilis, and P. inflatus, were studied through mark-recapture techniques in two sites with different ecological characteristics on the coast of Guerrero, México. Panulirus gracilis occurred in both sites, whereas P. inflatus occurred only in one site. All recaptured individuals were adults. Both species had similar intermolt periods, but P. gracilis had significantly higher growth rates (mm carapace length week -1 ) than P. inflatus as a result of a larger molt increment. Growth rates of males were higher than those of females in both species owing to larger molt increments and shorter intermolt periods in males. Injuries had no effect on growth rates in either species. Individuals of P. gracilis grew faster in site 1 than in site 2. Therefore, the effect of season on growth of P. gracilis was analyzed separately in each site. In site 2, growth rates of P. gracilis were similar in summer and in winter, whereas insite 1 both species had higher growth rates in winter than in summer. This could be due to spatial differences in processes related to changes in population density and food resources, which were documented in previous works. The overall results show that P. gracilis grows faster than P. inflatus, and that growth rates of both species are highly variable and are affected by environmental factors such as site and season, which should be taken into account when attempting to produce population growth curves for each species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron, por medio de marcado-recaptura, los efectos del sexo, heridas, estación del año y localidad sobre el crecimiento de las langostas espinosas Panulirus gracilis Streets, 1871, y Panulirus inflatus (Bouvier, 1895) en dos localidades con diferentes características ecológicas en la costa de Guerrero, México. Panulirus gracilis se presentó en ambas localidades, mientras que P. inflatus sólo se encontró en una de ellas. Todos los individuos recapturados eran adultos. Ambas especies presentaron períodos de intermuda similares, pero P. gracilis tuvo tasas de crecimiento (mm de longitud cefalotorácica semana -1) mayores que las de P. inflatus, debido a un mayor incremento por muda. Los machos crecieron más rápidamente que las hembras en ambas especies, ya que presentaron incrementos por muda mayores y períodos de intermuda más cortos.Las heridas no afectaron las tasas de crecimiento en ninguna de las dos especies. Los individuos de P. gracilis crecieron más rápidamente en la localidad 1 que en la localidad 2. Por tanto, se analizaron los efectos estacionales sobre el crecimiento de P. gracilis en cada localidad por separado. En la localidad 2, las tasas de crecimiento de P. gracilis fueron similares en verano e invierno, mientras que en la localidad 1 la tasa de crecimiento de ambas especies fue mayor en invierno que en verano. Esto podría ser resultado de diferencias espaciales en procesos relacionados con cambios en la densidad poblacional y en los recursos alimentarios, documentados en trabajos anteriores. Los resultados globales muestran que P. gracilis crece más rápidamente que P. inflatus, y que ambas especies tienen tasas de crecimiento altamente variables, las cuales son afectadas por factores ambientales tales como localidad y estación del año, lo que debe ser tomado en consideración cuando se pretenda producir curvas de recimiento poblacional para cada una de estas especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Growth rates</kwd>
<kwd>growth variability</kwd>
<kwd>intermolt period</kwd>
<kwd>molt increments</kwd>
<kwd>Panulirus gracilis</kwd>
<kwd>Panulirus inflatus</kwd>
<kwd>spiny lobsters</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Decapod community inhabiting the rocky littoral of eight bays from Socorro island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, was studied during March 1992. Samples were collected from one-square meter plots placed following transects drawn perpendicularly to the shoreline along the intertidal zone. Species richness and abundance were determined in each bay, as well as the similarity between bays using Morisita’s index. Organisms collected belong to six families, 20 genera and 26 species of the Brachyura and Anomura infraorders. Xanthidae was the family with the highest number of species, and the highest species richness was recorded at the V. Lozano bay. Pachygrapsus transversus, Xanthodius cooksoni and Calcinus explorator were the most abundant species in nearly all localities. Dendrogram obtained define two groups of bays at a similarity level above 0.67, given the similarity in the crab’s species richness and their abundance between bays in the island.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la comunidad de cangrejos del litoral rocoso de ocho bahías de la Isla Socorro, Archipiélago Revillagigedo en marzo de 1992. Las muestras fueron colectadas en cuadrantes de un m² a lo largo de transectos perpendiculares a la costa en la zona intermareal. Se determinó la riqueza específica, la abundancia por especie para cada bahía, así como la similitud entre bahías mediante el índice de Morisita. Los organismos colectados pertenecen a seis familias, 20 géneros y 26 especies de los infraordenes Brachyura y Anomura. La familia con el mayor número de especies fue Xanthidae y la mayor riqueza específica se registró en la bahía V. Lozano. Pachygrapsus transversus, Xanthodius cooksoni y Calcinus explorator fueron las más abundantes en casi todas las localidades. En el dendrograma se definen dos agrupaciones con nivel de similitud superior a 0.67, dada la semejanza en la riqueza específica de cangrejos y las abundancias entre las bahías.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seven reef formations were studied in South Caicos, Turks &amp; Caicos, to determine the species richness, patterns of diversity and patterns of distribution of crustaceans and echinoderms, and to evaluate the relationship between these parameters and the degree of sedimentation of the different sites. The reefs showed a gradient from a high sedimentation level, almost totally covered by algae, to places with no sediment particles deposited over the corals. Sites were classified as with high, low or null sedimentation, and species richness, abundance, diversity, spatial distribution of species and similarity among sites were estimated. No unique pattern was found: for crustaceans as well as for echinoderms, the site with the highest diversity value and high equitability, presumably associated to the environmental heterogeneity of this reef formation, showed null sedimentation and an uniform and random pattern of distribution, crustaceans and echinoderms respectively. The two sites with the lowest diversity for both animal groups, although with different sedimentation levels, showed the lowest equitability value and were the only sites with an aggregated pattern of distribution. The next sites in diversity for crustaceans were those with high sedimentation, probably because most species present inhabit empty conchs, in the sediment, or among seagrasses. For the echinoderms, on the contrary, the intermediate sites in diversity had low sedimentation; the habitat requirements for these species (inside sponges, over the corals or among rocks) may have determined this result. The sites with lowest diversity had high sedimentation levels. In these, crustaceans showed the lowest equitability values and an aggregated spatial distribution, while the community of echinoderms was dominated by one single species. Although only general descriptions can be elucidated with the present results, knowledge about the basic population characteristics and natural history of these reef communities, combined with that of the perturbations related to human activities, provides useful base information for appropriate planning for the restoration and conservation of this ecosystem.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estimó la riqueza, diversidad, abundancia y distribución espacial de crustáceos y equinodermos en formaciones arrecifales de South Caicos, y se evaluó la relación entre las características de sedimentación en los arrecifes y dichos parámetros poblacionales. Estos arrecifes presentaron un gradiente de perturbación que va desde con un alto grado de sedimentación, cubiertos casi en su totalidad por comunidades de algas, hasta sin partículas de sedimentos depositados sobre los corales. Los sitios se clasificaron como de alta, baja o nula sedimentación y se estimó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, la distribución espacial de las especies y la similitud entre sitios. No se encontró un patrón único: tanto para crustáceos como equinodermos, el sitio con mayor diversidad y alta equitabilidad, presumiblemente asociada a la heterogeneidad ambiental que presenta esta formación arrecifal, también mostró nula sedimentación. Los dos sitios con menor diversidad para ambos grupos, aunque con baja sedimentación uno y alta el otro, presentaron el valor más bajo de equitabilidad y fueron los únicos con un patrón de distribución agregado. Para los crustáceos, los siguientes sitios en valor de diversidad fueron los de sedimentación alta, probablemente debido a que la mayoría de las especies presentes habitan comúnmente en huecos en el sedimento, conchas vacías o pastos marinos. Para los equinodermos, por el contrario, los siguientes sitios fueron los de sedimentación baja. Los requerimientos de hábitat de estas especies (dentro de esponjas, sobre corales o entre rocas), pudieron determinar este resultado. Los sitios con la diversidad más baja presentaron niveles altos de sedimentación. En estos sitios se encontró el valor más bajo de equitabilidad y una distribución espacial agregada para los crustáceos, mientras que la comunidad de equinodermos estaba dominada por una sola especie. Aunque los resultados observados sólo nos permiten hacer descripciones generales, el conocer las características poblacionales y de historia natural de estas comunidades arrecifales, aunado al conocimiento de las perturbaciones asociadas con las actividades humanas, provee información útil para la planeación de actividades de restauración y conservación de este ecosistema.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The leptophlebiid mayfly genus Ulmeritoides is composed of nine species, three of which have been recorded in Brazil: U. patagianus, U. uruguayensis, and U. misionensis. In the present paper, a new species of this genus, Ulmeritoides oepa sp.nov., is described and illustrated based on fifteen larvae collected in Uraricoera River, state of Roraima, northern Brazil. The species was compared to U. misionensis, U. tifferae, and U. guanacaste, the other species of Ulmeritoides known from the larval stage. U. oepa sp.nov. can be distinguished from these species by the following combination of characteristics: 1) medial denticle on anteromedian emargination of labrum much larger than others; 2) anterior tibiae slightly stained black toward the apex; 3) medial femora with few dorsal spines, similar to short thick needles; 4) hind femora with numerous dorsal spines, similar to short thick needles; 5) medial femora with no medial black markings, apical brown markings. The new species seems to be more closely related to U. misionensis, another species in which the anteromedian emargination of the labrum has a median denticle much larger than the others. The studied specimens were deposited in the Invertebrates Collection of the Amazonian Research National Institute, Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil, and in the Entomological Collection of the Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Ulmeritoides de efemeropteros leptoflebidos está compuesto por nueve especies, tres de las cuales han sido informadas en Brasil: U. patagianus, U. uruguayensis, y U. misionensis. En el presente artículo se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de este género, Ulmeritoides oepa sp-. nov., con base en quince larvas recolectadas en el río Uraricoera, en el estado de Roraima, norte de Brasil. La especie fue comparada con U. misionensis, U. tiffera e, y U. guanacaste, las otras especies con estadios larvales conocidos. U. oepa sp.nov. puede ser distinguida de estas otras species por la siguiente combinación de características: 1) dentículo medio en la emarginación anteromedia del labrum mucho más largo que los otros; 2) tibia anterior ligeramente teñida de negro hacia el apex; 3) fémur medio con pocas espinas dorsales, similares a agujas cortas y gruesas; 4) fémur posterior con numerosas espinas (púas) dorsales, similar a agujas gruesas y cortas; 5) fémur medio sin marcas negras medias y con marcas medias apicales color pardo. La nueva especie parece estar más cercanamente relacionada con U. misionensi s, otra especie en la cual la emarginación anteromedia del labrum tiene un dentículo medio mucho más largo que las otras. Los especímenes estudiados fueron depositados en la colección de invertebrados del Instituto Nacional de Investigación Amazónico, Manaus, estado de Amazonas, Brasil, y en la colección entomológica del Departamento de Zoología, Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Insecta</kwd>
<kwd>Ephemeroptera</kwd>
<kwd>Leptophlebiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Atalophlebiinae</kwd>
<kwd>Ulmeritoides</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>There are few genera of butterflies that feed on cycads. Among them the genus Eumaeus (Lycaenidae) presents aposematic coloration in all its life stages. In this work we report for the first time the herbivory of young leaflets of Ceratozamia mexicana and Zamia fischeri (Zamiaceae) by caterpillars of E. childrenae in their natural habitat in the Huasteca region, Mexico.</p></abstract>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Relationships between necrotic cactus availability and population size in a cactophilic Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) located on a sandstone table hill in Brazil</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Drosophila gouveai is a cactophilic species endemic to South America. In southeast Brazil it is found on summits of isolated hills, which apparently are current refugia resulting from climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. It breeds only in necrotic cactus cladodes of Pilosocereus machrisii. Temporal differences in necrotic cactus availability could have a great impact upon D. gouveai population size, and could thus influence its evolutionary history. We analyzed the relationship between necrotic cactus availability and population size of D. gouveai. The fluctuation in the population size, variation in necrotic cactus availability and exploitation of this resouce by larvae were surveyed bimonthly for one year on a sandstone table hill in central-south Brazil. Temporal necrotic cactus availability did not vary significantly, though in June there was a moderate decrease. Larval populations were highest in October and December. The D. gouveai population size was highest in February and remained relatively stable the rest of the year. The observed fluctuation in population size was not a function of temporal necrotic cactus availability in quantitative terms.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Drosophila gouveai es una especie cactófila endémica de Sudamérica. En el sudeste de Brasil ella es encontrada en la cima de colinas aisladas, las cuales son actualmente refugios ambientales resultantes de los cambios climáticos acaecidos durante el Período Cuaternario. Ellas crían sólo en cladodios necróticos del cactus Pilosocereus machrisiii. Diferencias temporales en la disponibilidad de estos cladodios necróticos podrían tener un gran impacto sobre los tamaños de las poblaciones de D. gouveai, y por tanto influenciar su historia evolutiva. Nosotros analisamos las relaciones entre la disponibilidad de cactus en putrefacción y el tamaño de las poblaciones de D. gouveai. La fluctuación en los tamanõs poblacionales, la variación en disponibilidad de cactus y la explotacion deste recurso por larvas fueron analizadas bimensualmente y durante un año en un pico aislado de arenito, en el Centro-Sudeste de Brasil. La disponibilidad de cactus en putrefación no varió significativamente en el tiempo, excepto durante junio, cuando se registró una caída de aquella. Las poblaciones de larvas fueron mayores en Octube y Diciembre. El tamaño poblacional de D. gouveai fue mayor en Febrero, permaneciendo relativamente estable el resto del año. La fluctuación observada en la población no se comportó como función, en términos cuantitativos, de la disponibilidad de cactus en putrefacción.</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Asociación de la abundancia y la distribución vertical de atunes y peces de pico en el sureste del Mar Caribe</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eslava</surname>
<given-names>Nora</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Leo W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gaertner</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Área de Biología y Recursos Pesqueros</institution>
<addr-line>isla de Margarita </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Laboratoire Helieutique et Écosystèmes Aquatiques  </institution>
<addr-line>Montpellier </addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>220</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The longline hooks suspension depth was estimated using the Mechanic Imitation of Flexible Systems method. The vertical distribution of tunas and billfish was determined by the relative abundance index, obtained from the catch by 11 to 25 m -long longline vessels, -based at Cumaná, Venezuela, South-eastern Caribbean Sea in depths of 65 to 142 m. The CPUE was evaluated per species, according to depth. High values were found for most of the captured species in the layer from 105 to 125 m. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacare s) showed the highest yield (3.37 fish/100 hooks) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) the lowest (0.04 fish/100 hooks). However, the statistical comparison did not allow to reject the hypothesis of lack of depth efect (Kruskal-Wallis p&gt;.05), and demonstrated a homogeneous distribution of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), albacore (Thunnus alalung a), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), sailfish (Istiophorus albican s), white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the water column. The conclusion is that fish concentration in the Southern border of the Caribbean Sea is possibly due to several hydroclimatic factors -which affect tuna and billfish catching- such as water temperature and disolved oxigen concentration which limit the distribution according to depth.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estimó la profundidad de suspensión de los anzuelos del palangre usando el método de Imitación Mecánica de los Sistemas Flexibles, mientras que la distribución vertical de atunes y peces de pico se determinó mediante el índice de abundancia relativa obtenido de capturas de barcos palangreros (11 a 25 m de eslora) del puerto de Cumaná, Venezuela y que operan en el Mar Caribe a una profundidad de 65 a 142 m. Se evaluó la CPUE por especie de acuerdo a la profundidad, encontrándose valores altos en la mayoría de los individuos de las especies capturadas en el estrato de 105 a 125 m. El atún aleta amarilla (Thunnus albacares) fue el que presentó los más altos rendimientos (3.37 peces/100 anzuelos), mientras que la aguja azul (Makaira nigricans) los más bajos (0.04 peces/100 anzuelos). La comparación estadística no permitió rechazar la hipótesis de ausencia del efecto de profundidad (Kruskal-Wallis p &gt; .05), y se puso en evidencia una distribución homogénea, en la columna de agua, del atún aleta amarilla (Thunnus albacares), albacora (Thunnus alalung a), ojo gordo (Thunnus obesus), pez vela (Istiophorus albican s), aguja blanca (Tetrapturus albidus) y aguja azul (Makaira nigrican s). Se concluye que la concentración de la pesca en el margen sur del Mar Caribe, posiblemente, es debido a varios factores hidroclimáticos tales como la temperatura del agua y la concentración de oxígeno disuelto que influyen sobre la captura de los atunes y peces de pico delimitando su distribución con res-pecto a la profundidad.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>tunafish</kwd>
<kwd>billfish</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reproductive aspects of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Coatetelco lake, Morelos, Mexico</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,U.N.A.M. Laboratorio de Limnología </institution>
<addr-line> México, D.F.</addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Instituto de Limnología </institution>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>221</fpage>
<lpage>228</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sex ratio, size at maturity, maturity stages, fecundity and egg diameter of Oreochromis niloticus from Coatetelco Lake, Morelos State, Mexico, were studied from January to December 1993. Sex ratio (male:female) was approximately 1:1.02. Length at maturity was 117 mm (males) and 120 mm (females). The fecundity ranged between 104 and 709 eggs, with egg diameter from 1 000 to 3 000 µm. The gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic index indicate that the species breeds during summer and winter.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este estudio se analizaron algunos aspectos reproductivos de la mojarra-tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. en el lago de Coatetelco, Morelos. La información esta basada en los datos biológicos de 319 organismos obtenidos de enero a diciembre de 1993 de la captura comercial. Las hembras (161) representaron el 51% y los machos (158) el 49 % del total de la población. La proporción de sexo fue de 1:1.02 &amp;#61480;_ = 0.02; p=0.05). Los peces alcanzan la primera madurez sexual a los 117 mm y 120 mm de longitud total (hembras y machos respectivamente). El número de óvulos presentes en las gónadas osciló entre 104 y 709 con diámetro de 1 000 a 3 000 µm, lo cual hace que esta especie tenga baja fecundidad pero alta fertilidad por los hábitos de reproducción que presenta la especie. Se aplicó el indice gonadosomático y hepatosomático con los cuales se detectaron dos períodos (verano e invierno) de máxima actividad reproductiva.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Oreochromis niloticus</kwd>
<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
<kwd>Coatetelco lake</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000100021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Demografía y ecología de anidación de la iguana verde, Iguana iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae), en dos poblaciones explotadas en la Depresión Momposina, Colombia</article-title>
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<surname>Bock</surname>
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<given-names>Vivian P.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Antioquia Instituto de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Ciencias Forestales </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the demography and nesting ecology of two populations of Iguana iguana that face heavy exploitation and habitat modification in the Momposina Depression, Colombia. Lineal transect data was analyzed using the Fourier model to provide estimates of social group densities, which was found to differ both within and among populations (1.05 - 6.0 groups/ha). Mean group size and overall iguana density estimates varied between populations as well (1.5 -13.7 iguanas/ha). The density estimates were far lower than those reported from more protected areas in Panama and Venezuela. Iguana densities were consistently higher in sites located along rivers (2.5 iguanas/group) than in sites along the margin of marshes, probably due to vegetational differences (1.5 iguanas/group). There was no correlation between density estimates and estimates of relative abundance (number of iguanas seen/hour/person) due to differing detectabilities of iguana groups among sites. The adult sex ratio (1:2.5 males:females) agreed well with other reports in the literature based upon observation of adult social groups, and probably results from the polygynous mating system in this species rather than a real demographic skew. Nesting in this population occurs from the end of January through March and hatching occurs between April and May. We monitored 34 nests, which suffered little vertebrate predation, perhaps due to the lack of a complete vertebrate fauna in this densely inhabited area, but nests suffered from inundation, cattle trampling, and infestation by phorid fly larvae. Clutch sizes in these populations were lower than all other published reports except for the iguana population on the highly xeric island of Curaçao, implying that adult females in our area are unusually small. We argue that this is more likely the result of the exploitation of these populations rather than an adaptive response to environmentally extreme conditions.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la demografía y ecología de anidación de dos poblaciones de Iguana iguana que enfrentan explotación severa y alteración del hábitat, en la Depresión Momposina, Colombia. Los atos de transectos lineales fueron analizados con el modelo de Fourier para estimar la densidad de grupos sociales. El tamaño promedio de grupo y la densidad general de iguanas varió dentro y entre poblaciones (1.05 - 6.0 grupos/ha, y 1.5 - 13.7 iguanas/ha respectivamente). Las estimaciones de densidad fueron mucho menores que las reportadas en áreas más protegidas en Panamá y Venezuela. Las densidades de las iguanas fueron considerablemente mayores en sitios localizados a lo largo de los ríos (2.5 iguanas/grupo) que en sitios en el margen de las ciénagas (1.5 iguanas/grupo), probablemente debido a diferencias en la vegetación. No hubo correlación entre las estimaciones de densidad y la de abundancia relativa (número de iguanas vistas/hora/persona), debido a diferencias en detectabilidad de los grupos de iguanas entre los sitios. La proporción sexual hallada (1:2.5 machos: hembras), es probablemente el resultado del sistema de apareamiento polígamo de esta especie, en vez de indicar un verdadero sesgo demográfico. Se monitoreó 34 nidos los cuales sufrieron poca depredación por vertebrados. Sin embargo si fueron afectados por inundaciones, pisoteo por ganado e infestación por larvas de mosca Phoridae. El tamaño de huevos por nidada en estas poblaciones fue de 29.4 menor que cualquier otro reporte de la literatura, con la excepción de las poblaciones de Iguana que habitan la isla altamente xérica de Curaçao, implicando que las hembras adultas en nuestra área son inusualmente pequeñas. Probablemente éste es el resultado de la explotación prolongada y excesiva de estas poblaciones en vez de ser una respuesta adaptativa a condiciones ambientales extremas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Iguana</kwd>
<kwd>Reptilia</kwd>
<kwd>Iguanidae</kwd>
<kwd>nesting</kwd>
<kwd>group size</kwd>
<kwd>clutch size</kwd>
<kwd>exploitation</kwd>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con frecuencia, en la familia Ramphastidae no hay un dimorfismo sexual aparente, excepto en Pteroglossus viridis y en el género Selenidera. Muchos criadores de aves silvestres creen que los especímenes de Ramphastos toco pueden ser sexados usando las caracteríticas del pico. En este estudio, fueron analizadas algunas variables feno-típicas discriminantes en aves cuyo sexo fue previamente determinado con metodos citogenéticos. Un total de 51 especimenes de R. toco y 20 de R. dicolorus fueron estudiados. Los parámetros estadísticos significativos que son útiles para distinguir el sexo en estas especies son la longitud del culmen y del tomium, la longitud del pico corneo inferior y de la cloaca. Usando estos parámetros, los criadores de aves cautivas pueden sexar los especimenes de Ramphastos toco mediante análisis fenotípico y formar parejas reproductoras más rapidamente.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron el extracto acuoso y el aceite esencial de Satureja viminea . Los efectos fisiológicos generales se comprobaron por medio del ensayo hipocrático o tamizaje farmacológico en ratas Sprague Dawley. En ratones albinos se midieron la actividad exploratoria y la curiosidad por medio del ensayo de la placa perforada. Se utilizó el ensayo de la chimenea de Boissier para evaluar la coordinación motora y la fuerza muscular se comprobó con el ensayo del alambre. La actividad analgésica se exploró en ratas Sprague Dawley por medio del ensayo de calor sobre la cola (tail flick) descrito por D’Amour y Smith (1941) y modificado por CYTED. La actividad sobre la motilidad intestinal se investigó con el ensayo del tránsito intestinal sobre ratones albinos. También se determinó la dosis letal 50 (DL 50) con el método de Spearman- Karber. Se observó una disminución de la actividad motora espontánea la cual fue relacionada a la dosis. La actividad exploratoria y la curiosidad disminuyeron. La fuerza muscular de los ratones disminuyó. Se observó un claro y significativo efecto analgésico con la administración oral del aceite esencial de S. viminea (1000 mg/kg) comparado al observado con indometacina. El aceite esencial inhibió el tránsito intestinal y el vaciamiento gástrico. La DL 50 del aceite esencial de S. viminea es de 556.8 mg /kg.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Satureja viminea</kwd>
<kwd>Lamiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>traditional medicine</kwd>
<kwd>Hippocratic screening</kwd>
<kwd>analgesic activity</kwd>
<kwd>intestinal transit</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000100024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Isolation of bothrasperin, a disintegrin with potent platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Instituto Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2003</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The venom of Bothrops asper induces severe coagulation disturbances in accidentally envenomed humans. However, only few studies have been conducted to identify components that interact with the hemostatic system in this venom. In the present work, we fractionated B. asper venom in order to investigate the possible presence of inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Using a combination of gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, we isolated an acidic protein which shows a single chain composition, with a molecular mass of ~8 kDa, estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its N-terminal sequence has high similarity to disintegrins isolated from different snake venoms, which are known to bind to cellular integrins such as the GPIIb/IIIa fibrinogen receptor on platelets. The purified protein exerted potent aggregation inhibitory activity on ADP-stimulated human platelets in vitro, with an estimated IC50 of 50 nM. This biological activity, together with the biochemical characteristics observed, demonstrate that the protein isolated from B. asper venom is a disintegrin, hereby named &quot;bothrasperin&quot;. This is the first disintegrin isolated from Central American viperid snake species.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El veneno de la serpiente Bothrops asper induce graves alteraciones de la coagulación en los humanos accidentalmente envenenados. Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios para identificar los componentes del veneno que interactúan con el sistema hemostático. En el presente trabajo, fraccionamos el veneno de B. asper para investigar la posible presencia de inhibidores de la agregación plaquetaria. Empleando una combinación de técnicas cromatográficas (filtración en gel, intercambio aniónico y cromatografía líquida de alto desempeño en fase reversa), aislamos una proteína acídica de cadena simple, con una masa molecular de ~8 kDa, estimada mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con SDS. Su secuencia de aminoácidos N-terminal muestra una alta similitud con la de disintegrinas aisladas de diferentes venenos de serpiente, las cuales se unen a integrinas celulares como el receptor de fibrinógeno GPIIb/IIIa de las plaquetas. La proteína purificada ejerce una potente acción inhibitoria sobre la agregación in vitro de plaquetas humanas estimuladas con ADP, con una IC 50 estimada en 50 nM. Esta actividad biológica, sumada a las características bioquímicas observadas, demuestran que la proteína aislada del veneno de B. asper es una disintegrina, a la cual denominamos &quot;both-rasperina&quot;. Esta es la primera disintegrina aislada de una especie de vipéridos de Centroamérica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Snake venom</kwd>
<kwd>disintegrin</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops</kwd>
<kwd>platelet aggregation</kwd>
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