<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300001</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>621</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>An event characterized by sudden increase in phytoplankton population, in the sea or aqueous environment, is often designated by different Spanish terms that attempt to describe the nature, aspect, characteristics, and/or properties of such phenomena. In this communication, we discuss the convenience of reaching an agreement among the Spanish-speaking scientific community to use a simple Spanish term that could be much more informative and accurate when referring to Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), in general. Summarizing the different Spanish terms historically employed to describe the proliferation of noxious phytoplankton in the sea, we propose &quot;Proliferación Microalgal Nociva&quot; (PMN = HAB) as a term that, on the basis of its etymological meaning could be considered correct. Its use could help to avoid the prevailing confusion in our language caused by different misleading terms now employed when referring to a Harmful Algal Bloom event</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un evento caracterizado por el incremento súbito de la población de fitoplancton, ya sea en el mar o en un ambiente acuoso, es frecuentemente citado en la literatura con diferentes términos que intentan describir la naturaleza, aspecto, características y/o propiedades del fenómeno. En este documento, discutimos la conveniencia de lograr el consenso en la comunidad científica de habla hispana para utilizar todos un término que puede ser mas informativo y preciso al referirse a los eventos HABs (Inglés: Harmful Algal Blooms), en general. Revisando los diferentes vocablos utilizados en el castellano históricamente para describir la proliferación de fitoplancton nocivo en el mar, proponemos el término de &quot;Proliferación Microalgal Nociva (PMN = HAB), que en base a su acepción etimológica puede ser considerado como correcto. Su utilización podría servir para evitar la confusión en nuestro lenguaje causada por diferentes términos erróneos empleados al referirse a un evento que en Inglés es actualmente referido como Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Harmful Algal Blooms</kwd>
<kwd>Microalgae</kwd>
<kwd>Phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>Proliferation</kwd>
<kwd>Red Tides</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biodegradation of polythene bags and plastic cups was analyzed after 2, 4, 6, and 9 months of incubation in the mangrove soil. The biodegradation of polythene bags was significantly higher (up to 4.21% in 9 months) than that of plastic cups (up to 0.25% in 9 months). Microbial counts in the degrading materials were recorded up to 79.67 x 10 4 per gram for total heterotrophic bacteria, and up to 55.33 x 10 2 per gram for fungi. The microbial species found associated with the degrading materials were identified as five Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria, and eight fungal species of Aspergillus. The species that were predominant were Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus (Gram +ve), Moraxella, and Pseudomonas (Gram -ve) and two species of fungi (Aspergillus glaucus and A. niger). Efficacy of the microbial species in degradation of plastics and polythene was analyzed in shaker cultures. Among the bacteria, Pseudomonas species degraded 20.54% of polythene and 8.16% of plastics in one-month period. Among the fungal species, Aspergillus glaucus degraded 28.80% of polythene and 7.26% of plastics in one-month period. This work reveals that the mangrove soil is a good source of microbes capable of degrading polythene and plastics</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rhizophora</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Programa de Investigación Científica Aplicada  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>635</fpage>
<lpage>638</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>For the sub-chronic toxicity an aqueous preparation of Plantago major leaves was tested in 20 male NGP mice, with an average weight of 20.15 g and separated in two groups of ten individuals each. The dose used was 2000 mg/kg and the control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water. The extract administration was done daily during five days at week for a total period of 40 days. Signs of sub-chronic toxicity were observed in the days two and 12 of treatment. No significant change in corporal weight was observed. The ocular irritation was tested in five New Zeland male rabbits, with an average weight of 3.640 kg. The dose used was a 200 µl the preparation (100 mg/ml) of Plantago major leaves, instill into the right eye and the control was used the left eye instill 200 µl of distilled water. The administration was done daily during five days. The extract shows no significant irritation during the observation period</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizaron 20 ratones albinos de la cepa NGP, machos, distribuidos en dos grupos de diez ratones cada uno con peso promedio de 20.15 ± 0.059 g los animales que recibieron el tratamiento (2000 mg/kg) y de 21.62 ± 0.03 g los animales que recibieron el control (0.5 ml de agua desionizada). Todos los tratamientos fueron administrados diariamente durante 5 días consecutivos por semana durante un período total de 40 días. No se presentó mortalidad con la dosis administrada por vía oral, sin embargo los animales presentaron disminución del reflejo de enderezamiento, de la actividad prensil anterior y posterior y de la reacción de alarma. Para la prueba de irritabilidad ocular se utilizaron 5 conejos de la cepa New Zeland, machos con peso promedio de 3.640 Kg. Se inoculó el ojo derecho con 200 µl del preparado acuoso (100 mg/ml) y el ojo izquierdo se instiló con 200 µl de agua destilada. La inoculación se realizó diariamente por un periodo de 5 días consecutivos, no se observó ninguna manifestación de irritabilidad ocular en el ojo de los conejos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Plantago major</kwd>
<kwd>Plantaginaceae</kwd>
<kwd>sub-chronic toxicity</kwd>
<kwd>irritation ocular</kwd>
<kwd>herbal medicine</kwd>
<kwd>llantén</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">In vitro multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi in mouse, rat, and hamster astrocytes</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Departamento de Parasitología</institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The infection and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi were compared in primary cultures of white rat, mouse and hamster astrocytes. These cells were cultured on cover slides and infected with T. gondii tachyzoites or T. cruzi blood trypomastigotes. Results show that hamster astrocytes are more susceptible to the multiplication of both parasites than rat and mouse cells. There was no statistical difference between the T. gondii infection in rat and mouse astrocytes (p&lt;0.05), and this suggests an important role of other mechanisms or cells in the white rat natural resistance to this parasite. Because the hamster astrocytes are less resistant to these parasites multiplication and not necessarily to the invasion, any difference observed could be due to an intracellular effect: hamster brain astrocytes favor survival and multiplication of these parasites</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
<kwd>cell culture</kwd>
<kwd>astrocyte</kwd>
<kwd>rat</kwd>
<kwd>mouse</kwd>
<kwd>hamster</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Phytomedicinal potential of tropical cloudforest plants from Monteverde, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Alabama in Huntsville Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Alabama </addr-line>
<country>U.S.A</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Alabama in Huntsville Department of Chemistry </institution>
<addr-line>Alabama </addr-line>
<country>U.S.A</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Mississippi Medical Center Department of Microbiology </institution>
<addr-line>Mississippi </addr-line>
<country>U.S.A</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Central America  </institution>
<addr-line>Missouri </addr-line>
<country>U.S.A</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>673</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A pharmacological survey of plants from Monteverde, Costa Rica, including 165 species representing 61 families has been carried out. Crude plant extracts have been tested for in-vitro bactericidal and fungicidal activity as well as cytotoxic and anti-herpes activity. Of these, 123 extracts exhibited notable cytotoxicity, 62 showed antibacterial activity, 4 showed antifungal activity, and 8 showed promising antiviral activity. Thus, 101 of the plant species examined in this work, or 62%, showed marked bioactivity in one or more bioassays. These results underscore the phytomedicinal potential of Neotropical cloud forests</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un análisis farmacológico de plantas de Monteverde, Costa Rica, que incluye 165 especies representantes de 61 familias. Se probó in-vitro la actividad bactericida y fungicida, así como la actividad citotóxica y anti-herpes de extractos crudos de plantas. De estos, 123 extractos exhibieron una notable citotoxicidad, 62 mostraron actividad antibacterial, 4 presentaron actividad antihongos, y 8 mostraron una promisoria actividad antiviral. Así, de las 101 especies de plantas examinadas en este trabajo, 62% presentaron una marcada actividad biológica en uno o más de los bioensayos. Estos resultados subrayan el potencial fitomédico de los bosques nubosos Neotropicales</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Antibacterial activity</kwd>
<kwd>antifungal activity</kwd>
<kwd>antiherpes activity</kwd>
<kwd>cytotoxic activity</kwd>
<kwd>Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fase sexual de los helechos Odontosoria schlechtendalii y Odontosoria scandens (Dennstaedtiaceae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Granados</surname>
<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pérez-García</surname>
<given-names>Blanca</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mendoza</surname>
<given-names>Aniceto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Área de Botánica Estructural y Sistemática Vegetal Depto. de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Iztapalapa </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>675</fpage>
<lpage>681</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The results of morphogenesis studies of the sexual phase of Odontosoria schlechtendalii and O. scandens are presented in this paper. In O. schlechtendalii and O. scandens the spores are triletes, non-chlorophyllous, and germinación is of the Vittaria-type, devoid of perine, the exine is smoth and sometimes coarsely ridged to reticulate. The development pattern is of the Adiantum-type. The adult gametophyte is cordate-spathulate, with probable presence of anteridiogen in O. schlechtendalii, both species are glabrous. Sex organs are of the common type of the leptosporangiate ferns. The first leaves appeared after 56-92 days of culture, with petiole and plate divide narrow, trichomes bifurcate and stomate anomocytic</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los resultados de los estudios sobre morfogénesis de la fase sexual de Odontosoria schlechtendalii y O. scandens son presentados en este trabajo. En O. schechlechtendalii y O. scandens las esporas son triletes, no clorofílicas, carecen de perina, la exina es lisa, ligeramente granulada a retuculata y la germinación es tipo Vittaria. El patrón de desarrollo protálico es tipo Adiantum. Los gametófitos adultos son cordiforme espatulados, con la probable presencia de anteridiógenos en O. schlechtendalii, ambas especies son glabras. Los organos sexuales son del tipo común de los helechos leptosporangiados. Las primeras hojas aparecen a los 56-92 días de cultivo, cuyo pecíolo y lámina es angostamente dividida, con tricomas bifurcados y estomas anomocíticos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Greater Antilles</kwd>
<kwd>Dennstaedtiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>gametophyte</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>morphogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Odontosoria</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this work, it was achieved to stablish in vitro shoots of Cryptomeria japonica from 20 year old trees. The shoots were disinfected and treated with six different concentrations of kinetin and belciladenine in order to induce their development and budding. It was evaluated the effect of quality and lighting intensity on these using for this orange light at 20 µEs-1 m -2 and white light at 30 µEs-1 m-2 . For shoots rooting it was used different concentrations of NAA (naftalen acetic acid) and IBA (indolbutiric acid) alone or combined. BA and KIN induced the bud formation in Cryptomeria but it was observed the best budding with BA at 9.1µM. White light and orange light promoved the growth of explants as well as the growth of new buds but it was higher with orange light. The bud rooting was observed but it was not posible to find the best auxin concentration for rooting because of the plentiful callus formation on the base of explants and the root formation was very sporadic. The rooted shoots were placed on a substrate for their acclimatation in greenhouse conditions</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Cryptomeria japonica</kwd>
<kwd>micropropagation</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Inter and intraspecific variation on reproductive phenology of the Brazilian Atlantic forest Rubiaceae: ecology and phylogenetic constraints</article-title>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The reproductive phenology of seven species of Rubiaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest was compared to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic constraints on flowering and fruiting phenologies. Since phenological patterns can be affected by phylogenetic constraints, we expected that reproductive phenology would be similar among plants within a family or genus, occurring during the same time (or season) of the year. Observations on flowering and fruiting phenology were carried out monthly, from December 1996 to January 1998, at Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Nine phenological variables were calculated to characterize, quantify and compare the reproductive phenology of the Rubiaceae species. The flowering patterns were different among the seven species studied, and the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences in flowering duration, first flowering, peak flowering and flowering synchrony. The peaks and patterns of fruiting intensity were different among the Rubiaceae species studied and they differed significantly from conspecifics in the phenological variables fruiting duration, fruiting peak date, and fruiting synchrony (Kruskal-Wallis test). Therefore, we found no evidence supporting the phylogenetic hypotheses, and climate does not seem to constrain flowering and fruiting patterns of the Rubiaceae species in the understory of the Atlantic forest</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La fenología reproductiva de siete especies de Rubiaceae de una selva pluvial tropical Atlántica fue comparada para avaluar la presencia de limitaciones filogenéticas en los patrones de floración y fructificación. Dado que los patrones fenológicos puedan ser afectados por limitaciones filogenéticas, nosotros esperamos que la fenología reproductiva podría ser similar en plantas de una familia o género, en la misma estación durante el año. Las observaciones de la fenología de floración y fructificación fueron hechas mensualmente, de diciembre de 1996 a enero de 1998, en el Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Nueve variables fenológicas fueron calculadas para caracterizar, cuantificar y comparar la fenología reproductiva de las especies de Rubiaceae. Los patrones de floración fueron diferentes entre las siete especies, el análisis de Kruskall Wallis indicó diferencias significativas en la duración, fecha de inicio, fecha de producción máxima y sincronía de floración. Los patrones de fructificación fueron diferentes entre las especies estudiadas y fueron también significativamente diferentes en las variables fenológicas: duración, fecha de producción máxima y sincronía de fructificación. Por lo tanto, nosotros no encontramos evidencias para apoyar la hipótesis filogenética y el clima parece no ser un fuerte limitante en los patrones de floración y fructificación de las especies estudiadas en el sotobosque de la floresta Atlántica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>synchrony</kwd>
<kwd>flowering</kwd>
<kwd>fruiting</kwd>
<kwd>Rubiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Atlantic Forest</kwd>
<kwd>Psychotria</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Compatibilidad sexual entre dos tipos de Hylocerus (Cactaceae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castillo M</surname>
<given-names>Roberta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Livera M</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brechú F</surname>
<given-names>Alicia E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Márquez-Guzmán</surname>
<given-names>Judith</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Quintana Roo  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Colegio de Postgraduados  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,UNAM Facultad de Ciencias </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>699</fpage>
<lpage>705</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>There are two types of pitahaya that are cultivated in Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. They differ mainly in the skin color of the fruit, one of them has a red skin (Uqroo1), while the other has a light yellow skin (Uqroo2) both belong to Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britt. &amp; Rose. The yellow skin pitahaya is the sweetest. The studies were conducted using the methods of self pollination and cross pollination, with direct crosses and reciprocal pollination in order to evaluate the effect related to the quantity of fruits that accomplish their growing process. Some characteristic parameters of fruits, thus obtained, were used to detect the possible xenic effect. The control samples were collected from naturally pollinated flowers. The experimental design used was completely random and the experiment was repeated fifteen times. The results revealed that the Uqroo1 turned out to be self-compatible, and their fruits reached one hundred percent of development. On the other hand, Uqroo2 was self-incompatible, that is, it did not accept self pollen. The control samples of both types reached the same weight, and the fruits of the Uqroo2 produced by cross pollination had the same or more weight than the control samples. Several parameters were positively correlated. The coefficient between the number of seeds and the fruit weight was r= 0.84. The highest correlation that was found (r = 0.97) in the fruit weight and the pulp weight within both types. The fruits obtained by cross-pollination maintained the characteristic of the female progenitor. It is suggest intercalate the yellow pitahaya plants with another types or species of pitahaya, other than the Uqroo1</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Dos de los tipos de pitahaya mas cultivados en la Península de Yucatán, México, difieren principalmente por el color de su cáscara, el primero es de color rojo (Uqroo1), perteneciente a Hylocereus undatus, mientras que en el segundo es color amarillo claro (Uqroo2), hasta el momento también identificado como H. undatus; este último es mas dulce. En ambos tipos de pitahayas, se realizaron autopolinizaciones y polinizaciones cruzadas directas y recíprocas, con el propósito de evaluar el efecto en la cantidad de frutos que lograron su desarrollo. Se midieron algunas variables para detectar la influencia del progenitor paterno en algunas características del fruto. Los testigos se obtuvieron de flores polinizadas libremente. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar, con 15 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se encontró que Uqroo1 es autocompatible, mientras que Uqroo2 es autoincompatible. Los testigos de ambos tipos alcanzaron el mismo peso, y los frutos de Uqroo2 logrados por polinización cruzada tuvieron un peso similar al de los testigos o fueron significativamente mas pesados. Algunas variables resultaron positivamente correlacionados; el coeficiente entre el número de semillas y el peso total del fruto fue de r = 0.84. La correlación mas alta (r = 0.97) resultó entre el peso total y el peso de la pulpa. En los frutos obtenidos por polinización cruzada prevalecieron las características del progenitor materno. Se recomienda cultivar la Pitahaya blanca con otro tipo de pitahaya, además de Uqroo1</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hylocereus</kwd>
<kwd>pollination</kwd>
<kwd>compatibility system</kwd>
<kwd>pitahaya</kwd>
<kwd>Cactaceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Ciencias Naturales (Sección de Biología) </institution>
<addr-line>San Ramón </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>707</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the morfological diversity in fruits and seeds in 38 wild populations of Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus (lima beans) in the central valley of Costa Rica. In order to do so, measured the lenght and width of the fruits and the lenght, width and thickness of seeds. We also calculated the ratio between these traits and determined the weight of 100 seeds. In general, we found significant variation between populations for all variables. When we grouped the 38 populations into eight geographical regions within the study area, we found significant differences between regions. However, the levels of variation between populations within geographical regions was larger than that found between geographical regions. These findings suggested that there is no clear relationship between these variables and the geographical grouping established in this study. The implications of these findings for the establishment of strategies for in situ conservation of wild populations of lima beans are discussed</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la diversidad morfológica de frutos y semillas de 38 poblaciones silvestres de Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus (frijol lima) en el Valle Central de Costa Rica. Para ello se determinó la variación en el largo y ancho de vaina, el largo, ancho y grosor de las semillas, la razón entre estas variables y el peso promedio de 100 semillas. En términos generales, se puede afirmar que existen diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones analizadas para todas estas variables. Cuando se agruparon las 38 poblaciones en ocho regiones geográficas dentro del área de estudio, se encontró que existían diferencias significativas entre distintas regiones, pero la variación entre las poblaciones de cada región era mayor que aquella encontrada entre regiones. Estos resultados sugieren que no existe asociación entre estas variables y la región geográfica. Se analizó la utilidad de estos resultados para el desarrollo de estrategias para la conservación in situ de las poblaciones silvestres de Phaseolus lunatus</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Mesoamerica</kwd>
<kwd>morphological variation</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442003000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Polimorfismo en Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (Fabaceae). Evidencias que indican hibridación natural</article-title>
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<fpage>725</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A polymorphic population of Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus growing at the Northwest of Argentina was studied. In order to know the origin of this polymorphism, some plants belonging to the var. aborigineus, other plants showing floral dimorphism and other individuals with particular characters were collected. Their seeds, obtained after field-work treatments of autogamy and free pollination, were sown in a green-house, isolated of the access of pollinators. The growth of each plant was followed until its fructification, and the number of plants that died due to infections was recorded. The number of plants that flowered and fructified was registered in order to study their reproductive success. The floral, fruit and seed qualitative and quantitative characters were documented. With the results obtained, the authors concluded that those individuals that showed floral dimorphism are probably a result of hybridization and introgression between the var. aborigineus and &quot;old cultivars&quot;. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of divergent segregation, observed in the offspring of the plants with this segregation. Other crops should allow the genic flow between the parental entities, with the consequence of the establishment of an hybrid population coexistent with their ancestors. Perhaps, as a result of introgression, the stabilized lines exhibit characters different from their parental varieties. The results of autopollination and free pollination in those individuals assigned to var. aborigineus, showed that free pollination brings a great genetic plasticity, because next generations can persist and resist infections. The offspring of the F1 was followed. The plants that belonged to var. aborigineus, product of free pollination, exhibited fast growth and were healthy, while the descendant of the individuals with the floral dimorphism showed characteristics that allowed to conclude the possible existence of degeneration of the hybrid progeny; this characteristics were: curled radicles with cotyledons that never emerge, plantule’s apex that soon die with the following development of branches from the cotyledon’s axil, and death after some weeks. This degeneration indicates that an unwanted gene flow in the area could lead to a decline in the wild bean population. The vigor, high reproductive success and resistance to illnesses of the individuals corresponding to the var. vulgaris, whose progenitor was treated for free fecundation, and the offspring of the plants with cultivated characteristics, are indicative of the necessity of preserving this germplasm to evaluate its agronomic potential to brief term. The DNA analyses already initiated, will allow the confirmation of the hypotheses outlined in this work</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió una población polimórfica de Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus que crece en el Noroeste de Argentina. Para dilucidar el origen de este polimorfismo fueron coleccionadas algunas plantas que pertenecían a la var. aborigineus, otras que exhibían dimorfismo floral y plantas que presentaban ciertos caracteres particulares. Luego de realizarles tratamientos de fecundación libre y autopolinización, se sembraron las semillas producidas en un invernáculo, aisladas del acceso de visitantes potencialmente polinizadores. Se siguió el crecimiento de cada planta hasta su fructificación. Se registró el número de plantas que se murieron debido a las infecciones. El número de plantas que florecieron y fructificaron fue registrado con el fin de estudiar su éxito reproductivo. Se analizaron los caracteres florales y se realizaron mediciones de las legumbres y sus semillas. Con los resultados obtenidos, las autoras concluyeron que los individuos que exhibían el dimorfismo floral probablemente sean el resultado de hibridación e introgresión entre la var. aborigineus y cultivares primitivos. Esta hipótesis se sustenta por la presencia de segregación divergente, observada en la descendencia que exhibía esta segregación. Otros cultivares permiten un flujo génico entre las entidades parentales, con la consecuencia del establecimiento de una población híbrida coexistente con sus entidades parentales. Quizás como resultado de la introgresión, los ejemplares de la línea con características diferenciales exhiben caracteres diferentes a los de sus progenitores. Los resultados de la autopolinización y de la fecundación libre en los individuos asignados a lavar. aborigineus, demuestran que la fecundación libre aporta una gran plasticidad genética, porque las generaciones posteriores persisten y son resistentes a las infecciones. Se hizo un seguimiento de la descendencia de la F1. Las plantas que pertenecían a la var. aborigineus, sometidas a fecundación libre, exhibieron crecimiento rápido y fueron saludables, mientras que la descendencia de los individuos con el dimorfismo floral mostraron características que permitieron concluir la posible existencia de degeneración de la progenie híbrida; estas características fueron: radícula recurvada con cotiledones que nunca surgen, ápice de las plántulas que se muere rápidamente, desarrollándose luego ramas en la axila uno de los cotiledones, y muerte de las plántulas después de algunas semanas. La degeneración de la progenie híbrida indica que un flujo génico no deseado en el área podría conducir a la disminución poblacional de la variedad silvestre en el área de estudio. El vigor, alto éxito reproductivo y resistencia a enfermedades de los ejemplares correspondientes a la var. aborigineus cuyo progenitor fue tratado para fecundación libre, y la progenie de la línea diferente estabilizada, son indicadores de la necesidad de preservar este germoplasma para evaluar su potencial agronómico a breve plazo. Los análisis de ADN ya iniciados permitirán confirmar las hipótesis aquí planteadas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Phaseolus vulgaris</kwd>
<kwd>Fabaceae</kwd>
<kwd>natural hybridization</kwd>
<kwd>morphological studies</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive success</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A study on ecological records of planktonic copepods from The Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca, Mexico is presented. Five species were identified: Labidocera acuta, L. lubbockii, Pontella agassizi, P. tenuiremis and Pontellina plumata. The most abundant species was L. acuta and their copepodite stages conforming the 95.7% of Pontellids, followed by L. lubbockii 4.09%; other species were less than one percent. The reproductive success of L. acuta is probably favored by its resistance to the changes in temperature and salinity, because of it is an eurytherme and euryhaline organism. Total density of this family was between 18 and 472 copepods/100 m³ in 1987 and 1988. Nevertheless in 1992 and 1993 the density was between 490 to 123 030 copepods/100 m³ . This copepod density increment could be related local phenomenon (upwelling) at the beginning and end of the year</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta un estudio sobre la sistemática y notas ecológicas de los copépodos pláncticos de la Bahía de La Ventosa, Oaxaca, México. Se identificaron cinco especies: Labidocera acuta, L. lubbockii, Pontella agassizi, P. tenuiremis y Pontellina plumata. La especie más abundante fue L. acuta y sus estados copepodito que conformaron el 95.7% del total de Pontellidos, seguidos por L. lubbockii 4.09%, otras especies constituyeron menos del 1%. El éxito reproductivo de L. acuta se vea favorecido por su resistencia a los cambios en temperatura y salinidad que la consignan como euriterma y euriahalina. Considerando la densidad total de esta familia se observó que durante 1987 y 1988 la densidad de estos copépodos osciló entre 18 y 472 copépodos/100 m 3 , pero entre 1992 y 1993 la densidad se incrementó de 490 a 123 030 copépodos/100 m³ . El aumento interanual en la densidad numérica de copépodos parece estar relacionado con fenómenos de escala local (surgencias) presentes a principios y finales del año</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Pontellidae</kwd>
<kwd>Bahia de La Ventosa</kwd>
<kwd>Oaxaca</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ensayo de diferentes lecitinas en la dieta de juveniles de Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda)</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior e Ensenada Departamento de Acuicultura </institution>
<addr-line>Tijuana-Ensenada </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CICESE Department of Aquaculture </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
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<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>743</fpage>
<lpage>747</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of different lecithin sources and presentations on growth, food conversion ratio and survival of P. vannamei (290 mg ± 0.02) was studied. The bioassay was designed in order to compare different dietary levels and different quality of lecithin. Squid lecithin, crude soybean (7%), deoiled soybean lecithin (3.48%) in combination with fish oil or squid neutral lipids, in a partially dilapidate formula. The isoenergetic diets were fed ad libitum to four replicate groups (tanks) of 15 shrimps each (5 x 4 x 15), during 28 days. The result of the bioassay with the partially dilapidate formulas was; the best growth rate (191%) and FCR (1.69±0.041) were obtained with the diet containing 7% of soybean crude lecithin as the unique lipid source. Followed by the diet countering 3.94% deoiled lecithin and 2.42% Menhaden oil (172% and 2.03±0.054 respectively). As expected, the worst results were obtained without the dietary lecithin 121% and 2.42±0.129). Crude soybean lecithin alone covered the phospholipid and neutral lipids requirements as well as the combination of deoiled soybean lecithin with fish or squid oil</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para comparar diferentes niveles y calidades de lecitina se hizo un bioensayo nutricional con dietas isoenergéticas; para medir el crecimiento, la tasa de conversión alimenticia y sobrevivencia de juveniles de P. vannamei (290 mg ± 0.02). Las lecitinas experimentales fueron de calamar, lecitina liquida de soya (7%), lecitina desaceitada de soya (3.48%) en combinación con aceite de pescado o lípidos neutros de calamar, en una formula parcialmente desaceitada. Las cinco dietas fueron administradas ad libitum con cuatro replicas (estanques) de 15 camarones cada uno (5 x 4 x 15), durante 28 días. La mayor ganancia en peso fue (191%) y FCR (1.69±0.041) fueron obtenidos con la dieta que contenía 7% de lecitina cruda de soya como única fuente de lípidos, seguida por la dieta que contenía 3.94% de lecitina desaceitada y 2.24% de aceite Menhaiden (172% y 2.03±0.054 respectivamente). Como se esperaba los resultados menos propicios fueron con la dieta que no contenía lecitina (121% y 2.42±0.129). La lecitina cruda de soya, cubrió los requerimientos de fosfolípidos y de lípidos neutrales, tanto como la dieta con lecitina desaceitada de soya con aceite de pescado o aceite de calamar</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>white shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>Penaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>soy lecithin</kwd>
<kwd>shrimp nutrition</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>An experimental study was conducted from October to December, 1999, in the aquaculture facilities of CIBNOR SC, at La Paz, BCS. To evaluate the effect of diet protein level on the productive response, in juveniles of the australian lobster, Cherax quadricarinatus, diets with four levels of crude protein (20.45, 28.25, 37.33 y 45.44%), were formulated and probed. Growth, grow rate, survival, biomass and food conversion rate were greater in juveniles fed with diets of 37.33 and 45.44% of crude protein. It is concluded that diet protein level affects the productive response of redclaw and a level of 37% of crude protein in the diet is enough to obtain acceptable results</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un estudio experimental se realizó de octubre a diciembre de 1999, en el laboratorio de acuacultura del CIBNOR SC, en La Paz, BCS. Para evaluar el efecto del nivel proteico de la dieta sobre la respuesta productiva de juveniles de langosta australiana de agua dulce, Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw), se formularon y probaron dietas con cuatro niveles de proteína (20.45, 28.25, 37.33 y 45.44%). El crecimiento, tasa de crecimiento específica, sobrevivencia, biomasa y el FCA fueron mayores en los juveniles alimentados con las dietas que contenían 37.33 y 45.44% de proteína cruda. Se concluye que el nivel proteico de la dieta afecta la respuesta productiva de los juveniles de langosta autraliana y que un nivel cercano a 37% de proteína, es suficiente para obtener resultados aceptables</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>redclaw</kwd>
<kwd>Cherax quadricarinatus</kwd>
<kwd>nutrition</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de la temperatura sobre la longevidad e infección con preparásitos del nematodo Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nemata: Mermithidae), parásito de mosquitos culícidos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Achinelly</surname>
<given-names>María F</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Juan J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores  </institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CIC  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>753</fpage>
<lpage>757</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Strelkovimermis spiculatus is a common parasite of culicid species in Argentina. Effect of temperature on longevity and infectivity of juvenile preparasites of S. spiculatus was determined at 4, 10, 20 and 27ºC. Three containers with 100 ml of dechlorinate water and 300 preparasites (12 hour-old), were placed for each day and temperature, during 40 days (total = 480 containers). Survived preparasites were counted on 12 containers per day (three for each temperature). When number of survived preparasites was determined, second instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were added to each container in a 10:1 ratio (preparasites:mosquito) to determine infectivity of daily survived preparasites. Longevity of preparasites decreased at higher temperatures. Maximum longevity of preparasites maintained at 4, 10, 20 and 27ºC were 35, 30, 25 and 27 days, respectively. Survivorship of preparasites, exposed to the same temperatures, varied from 57% to 100% at day two, from 21% to 77% at day five and from 9% to 33% at day ten. Infectivity of preparasites maintained at temperatures from 4 to 27ºC was always higher than 70%. Extended longevity with maintenance of the infectivity capacity of preparasites, are important attributes to consider S. spiculatus an effective mean of controlling a large number of culicid species between 4 and 27ºC</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El nemátodo mermítido S. spiculatus es un parásito común de culícidos de la Argentina. Presenta características que lo distinguen de otros mermítidos parásitos de culícidos y lo convierten en un promisorio candidato como agente de control biológico de mosquitos. La temperatura es un factor importante en la eficiencia de muchos entomopatógenos y su efecto debe ser determinado previo a la evaluación de campo de los mismos. En este trabajo, se investigó el efecto de la temperatura sobre la longevidad e infectividad de los juveniles preparásitos de S. spiculatus. Se expusieron preparásitos a 4, 10, 20 y 27ºC durante 40 días. Diariamente se cuantificó el número de juveniles preparásitos móviles a cada temperatura y luego se agregaron larvas de segundo estadío de Ae. aegypti para determinar la capacidad infectiva de los preparásitos. La longevidad máxima de los preparásitos fue 35, 30, 25 y 27 días a 4, 10, 20 y 27ºC, respectivamente. A las 48 hr, el porcentaje de preparásitos móviles varió entre 57% y 100% a las temperaturas citadas, disminuyendo entre 21% y 77% al día 5 y entre 9% y 33% al día 10. El porcentaje de parasitismo de los preparásitos fue superior a 70% a las cuatro temperaturas y la intensidad parasitaria varió entre 1 y 4 nemátodos por larva. La prolongada longevidad de los preparásitos, sin disminución de la capacidad infectiva, constituye una característica importante de S. spiculatus como potencial agente de control biológico de numerosas especies de culícidos a temperaturas entre 4 y 27ºC</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Nematode</kwd>
<kwd>Mermithidae</kwd>
<kwd>Strelkovimermis spiculatus</kwd>
<kwd>Culicidae</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>longevity</kwd>
<kwd>parasitism</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420030003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442003000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Male and mosquito larvae survey at the Arenal-Tempisque irrigation project, Guanacaste, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas V</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Vargas C</surname>
<given-names>Jorge V</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Departamento de Parasitología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital de Golfito  </institution>
<addr-line>Puntarenas </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<fpage>759</fpage>
<lpage>762</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A monitoring of male and larvae of mosquitoes was conducted during 1991-1994, at the Irrigation Project in Arenal-Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. CDC CO2 -baited traps were used to collect adults of mosquitoes and dips were used for immatures of culicids. A total of 1 480 larvae and 1 129 males of culicids were identified resulting in, Aedes with 6 species, Anopheles, Mansonia and Psorophora with 2 species, Culex with 21 species and Haemagogus, Limatus, Toxorhynchites and Uranotaenia with only one species each. The results indicate that, as occurred in other countries, irrigation projects must be under strict monitoring programs to prevent and control possible health problems in which mosquitoes act as vectors</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un monitoreo de machos y larvas de mosquitos durante los años 1991 a 1994 en el Proyecto de Riego Arenal-Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Los especímenes fueron colectados en 32 giras de cuatro días cada una y cada 15 días. La colecta de adultos se hizo mediante trampas tipo CDC y la de larvas con la técnica estándar del cucharón. Se identificaron un total de 1 480 larvas y 1 129 machos de culícidos, correspondientes a 21 especies de Culex, 6 especies de Aedes, 2 especies de Anopheles, Mansonia, y Psorophora y una especie de Haemagogus, Limatus, Toxorhynchites y Uranotaenia. Los resultados indican que tal y como ha ocurrido en proyectos de riego en otros países, se deben mantener estrictos programas de monitoreo con el fin de prevenir y controlar posibles problemas de salud humana y animal, en los cuales los mosquitos actúen como vectores</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Irrigation project</kwd>
<kwd>Guanacaste</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>monitoring mosquitoes</kwd>
<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>Culicidae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biologia </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Males of the mutant strains (blind, vestigal-winged) of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratits capitata (Wiedmann) showed differences in behavior compared with control (mass-reared) males. Mutant males made fewer mating attempts and achieved fewer matings than control males. Vestigal-winged females copulated less frequently with both mutants. Blind males climbed rather than jumped onto females and copulated in very low numbers compared with control and vestigal males. Blind females copulated normally with control, males and in very low numbers with both types of mutant males</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A survey was carried out on the fish species in the Sorocaba River basin, the main tributary of the left margin of the Tietê River, located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The species were collected with gill nets. After identification of the specimens, their relative abundance, weight and standard length were determined. Up to the present moment there are not any studies that focus this subject in this hydrographic basin. Fifty-three species, distributed in eighteen families and six orders were collected. Characiformes were represented by twenty-eight species, Siluriformes by seventeen species, the Gymnotiformes by three species, Perciformes and Cyprinodontiformes by two species, and the Synbranchiformes by one species. Among the collected species there were two exotic. The most abundant species were Astyanax fasciatus and Hypostomus ancistroides. In relation to total weight the most representative species were Hoplias malabaricus and Hypostomus ancistroides. Cyprinus carpio, Prochilodus lineatus, Schizodon nasutus and Hoplias malabaricus were the most representative species in relation to average weight. Largest standard length were recorded for Sternopygus macrurus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Eigenmannia aff. virescens and Cyprinus carpio</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un análisis de las especies de peces de la cuenca del Río Sorocaba, el principal tributario de la margen izquierda del Río Tietê, localizado en el estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Las especies fueron recolectadas con redes agalleras. Luego de la identificación de los especímenes, fue determinada su abundancia relativa, peso, y longitud estandar. Hasta el presente, no hay ningún otro estudio que analice estos aspectos en dicha cuenca hidrográfica. Fueron recolectados 55 especies, distribuidas en 18 familias y 6 ordenes. Los Characiformes estuvieron representados por 28 especies, Siluriformes por 17 especies, Gymnotiformes por 3 especies, Perciformes y Cyprinodontiformes por 2 especies, y Synbranchiformes por una especie. Entre estas, se encontró 2 especies exóticas. Las especies más abundantes fueron Astyanax fasciatus y Hypostomus ancistroides. En relación con el peso total, la especie más representativas fueron Hoplias malabaricus y Hypostomus ancistroides. En tanto que, Cyprinus carpio, Prochilodus lineatus, Schizodon nasutus y Hoplias malabaricus fueron las más representativas en relación al preso promedio. Las longitudes estandar más grandes fue encontradas en Sternopygus macrurus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Eigenmannia aff. virescens y Cyprinus carpio</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>freshwater fishes</kwd>
<kwd>spatial distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Sorocaba River</kwd>
<kwd>lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The structure of the fish community in Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, is analyzed on the base the description of the abundance, distribution, length composition and identification of the dominant species. The results are discussed and compared with the published information. 437 trawl tows were made in 19 monthly collection in 23 sites between September 1997 to March 1999. A total of 25 588 individual with a total weight of 601.5 kg were grouped in 107 species, 76 gender and 37 families. The abundance of the fish community showed the following intervals in temporal scale: 0.395 to 0.895 ind/m² ; 8.637 to 18.316 g/m² and 18.358 to 34.837 g/ind. The Shannon index oscillated between 1.875 and 3.995 and 4.94 and 7.88 respectively. 18 dominant species were identified. The most important species by its numerical abundance and appearance frequency is Arius melanopus that represents to the 26.5% of the total catch followed by Diapterus rhombeus with 18.9%. As dominant species, Bairdiella chrysura, B. ronchus, Archosargus rhomboidalis, Eugerres plumieri, Cynoscion arenarius and Chaetodipterus faber, are fishing resources with local and regional value</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>fish community</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>fish ecology</kwd>
<kwd>Terminos Lagoon</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of terrestrial pitviper, Porthidium porrasi, is described from mesophytic forests of the Península de Osa and surrounding area of the Pacific versant of southwestern Costa Rica. It is most similar to P. nasutum and is characterized by a pattern of bands, persistence of the juvenile tail color in adults, and a high number of dorsal scales. Analysis of mtDNA sequences confirms its distinction from P. nasutum. The existence of this species reinforces the notion of elevated herpetofaunal endemism in southwestern Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Una nueva especie de víbora terrestre, Porthidium porrasi, es descrita de los bosques húmedos de la Península de Osa y áreas adyacentes en la vertiente Pacífica del suroeste de Costa Rica. La especie es más similar a P. nasutum y se caracteriza por la persistencia en adultos de caracteres neoténicos como patrón de bandas, línea vertebral pálida, punta de cola crema y la presencia de un número alto de filas de escamas dorsales. Los análisis de secuencias de ADN mitocondrial confirman su distinción de P. nasutum. La existencia de esta especie refuerza la noción de un fuerte endemismo de herpetofauna en el suroeste de Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Porthidium porrasi</kwd>
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<kwd>Osa Peninsula</kwd>
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<institution>,The University of Texas at Tyler College of Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Texas </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2003</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442003000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Leptomicrurus renjifoi is described from tropical semi-deciduous forest of the eastern Colombian llanos. It is one of the smallest species in the genus, is most similar to L. scutiventris, and it may be distinguished from known congeners by a combination of color, pattern, and scale characters. Evidence for the recognition of Leptomicrurus is convincing, although its members were recently thought to comprise a closely related assemblage within Micrurus. A supposedly aberrant specimen of L. scutiventris may indicate clinal or ontogenetic variation in pattern</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Leptomicrurus renjifoi es una nueva especie de serpiente elápida del bosque tropical semi-decíduo de los llanos orientales de Colombia. Es una de las especies más pequeñas del género, se asemeja más a L. scutiventris, y se distingue de sus congéneres por una combinación de color, patrón, y carácteres de escamación. Existe suficiente evidencia morfológica para reconocer Leptomicrurus como género independiente, aunque hasta hace poco sus miembros fueron considerados como un grupo compacto dentro del género Micrurus</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Leptomicrurus scutiventris</kwd>
<kwd>Leptomicrurus</kwd>
<kwd>Micrurus</kwd>
<kwd>clinal variation</kwd>
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