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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Veneno de Latrodectus mactans de Chile (Araneae, Theridiidae): su efecto sobre músculo liso</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Romero M.</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Altieri M.</surname>
<given-names>Elena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Urrutia A.</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jara H.</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de La Frontera Facultad de Medicina Depto. de Ciencias Preclínicas</institution>
<addr-line>Temuco </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>305</fpage>
<lpage>312</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The venoms of Latrodectus sp. have been reported to induce contraction probably mediated by adrenergic and cholinergic transmitters. We have demonstrated that the venom of Chilean Latrodectus mactans contains neurotoxins that induce a contraction partially independent of transmitters release. Transmembrane mobility of Na+ and Ca2+ ions and more specifically, the increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration are responsible for tonic contraction in smooth muscle. Calcium may enter the cell by several ways, such as the voltage-dependent Ca2+ L-type channels and the Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger. This study aimed to examine the participation of this exchanger in the tonic contraction of smooth muscle in vas deferent of rat induced by the venom of the Chilean spider L. mactans. Blockers of Na+ channels (amiloride) and Ca2+ L-type channels (nifedipine), and a stimulator of the exchanger (modified Tyrode, Na+ 80 mM) were used. Simultaneously, variations of the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ were registered by microfluorimetry (Fura-2 indicator) in the presence of nifedipine. In presence of amiloride, dose-dependent inhibition of venom-induced contraction was observed, suggesting the participation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ L-type channels. The contraction was only partially inhibited by nifedipine and the Ca2+ cytoplasmic concentration increased, as assessed by the microfluorimetric registration. Finally, the venom-induced contraction increased in the presence of modified Tyrode, probably due to the action of the Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger. Taken together, our results support the idea that the Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger is active and may be, at least in part, responsible for the contraction induced by the venom of Chilean L. mactans.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El veneno de arañas del género Latrodectus induce contracción de músculo liso de mamíferos, postulándose como posible mecanismo la liberación de mediadores adrenérgicos y colinérgicos. El veneno de Latrodectus mactans de Chile contiene neurotoxinas que inducen actividad contráctil en músculo liso en forma parcialmente independiente de actividades adrenérgicas y colinérgicas, lo que deja abiertas interrogantes sobre el mecanismo de acción del veneno. La respuesta tónica en músculo liso depende de la movilidad de los iones sodio (Na+ )y calcio (Ca2+) y, más es-pecíficamente, de la concentración de Ca2+ citoplasmático. Una de las vías de ingreso del calcio al músculo liso, además de los canales tipo L de Ca2+ , es el intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ . En el presente trabajo se estudia la posible participación de este intercambiador en la respuesta tónica inducida por el veneno sobre músculo liso del conducto deferente de rata, en un modelo de órgano aislado. Utilizando bloqueadores de canales de Na+ (amiloride) y Ca2+ (nifedipina) y una solución estimuladora del intercambiador (Tyrode pobre en sodio), se realizaron registros de tensión isométrica inducida por el veneno. Simultáneamente al uso de nifedipina, se registraron las variaciones de la [Ca2+] citoplasmática mediante microfluorimetría. Se observó que la inhibición de la contracción en presencia de amiloride depende de su concentración, mostrando una participación de los canales de Ca2+ dependientes de voltaje en la contracción. En presencia de nifedipina, la contracción inducida por el veneno sólo fue parcialmente inhibida, y la microfluorimetría mostró un aumento de la concentración de Ca2+ citoplasmático en presencia del bloqueador, lo que indica una participación de otros mecanismos para el ingreso de Ca2+ a la célula. Por último, al disminuir la concentración de Na+ extracelular se estimuló la contracción tónica en un 30.7%, atribuible, al menos en parte, al intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ . Estos resultados permiten proponer que el intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ se encuentra activo durante la contracción tónica inducida por el veneno de L. mactans de Chile y podría ser uno de los responsables del desarrollo de tensión.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Latrodectus mactans</kwd>
<kwd>spider venom</kwd>
<kwd>smooth muscle</kwd>
<kwd>calcium channels</kwd>
<kwd>sodium /calcium exchanger</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,University of Costa Rica Division of Basic Studies </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica Department of Biochemistry </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica School of Chemistry </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The aqueous extract of Triumfetta semitriloba is part of the Costa Rican folk pharmacopoeia. It shows no in-vitro inhibitory action on the hydrolytic activity of porcine pancreatic amylase, lipase or proteases, thus diminishing the concern of intestinal malabsorption in human beings.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El extracto acuoso de Triumfetta semitriloba es parte de la farmacopea popular de Costa Rica. Éste no muestra acción inhibitoria in vitro sobre las actividades hidrolíticas de la amilasa, la lipasa y las proteasas pancreáticas porcinas, disminuyendo la preocupación de que su uso provoque malabsorción intestinal.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de extractos de artrópodos sobre la multiplicación del Toxoplasma gondii dentro de macrófagos peritoneales de ratón</article-title>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Departamento de Parasitología</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>320</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Treatment of toxoplasmosis usually causes secondary effects. It is important to find active substances extracted from natural organisms. In this work we studied some arthropod extracts that have effect against Toxoplasma multiplication inside mouse macrophages. After studying 382 extracts, 23 were selected on the basis of the activity and we found that 13 extracts from orders Polydesmida, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera exerted an important inhibition of Toxoplasma multiplication.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Toxoplasmosis</kwd>
<kwd>insect extracts</kwd>
<kwd>treatment</kwd>
<kwd>natural products</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development and morphology of the gametophytes of seven species of ferns from genus Pleopeltis are described and compared. The spore germination is Vittaria-type in P. astrolepis, P. crassinervata, P. macrocarpa, P. polylepis and P. revoluta. For P. angusta and P. mexicana it was proposed a new germination pattern is Pleopeltis-type. The prothallial development is Drynaria-type in P. astrolepis, P. crassinervata, P. macrocarpa, P. polylepis and P. revoluta and Ceratopteris-type for P. angusta and P. mexicana. The gametangia are typical of the leptosporangiate ferns, sporophytes after six and a half months in culture did not appeared.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe y compara la morfología y el desarrollo de la fase sexual de siete especies mexicanas del género Pleopeltis. P. astrolepis, P. crassinervata, P. macrocarpa, P. polylepis y P. revoluta todas ellas presentan germinación de tipo-Vittaria. Para P. angusta y P. mexicana se propone un nuevo patrón de germinación tipo-Pleopeltis. El desarrollo protálico de P. astrolepis, P. crassinervata, P. macrocarpa, P. polylepis y P. r evoluta es tipo-Drynaria. P. angusta y P. mexicana son tipo-Ceratopteris. Los gametangios son del tipo común de los helechos leptosporangiados; después de seis y medio meses de cultivo no se formaron esporofitos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>epiphytic</kwd>
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<kwd>morphogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Pleopeltis</kwd>
<kwd>Polypodiaceae</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the leaf anatomy of Sabal mauritiiformis (Karst.) Griseb. &amp; H. Wendl., Sabal mexicana Mart. and Sabal yapa Wright ex Becc., three of the four most representative species of the Yucatán Península, in Mexico. These species are locally used: in the roofing of traditional homes, as food (fruits and apical buds), and in the production of hats, brooms and handicrafts. Leaf samples were collected in secondary growth of lower montane rainforest in the state of Quintana Roo and in two home gardens in the state of Yucatán. Herbarium samples were obtained, and samples of blade and petiole were fixed in formaline-acetic acid-alcohol. Cross incisions were made on the blade and petiole, and were dyed with safranin and toluidine blue O.The results show that S. mauritiiformis and S. yapa are morphologically alike: both are tall, slim palm trees; the leaf in S. mauritiiformis is a shorter palm-like structure compared with the other two species. The shape of the main nerve, as seen in cross section, is rectangular in the three species. The hastula in the three species is acuminate and adaxial. The foliar anatomic structure is similar in the three species, although there are some differences. The adaxial an abaxial epidermis of the blade consist of one layer and, superficially, the anticlinal walls are straight; the stomata are intercostal, of the tetracytic type, present on both surfaces in S. mexicana and S. yapa and only on the abaxial surface on S. mauritiiformis. The hypodermis is one layer thick in S. yapa and in S. mexicana and two layers thick in S. mauritiiformis. In the three species the palisade parenchyma consists of several undefined strata as the cells are similar -in shape and size- to the cells in the spongy parenchyma, so there is no marked difference between these strata and the spongy parenchyma seems almost continuous. Both fibrous and vascular bundles are distributed between the hypodermis and the palisade parenchyma; the fiber bundles can be found towards the abaxial surface while the vascular and fiber bundles are located towards the adaxial surface. The fibers, in the three species, are elongated, with the pointed tips, undivided and unseptated. One to three wide vessels of metaxilem can be seen in the vascular bundles, those in S. yapa being the widest in diameter. The vascular bundles are surrounded by thick fiber sheaths which come in pairs. The anatomic structure of the petiole is similar to that of the blade, and is characterized by the many vascular and fiber bundles dispersed in the parenchymatous tissue, and which are very resistant. The histological structure of the blade and petiole reflects strength and flexibility, qualities which make these plants adequate in the construction of roofs for rural housing and other buildings.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este trabajo se describe la anatomía foliar de Sabal mauritiiformis, S. mexicana y S. yapa tres de las cuatro especies más representativas que se desarrollan en la Península de Yucatán, México. Tienen diversos usos locales como el techado de viviendas tradicionales, consumo de frutos, consumo de yemas apicales, elaboración de sombreros, escobas y artesanías. Las muestras de hojas se colectaron en una vegetación secundaria de la selva mediana subperennifolia en Quintana Roo y en dos solares de Yucatán. Se obtuvieron ejemplares de herbario y muestras de lámina y pecíolo que se fijaron en una solución de formalina-alcohol-ácido acético. Se hicieron cortes transversales de lámina y pecíolo y se tiñeron con safranina y azul de toluidina O. El estudio revela que morfológicamente S. mauritiiformis y S. yapa se asemejan en que son palmas altas, delgadas y esbeltas, la hoja de S. mauritiiformis forma una palma más corta que en las otras dos especies. La forma de la vena principal, en corte transversal, es rectangular en las tres especies. La hástula en las tres especies es acuminada y adaxial. La estructura anatómica foliar de las tres especies es semejante con algunas diferencias. La lámina tiene las epidermis adaxial y abaxial uniestratificada y en vista superficial tienen las paredes anticlinales rectas; los estomas son intercostales, de tipo tetracítico, presentes en ambas superficies en S. yapa y S. mexicana y sólo en la superficie abaxial en S. mauritiiformis. La hipodermis es de un estrato en S. yapa y S. mexicana y de dos en S. mauritiiformis. En las tres especies el parénquima en empalizada se forma por varios estratos no bien definidos debido a que la forma y el tamaño de las células son similares a las del parénquima esponjoso y, por ello, no se nota una clara delimitación entre ambos. Distribuidos entre la hipodermis y el parénquima en empalizada están los haces fibrosos y los haces vasculares, hacia la superficie abaxial sólo están los haces de fibras y hacia la superficie adaxial hay haces vasculares y haces fibrosos. Las fibras, en las tres especies son alargadas, de extremos aguzados, no ramificadas ni septadas. En los haces vasculares se observan de uno a tres vasos amplios del metaxilema, siendo S. yapa la que los tiene de mayor diámetro. Los haces vasculares están rodeados por gruesas vainas de fibras. El pecíolo tiene una estructura anatómica similar a la de la lámina y se caracteriza por los numerosos haces vasculares y haces de fibras esparcidos en el tejido parenquimatoso. La estructura histológica de lámina y pecíolo reflejan cualidades de resistencia y flexibilidad que las hacen adecuadas para ser utilizadas en el techado de viviendas rurales y otras construcciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>foliar anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>palms</kwd>
<kwd>uses</kwd>
<kwd>Sabal</kwd>
<kwd>tropical rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán</kwd>
<kwd>Quintana Roo</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ultrastructural morphologic description of the wild rice species Oryza latifolia (Poaceae) in Costa Rica</article-title>
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<surname>Sánchez</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Agronomía Escuela de Zootecnia</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Agronomía Escuela de Fitotecnia</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>345</fpage>
<lpage>354</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The wild rice species Oryza latifolia is endemic to Tropical America, allotetraploid and has a CCDD genome type. It belongs to the officinalis group of the genus Oryza. This species is widely distributed through-out the lowlands of Costa Rica and it is found on different life zones, having great morphologic diversity. The purpose of this research is to perform a morphologic description of O. latifolia samples of three Costa Rican localities (Carara, Liberia and Cañas) and to see if the phenotypic diversity of the species is reflected at the ultra-structure level. Structures such as the leaf blade, ligule, auricles and spikelet were analyzed. Leaf blade morphology of the specimens from the three localities is characterized by the presence of diamond-shaped stomata with papillae, zipper-like rows of silica cells; a variety of evenly distributed epicuticular wax papillae and bulky prickle trichomes. The central vein of the leaf blade from the Cañas populations is glabrous, while those from Carara and Liberia have abundant papillae. There are also differences among the borders of the leaf blade between these locations. Cañas and Liberia present alternating large and small prickle trichomes ca. 81 and 150 µm, while Carara exhibits even sized prickle trichomes of ca. 93 µm. Auricles from Cañas are rectangular and present long trichomes along the surface ca. 1.5 mm, while those of Liberia and Carara wrap the culm and exhibit trichomes only in the borders. The ligule from the plants of Carara has an acute distal tip, while that of Cañas and Liberia is blunt. The Liberia spikelet has large lignified spines while Cañas and Carara show flexible trichomes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La especie silvestre Oryza latifolia es endémica de América, tetraploide y de genoma CCDD. Pertenece a las especies del género Oryza del grupo officinalis. Presenta una amplia distribución en las tierras bajas de Costa Rica y se le encuentra en varias zonas de vida, mostrando una gran diversidad morfológica. El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar una descripción ultraestructural de plantas de O. latifolia provenientes de las localidades Carara, Liberia y Cañas con el fin de determinar si hay variación intrapo-blacional. Se analizó la lámina foliar, lígula, aurículas y espiguilla, con énfasis en las estructuras de valor taxonómico. La morfología de la lámina foliar de los especímenes de las tres localidades se caracteriza por la presencia de estomas romboidales con papilas, células de sílice de forma crenada, variedad de papilas de cera, distribuidas en forma regular y tricomas espinosos abultados de ca 53 µm. La vena central de la lámina foliar de O. latifolia, localidad Cañas, es lisa, mientras que en Carara y Liberia presenta papilas. Los bordes de la lámina foliar difieren entre localidades; Cañas y Liberia presentan tricomas ganchudos grandes de ca. 150 µm y pequeños de ca 81 µm que alternan, mientras que Carara tiene tricomas ganchudos pequeños de igual tamaño (ca. 93 µm). Las aurículas de Cañas son rectangulares y presentan tricomas atenuados largos de ca. 1.5mm en toda la superficie, mientras las de Liberia y Carara son envolventes y presentan dichos tricomas solamente en los bordes. La lígula de Carara tiene el extremo distal agudo, mientras que Cañas y Liberia lo tienen truncado. La espiguilla de Liberia presenta tricomas espinosos lignificados grandes, mientras que Cañas y Carara tienen tricomas flexibles.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rice</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza latifolia</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<addr-line>Tamil Nadu </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The mangrove forests play a significant role as sediment traps. They reduce tidal flows and induce sedimentation of soil particles at low tide. However, there are no such processes taking place in the non-mangrove areas. Site of Avicennia-Rhizophora interphase is more efficient than Avicennia and or Rhizophora zones, in trapping the sediment by 30, 25 and 20% respectively at low tide as compared to high tide.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200008</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Caracterización estructural de un bosque de Podocarpus parlatorei y Juglans australis en Salta, Argentina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pinazo</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gasparri</surname>
<given-names>N.I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Goya</surname>
<given-names>J.F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arturi</surname>
<given-names>M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales</institution>
<addr-line>La Plata Buenos Aires</addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>361</fpage>
<lpage>368</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Stands of Subtropical Montane Cloud Forest were studied in areas under different land use regimes near Los Toldos (NW Argentina). Circular plots were used to calculate density and basal area of trees with dbh &gt; 10 cm; and density of trees with dbh &amp;lt; 10 cm. The stands were classified and grouped as a function of basal area. Five structures were recognized, with different proportions of Juglans australis, Podocarpus parlatorei and shade-tolerant species like Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Allophylus edulis and Myrcianthes sp. Less disturbed area stands had a higher basal area and greater dbh for all species, and shade-tolerant species in the canopy. In the most disturbed area, all canopy species were shade intolerant and regeneration was dominated by shade-tolerant species. The differences in composition, basal area, stem diameter class distribution and regeneration indicate that the structure types corresponded to different stages of the successional process, and the regeneration of the most disturbed areas suggest a tendency towards the composition of mature forest.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la estructura de bosques montanos ubicados en áreas con distinto grado de modificación humana en el Noroeste de Argentina (22º24’ S, 1550 msnm). Se utilizaron parcelas circulares para caracterizar los rodales. Los rodales fueron clasificados en función del área basal por especie. Se reconocieron cinco estructuras diferenciadas por la proporción de Juglans australis, Podocarpus parlatorei y de las especies tolerantes a la sombra Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcianthes sp y Allophylus edulis. Se presentan datos de densidad y área basal de individuos con diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP)&gt; 10 cm y la densidad de individuos con DAP&lt; 10cm de las cinco estructuras. Las diferencias en composición, área basal, distribución diamétrica y regeneración, indican que las estructuras representan bosques de distinta madurez. La regeneración en el área más modificada refleja una tendencia de cambio hacia la composición de los rodales menos modificados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Montane forest</kwd>
<kwd>forest structure</kwd>
<kwd>natural regeneration</kwd>
<kwd>silviculture</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Observations about the floral biology and the reproductive system of Macroptilium fraternum were made in two populations in Argentina, with different edaphic conditions, situated at the southern area of distribution of the species. The coexistence of two kind of flowers in the same plant was detected in both populations and in herbarium material from other localities: a) cleistogamous preanthesis flowers and b) pseudocleistogamous flowers. The cleistogamous preanthesis flowers possesed wings longer than 5 mm and were disposed in pubescent, erect, racemes exposed above the level of the foliage. The anthesis lasted approximately 5 hours on sunny days or 9 hours on rainy days, the right wing covered the left wing, the corolla acquired a bilabiate aspect, offering the left wing as landing platform; they produced a low quantity of nectar (0.18 ± 0.13 µl); they did not receive pollinator visits; approximately four hours after the beginning of the anthesis on sunny days the ovary started to grow; in the bud, the receptive stigma was covered with germinating pollen grains from the same floral unit. The pseudocleistogamous flowers possesed wings shorter than 5 mm that were disposed in brief, hirsute and prostrate racemes, non subterranean as in other Macroptilium species; the banner started to spread exposing partially the wings, the left wing limb surrounded the keel and never spread; the right wing started to spread and after 2 seconds refolded and began to wither, the ovary began to grow immediately; the flower did not offer a surface to allow visitors to settle; in the buds the stigma was receptive and found with pollen grains from the same floral unit emiting their tubes. The relative reproductive success was low (natural pollination = 8%; spontaneous self-pollination = 3%), probably due to the low pollen viability, the high percentage of seed abortion and the lack of pollinator’s visits. The production of both flower types is not conditioned by edaphic factors, as they were found in plants belonging to different environments. Study of the progeny of both floral types in both populations has demonstrated that each one produces a similar amount of seeds contributing to the next generation with plants of similar characteristics (slow development, low resistance to infections and high mortality). The absence of pollinators in these flowers (in part because they preferred to visit flowers of other species with more reward and in part because of the fragmentation of the habitats), would be producing inbreeding depression in the studied populations; if the germplasm variability is not preserved, these populations situated at the Southern end of the distribution range of the species could become extinguished.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizaron observaciones de la biología floral y el sistema reproductivo de Macroptilium fraternum en dos poblaciones de la Argentina, con diferentes condiciones edáficas, localizadas en el extremo Sur del área de distribución de esta especie. En ambas poblaciones y en material de herbario de distintas procedencias se determinó la coexistencia en una misma planta de dos tipos florales: a) flores cleistógamas preantesis y b) flores pseudocleistógamas. Las flores cleistógamas preantesis con alas mayores de 5 mm, dispuestas en racimos pubescentes, erectos, expuestos sobre el nivel del follaje. La antesis duraba aproximadamente 5 horas en los días soleados y 9 horas en los días lluviosos, el ala derecha cubría al ala izquierda, adquiriendo la corola aspecto bilabiado, ofreciendo el ala izquierda como plataforma de aterrizaje; producían escasa cantidad de néctar (0.18 ± 0.13 µl) y no recibieron visitas de polinizadores; aproximadamente cuatro horas después del inicio de la antesis en días soleados el ovario comenzaba a crecer; en el capullo, el estigma receptivo se encontraba cubierto con granos de polen de la misma unidad floral germinando. Las flores pseudocleistógamas con alas menores de 5 mm, dispuestas en racimos breves, hirsutos y postrados, no subterráneos como en otras especies de Macroptilium. El estandarte comenzaba a desplegarse exponiendo parcialmente las alas, el limbo del ala izquierda rodeaba la quilla y nunca se desplegaba; el ala derecha comenzaba a desplegarse y a los 2 segundos se replegaba y marchitaba, inmediatamente el ovario comenzaba a crecer; la flor no ofrecía ninguna superficie donde algún visitante pudiera posarse; en los capullos el estigma estaba receptivo y con los granos de polen de la misma unidad floral emitiendo sus tubos polínicos. El éxito reproductivo relativo fue bajo (polinización natural = 8%, autopolinización espontánea = 3%), debido probablemente a la baja viabilidad polínica, el alto porcentaje de aborto de semillas y la falta de visitas de polinizadores. La producción de ambos tipos de flores no está condicionada por factores edáficos, ya que se encontraron en plantas provenientes de distintos ambientes. El estudio de la progenie de ambos tipos florales provenientes de ambas poblaciones, ha demostrado que cada uno produce una cantidad semejante de semillas aportando a la próxima generación plantas con similares características (desarrollo lento, baja resistencia a enfermedades y alta mortalidad). La ausencia de polinizadores en estas flores (en parte porque preferían visitar flores de otras especies, con mayor recompensa y en parte por la fragmentación de los habitats), estaría produciendo una depresión por autogamia en las poblaciones estudiadas; si no es preservada la variabilidad del germoplasma, estas poblaciones situadas en el extremo Sur de distribución de la especie podrían extinguirse.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Macroptilium</kwd>
<kwd>Fabaceae</kwd>
<kwd>floral biology</kwd>
<kwd>cleistogamy</kwd>
<kwd>Southern distribution</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Limnología de un Lago Tropical de Alta Montaña, en Ecuador: características de los sedimentos y tasa de sedimentación</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Gunkel</surname>
<given-names>Günter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Técnica de Berlin Departamento de Manejo de la Calidad de Agua </institution>
<addr-line>Berlin </addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>381</fpage>
<lpage>390</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Equatorial high mountain lakes are a special type of lake occurring mainly in the South American Andes as well as in Central Africa and Asia. They occur at altitudes of a few thousand meters above sea level and are cold-water lakes (&lt; 20°C). Relatively little is known about them. A long-term limnological study was therefore undertaken at Lake San Pablo, Ecuador, to analyze the basic limnological processes of the lake, which has a tendency for eutrophication. Sediment quality of San Pablo Lake is given under consideration of horizontal and vertical distribution using sediment cores. Significance of sediments for eutrophication process of lakes is demonstrated using phosphorus concentration of sediments as well as the phosphorus retention capacity of the sediments by ratio Fe/P. Dating of the sediments is done using 137Cs and 210Pb, but the activity of 137Cs in the sediment was very low nearly at the detection level. Sedimentation rate is determined to be 3.5 mm/year and the sediment cores represent about 110 years. P concentration of the sediments is high (~ 5 g/kg dry substance), and P retention capacity by Fe is insufficient (Fe/P = 4). The sediment quality did not change significantly during the past decades, and the trophic state of San Pablo Lake was already less or more eutrophic 110 years ago. The contamination of the lake sediments by heavy metals is insignificant.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se han realizado estudios sedimentológicos en el Lago San Pablo, un lago tropical de alta montaña, situado en los Andes del Ecuador, a 2 660 m sobre el nivel del mar. El lago presenta características propias de un estado eutrófico y, como consecuencia de esto se ha observado un crecimiento intenso de macrófitas y un hypolimnion anóxico con contenido de sulfitos orgánicos en los sedimentos. A partir de las características físico-químicas de los sedimentos superficiales, se ha podido establecer una distribución homogénea de éstos a lo largo y ancho del fondo de la cubeta. Los perfiles verticales mostraron altos contenidos de fósforo (4.3 g/kg en peso seco) y una baja relación Fe/P (4.0), indicando una deficiente capacidad de retención de fósforo. La tasa de sedimentación pudo ser determinada mediante la aplicación de la prueba de 210 Pb, con la cual se obtuvo un valor de 3.5 mm/año. El análisis del contenido de 137 Cs no fue significativo debido a los bajos valores obtenidos. Los análisis verticales de sedimentos destacan el incremento de los depósitos de fósforo durante los últimos 110 años, pero este incremento representa el 50% de la concentración previa, lo cual es bastante moderado. En el pasado los ingresos de fósforo al lago también fueron altos, y se debieron a procesos naturales. Los lagos tropicales de alta montaña estudiados en el Ecuador, muestran una tendencia hacia la eutroficación. Este hecho es contradictorio, ya que estos lagos se encuentran en zonas poco pobladas y de bajo desarrollo de la vegetación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lago San Pablo</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentation rate</kwd>
<kwd>137 Cs</kwd>
<kwd>210 Pb</kwd>
<kwd>eutrophication</kwd>
<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Zooplankton associations and environmental factors in Ogunpa and Ona rivers, Nigeria</article-title>
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<name>
<surname>Akin-Oriola</surname>
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<institution>,Robert Gordon University School of Life Sciences </institution>
<addr-line> Aberdeen</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>391</fpage>
<lpage>398</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Zooplankton abundance, composition and environmental parameters were monitored in two tropical rivers over a twenty month period. The data was subjected to cluster, factor and correlation analysis to determine the grouping pattern of zooplankton and their relationship to environmental parameters. Environmental factors in Ogunpa and Ona rivers -included buffering capacity, trace metal ions, pH-temperature/ transparency- were primarily influenced by rainfall. The dominance of the Rotifera in both rivers was attributed to their short developmental rate and fish predation on larger zooplankton. Two groups of associations were identified in each river - a commonly occurring species group exhibiting strong homogenous correlation with environmental factors and a predominant group exhibiting weak correlation with environmental factors and whose abundance / composition may be defined by biotic factors.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La abundancia, y composición del zooplancton, y parámetros ambientales fueron monitoreados en dos ríos tropicales durante un período de doce meses. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de agrupaciones, de factores y de correlación para determinar los patrones de agrupamiento del zooplancton y sus relaciones con parámetros ambientales. Los factores ambientales en los ríos Ogunpa y Ona, incluidos la capacidad tampón, iones metálicos traza, pH-temperatura/ transparencia, fueron influenciados principalmente por la lluvia. La dominancia de los Rotíferos en ambos ríos fue atribuida a su corta tasa de desarrollo y a la depredación del zooplancton grande por peces. Dos grupos de asociaciones fueron identificadas en cada río - la presencia de un grupo común de especies que exhiben una fuerte y homogénea correlación con factores ambientales y un grupo predominante que exhibe una débil correlación con factores ambientales y cuya abundancia / composición que podría estar definida por factores bióticos.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Salinity is an important variable influencing the density and diversity of rotifers. Studies on salt tolerance of rotifers have so far concentrated on euryhaline species while very little information is available on noneuryhaline taxa. In the present work, we have evaluated the combined effects of Chlorella vulgaris and sodium chloride on the population growth of two freshwater rotifers B. calyciflorus and B. patulus. A 24 hr acute tolerance test using NaCl revealed that B. calyciflorus was more resistant (LC50 = 3.75 ± 0.04 g l-1 ) than B. patulus (2.14 ± 0.09 g l-1 ). The maximal population density (mean±standard error) for B. calyciflorus in the control at 4.5 X10 6 cells ml-1 (algal level) was 80 ±5 ind. ml-1 , which was nearly a fifth of the one for B. patulus (397 ± 7 ind. ml-1 ) under comparable conditions. Data on population growth revealed that regardless of salt concentration, the density of B. calyciflorus increased with increasing food levels, while for B. patulus, this trend was evident only in the controls. Regardless of salt concentration and algal food level, the day of maximal population density was lower (4 ± 0.5 days) for B. calyciflorus than for B. patulus (11 ±1 day). The highest rates of population increase (r values) for B. calyciflorus and B. patulus were 0.429 ± 0.012 and 0.367 ± 0.004, respectively, recorded at 4.5 X10(6) cells ml-1 of Chlorella in the controls. The protective role of algae in reducing the effect of salt stress was more evident in B. calyciflorus than B. patulus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La salinidad es una variable importante que tiene influencia sobre la densidad y la diversidad de los rotíferos. Los estudios de rotíferos sobre tolerancia a la sal que se tienen hasta ahora se han concentrado en especies eurihalinas, sin embargo, hay muy poca información sobre taxas no eurihalinos. En el presente trabajo, se evaluaron los efectos combinados de las concentraciones de Chlorella vulgaris y cloruro de sodio sobre el crecimiento poblacional de dos rotíferos de agua dulce, B. calyciflorus y B. patulus. Una prueba de toxicidad aguda de 24 h utilizando cloruro de sodio reveló que B. calyciflorus fue más resistente (CL50 = 3.75 ± 0.04 g l -1 ) que B. patulus (2.14 ± 0.09 g l-1 ). La máxima densidad de población (media ± error estándar) de B. calyciflorus en el lote control, utilizando una concentración 4.5 X10(6) células ml-1 de alga fue de 80 ± 5 ind. ml-1 , casi una quinta parte de B. patulus (397 ±7 ind. ml-1 ) sobre condiciones comparables. Datos sobre el crecimiento poblacional revelaron que cualquier concentración de sal carece de efecto, la densidad de B. calyciflorus se incrementa cuando aumentan los niveles de alimento. Sin embargo para B. patulus esta tendencia fue evidente únicamente en los controles. Independientemente de las concentraciones de sal y los niveles de alimento, el día de abundancia máxima fue menor para B. calyciflorus (4 ± 0.5 días) que para B. patulus (11 ±1 días). Los valores de la máxima tasa de crecimiento poblacional (r) fueron para B. calyciflorus y B. patulus de 0.429 ± 0.012 y 0.367 ± 0.004, respectivamente en lotes control con 4.5 X10(6) células ml-1 de Chlorella. El papel de protección de alga para reducir el efecto del estrés de la sal fue más evidente en B. calyciflorus que en B. patulus.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>Population growth</kwd>
<kwd>Salt stress</kwd>
<kwd>Brachionus patulus</kwd>
<kwd>Brachionus calyciflorus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variaciones morfológicas en Blackfordia virginica (Hydroidomedusae: Blackfordiidae) en lagunas costeras de Chiapas, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Álvarez Silva</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Departamento de Hidrobiología </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<fpage>409</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Blackfordia virginica is an important hydromedusae in the zooplankton of coastal lagoons at Mexico. In order to contribute to their study, morphological variations of these species were analyzed in the system of coastal lagoons of Chiapas, Mexico. A total of 503 jellyfish were studied their sizes varied from 6.1 to 9.9 mm of umbrelar diameter. The number of marginal tentacles varied from 86 to 125. A 67.7% females and 30.2% males were recognized. Only 31 jellyfish (26 females and five males) presented morphological variations of ten different types and affected the number and form of the handles, radial channels and gonads. The size of the jellyfish and the number of tentacles reflected a correlation of 0.74.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Blackfordia virginica es una hidromedusa importante en el zooplancton de lagunas costeras de México. Con el objeto de contribuir a su estudio se analizaron las variaciones morfológicas de esta especie en el sistema de lagunas costeras de Chiapas, México. Se estudiaron 503 ejemplares, sus tallas variaron de 6.1 a 9.9 mm de diámetro umbrelar; el número de tentáculos marginales varió de 86 a 125. Se reconocieron los sexos, 67.7% hembras y 30.2% machos. Solamente 31 medusas (26 hembras y cinco machos) presentaron variaciones morfológicas, éstas fueron de 10 tipos distintos y afectaron principalmente el número y forma de conductos radiales y las gónadas. El tamaño de las medusas y el número de tentáculos reflejaron una correlación de 0.74.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hydromedusae</kwd>
<kwd>Blackfordia virginica</kwd>
<kwd>morphological variations</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diversidad y abundancia de moluscos en las praderas de Thalassia testudinum de la Bahía de Mochima, Parque Nacional Mochima, Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela Dpto. Biología Pesquera</institution>
<addr-line>Edo. Sucre </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<fpage>413</fpage>
<lpage>426</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diversity and abundance of benthic malacological communities associated to Thalassia testudinum beds was studied at four localities of Mochima Bay, Sucre state, Venezuela. At each locality, samples were taken monthly on perpendicular transect at different depths (0-4 m), from January 1991 to December 1991, using a quadrate (0.25 m 2 ) for collecting mollusks and sediments. A total of 2 988 organisms of infauna and epifauna belonging to 81 species of the classes Gastropoda (41) and Bivalvia (40) were collected. More abundant species were Anadara notabilis, Codakia orbicularis, Cerithium litteratum, Cerithium eburneum, Batillaria minima, Modiolus squamosus, Modulus modulus, Chione cancellata, Turritella variegata, Arca zebra, y Laevicardium laevigatum. There were significant differences in number of organisms between depth and month at La Gabarra which presented the highest value of total (4.51 bits/ind) and monthly diversity (2.71-3.90 bits/ind). Biomass and abundance were low in the Mochima Bay while Varadero station presented the highest value. The bivalve A. notabilis and gastropod M. modulus were species common to the four stations.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudio la diversidad y abundancia de la comunidad béntica malacológica asociada a Thalassia testudinum en cuatro localidades de la Bahía de Mochima, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mensualmente en cada localidad sobre transeptos perpendiculares a diferentes profundidades (0-4m) desde enero 1991 hasta diciembre 1991, utilizando una cuadrata de 0.25 m² para recolectar los organismos con el sedimento. Un total de 2 988 organismos de la infauna y epifauna, pertenecientes a las clases Gastrópoda (40) y Bivalvia (41) fueron identificados. Las especies más abundantes y en consecuencia mejor adaptadas a los habitats suministrados por la T. testudinum en la Bahía de Mochima fueron Anadara notabilis, Codakia orbicularis, Cerithium litteratum, Cerithium eburneum, Batillaria minima, Modiolus squamosus, Modulus modulus, Chione cancellata, Turritella variegata, Arca zebra, y Laevicardium laevigatum. Se determinaron diferencias significativas en el número de organismos en relación a la profundidad y el tiempo en la localidad de la Gabarra, la cual presentó los valores mas altos de diversidad total (4.51 bits/ind) y mensual (2.75-3.90 bits/ind). La biomasa y la abundancia de moluscos fueron bajas y la estación mas interna (Varadero) presentó los valores mas elevados. El bivalvo A. notabilis y el gastropodo Modulus modulus fueron las especies constantes en las cuatro estaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>benthic community</kwd>
<kwd>molluscs</kwd>
<kwd>seagrass beds</kwd>
<kwd>Mochima</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Frecuencia relativa de Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) en bovinos (Bos taurus y B. indicus) en ocho zonas ecológicas de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal Programa de la Garrapata</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal Unidad de Análisis de Riesgo</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>427</fpage>
<lpage>434</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The research on the relative abundancy of Boophilus microplus took place in ten farms, distributed in eight ecological zones (EZ) and two rainfall systems of Costa Rica. Monthly visits were made to pick up ticks larger than 4mm from the right side of the animals. The total number of ticks was increased by two and divided between the total of sampled bovines per farm. Farm visits were adjusted to animals bath to allow the recovery of the tick population. B. microplus was detected in all sampled farms throughout the year. Media comparison statistic analyses were made and no differences were found among EZ, farms and seasons. On the contrary, there were important statistical differences between rainfall systems. The rainfall system 1, that included rain seasonality, showed larger tick infestations (p = 0.03). An isothermal and low variability regarding relative humidity situations were present in some of the areas included in this research. Bath intensity was lower to other past studies. Eventhough no differences were found between production systems, it is important to emphasize that bath intensity was higher in european cattle farms, in comparison to others of the same EZ, but of crossbred. A tick manual removable system was recommended in dual-purpose and specialized dairy farms with no more than 30-35 animals, as an alternative feasible system that significantly reduced acaricide use.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudio sobre la abundancia relativa de Boophilus microplus se realizó en diez fincas, distribuidas en ocho zonas ecológicas (ZE) y dos regímenes pluviales de Costa Rica. Se efectuaron visitas mensuales para recolectar garrapatas mayores de 4.5 mm del lado derecho de los animales. El número total de garrapatas se multiplicaba por dos y se dividía entre el total de animales muestreados durante la visita para determinar el promedio de garrapatas por finca. Se trató de adecuar la visita a la finca al baño de los animales para permitir la recuperación de la población de garrapatas. Se detectó B. microplus en todas las fincas muestreadas, a lo largo del año. Se hicieron análisis estadísticos de comparación de medias y no se encontraron diferencias entre ZE, fincas o épocas del año. Por el contrario, si hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los regímenes pluviales. El régimen pluvial 1, con estacionalidad de lluvias presentó mayores infestaciones de garrapatas (p = 0.03). Se nota una situación de isotermia y de poca variabilidad en cuanto a la humedad relativa en algunas de las zonas en estudio. La intensidad de los baños fue bastante inferior a otros estudios realizados en el pasado. Pese a que no se encontraron diferencias entre sistemas de producción, se hace énfasis en que las intensidades de baño fueron mayores en una finca de ganado europeo, en comparación con otra de la misma ZE, pero de ganado cruzado. Se recomienda el sistema de eliminación manual de garrapatas en las fincas de doble propósito y lechería especializada con cargas no mayores de 30-35 animales, como un sistema alternativo viable para reducir, de manera considerable, la aplicación de ixodicidas y con ello se logran una serie de ventajas importantes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>ticks</kwd>
<kwd>Boophilus microplus</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>livestock</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200016</article-id>
<title-group>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal Programa de la Garrapata</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal Unidad de Análisis de Riesgo</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Salud Animal </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>435</fpage>
<lpage>444</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The research describe the big amount of ticks of the Amblyomma genus, found on bovines through monthly samplings carried out in ten farms in eight ecological zones (EZ) of Costa Rica. Ticks larger than 4 mm were picked up from the right side of the animals during the visit. The study compiled meteorological information for some farms located in the experiment, showing that the most fluctuant variable is rainfall. The most important Amblyomma species found was A. cajennense. Amblyomma nymphs were found only from January to May, which coincides with the lower humidity season in the rain seasonality area; as for it is expected only one generation per year. In the lab work Amblyomma nymphs are kept to measure the moulting season and the surviving time under controlled conditions, but no major differences were found between both sexes. The surviving periods show that it is not possible to do a grazing land handling, in order to control this genus species. Adults of the genus Amblyomma are present through all the year, not showing any specific preference for a season. The research divided the investigation areas in rain seasonality and not-seasonality systems. The highest amount of Amblyomma is found given in the rain seasonality system or of Pacific influence. A. maculatum is present only in the EZ of Tropical Humid Forest transition to pre-montainous. Likewise, Ixodes boliviensis is found in the EZ of low mountainous Very Humid Forest.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudio describe la abundancia de garrapatas del género Amblyomma encontradas sobre bovino a través de muestreos mensuales llevados a cabo en diez fincas pertenecientes a ocho zonas ecológicas (ZE) de Costa Rica. Durante la visita se recolectaban garrapatas &gt;4 mm del lado derecho de los bovinos. El estudio recopiló información meteorológica para algunas de las fincas ubicadas en el ensayo, mostrando que la variable que más fluctúa es la de precipitación. La principal especie de Amblyomma encontrada fue A. cajennense. La presencia de ninfas del género Amblyomma se localizan solo en los meses de enero a mayo, coincidente con la época de menor humedad en la zona de estacionalidad de lluvias, por lo que es esperable solo una generación por año. En el trabajo de laboratorio se mantienen ninfas de Amblyomma a las cuales se les mide el tiempo de muda y de sobrevivencia bajo condiciones controladas, sin encontrar mayores diferencias entre sexo. Los períodos de sobrevivencia muestran la imposibilidad de efectuar un manejo de potreros con el fin de controlar a las especies de este género. La presencia de adultos del género Amblyomma es a lo largo del año sin presentar una preferencia particular por alguna época. El estudio dividió las zonas de estudio en régimen lluvioso estacional y régimen sin patrón de estacionalidad. La mayor presencia de adultos de Amblyomma se da precisamente en el de estacionalidad, o de influencia Pacífico. Se reporta la presencia de A. maculatum solo en la ZE correspondiente al Bosque húmedo Tropical transición a premontano. Igualmente, se informa de la presencia de Ixodes boliviensis en la ZE denominada Bosque muy húmedo Montano bajo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Amblyomma cajennense</kwd>
<kwd>Amblyomma maculatum</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Revision of the Natada fusca complex and description of six new Neotropical species (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Corrales</surname>
<given-names>Jorge F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Epstein</surname>
<given-names>Marc E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Department of Entomology</institution>
<addr-line>Washington, D.C </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>445</fpage>
<lpage>462</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Six new species in the genus Natada, which have been hidden under Natada fusca Druce, are described and defined primarily by genitalia. New species include N. burnsi, N. truncata, N. singulara, N. chaconi, N. covelli, and N. confusa. Five of eight species in the Natada fusca complex, which also includes N. fuscodivisa Dognin, occur in Costa Rica. Distribution of the complex ranges from Mexico to the upper Amazon Basin and Guianas. Detailed geographic information and multiple genitalic drawings of males of one species, N. confusa, are provided to help define and separate species. The lectotype and paralectotype of N. fusca are designated.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen seis nuevas especies en el género Natada, las cuales habían estado escondidas bajo el nombre Natada fusca Druce, que se definen principalmente por los genitales. La nuevas especies incluyen N. burnsi, N. truncata, N. singulara, N. chaconi, N. covelli, y N. confusa. Cinco de ocho especies en el complejo Natada fusca, que también incluye a N. fuscodivisa Dognin, están presentes en Costa Rica. La distribución del complejo tiene un ámbito desde México hasta el escudo del Amazonas y de las Guayanas. Se proporciona información geográfica detallada y múltiples dibujos de los genitales masculinos de la especie N. confusa, para ayudar a separar las especies. Se designaron el lectotipo y el paralectotipo de N. fusca.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Limacodidae</kwd>
<kwd>Natada fusca complex</kwd>
<kwd>Natada</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>larval host plants</kwd>
<kwd>defoliation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Life history of Manataria maculata (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) from Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Murillo</surname>
<given-names>L. Ricardo</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Insectos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>463</fpage>
<lpage>470</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The life history and early stages of the satyrine butterfly Manataria maculata are described and illustrated from Costa Rica. Eggs are laid on Lasiacis sp. (Panicoideae), a new non-bamboo host plant for the genus Manataria. The larval stage varied from 23 to 28 days, and the pupal duration was approximately 12 days when reared on Bambusa vulgaris and Guadua angustifolia in captivity at 23-24°C.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe e ilustran los estadios tempranos y la historia natura de Manataria maculata (Hopffer, 1874) de Costa Rica. Los huevos fueron encontrados en Lasiacis sp. (Panicoideae), una nueva planta hospedera para el género Manataria, y que no es un bambú. El estadio larval varió desde 23 a 28 días y el estadio pupal, aproximadamente 12 días cuando es criado con Bambusa vulgaris y Guadua angustifolia bajo condiciones de cautiverio a 23-24°C.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bambusa vulgaris</kwd>
<kwd>Guadua angustifolia</kwd>
<kwd>Lasiacis</kwd>
<kwd>Manataria</kwd>
<kwd>Natural History</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>Patelloa xanthura</kwd>
<kwd>Tachinidae</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variables ambientales y abundancia de los huevos de Anchoa mitchilli (Pisces: Engraulidae) en la laguna de Tamiahua, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas </institution>
<addr-line> México, D. F</addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades y Facultad de Ciencias </institution>
<addr-line> México D. F</addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de la Pesca  </institution>
<addr-line>Santa Cruz Atoyac México, D.F</addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>471</fpage>
<lpage>478</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Egg abundance of Anchoa mitchilli was studied in Laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz during three annual cycles (84-85, 85-86 and 86-87). Our goal was to detect areas and seasons with high egg abundance and the possible association of such areas and seasons with covariates such as temperature, salinity, transparency, depth, location, season and year. The association was tested statistically using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Gamma type error. The results suggest that not all the covariates considered have a significant effect on egg abundance (Student’s T, p&gt;0.005). The significant effects show the presence of a seasonal component and that the effect of salinity on egg abundance is conditional to location. High average egg abundances for the three annual cycles were observed during summer. The presence of significant interactions (Student’s T, p&lt;0.05) during the last two annual cycles shows that the variability of egg abundance is associated to surface temperature and salinity, conditionally to year.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la abundancia de huevos de Anchoa mitchilli (Cuvier y Valenciennes 1848) en la laguna de Tamiahua, Ver. durante tres ciclos anuales (84-85, 85-86 y 86-87), para determinar zonas y épocas de alta concentración de huevos y su posible asociación con variables como temperatura, salinidad, transparencia y profundidad, así como con factores espacio-temporales como posición geográfica, época climática y el ciclo anual de recolecta. Para probar estadísticamente la asociación de la abundancia de huevos con dichos factores y variables se ajusto un Modelo Lineal Generalizado (MLG) con error tipo Gamma. Los resultados del modelo ajustado sugieren que no todas las variables tienen un efecto significativo sobre la abundancia de huevos (t de Student, p &gt;0.05). Las variables que resultaron estadísticamente significativas indican la presencia de un componente estacional y que la salinidad tiene un efecto condicional a la localidad. Las mayores abundancias promedio durante los tres ciclos de recolecta ocurrieron siempre durante el verano. Asimismo, debido a la presencia de interacciones significativas (t de Student, p&lt;0.05) durante los dos últimos ciclos anuales, se puede afirmar que la variabilidad de la abundancia de los huevos de A. mitchilli está asociada a la temperatura y a la salinidad superficiales condicionalmente al año.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>generalized linear models</kwd>
<kwd>covariate analysis</kwd>
<kwd>seasonal abundance</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Larval, pre-juvenile and juvenile development of Diapterus peruvianus (Perciformes: Gerreidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina</institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development of Diapterus peruvianus (Sauvage 1879) is based on 60 larvae collected in superficial tows made in Bahía Concepción, and on 16 prejuvenile and juvenile organisms collected in Bahía de La Paz, B. C. S., México, using a standard plankton net and a rectangular epibenthonic net, respectively. Larvae of D. peruvianus show three large blotches on the dorsum of the gut that can fuse together and give the appearance of one large continuous blotch. There are two to three pre-anal pigments and 16 post-anal pigments in the ventral midline; cephalic pigments are present from the postflexion stage, as well as a serrated preoperculum. The prejuvenile and juvenile organisms are distinguished by their body depth, the analfin formula, the serrated preoperculum and the base pigments in the dorsal and anal fins.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El desarrollo de Diapterus peruvianus se analizó con base en 60 larvas recolectadas en Bahía Concepción y 16 pre-juveniles y juveniles recolectados en la Ensenada de La Paz, B. C. S. México, usando respectivamente, una red estándar de plancton en arrastres superficiales y una red epibentónica para arrastres de plancton. Las larvas presentan desde la pre-flexión tres manchas alargadas sobre la superficie dorsal de la masa visceral, que pueden unirse y dar apariencia de pigmentación continua, observándose hasta 16 pigmentos post-anales en la línea media ventral y de dos a tres pigmentos pre-anales; la pigmentación cefálica así como la forma aserrada del pre-opérculo característica del género, aparecen a partir de la post-flexión. Los organismos pre-juveniles y juveniles se distinguen por la profundidad del cuerpo, la fórmula de la aleta anal, la fina forma aserrada del pre-opérculo y la pigmentación en la base de las aletas dorsal y anal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diapterus peruvianus</kwd>
<kwd>Gerreidae</kwd>
<kwd>larvae</kwd>
<kwd>juvenile</kwd>
<kwd>development</kwd>
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</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>489</fpage>
<lpage>502</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, aspects of the reproductive biology of Lutjanus peru that can be used for the fishery management are described. Samples were taken monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches in the southern coast of Guerrero, Mexico. A global sex ratio of 1:1.37 (M:F) was found, but the sex ratio was highly variable each month. The condition factor, gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic and stomach fullness indexes were analyzed. None of the morphophysiological indexes showed any clear tendency. From 377 gonads, both male and female, five developmental stages were characterized for each sex. L. peru shows asynchronous gonad development and multiple spawning. Two spawning period were observed in 1993 (March, and August-September) and three in 1994 (April-May, July-August, and November), with a maximun in August of both years. Length at first maturity for the females of L. peru was estimated at 295 mm fork length.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este trabajo se describen aspectos de la biología reproductiva de Lutjanus peru que se pueden usar para el manejo de su pesquería. Se realizaron recolectas, mensualmente durante 1993 y 1994, a partir de las capturas comerciales del litoral sur de Guerrero, México. Se encontró una proporción sexual global de 1:1.37 (M:H); sin embargo la proporción sexual de cada mes fue muy variable. Se analizó el factor de condición y los índices de repleción gástrica, hepatosomático y gonadosomático. Ninguno de los índices morfofisiológicos mostró tendencias claras. A partir de 377 gónadas, tanto de machos como de hembras, se caracterizaron histológicamente cinco estadios de desarrollo gonádico en cada sexo. L. peru presenta desarrollo gonadal asincrónico y desoves múltiples. Se observaron dos períodos de desove en 1993 (marzo y agosto-septiembre) y tres en 1994 (abril-mayo, julio-agosto y noviembre), con máximos en agosto de ambos años. La talla de primera madurez de las hembras de L. peru se estimó en 295 mm de longitud furcal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Lutjanidae</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>gonadal development</kwd>
<kwd>first maturity</kwd>
<kwd>West central México</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hábitos alimentarios de Lutjanus peru (Pisces: Lutjanidae) en las costas de Guerrero, México</article-title>
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<surname>Santamaría Miranda</surname>
<given-names>Apolinar</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CIIDIR Sinaloa  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CICIMAR - IPN Depto. Pesquerías y Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Escuela Superior de Ecología Marina Gran Vía Tropical  </institution>
<addr-line>Acapulco </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>503</fpage>
<lpage>517</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper we describe the feeding habits of the Red snapper (Lutjanus peru) in the southern coast of Guerrero state, Mexico. This data could be relevant to local fisheries management. In total 385 full stomachs (206 from females and 179 from males) were collected monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches. Stomach contents were identified to species level when possible. Food items were grouped into taxonomically coherent groups, and their numbers, weight and frequency of occurrence obtained. The index of relative importance (IRI) was calculated for the total sample, by month, sex and size class. In 1993, a total of 42 different food items were obtained, and 43 in 1994. Food items consisted of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks. The grouping of prey species, genera, or families rendered 14 food groups, as follows: Mollusks, Amphipods, Copepods, Stomatopods, Penaeus vannamei, Brachiuran Larvae, Stomatopods Larvae, Family Albuneidae Larvae, Other crustaceans, Anchoa ischana, Anchoa lucida, Other fishes, Salps and Unidentified organic matter. Anchoa ischana dominated the trophic spectrum in both years. Although, Amphipods, Anchoa lucida and Other fishes had important indexes in 1994. There was high variability in the diet composition by month. Nevertheless, in 1993, from February to August, crustaceans as a whole dominated the diet. In 1994, crustaceans only dominated in March and August. No differences in food habits were found between immature fish, males and females. The diet of the Red snapper varies as they grow, although the same food groups are found always. At the adult phase, in length classes over 261 mm FL, there is some degree of specialization, as they consume more fish, particularly engraulids.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este artículo se describen los hábitos alimentarios del huachinango del Pacífico Lutjanus peru en la costa sur del estado de Guerrero, México. Estos datos son importantes para el manejo de las pesquerías locales. A partir de capturas comerciales, se recolectaron 385 estómagos llenos (206 de hembras y 179 de machos) en total, mensualmente, durante 1993 y 1994. El contenido estomacal se identificó hasta el nivel de especie cuando fue posible. Los elementos alimentarios se agruparon taxonómicamente, y se cuantificaron, se pesaron y se obtuvo la frecuencia de aparición. Se calculó el índice de importancia relativa (IIR) del total de la muestra, por meses, por sexos y tallas. Se obtuvieron 42 elementos alimentarios en total, en 1993, y 43 en 1994. En 1993 La dieta estuvo constituida por peces, crustáceos y moluscos. El agrupamiento de las especies, géneros o familias presa produjo 14 grupos alimentarios, de la siguiente forma: Moluscos, Anfípodos, Copépodos, Estomatópodos, Penaeus vannamei, Larvas de braquiuros, Larvas de estomatópodos, Larvas de la familia Albuneidae, Otros crustáceos, Anchoa ischana, Anchoa lucida, Otros peces, Salpas, Moni. Anchoa ischana dominó el espectro trófico ambos años. Pero, los Anfípodos, Anchoa lucida y Otros peces tuvieron índices importantes en 1994. Existió una gran variabilidad en la composición de la dieta de cada mes. Sin embargo, los crustáceos en conjunto dominaron la dieta de febrero a agosto de 1993. En 1994, los crustáceos sólo fueron dominantes en marzo y agosto. No se encontraron diferencias en la dieta de peces inmaduros, machos y hembras. La dieta del huachinango del Pacífico varía con el crecimiento, aunque siempre se encuentran los mismos grupos de alimento. En la fase adulta, en clases de longitud mayores a 261 mm LF, existe un cierto grado de especialización, ya que consumen más peces, principalmente engráulidos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lutjanus peru</kwd>
<kwd>feeding habits</kwd>
<kwd>Numeric Index</kwd>
<kwd>Gravimetric Index</kwd>
<kwd>Index of Relative Importance</kwd>
<kwd>West central Mexico</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Age determination of Anisotremus interruptus (Perciformes: Haemulidae) by scale reading, in the coast of Colima, Mexico</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
<addr-line> México, D.F.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CRIP-Manzanillo  </institution>
<addr-line>Manzanillo Colima</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CRIP-Manzanillo  </institution>
<addr-line>Manzanillo Colima</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>519</fpage>
<lpage>528</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper deals with the age determination in Anisotremus interruptus by reading of scales that allowed the identification of 9 age groups. The width of the growth rings diminishes as the age increases. The growth of the scales is proportional to the fish growth. The period of highest growth rate happens during the first year of life. During the first year A. interruptus grows 12.52 cm, the second year 4.95 cm and the third, 4.60 cm. The strategy of the quick growth during the first year of life allows A. interruptus to diminish the natural mortality.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente estudio se analiza la determinación de la edad de Anisotremus interruptus por medio del análisis de sus escamas. El estudio de las mismas permitió la identificación de 9 grupos de edad. La amplitud de los anillos de crecimiento disminuye conforme se incrementa la edad del pez. El crecimiento de las escamas es proporcional al del pez. El periodo de mayor crecimiento en longitud se presenta durante el primer año de vida del organismo, en el que A. interruptus crece 12.52 cm, en el segundo año 4.95 cm y en el tercero 4.60 cm. La estrategia de crecimiento rápido durante el primer año de vida permite a este organismo disminuir la mortalidad natural.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anisotremus interruptus</kwd>
<kwd>age determination</kwd>
<kwd>scales</kwd>
<kwd>back-calculation</kwd>
<kwd>age validation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Four new species of eastern tropical Pacific jawfishes (Opistognathus: Opistognathidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County  </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Three of four new jawfishes described herein have sexually dimorphic jaws and dichromatic maxillary markings: O. smithvanizi, with a simple nasal cirrus, buccal pigmentation and other traits similar to members of the O. macrognathus group, is known only from Isla del Caño, a continental shelf island off southern Costa Rica; O. fossoris, with a multifid nasal cirrus, a broaddorsal membranous subopercular flap and a black spot on tips of first dorsal-fin spines lives in the Gulf of California and is a sister-species of O. galapagensis; the maxilla of O. walkeri terminates in a flexible scimitar-shaped lamina in adults of both sexes, but is longer in males, the species lacks nasal cirri and is also restricted to the Gulf of California. Opistognathus brochus is a small species with dark speckling on head and body, and several dark blotches along the dorsal fin and two bars on the tail; it is found in moderately deep water on the Costa Rican coast and Gulf of California. Opistognathus mexicanus is placed in the synonymy of O. punctatus. Opistognathus galapagensis, O. rhomaleus and O. fenmutis are recorded for the first time from Costa Rica and a description of the latter is given and an identification key and summary table are provided for all known eastern Pacific species of Opistognathus.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Tres de las cuatro especies nuevas presentan dimorfismo sexual respecto a la longitud maxilar: O. smithvanizi, con un cirro nasal sencillo, pigmentación bucal, y otras características similares a las de los miembros del grupo O. macrognathus, fue descubierto únicamente frente a la Isla del Caño, una isla de la plataforma continental de Costa Rica; O. fossoris, con un cirro nasal ramificado, una lengüeta carnosa ancha en el borde dorsal del subopérculo, y una manchita negra en las primeras puntas de la aleta dorsal, habita en el Golfo de California y es la especie-hermana de O. galapagensis; la maxila de O. walkeri termina posteriormente en una lámina delgada curva en ambos sexos, pero más pronunciada en machos, carece de cirro nasal y también es del Golfo de California. Opistognathus brochus es una especie pequeña con pocas marcas en cabeza y cuerpo, y con varias manchas oscuras a lo largo de la aleta dorsal; se encuentra en aguas medianamente profundas en la costa costarricense y en el Golfo de California. Se considera Opistognathus mexicanus como sinónimo de O. punctatus. Se informa por primera vez la presencia de O. galapagensis, O. rhomaleus y O. fenmutis en aguas costarricenses y se presenta una descripción de ese. Una clave provisional y un cuadro de características permite la identificación de todas las especies de Opistognathus conocidas en el Pacífico oriental.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>New species</kwd>
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<kwd>jawfishes</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Galapagos</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Crustaceans (5 families, 10 species) and fish (38 families, 101 species) were captured (October 27 through November 3, 1979) from the R/V &quot;Vikheim&quot; (Cruise 7901) in the Colombian Caribbean, at a 10-630 m, depth range (Metapeneopsis shrimp, 26 species of fishes new for the trawling bottom and, Squalus cubensis, Chlorophthalmus agassizi, and, Neoepinnula orientalis), new fishes records for the Caribbean of Colombia.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The influence of the lunar phases on the catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) of the striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) captured by the Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico sport-fishing fleet from October 1987 to June 1989 was analyzed. The information is from 3 377 fishing trips by 13 vessels that represent about 10 % of the fleet. The analysis of the CPUE showed a maximum in January 1988 and a minimum in February 1989. Taking into account the knowledge of the factors that had influence on the fishing success is important in the resource management. No significant difference during the full moon compared with results during other lunar phases was found.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The spawning season of the tonguefish Syacium ovale (Günter 1864) was determined by an analysis of the distribution of preflexion stage larvae in the Gulf of California. The larvae were collected during eight oceanographic surveys between 1984 and 1987. The spawning of this species starts in early summer and ends at the beginning of fall, with the highest reproductive activity in mid summer. The central and southern regions of the Gulf are the most important reproductive area. Spawning is associated with high sea surface temperatures and low plankton biomass, both of which are characteristics of the tropical current that invades the study area during summer.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución y abundancia de Caiman crocodilus en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales y Vida Silvestre</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>561</fpage>
<lpage>570</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The distribution and abundance of a population of Caiman crocodilus fuscus were estimated by monthly counting of eyeshines at night, from February 1999 to March 2000 in six transects of Río Frío in the Caño Negro National Refuge (RNVSCN), Northern Costa Rica. March was the month with the greatest abundance of caimans observed. The visible fraction of the population (PV2 index) fluctuated between 42.59 % to 54.71 % during the wet season and 35.49 % to 53.93 % in the dry season. The transects of river with greater abundance of caimans were Terrón-Sabogal and Sabogal-Playuela. Significant differences were determined in the abundance of caimans between transects, except the transects Entrada San Sebastían-Las Cubas and Las Cubas-Entrada Caño Los Patos and Entrada Caño Los Patos-Terrón and Boca Sabogal-Playuela. The population of estimated brown caiman in this study was 2283.48 ± 313.5. The statistical analysis by seasons did not show significant differences in the number of caimans observed. Estimated mean number of caimans per km of river was 74.36 /km for 30.7 km of habitat. The results of this study indicated that the fluctuation in population density during the seasons is attributable to local movements.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la abundancia y población de Caiman crocodilus fuscus, entre febrero 1999 y marzo 2000, en seis transectos del río Frío dentro del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro en la Zona Noreste de Costa Rica, mediante censos nocturnos utilizando el método de fracción visible. Marzo presentó las mayores densidades y abundancia de caimanes. La fracción visible de caimanes fluctuó entre 42.59 % y 54.71 % en la estación lluviosa y entre 35.49 % y 53.93% en la estación seca. Los transectos con mayor abundancia de caimanes fueron Terrón-Boca Sabogal y Boca Sabogal-Playuela. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la abundancia de caimanes entre transectos, a excepción de los sectores Entrada Caño San Sebastián-Las Cubas y Las Cubas-Entrada Caño Los Patos y Entrada Caño Los Patos-Terrón y Boca Sabogal-Playuela. Se estimó una población de 2283.48 ± 313.5 caimanes para el río Frío dentro del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro (RNVSCN). El número de caimanes observados por estación no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellas. El número de caimanes por km lineal de ribera fue de 74.36 individuos para 30.7 km de hábitat (ámbito entre 17.29 y 139.06 ind./km) y corresponde a la densidad más alta reportada para la especie. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la fluctuación en la densidad poblacional de caimanes en el río Frío dentro del RNVSCN puede ser atribuida a los movimientos locales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</kwd>
<kwd>population density</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000200029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dieta del capibara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) en Caño Limón, Arauca, Colombia</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Los Andes Bogotá</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Los Andes Bogotá</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>571</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the composition and seasonal variation of the diet of the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) in the flooded savannas of Caño Limón, Colombia. This was achieved by direct observation of the consumption patterns of these animals. The capybaras only consumed plants, and their diet included 89 species of 22 families. Sixty three percent of these plant species had not been reported before. The most commonly consumed plants (94% of the diet), belonged to the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Leguminosae and Pontederiaceae. Only seven species represented 60% of the total diet: the grasses Hymenachne amplexicaulis (16.9%), Digitaria bicornis (4.5%) and Panicum maximum (4.4%) and the Cyperaceae Rynchospora corymbosa (4.4%). There was seasonal variation in the diet composition of capybaras.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la composición y variación estacional de la dieta del chigüiro (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) en los esteros de Caño Limón, por medio de observaciones directas del consumo de las plantas. Los chigüiros se alimentaron exclusivamente de plantas y su dieta estuvo compuesta por 89 especies, pertenecientes a 22 familias. El 63 % de las especies son nuevos registros para la dieta del chigüiro. Las cuatro familias mas consumidas fueron Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Leguminosae y Pontederiaceae, las cuales representaron el 94% del total de la dieta. Solo siete especies representaron el 60% del total de la dieta, así: los pastos Hymenachne amplexicaulis (16.9%), Digitaria bicornis (10.9%), Paspalum fasciculatum (10.9%), Cynodon dactylon (6.8%), Urochloa arrecta (4.5%) y Panicum maximum (4.4%) y la ciperácea Rynchospora corymbosa (4.4%). Se presentó variación en la composición de la dieta de los chigüiros durante las épocas de muestreo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>capybara</kwd>
<kwd>chigüiro</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>Hydrochaeris</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000200030</article-id>
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<institution>,Museo de Zoología El Colegio de la Frontera Sur </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<fpage>591</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We carried out surveys realized field work from March to September 2000 to get the current distribution of Cebids in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Based on interviews and direct observations. We defined the distribution of Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis and Alouatta pigra and we documented the first time localities where Allouata palliata is found in the state. We made distributional maps of each species using vegetation overlays from Inventario Nacional Forestal (Inv For) and each point documented during fieldwork. We presented the distribution of species according to confiability of the verified or expected data. Using the attributes table of Inv For, we calculated the areas of distribution which were 22 735 km² for Alouatta sp. and 18 501km² for A. g. yucatanensis. We also presented the area occupied by each species according to vegetation types and the relative proportion of these vegetation types in the state. We confirmed the ability of Alouatta sp. to survive in disturbed environments produced by habitat fragmentation, and the affinity of A. g. yucatanesis to well preserved habitats.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Realizamos recorridos de campo durante la temporada de marzo a septiembre del 2000 para obtener la distribución actual de cébidos presentes en el estado de Campeche, México. Por medio de encuestas y observaciones directas, se determinó la distribución de Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis, Alouatta pigra y se documentó por primera vez localidades en Campeche donde se encuentra Alouatta palliata mexicana. Se elaboraron mapas de distribución de las especies con la ayuda de los paquetes ArcInfo y ArcView por medio de la sobreposición de coberturas de vegetación, obtenidas en el Inventario Nacional Forestal (1995) y los puntos de registro obtenidos durante el trabajo de campo. En los mapas se presenta la distribución verificada y probable de cada especie. Con la ayuda de los atributos de dicho inventario se calcularon las áreas de distribución confiable resultando 22 736 km 2 para Alouatta sp. y 18 501 km 2 para A. g. yucatanensis. Se presenta la superficie ocupada por cada especie en los diferentes tipos de vegetación y el porcentaje respectivo, así como el porcentaje de ocupación de las especies en el territorio del Estado, para la discusión de las afinidades ecológicas. Para Alouatta, se corroboró su capacidad para soportar la presión de encontrase en ambientes perturbados ocasionados por la fragmentación del hábitat, al ser este ambiente el ocupado con mayor proporción por este género. En el caso de A. g. yucatanensis encontramos que presenta una mayor afinidad a los ambientes no perturbados.</p></abstract>
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