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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las macrófitas de algunos lagos alto-andinos del Ecuador y su bajo potencial como bioindicadores de eutrofización</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Kiersch</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
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<surname>Mühleck</surname>
<given-names>Ralf</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Gunkel</surname>
<given-names>Günter</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Técnica de Berlin  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>829</fpage>
<lpage>837</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Macrophytes from some high Andean lakes of Ecuador and their low potential as bioindicators of eutrophication .The occurrence of macrophyte in three high Andean lakes of Ecuador,Lago San Pablo, Laguna La Mica and Lago Cuicocha was recorded in 5-9 transects per lake.The first two lakes are eutrophic, the third is an extremely oligotrophic caldera lake.The dominant species in eutrophic lakes are Ceratophyllum demersum ,Myriophyllum quitense ,Potamogeton illinoensis ,P.striatus and Elodea matthewsii .In the oligotrophic lake P.pectinatus,P.illinoensi s,and the Characeae Chara rusbyana ,Ch.globularis and Nitella acuminata occur.The maximum depth of the macrophyte ’s presence can be used as an indicator of the trophic state,ranging from about 5 m in Mica to 35 m in Cuicocha.The bioindication value of the macrophyte species in these high Andean lakes is low,because few species occur and because some of them are not specific to environmental conditions.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):829-837.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la presencia de macrófitas en tres lagos de altoandinos en Ecuador,Lago San Pablo,Laguna La Mica y Lago Cuicocha.Los primeros dos son eutróficos, mientras que el último es un lago de caldera extremadamente oligotrófico.Las especies dominantes en los lagos eutróficos son:Ceratophyllum demersum , Myriophyllum quitense ,Potamogeton illinoensis ,P. striatus y Elodea matthewsii .En el lago oligotrófico están presentes P.pectinatus,P.illinoensi s,y las Characeae Chara rusbyabana ,Ch.globularis y Nitella acuminata .La máxima profundidad para la presencia de macrófitas puede ser usada como un indicador del estado de eutroficación,la cual va desde 5 m en la Laguna Mica a 35 m en el Lago Cuicocha.El valor de la bioindicación de las especies de macrófitas en estos lagos altoandinos es bajo,debido a que solo unas pocas especies están presentes,y algunas de ellas no son específicas para las condiciones ambientales.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Limnology</kwd>
<kwd>macrophyte</kwd>
<kwd>high mountain lakes</kwd>
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<kwd>Latin America</kwd>
<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
<kwd>Limnología</kwd>
<kwd>macrofitas</kwd>
<kwd>lagos de alta montaña</kwd>
<kwd>bioindicadores</kwd>
<kwd>America Latina</kwd>
<kwd>Ecuador</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Photochemical efficiency of adult and young leaves of the neotropical understory shrub Psychotria limonensis (Rubiaceae)in response to changes in the light environment</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Avalos</surname>
<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mulkey</surname>
<given-names>Stephen S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,The School for Field Studies  </institution>
<addr-line>Salem MA</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Department of Botany  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>839</fpage>
<lpage>844</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We explored the short-term adjustment in photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm )in adult and young leaves of the understory neotropical shrub Psychotria limonensis Krause (Rubiaceae)in response to rapid changes in the light environment.Leaves were collected from 20 individual plants growing under sun and shade conditions on Gigante Peninsula,Barro Colorado Natural Monument (Republic of Panama),during the wet season of 1996. Leaves were distributed in four sequences of light treatments (AB leaves were expanded under sun and were transferred to shade,BA leaves experienced the opposite transfer,and the controls AA and BB leaves that were expanded and maintained under sun or shade conditions).Adult and young leaves did not differ in overall photochemical efficiency.Instead,differences were found among light environments,for which leaves transferred from shade to sun showed the lowest F v /F m ratios.There was no relationship between photochemical efficiency and leaf temperature.In P.limonensis,understory plants are susceptible of photoinhibition independently of the leaf ontogenetic stage.The approach utilized in this experiment allowed the rapid exploration of this capacity, and could be applied to poorly studied understory species. Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):839-844.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se exploró el ajuste a corto plazo en la eficiencia fotosintética (Fv /Fm )en hojas jovenes y adultas del arbusto del sotobosque neotropical Psychotria limonensis Krause (Rubiaceae)en respuesta a cambios rápidos de luz ambiental. Las hojas fueron recolectadas de 20 plantas individuales bajo condiciones de sol y sombra en Peninsula Gigante, Monumento Natural Barro Colorado (Panamá),durante la estación lluviosa de 1996.Las hojas fueron distribuidas en una secuencia cuatro tratamientos de luz (AB las hojas fueron expandidas bajo el sol y fueron transferidas a la sombra,BA las hojas experimentaron la transferencia contraria,y las hojas controles AA y BB que fueron expandidas y mantenidas bajo condiciones de sol o de sombra).Las hojas adultas o jóvenes no difieren en la eficiencia fotoquímica general.Por el contrario,se encontró diferencias entre los ambientes de luz (iluminados), para los cuales las hojas transferidas de la sombra al sol mostraron las menores tasas Fv /Fm .No hubo relación entre la eficiencia fotoquímica y la temperatura de las hojas. En P.limonensis ,las plantas son suceptibles a la foto -inhibición independientemente del estado ontogenético de la hoja. El enfoque utilizado en este experimento permitió la rápida exploración de esta capacidad y demostró que puede ser utilizado en otras especies poco estudiadas del sotobosque.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Chlorophyll fluorescence</kwd>
<kwd>photoinhibition</kwd>
<kwd>photosynthesis</kwd>
<kwd>Psychotria limonensis</kwd>
<kwd>tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>fluorescencia</kwd>
<kwd>clorofila</kwd>
<kwd>fotoinhibición</kwd>
<kwd>fotosíntesis</kwd>
<kwd>Psychotria limonensis</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Panamá</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Use and management of Mimosa species in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, a tropical semi-arid region in Mexico (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae)</article-title>
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<given-names>S.L</given-names>
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<surname>Dhillion</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa  </institution>
<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Oslo  </institution>
<addr-line>Oslo </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>845</fpage>
<lpage>851</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We report on the use of 15 Mimosa species within the Tehucán-Cuicatlán Valley,south-central Mexico.Seven of these species are endemic to Mexico,and four species and one variety are endemic to the Valley.We reviewed historical,ethnobotanical and floristic manuscripts,and conducted field studies.Several herbaria were consulted,as well as the BADEPLAM data base.Field work in the Valley has been done from 1994 to date.Most of the Mimosa species occur in the arid tropical scrub and the tropical deciduous forest,which are considered the most endangered vegetation types of the Valley.Our findings show that Mimosa species are used as fodder (45%),fuel (31%),living fences (14%)and construction material (7%).Only one species is used as medicine.Mimosa species are &quot;multipurpose &quot;shrubs/trees of the agrosilvopastoral system of this region.Rev. Biol.Trop.52(4):845-851.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este trabajo se informa el uso de 15 especies del género Mimosa dentro de la Reserva de la Biósfera del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán,en la región centro-sur de México.De las 15 especies de Mimosa estudiadas,siete de ellas son endémicas de México y cuatro especies y una variedad son endémicas del Valle.Se revisaron manuscritos y documentos históricos,etnobotánicos y florísticos,y se llevó a cabo trabajo de campo.Se consultaron varios herbarios,así como la base de datos BADEPLAM.El trabajo de campo en el Valle se está realizando desde 1994 hasta la fecha.La mayoría de las especies de Mimosa se establecen en el matorral xerófilo,el cual está considerado como el tipo de vegetación que está más en peligro de todos los que se encuentran en la Reserva.Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las especies de Mimosa se usan como forraje (45%)y como combustible (31%),así como en la formación de cercas vivas (14%)y como material para construcción (7%);mientras que sólo una especie presenta un uso medicinal.Las especies de Mimosa son arbustos y/o árboles &quot;multipropósito &quot;en los sistemas agrosilvopastoriles practicados en el Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Agrosilvopastoral systems</kwd>
<kwd>biosphere reserve</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>natural resources</kwd>
<kwd>semiarid region</kwd>
<kwd>Sistema silvoagropastoril</kwd>
<kwd>reserva de la biosfera</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>recursos naturales</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000400004</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">A source of almost pure methyl chavicol: volatile oil from the aerial parts of Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae)cultivated in Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>José F</given-names>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The plant Tagetes lucida Cav.(syn.T.florida Sweet,T.schiedeana Less.)is an aromatic herb distributed naturally from Mexico to Honduras,at elevations between 1 000 and 2 000 m.It is used as a spice,for medicine,as insecticide and as ornamental plant.It is cultivated commercially in Costa Rica as a spice herb;it contains an oil having an anise-like odor,and the fresh aerial parts of this plant are sold in the supermarket as a substitute of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.).The essential oils isolated from aerial parts bought,at May and October,in a supermarket in San José (Costa Rica).Fresh flowering aerial parts,flowers and leaves plus stems, were subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 hr using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus.The distilled oils were collected and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in a freezer (0-10 °C).The light yellow green oil yield was about 0.07%(v/w).GC/MS analyses were performed using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP5050 apparatus and CLASS 5000 software with Wiley 139 computer database.Identification of the components of the oil was performed using the retention indices,which were calculated in relation to a homologous series of hydrocarbons, and by comparison of their mass spectra with those published in the literature or those of our own database. Thirty compounds were identified,of which methyl chavicol (95-97%)was the major constituent.From flower oil,two bithienyls were detected as minor constituents. Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(4):853-857.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los aceites esenciales extraídos de las partes aéreas de la planta Tagetes lucida Cav.cultivada en Costa Rica y utilizada como condimento,fue estudiado mediante la técnica de GC/MS en combinación con los índices de retención.Se identificaron treinta compuestos.El componente mayoritario resultó ser metil chavicol (estragol)en un 95-97%.En el aceite de las flores se detectaron e identificaron dos compuestos minoritarios que resultaron ser bitienilos no informados anteriormente como constituyentes de esta planta.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tagetes lucida</kwd>
<kwd>Asteraceae</kwd>
<kwd>essential oil</kwd>
<kwd>phenylpropanoid</kwd>
<kwd>methyl chavicol</kwd>
<kwd>bithienyls</kwd>
<kwd>Tagetes lucida</kwd>
<kwd>Asteraceae</kwd>
<kwd>aceites esenciales</kwd>
<kwd>fenilpropanoides</kwd>
<kwd>metil chavicol</kwd>
<kwd>bitienilos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sexual reproduction of the coral Diploria labyrinthiformis was studied for the first time.Monthly histological analyses at the Corales del Rosario National Park (Colombian Caribbean) from May 1997 to April 1998 show that D.labyrinthiformis is a hermaphroditic broadcasting species.It presents an annual gametogenic cycle with a 10-11 month period for gonad investment,in which oogenesis begins in August and ends in May- June.Spermiogenesis is short because sperm cysts were only observed in May tissue samples.In histological collected in May,an average of four mature eggs and six spermatic cysts per fertile mesentery were found.The mean diameter of mature eggs was 297 µm (±97 SD)and 90 µm (±33)for spermatic cysts.Rapid maturation of eggs from stage II to stage III coincides with increases in air temperature,high number of solar hours per month,decreases in wind velocity and absence of rainfall.Reproductive effort for D.labyrinthiformis (14.07 mm³/cm²/year)was similar to other Faviidae species.Although gamete release was not observed in the field,the absence of gonads in histological samples in June suggests spawning between May 25 (five days after full moon) and June 24.This event coincides with high air temperature,low number of solar hours per month,low wind velocity,and initiation of the rainy season.The earlier spawning time of this species differs from other species of the same family known for the Caribbean region.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):859-868.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La reproducción sexual del coral Diploria labyrinthiformis fue estudiada por primera vez.Análisis histológicos mensuales de muestras de D.labyrinthiformis extraídas en el Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario (Caribe colombiano)entre mayo de 1997 a abril de 1998,muestran que es una especie hermafrodita,liberadora de gametos. Presenta un ciclo gametogénico anual de 10-11 meses para inversión en gónadas,en el cual la oogénesis comienza en agosto y termina en mayo-junio.La espermatogénesis es corta,ya que los paquetes espermáticos solo fueron observados en muestras de tejido del mes de mayo.En las muestras histológicas de mayo,un promedio de cuatro huevos maduros y seis paquetes espermáticos por mesenterio fértil fueron encontrados.El diámetro promedio de los huevos fue de 297 µm (±97 DS)y de 90 µm (±33) para los paquetes espermáticos.La rápida maduración de los huevos del estadío II al III coincidió con aumentos en la temperatura del aire,mayor número de horas de sol por mes,disminución en la velocidad del viento y ausencia de lluvias.El esfuerzo reproductivo de esta especie (14.07 mm³ /cm²/año)fue similar al de otras especies de Faviidae. Aunque la liberación de gametos no fue observada en el campo,la ausencia de gónadas en las muestras histológicas del mes de junio sugieren que la liberación ocurrió entre el 25 de mayo (cinco días después de luna llena)y el 24 de junio.Este evento coincidió con altas temperaturas del aire,bajas velocidades del viento y la iniciación de la época lluviosa.El tiempo de liberación de gametos en esta especie difiere de otras de la misma familia,conocidas para la región del Caribe.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diploria labyrinthiformis</kwd>
<kwd>coral reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>gametogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean coral reefs</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Diploria labyrinthiformis</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>gametogénesis</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes coralinos</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,The University of Texas at Austin  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fringing coral reefs along coastlines experiencing rapid development and human population growth have declined worldwide because of human activity and of natural causes.The &quot;Mayan Riviera &quot;in Quintana Roo,México,attracts large numbers of tourists in part because it still retains some of the natural diversity and it is important to obtain baseline information to monitor changes over time in the area.In this paper,the condition of the stony corals in the developing coastline of the Akumal-area fore reefs is characterized at the start of the new millennium at two depths,and along an inferred sedimentation gradient.Transect surveys were conducted in five fringing reefs starting at haphazardly chosen points.with respect to species composition,live cover,colony density,relative exposure to TAS mats and,for one species (Diploria strigosa ,Dana,1848),tissue regression rates in the presence of TAS mats.Fish population density and herbivory rates are also assessed.Data from line intercept transects (n=74)show that live stony coral cover,density and relative peripheral exposure of colonies to turf algal/sediment (TAS)mats were inversely related to an inferred sediment stress gradient at 13m.In 2000, live stony coral cover had decreased by 40-50%at two sites studied in 1990 by Muñoz-Chagín and de la Cruz- Agüero (1993).About half of this loss apparently occurred between 1998 and 2000 during an outbreak of white plague disease that mostly affected Montastraea faveolata ,and M.annularis .At a 13 m site,where inferred sedimentation rates are relatively high,time series photography of tagged Diploria strigosa ,(n=38)showed an average loss of 70 cm 2 of live tissue/coral/year to encroachment by TAS mats during the same period.Whereas densities of carnivorous fishes and herbivores (echinoids,scarids,acanthurids and Microspathodon chrysurus )in 2000 were low in belt transects at 10-19 m (n=106),turf-algal gardening pomacentrids were relatively common on these reefs.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):869-881.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para conocer el estado de las comunidades coralinas a lo largo de una costa en desarrollo,se realizó inventarios de transectos en cinco arrecifes de borde cerca de Akumal, México,con transectos de intersección (n=74).La cobertura de corales rocosos,la densidad y la exposición periférica relativa de las colonias y masas de algas-sedimentos son inversamente proporcionales a la gradiente de estrés de sedimentación inferida a 13m.En el 2000,la cobertura de corales rocosos vivos había decrecido un 40%en dos de los sitios estudiados por Muñoz-Chagín y de la Cruz-Agüero (1993).Alrededor de la mitad de esta pérdida aparentemente ocurrió entre 1998 y 2000 durante la epidemia de &quot;blanqueo&quot; que afectó principalmente a Montastraea faveolata y a M. annularis .En el sitio de 13m,donde las tasas de sedimentación inferida son relativamente altas,las fotografías en serie temporal de Diploria strigosa marcados (n=38)mostraron un promedio de pérdida de 70 cm² de tejido vivo/coral/año y el cerco creciente de masas de algas durante el mismo periodo.Aunque las densidades de peces carnívoros y de organismos herbívoros (equinoideos, escáridos,acantúridos y Microspathodon chrysurus )en el 2000 fueron bajas en la franja a 10-19 m (n=106),se vio con frecuencia pomacéntridos que se alimentan de masas de algas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Stony coral declines</kwd>
<kwd>turf-algal/sediment mats</kwd>
<kwd>herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>disease</kwd>
<kwd>fore reefs</kwd>
<kwd>disminución de corales pétreos</kwd>
<kwd>masas de algas</kwd>
<kwd>herbivoría</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Live coral predation by fish in Tayrona Nature National Park,Colombian Caribbean. Live coral predation by fish was evaluated in two bays of the Tayrona National Natural Park (Colombia),as a possible biological agent causing coral mortality.Visual censuses were used to identify the most important predator. Predation incidence was determined by examining all colonies present in permanent belt transects (20 x 2 m)in two reef environments (one dominated by Colpophyllia natans and the other one by Montastraea faveolata ),for two climatic seasons (rainy and dry seasons).The parrotfish Sparisoma viride was the most important predator due to its biting frequency and bite size.S .viride adults of the initial and terminal phases,removed live tissue and part of the calcareous matrix of M.faveolata ,M.annularis ,Porites astreoides and C.natans ,of which,the last one lost a major amount of tissue per area (3.51 cm² )and volume (3.22 cm³) per bite.A negative exponential tendency (r² =0.94),between coral density and volume removed was found,indicating that the coral density determines the bite ’s damage.There is no clear relationship between predation incidence and climatic seasons at the sites studied.At Chengue and Gayraca bays,live coral predation is one of the factors contributing to coral tissue loss and could have important consequences on the dynamic of these reefs.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):883- 895.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para estudiar uno de los agentes biológicos implicados en la mortalidad coralina en dos bahías del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (Caribe colombiano),se evaluó la depredación de coral vivo por peces mediante censos visuales y se determinó la incidencia de depredación en dos ambientes arrecifales (uno dominado por Colpophyllia natans y otro por Montastraea faveolata )para dos épocas climáticas (lluvia y seca),examinando todas las colonias presentes en bandas permanentes (20 x 2 m).Sparisoma viride fue el depredador más importante por su frecuencia de mordisqueo y por el tamaño de los mordiscos.Los adultos de las fases terminal e inicial de S.viride lograron remover tejido vivo y parte de la matriz calcárea de M. faveolata,M.annularis ,Porites astreoides y C.natans , de las cuales esta última perdió mayor cantidad de tejido en área (3.51 cm²)y volumen (3.22 cm³)por mordisco. Al relacionar la densidad coralina (gr/cm³)de las especies depredadas con el volumen promedio removido por mordisco,se encontró una tendencia exponencial negativa (r²= 0.94),indicando que el alcance de los mordiscos está determinado por la densidad de los corales. Además,se estableció que no hay una clara relación entre en la incidencia de depredación y las estaciones climáticas en los ambientes estudiados.En las bahías de Chengue y Gayraca,la depredación de coral vivo es uno de los factores que está contribuyendo con la pérdida de tejido coralino y podría tener importantes consecuencias en la dinámica de estos arrecifes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Predation of corals</kwd>
<kwd>reef fishes</kwd>
<kwd>Sparisoma viride</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
<kwd>corales</kwd>
<kwd>arrecife</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
<kwd>Sparisoma viride</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The composition of the mesozooplanktonic community was studied in the Punta Morales estuary, Gulf of Nicoya,Pacific coast of Costa Rica,during 1997.Oblique plankton hauls were performed during high and low tide using a 280 µm mesh screen net equipped with a flowmeter.The community was characterized by holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic organisms.For the holoplanktonic community,the main groups were copepods (80%)and chaetognaths (16%).The most abundant species were the copepods Acartia lilljeborgii and Paracalanus parvus.A.lilljeborgii is a typical estuarine species that maintains high populations in estuarine systems.Meroplankton was represented mainly by crustacean larvae (66%),and icthyoplankton (18%).The dominance of crustacean larvae and icthyoplankton is an evidence of the ecological importance of the Punta Morales zone.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):897-902.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la composición de la comunidad mezoplanctónica en Punta Morales,Golfo de Nicoya, Pacífico de Costa Rica,en 1997,arrastrando oblicuamente una red de plancton (280 µm,con flujómetro)durante marea alta y baja.La comunidad estuvo caracterizada por la presencia de organismos holo y meroplanctónicos.Los principales grupos holoplanctónicos fueron copépodos (80%)y quetognatos (16%).Las especies más abundantes fueron los copépodos Acartia lilljeborgii y Paracalanus parvus;A. lilljeborgii es una especie estuarina típica que mantiene altas poblaciones en sistemas estuarinos.El meroplancton estuvo representado principalmente por larvas de crustáceos (66%),e ictioplancton (18%).La dominancia de larvas de crustáceos e ictioplancton evidencian la importancia ecológica de la zona de Punta Morales.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>meroplancton</kwd>
<kwd>copépodos</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The marine clam,Tivela mactroides ,from Caño Sagua beach,Venezuela,was spawned and reared under laboratory conditions to monitor its early development.Spawning was spontaneous but in some cases it had to be induced by the additon of eggs and sperm.After fertilization,the embryonic development occurred at 5 hr approximately. Trochophore larvae were observed between eight and ten hours later.Straight-hinged veliger stage appeared 15 hr after fertilization.Transition from veliger stage to the umbo stage occurred about eight days after fertilization.Pediveliger stage was observed 22 days after fertilization.Metamorphosis of T.mactroides was not successful under our laboratory conditions;probably the bacterial contamination and subsequent mortalities were important factors constraining the final phase of the larval cycle.However,in a few cases young individuals were observed.We suspect that this was due to unfavorable conditions (e.g.:bacterial contamination, unsuitable food availability,etc.)and the broad variation in developmental times,suggesting that these stages might be particularly sensitive to environmental changes.These results may not necessarily reflect what happens under natural conditions.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):903-909.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La almeja Tivela mactroides ,de la playa Caño Sagua, Venezuela,fue desovada y cultivada bajo condiciones de laboratorio,monitoreando su desarrollo embrionario y larvario.El desove fue espontáneo,sin embargo,en algunos casos se indujo adicionando óvulos y espermatozoides. El desarrollo embrionario se produjo en cinco horas, aproximadamente.La larva trocófora fue observada a las diez horas,mientras que la prodisoconcha aparece a las 15 horas después de la fertilización.La larva disoconcha aparece ocho días después de la fecundación y la veliconcha,aproximadamente a los 20 días.La metamorfosis de T.mactroides no fue satisfactoria bajo estas condiciones, ya que la contaminación bacterial fue uno de los principales factores que provocó la mortalidad de las larvas durante la fase final del ciclo,sin embargo,en algunos casos, se observaron juveniles.Las condiciones no favorables (contaminación bacteriana,disponibilidad de alimentos, etc.)y la variación en los tiempos de desarrollo,sugieren que estos estadios son muy sensibles a los cambios ambientales. Estos resultados no necesariamente reflejan lo que ocurre en el medio natural.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The &quot;windows &quot;,scales,and bristles of the tropical moth Rothschildia lebeau (Lepidoptera:Saturniidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández-Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Sittenfeld</surname>
<given-names>Ana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>919</fpage>
<lpage>926</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The common Spanish name of the moth Rothschildia lebeau (Saturniidae)is cuatro ventanas (four ‘windows ’),because it exhibits a transparent oval path in each wing.The scales of the colored areas and the bristles from the &quot;window &quot;were analyzed.We developed a simple device to measure transmittance across the &quot;windows &quot;with an spectrophotometer.A square section of &quot;window &quot;was mounted onto a flat black card and placed onto a clamp that hung in the path of the light -beam of the spectrophotometer.Absorbance was measured at 350 and 550 nm,with the &quot;window &quot;positioned perpendicular to the light beam (incidence of 90 °);then the measurements were repeated with the &quot;window &quot;moved at an angle of 45 °.Each measurement was replicated 5 times.Wing color spots were analyzed with a light dissection microscope (stereoscope)and with scanning electron microscopy.The scales have a minimum of 4 morphological types,3 of them showed the typical appearance of unspecialized scales described for other butterflies; whereas the fourth has features particular to this species. On the &quot;window &quot;the scales are transformed in hair-like bristles that do not interfere with light, conferring the transparency that characterizes the &quot;windows &quot;.However,if the wing is illuminated at an almost grazing-incidence,they reflect the light as a mirror.Two hypothetical functional explanation for the windows are mimicry and interspecies communication.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):919-926.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El nombre común de la mariposa nocturna Rothschildia lebeau (Saturniidae)es &quot;cuatro ventanas &quot;,porque exhibe una zona transparente en cada ala.Las escamas de las áreas coloreadas y las cerdas de las &quot;ventanas &quot;fueron analizadas al estereoscopio y al microscopio electrónico de rastreo. Al menos se identificaron cuatro tipos morfológicos de escamas similares a las escamas no especializadas de otras mariposas.En la &quot;ventana &quot;las escamas han sido sustituidas por cerdas que no interfieren el paso de la luz,confiriéndoles la transparencia que las caracteriza.No obstante,si el ala es iluminada en ángulo rasante refleja la luz como un espejo.Dos hipótesis para explicar la evolución de estas &quot;ventanas &quot;son el mimetismo y la comunicación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Scales microstructure</kwd>
<kwd>bristles</kwd>
<kwd>scanning electron microscopy</kwd>
<kwd>moth</kwd>
<kwd>interspecies communication</kwd>
<kwd>light reflections</kwd>
<kwd>Rothschildia lebeau</kwd>
<kwd>Microestructura</kwd>
<kwd>microscopía electrónica de rastreo</kwd>
<kwd>escamas</kwd>
<kwd>cerdas</kwd>
<kwd>mariposa nocturna</kwd>
<kwd>comunicación interespecífica</kwd>
<kwd>reflectión de luz</kwd>
<kwd>Rothschildia lebeau</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<institution>,Fac.Ciencias  </institution>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>927</fpage>
<lpage>930</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Defecation index and reproductive success of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions.The reproductive and defecating behavior of Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848)was studied on animals from an university culture in Venezuela.This species does not reach the importance of Rhodnius prolixus Stal 1859 as Chagas disease vector in Venezuela.This study addressed the role of defecating frequency,an index of how dangerous the animals are for the human population,and its relationship with why T.maculata is a less important vector than R.prolixus .Human blood was fed to the insects through an artificial feeding device.The 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs defecated more frequently (Id=0.6,n=40),and our Vth instar nymphs did not complete sexual differentiation.Fertility was 55%(n=865)and fecundity 8 eggs/female/week (n=26). Egg incubation lasted 22 days (n=477).Female longevity was 51 days (n=26).Intermould time grew progressively from 35 days for 1st to 40 days for 4th instar nymphs (n=40).Mould percentage varied from 0% for Vth to 63%for 3rd instar nymphs.Mortality varied from 8% for 3rd to 100% for Vth instar nymphs.These results support evidences explaining the lesser vectorial capacity and low density of T.maculata in human domiciles, including reduced reproduction and defecation when the animal feeds on human blood.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4): 927-930.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el comportamiento reproductivo y de defecación de Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848)alimentando artificialmente con sangre humana.Los estadios II y III mostraron mayor frecuencia de defecaciones (ID=0.6 n=40),el estadio V no alcanzó la diferenciación sexual, la fertilidad fue 55%(n=865),fecundidad 8 huevos/hembra/semana (n=26),22 días de desarrollo embrionario (n=477),longevidad de hembras 51 días (n=26),el tiempo intermuda aumenta progresivamente desde 35 días en el estadio I hasta 46 días en el estadio IV,el porcentaje de muda varió desde 0%en el estadio V hasta 63%en el estadio III,la mortalidad varió desde 8%en el estadio III hasta 100%en el estadio V (n=40).Los resultados del presente trabajo aportan evidencias que explican la menor capacidad vectorial y la baja densidad de T.maculata en el domicilio humano.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Vectorial potential</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive success</kwd>
<kwd>Triatominae</kwd>
<kwd>Triatoma maculata</kwd>
<kwd>Potential como vector</kwd>
<kwd>éxito reproductivo</kwd>
<kwd>Triatominae</kwd>
<kwd>Triatoma maculata</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala  </institution>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<fpage>931</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A population of 216 specimens of Stenocereus eichlamii (Cactaceae,Subfamily Cereoideae) was surveyed for Triatoma ryckmani (vector of Chagas disease)in a one hectare plot of semiarid habitat in Guatemala. Out of 44 plants that had dead and dry sections,24 plants had a total of 103 specimens of T.ryckmani .In comparison with other areas of Guatemala,T.ryckmani is well established in the semiarid ecosystem (Infestation index 54.5,density =2.3 and crowding index 4.3).The insects were mainly found (52.4%)in the dead portions of S.eichlamii 2.0 to 3.2 m above the ground (X² =26.0,P&lt;0.00001),followed by dry cactus sections between 3.2 and 5.0 m (35.9%).They were less frequent 0.2 to 2.0 m above the ground.A considerable proportion (75.7%)had no aparent blood in their digestive systems.To determine the presence of flagellates,43 of the bugs were dissected,but none were found.This is the first report on T.ryckmani population dynamics in this habitat. Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(4):931-936.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Guatemala,en una hectárea de la región semiárida,se encontraron 216 cactus de Stenocereus eichlamii (Cactaceae),44 de ellos tenían alguna parte del tallo en condiciones secas.103 Triatoma ryckmani fueron halladas en 24 de esos 44 S.eichlamii .Una comparación de los índices entomológicos con otros vectores domiciliares de la enfermedad de Chagas en Guatemala,da la idea que T. ryckmani está bien establecida en el ecosistema semiárido (índice de infestación de 54.5,índice de densidad de 2.3 e índice de hacinamiento de 4.3).Los triatominos fueron hallados preferentemente en las partes muertas de S.eichlamii entre 2.0 a 3.2 m sobre el nivel del suelo (52.4%de triatominos colectados,X ²=26.0,p&lt;0.00001),el siguiente entre 3.2 a 5.0 m (35.9%)y finalmente 0.2 a 2.0 m (11.6%). El 75.7 %estaba en condiciones de ayuno y 24.3 %estaban llenas de sangre.Para determinar la presencia de flagelados,43 T.ryckmani fueron disectadas, (primera evaluación de parasitemia en esta especie).Ningún flagelado fue hallado en estos triatominos.Este es el primer reporte de la dinámica poblacional de T.ryckmani en su hábitat silvestre.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Triatoma ryckmani</kwd>
<kwd>Stenocereus eichlamii</kwd>
<kwd>semiarid region</kwd>
<kwd>sylvan vectors</kwd>
<kwd>behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Guatemala</kwd>
<kwd>Triatoma ryckmani</kwd>
<kwd>Stenocereus eichlamii</kwd>
<kwd>región semiárida</kwd>
<kwd>vectores silvestres</kwd>
<kwd>comportamiento</kwd>
<kwd>Guatemala</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on the growth and food utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus )and prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii )under laboratory conditions.Three experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on the growth of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus )and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ).The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions,minimizing the indirect effects of the probiotic on the water quality and leaving only the possible bactericidal and digestion-support effects.A model of stress was also designed in tilapia to compare the effect with tilapia under normal conditions.The dose in the food was 0.1 %of the probiotic (5x10 8 CFU/g and 99.9 %maltrine)in the dry diet.Every 14 days the animals were weighed in group (tilapias ±0.1 g,prawns ±0.001 g)to estimate average body weight.In the first experiment (tilapia)the specific growth rate (SGR)and the feed conversion ratio (FCR)were bad in relation with the factor probiotic,but the differences were not significant. In the second experiment (tilapia)both the SGR and the FCR deteriorated with the addition of B.subtilis to the diet;the difference was significant to 94%.The stress factor,on the contrary,caused a notable worsening of both the growth and the food utilization.In the experiment with prawns the addition of B.subtilis caused a light deterioration of the growth and of the food utilization,with a statistical probability of mistake of 10%in case of the growth.During the experiment the direct effects over the digestive system should have prevailed,either by the contribution of macro-and micronutrients,or by the enzymes that contribute to the digestion.The negative effect due to the addition of the probiotic to the food was small (about 10%in both the SGR and the FCR)being difficult to detect statistically.The reports on the positive action of probiotics on the growth in aquatic animals have been conducted mainly in ponds,and our information does not contradict directly a possible positive action of B.subtilis in this type of systems.Since the effect on the digestive system seems to be relatively small,in those environments the effect might be compensated by other positive effects on water quality,and by bactericidal effects on pathogenic bacteria.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):937-943.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizaron tres experimentos para analizar el efecto del probiótico Bacillus subtilis sobre el crecimiento de juveniles de tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus)y de langostino de agua dulce (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ). Los experimentos se realizaron en condiciones de laboratorio, minimizando de esta manera los efectos indirectos del probiótico sobre la calidad del agua y manteniendo únicamente los posibles efectos bactericidas y de apoyo a la digestión.También se diseñó un modelo de estrés en tilapia para comparar el efecto con individuos en situación normal.La dosis del probiotico en el alimento tratado en todos los casos fue de 0.1%(5x10 8 CFU/g y 99.9%maltrina)en la dieta seca.Cada 14 días se pesaron en grupo y se contaron los animales de cada acuario (tilapias ±0.1 g, langostinos ±0.001 g)obteniéndose el peso promedio individual.En el primer experimento (tilapias)el crecimiento y la utilización del alimento fueron un poco peores en relación con el factor probiótico,pero las diferencias no fueron significativas.En el segundo experimento (tilapias) tanto la tasa específica de crecimiento como el factor de conversión empeoraron con la adición de B.subtilis a la dieta;la diferencia fue significativa al 94%,apenas por debajo del 95%que se utiliza por convención estadística.El factor estrés,por el contrario,provocó un notable empeoramiento tanto del crecimiento como del factor de conversión.En el experimento con langostinos la adición de B.subtilis a la dieta provocó un ligero deterioro del crecimiento y de la utilización del alimento,con una probabilidad de error menor del 10%en el caso del crecimiento.Durante el experimento debieron prevalecer los efectos directos sobre el sistema digestivo de los animales experimentales,ya sea por aporte de macro-y micronutrientes o de enzimas que contribuyen a la digestión.El efecto negativo por la inclusión del probiótico fue pequeño (alrededor de un 10%en la tasa específica de crecimiento y en el factor de conversión alimenticia)y por ello difícil de detectar.Los informes sobre la acción benéfica de los probióticos sobre el crecimiento se han realizado generalmente en estanques o en cultivos masivos y nuestros datos no contradicen directamente una posible acción benéfica de B.subtilis en cultivos a nivel de estanques.Como el efecto sobre el sistema digestivo aparenta ser relativamente modesto,en aquellos ambientes podría ser compensado por otros efectos benéficos sobre la calidad del agua y el efecto bactericida sobre otras bacterias exógenas de naturaleza patogénica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>probiotics</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillus subtilis</kwd>
<kwd>aquaculture</kwd>
<kwd>laboratory conditions</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis niloticus</kwd>
<kwd>Macrobrachium ronsenbergii</kwd>
<kwd>probióticos</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillus subtilis</kwd>
<kwd>acuacultura</kwd>
<kwd>laboratorio</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis niloticus</kwd>
<kwd>Macrobrachium ronsenbergii</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fecundidad,fertilidad e índice gonadosomático de Poecilia reticulata (Pisces:Poeciliidae)en Heredia,Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Urriola Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cabrera Peña</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Protti Quesada</surname>
<given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>945</fpage>
<lpage>950</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fertility,fecundity and gonadosomatic index of Poecilia reticulata (Pisces:Poeciliidae)in Heredia,Costa Rica.Between September and November of 1998,1 432 females of Poecilia reticulata were collected in a pond in Santo Domingo,Heredia,Costa Rica.The average total length of females was 34.43 ± 7.26 mm (range 17.80 and 51.50 mm)and the average total weight of 0.69 ± 0.48 g (range 0.06 and 2.32 g). This species is a viviparous matrotrofic and the specimens were sexually mature.The total length-fertility relationship was F =0.527e 0.1171Lt (r² =0.9404).The average fertility was 56.1 ± 43.6 (eggs +embryos)(range 8.0 and 197.6).The total length-fecundity relationship was Fo =0.695e0.1076 Lt (r² =0.9376).The average fecundity was of 49.0 ± 36.0 (oocytes +ova)(range 7.0 and 179.0).The total length-gonadosomatic index relationship was IGS =0.0014 e0.134 Lt (r² =0.8581).The average gonadosomatic index was 0.25 ± 0.27%(range 0.02 and 1.31%).Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):945-950.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre setiembre y noviembre de 1998 se determinó la fecundidad,fertilidad e índice gonadosomático de Poecilia reticulata (Peters 1859),a partir de especímenes recolectados en un estanque en Santo Domingo de Heredia,Costa Rica.Las hembras presentaron una longitud total promedio de 34.43 ± 7.26 mm con un ámbito entre 17.80 y 51.50 mm y un peso total promedio de 0.69 ± 0.48 g,con un ámbito entre 0.06 y 2.32 g.Se determinó que esta especie presenta superfetación,matrotrofía y se mantuvo sexualmente activa durante todo el período de estudio.La fertilidad se rigió por la ecuación F =0.527e0.1171Lt (r² =0.9404)y con una fertilidad promedio para la población de 56.1 ± 43.6,con un ámbito entre 7.98 y 197.58 (huevos +embriones).La fecundidad se rigió por la ecuación Fo = 0.695e0.1076 Lt (r² =0.9376)con una fecundidad promedio para la población de 48.95 ± 35.99, con un ámbito entre 6.98 y 178.99 (ovocitos +óvulos). El índice gonadosomático en hembras se rigió por la ecuación IGS =0.0014e 0.134 Lt (r 2 =0.8581)y se encontró un índice gonadosomático promedio de 0.25 ± 0.27%con un ámbito entre 0.02 y 1.31%.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Poecilia reticulata</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciilidae</kwd>
<kwd>fertility</kwd>
<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Poecilia reticulata</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciilidae</kwd>
<kwd>fertilidad</kwd>
<kwd>fecundidad</kwd>
<kwd>índice gonadosomático</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>951</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Culture of Poecilia reticulata (Pisces:Poecilidae)in tropical water bodies, Veracruz, México. Poecilia reticulata,also known as guppy,is the most popular fish in the aquarium environment. Guppys are viviparous fish with high tolerance to extreme temperatures.The development of the offspring takes between 25 and 30 days.We developed a technology for raising guppys,which outlines infrastructure and devices for reproduction,nursery,feeding,and commercialization,evaluating the financial and technical feasibility of this technology in a case study.The complete reproductive cycle occured in floating cages with 1 mm mesh and the method was tested in a tropical lagoon in Mexico.Water quality was monitored throughout the study period (temperature,dissolved oxygen and pH levels).A marketing survey was carried out at all existing aquarium shops in Veracruz City.Data collected depict quantities demanded and offered for each species by season,place of origin,and resistance to handling.The hydrobiological characteristics were:average temperature 31.4 ºC, dissolved oxygen 4.5 mgl-1,and pH level 6.8.With these values we built a production function,and used it to evaluate profitability.We estimate a benefit/cost ratio of 1.16,with a net annual income of US$257.67.The system may provide two permanent jobs.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):951-958.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los peces ornamentales cultivados se han popularizado como mascotas,generando una demanda local que no se ha podido cubrir con la producción de México y por lo tanto deben importarse.Poecilia reticulata &quot;guppy &quot;,es un pez muy popular en el ámbito acuarístico,hoy en día se ha logrado desarrollar una gran cantidad de variedades según su coloración,tipo y forma de cola.Son peces vivíparos que toleran un ámbito extremo de temperatura,siendo la más adecuada entre 25ºC y 28ºC.El tiempo que tardan las hembras en expulsar a las crías una vez que quedan preñadas,oscila entre los 25 y 30 días dependiendo de la temperatura.En esta investigación,el ciclo reproductivo completo se desarrolló en jaulas flotantes,en una laguna tropical situada en la Llanura Costera del Golfo Sur, Veracruz, México.Se diseñó la infraestructura necesaria para producir guppys (P.reticulata )incluyendo el manejo de reproductores,crianza,engorda,alimentación y comercialización,evaluando su factibilidad técnica y financiera.Se realizó un estudio de mercado,a través de una encuesta aplicada a los propietarios de los 22 acuarios existentes en la Ciudad de Veracruz,México.Se analizaron las frecuencias de oferta y demanda de cada especie con respecto a la temporada del año,lugar de origen y resistencia al manejo.Las características hidrobiológicas presentaron valores medios de temperatura (31.4ºC),oxígeno disuelto (4.5 mgl-1)y pH (6.8).Con los datos obtenidos en campo se realizó un modelo para producción de P.reticulata ,obteniendo una relación beneficio/costo=1.16,correspondiente al ingreso mínimo potencial con una ganancia bruta de US$257.67, proporcionando empleo a dos personas El aprovechamiento de cuerpos de agua en regiones tropicales a través de la producción de peces de ornato representa una alternativa para disminuir la presión sobre las poblaciones silvestres y las tierras de cultivo,proporcionar fuentes de empleo e incrementar los ingresos para el productor en comparación con sistemas tradicionales de producción.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Culture</kwd>
<kwd>aquarium fish</kwd>
<kwd>profitability</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Cultivo</kwd>
<kwd>peces de acuario</kwd>
<kwd>rentabilidad</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hábitos alimentarios de los peces Lutjanus peru y Lutjanus guttatus (Pisces:Lutjanidae)en Guerrero,México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas-Herrera</surname>
<given-names>Agustín A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mascaró</surname>
<given-names>Maite</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chiappa-Carrara</surname>
<given-names>Xavier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero  </institution>
<addr-line> Acapulco</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad del Carmen Campeche</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>959</fpage>
<lpage>971</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding habits of the fishes Lutjanus peru and Lutjanus guttatus (Pisces:Lutjanidae)of Guerrero, México.Diet composition of the Pacific snapper (Lutjanus peru )130-684 mm fork length (FL)and the spotted snapper (Lutjanus guttatus )120-550 mm FL,was analyzed.Monthly samples were obtained from commercial landings in three regions off the coast of Guerrero,Mexico.Percentage by number (%N),percentage by weight (%W),and percentage of occurrence (%O)were calculated for each prey and summarized as the index of relative importance.Both species are polyphagous predators feeding on a variety of prey:Sixty-eight prey items,mainly fish (%W =50.9),crustaceans (%W =35.6),and mollusks (%W =7.2),were found in the stomach contents of L.peru ,while 88 components were identified in the diet of L.guttatus ,the most important prey being fish (%W =50.8)and crustaceans (%W =43.4).Diet overlap between species is not significant (p&lt;0.05),indicating that competition for food is unlikely.Based on published values of the relative importance index,the diets of these Lutjanidae were analyzed considering different regions of the Pacific coast of Mexico and Costa Rica,and similarities among sites and species were discussed.The cluster analysis showed that similarities among species inhabiting in the same area are more important than within organisms of the same species living in different zones.Results suggest that prey availability rather than food selectivity,conditions the feeding behavior of these fish species.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):959-971.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analiza la composición de la dieta del huachinango (Lutjanus peru )y del flamenco (Lutjanus guttatus ) en la costa de Guerrero,México.Los ejemplares se obtuvieron mensualmente de las capturas comerciales en tres regiones de pesca y presentaron intervalos de talla comprendidos entre 130 y 684 mm de longitud horquilla (LH)para el caso de L.peru ,y de 120 a 550 mm para L. guttatus .A partir del número y del peso de los distintos componentes alimentarios,identificados hasta el taxon más bajo posible,se calcularon los porcentajes numéricos (%N),gravimétricos (%P)y de frecuencia de ocurrencia (%FO)que fueron sintetizados como valores de importancia relativa.En los estómagos de L.peru se identificaron 68 ítems alimentarios dentro de los cuales predominan los peces (%P =50.9),los crustáceos (%P =35.6)y los moluscos (%P =7.2)mientras que el espectro alimentario de L.guttatus estuvo integrado por 88 componentes que incluyeron principalmente peces (%P =50.8)y crustáceos (%P =43.4).Ambas especies son depredadoras generalistas,con un amplio espectro de presas.Los valores de los índices de traslape de las dietas de estas especies sugieren que no existe un alto grado de competencia intraespecífica por el alimento.Con el fin de encontrar similitudes en la dieta de estos lutjánidos en varias localidades de México y Costa Rica,se realizó un análisis de conglomerados con los valores de importancia relativa de las presas,publicados en varios trabajos.Se encontró más afinidad en la dieta de aquellas especies que habitan en una misma localidad, que entre organismos de la misma especie distribuidos en diferentes zonas.Se infiere que la disponibilidad de las presas,más que la selectividad por el alimento,determina la dieta de estas especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Feeding habits</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanidae</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus peru</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus guttatus</kwd>
<kwd>coast of Guerrero</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Hábitos alimenticios</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanidae</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus peru</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus guttatus</kwd>
<kwd>Guerrero</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Abundance and species richness of fish associated to Thalassia testudinum at Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela. Fish are among the most abundant and diverse groups in Thalassia testudinum communities,in turn considered among the most productive and important ecosystems in marine environments.Three stations were sampled in the southern shore of Cariaco gulf (northwestern Venezuela)to quantify fish associated with T.testudinum ,from December 1996 to November 1997.We used a 50 m long beach net (&quot;chinchorro playero &quot;, height 1.50 m,mesh opening 0.7 cm.A total of 15 509 individuals were collected:27 families,38 genera and 44 specie were identified.The most abundant,in descending order,were Haemulon boschmae ,Nicholsina usta, Orthopristis ruber,Xenomelaniris brasiliensis and Diplodus argenteus .Thirty three species were occasional visitors (75.0%)and ten were recurrent visitors (22.7%).The permanent resident,N.usta,is a characteristic species that uses T.testudinum throughout its life cycle.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):973-980.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los peces constituyen uno de los grupos de organismos más abundantes y diversos dentro de las comunidades de Thalassia testudinum ,uno de los ecosistemas más productivos e importantes del medio marino.El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la fauna ictiológica asociada a praderas de T.testudinum en el Golfo de Cariaco,está situado en el Nororiente de Venezuela.Se consideraron tres estaciones ubicadas en la costa sur de dicho golfo.Las recolectas de peces se realizaron desde diciembre de 1996 hasta noviembre de 1997 utilizando un chinchorro playero de 50 m de longitud,1.50 m de altura y 0.7 cm de abertura de malla (un arrastre sobre la pradera en cada estación). Se recolectó un total de 15 509 individuos,se identificaron 44 especies pertenecientes a 38 géneros y 27 familias,siendo las más abundantes,en orden descendente,Haemulon boschmae, Nicholsina usta,Orthopristis ruber,Xenomelaniris brasiliensis, Diplodus argenteus .Del total de las especies recolectadas ,33 fueron visitantes ocasionales representando el 75%,10 especies visitantes cíclicas con 22.73%y 1 como residente permanente con 2.27%;representada por N.usta ,por lo que es la especie característica que utiliza las praderas de T.testudinum durante todo su ciclo vital.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Fish</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>sea grasses</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Cariaco</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Peces</kwd>
<kwd>ecología</kwd>
<kwd>algas marinas</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Cariaco</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000400020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura de tallas y edad del marlin rayado Tetrapturus audax (Pisces:Xiphidae),en Cabo San Lucas,Baja California Sur,México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Melo Barrera</surname>
<given-names>Felipe Neri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<name>
<surname>Uraga</surname>
<given-names>Roberto Felix</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CICIMAR-IPN  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CICIMAR-IPN  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz Baja California Sur</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>981</fpage>
<lpage>989</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Size and age structure of the striped marlin Tetrapturus audax (Pisces:Xiphidae),at Cabo San Lucas,Baja California Sur,México .The striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax)is found in temperate and tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Ocean.It is particularly abundant in the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula.Specimens brought to Cabo San Lucas port (22 °53 ’ N y 109 °54 ’ W)by the sport fishery fleet that operates withing a radius of 54 km from 1988 to 1993 were sexes,measured and weighed.A total 1030 individuals were sampled.Dorsal fin spines (389)were collected for age estimation.The spines were sectioned and hyaline-opaque bands counted.The relation of length to spine radius was similar for males and females.The fourth dorsal spine reflected the growth of the fish.The rhythm of growth mark formation is yearly and related to the sea surface temperature.Ten age groups were found and the seventh group was the most abundant,followed by groups &quot;6 &quot;and &quot;8 &quot;.The age structure of the striped marlin was stable in the study period.The observed sizes were 160-280 cm jaw length with 90%of the organisms measuring between 190 and 225 cm.The small individuals recruit to the fishery from June to December.Rev.Biol.Trop.52(4):981-989.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De 1988 a 1993 se muestrearon 1030 ejemplares de marlin rayado (Tetrapturus audax )capturados por la flota deportiva de Cabo San Lucas.Se recolectaron 389 espinas dorsales para la estimación de la edad.La relación Longitud mandibular-Radio total de la espina es similar para hembras y machos.Se encontró que la cuarta espina dorsal refleja adecuadamente el crecimiento.La periodicidad de formación de las marcas de crecimiento es anual y parece que se relaciona con la temperatura superficial promedio del mar.Se contaron las bandas opaco-hialinas en cada corte de las espinas,y se encontraron diez grupos de edad (del dos al once),siendo el grupo siete el más abundante, seguido por los grupos seis y ocho.Las tallas observadas para el marlin rayado fueron de 160-280 cm de longitud mandibular,el 90%de los organismos estuvieron entre 190 y 225 cm.Los ejemplares pequeños se incorporan a la pesquería de junio hasta diciembre.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tetrapturus</kwd>
<kwd>striped marlin</kwd>
<kwd>age determination</kwd>
<kwd>spines</kwd>
<kwd>Tetrapturus</kwd>
<kwd>marlin rayado</kwd>
<kwd>determinación de edad</kwd>
<kwd>espinas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>1001</fpage>
<lpage>1007</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The feeding ecology of Turdus pelios was studied from field observations and gizzard contents. Quantitative data on feeding were obtained from repeated standard &quot;fixed route &quot;walks and observational points at seven sites from January to December 1998 on 5065ha at the Obafemi Awolowo University campus,Ile-Ife (7 º20 ’ N,4 º33 ’ E).Walks (each lasting about two hours)were started at various times of the day between 7.00 and 16.45 h.A total of 100 walks were made and binoculars were used to observe all feeding activities during 10 minutes at each site.Each feeding record included food type,method of feeding and reaction with con-specifics at feeding sites.Gizzards from mist-netted specimens were also studied.These birds fed most commonly twice a day between 06.00-9.30hr in the morning and between 17.00-18.30hr in the evening.Field observations showed that about 62%of the diet consisted of plant matter.The prey items were earthworms and terrestrial arthropods, of which orthopterans alone constituted 45%of the total.The prey size consumed by both sexes overlapped extensively:differences in prey size were significant only for spiders. Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(4):1001-1007.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se examina la ecología alimenticia del ave Turdus pelios en Nigeria,África.Se observó que se alimenta frecuentemente dos veces al día entre 6:00 -9:30 am y entre las 17:00 -18:30 pm.Observaciones de campo mostraron que alrededor del 62%de la dieta consite en material vegetal. Las presas fueron lombices y artropodos terrestres,de los cuales los ortópteros constituyen el 45%del total.El tamaño de las presas consumidas por ambos sexos se traslapa ampliamente,y las diferencias fueron significativas solamente respecto al tamaño de las arañas (los machos consumieron más).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Turdus pelios</kwd>
<kwd>feeding ecology</kwd>
<kwd>prey item</kwd>
<kwd>prey size</kwd>
<kwd>bill length</kwd>
<kwd>gizzard</kwd>
<kwd>plant matter</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
<kwd>Turdus pelios</kwd>
<kwd>ecología</kwd>
<kwd>alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>presa</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño de presa</kwd>
<kwd>molleja</kwd>
<kwd>material vegetal</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Association of the &quot;IUCN vulnerable &quot;spiny rat Clyomys bishopi (Rodentia:Echimyidae)with palm trees and armadillo burrows in southeastern Brazil</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>Adriana A</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Biociências-Universidade de São Paulo  </institution>
<addr-line>São Paulo SP</addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Ciências Florestais  </institution>
<addr-line>Curitiba PR</addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>1009</fpage>
<lpage>1011</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The globally vulnerable Clyomys bishopi ,a semi-fossorial and colonial rodent,is apparently limited to cerrado (savannah-like vegetation)physiognomies in São Paulo State,Brazil.The aim of the study was to verify whether the presence of C.bishopi is associated to the occurrence of palm trees (Attalea gearensis, Syagrus loefgrenii )and armadillo burrows.Thirty six quadrats were placed in different physiognomies of cerrado vegetation at Itirapina Ecological Station,southeastern Brazil to survey the number of C.bishopi burrows of individuals of palm trees and burrows of armadillos.There was a strong dependence and association between the number of C.bishopi burrows and all measured variables (Contingency tables and Spearman rank correlations).It is suggested that this rodent can be found in great numbers where palm trees are abundant.The use of armadillo burrows possibly makes the movement of the rodents easier inside their own galleries.Rev.Biol. Trop. 52(4):1009-1011.Epub 2005 Jun 24.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El roedor colonial Clyomys bishopi está aparentemente limitado a vegetación de semi-sabana (cerrado)en el estado de São Paulo,Brasil.El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si la presencia de C.bishopi está asociada a la individuos de las palmeras Attalea gearensis,Syagrus loefgrenii y madrigueras de armadillos.El estudio fue realizado en la Estación Ecológica de Itirapina,en el sureste de Brasil.Treinta y seis cuadrantes fueron dispuestos en diferentes fisionomías del la vegetación del cerrado para encuestar el número de madrigueras de C.bishopi, árboles individuales de palma y madrigueras de armadillos.Se calcularon tablas de contingencia y correlaciones de Sperman para evaluar, respectivamente, la dependencia y asociación entre el número de madrigueras de C.bishopi y las otras variables.Se encontró una fuerte dependencia y asociación entre el número de madrigueras de C.bishopi y todas las variables medidas.Esto sugiere que este roedor alcanza grandes poblaciones cuando hay palmeras en abundancia. El uso de madrigueras de armadillos posiblemente facilita el movimiento de los roedores dentro de sus propias galerías.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Clyomys bishopi</kwd>
<kwd>semi-fossorial habit</kwd>
<kwd>burrows</kwd>
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<kwd>Palmae</kwd>
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<kwd>Clyomys bishopi</kwd>
<kwd>madrigueras</kwd>
<kwd>savana</kwd>
<kwd>Palmae</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
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