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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000500001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Presentación</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sierra-Beltrán</surname>
<given-names>Arturo P</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>La Barbera</surname>
<given-names>Amelia</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cortés-Altamirano</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gavidia</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>XI</fpage>
<lpage>XII</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000500002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prólogo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>XII</fpage>
<lpage>XII</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000500003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The red tide event in El Salvador, August 2001-January 2002</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barraza</surname>
<given-names>José Enrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Armero-Guardado</surname>
<given-names>Julio Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valencia de Toledo</surname>
<given-names>Zobeyda Marisol</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Dirección de Patrimonio Natural </institution>
<addr-line>San Salvador </addr-line>
<country>El Salvador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud y Asistencia Social Unidad de Epidemiología </institution>
<addr-line>San Salvador </addr-line>
<country>El Salvador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero </institution>
<addr-line>Nueva San Salvador </addr-line>
<country>El Salvador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>4</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A red tide event occurred in El Salvador from August 2001 to January 2002. National health authorities usually measured toxin levels in Ostrea iridescens, however other species were analyzed during this microalgae bloom: Anadara similis, Anadara tuberculosa and Modiolus sp. El Salvador authorities consider 400 mouse units/100 g the highest value that is safe for human health. During this period toxin levels in O. iridescens and Modiolus sp. increased from values under 400 to 3 977 and 15 468 mouse units/100 g, respectively. Persistent and higher levels were recorded in oyster and mussel banks on the west part of the country. The Ministry of Health and Social Assistance treated 41 slight to moderate intoxications associated to bivalve mollusks consumption</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hubo una marea roja en El Salvador desde agosto de 2001 hasta enero de 2002. Las autoridades de salud usualmente medían niveles de toxinas en Ostrea iridescens, pero durante esta proliferación de microalgas se estudió también Anadara similis, Anadara tuberculosa y Modiolus sp. En El Salvador se consideran 400 unidades ratón/ 100 g como el límite sobre el cual el consumo de moluscos representa riesgo para la salud humana. Durante este período se detectó que los niveles de toxinas en O. iridescens y Modiolus sp. variaron desde niveles menores a 400 hasta 3 977 y 15 468 unidades ratón/100 g, respectivamente. Los niveles más altos y persistentes se registraron en los bancos de ostras y mejillones de la zona oeste del país. El Ministerio de Salud y Asistencia Social atendio 41 intoxicaciones de leves a moderadas atribuidas al consumo de moluscos bivalvos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anadara similis</kwd>
<kwd>Anadara tuberculosa</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagellate</kwd>
<kwd>El Salvador</kwd>
<kwd>Modiolus sp.</kwd>
<kwd>Ostrea iridescens</kwd>
<kwd>red tide</kwd>
<kwd>toxin</kwd>
<kwd>Anadara similis</kwd>
<kwd>Anadara tuberculosa</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagelado</kwd>
<kwd>El Salvador</kwd>
<kwd>Modiolus sp</kwd>
<kwd>Ostrea iridescens</kwd>
<kwd>marea roja</kwd>
<kwd>toxina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000500004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fitoflagelados potencialmente tóxicos y nocivos de costas del Pacífico mexicano</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bravo-Sierra</surname>
<given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Laboratorio de Diversidad y Ecología de Fitoplancton Marino</institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The phytoflagellates are a heterogeneous group of autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixothrophic flagellates of trophic importance in several ecosystems. As in the rest of Latin America, the phytoflagellates that occur in the Mexican Pacific coasts are virtually unknown except for a few records. Their study require complicated collection and analysis methods, a probable cause for the scarce knowledge of this group in tropical and subtropical areas. Material recently collected from various localities along the Mexican Pacific coasts was used to study phytoflagellates, including toxic and potentially toxic species. Plankton samples were treated by gravity and pump filtration, using different methods for fixation and analysis. The phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta and Haptophyta were found. They occur as plankton in oceanic and shallow coastal waters</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los fitoflagelados son un grupo heterogéneo de flagelados autotróficos, heterotróficos y mixotróficos, con importancia ecológica para los niveles tróficos en diferentes ecosistemas. Los fitoflagelados en costas del Pacífico mexicano (y en Latinoamérica en términos generales) son virtualmente desconocidos, sólo se tienen pocos registros. El estudio de los fitoflagelados requiere de métodos complicados de recolección y análisis. Esta es, probablemente, la causa de la escasez de conocimiento de este grupo en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Material recientemente recolectado a lo largo del Pacífico mexicano sirvió para el estudio de fitoflagelados marinos, incluyendo algunos tóxicos y potencialmente tóxicos. Se usaron muestras de plancton filtradas por gravedad y con bomba de vacío utilizando diferentes métodos de fijación y análisis. Se registran aquellas especies presentes o con posibilidad de estarlo que son potencialmente nocivas para el ecosistema marino pertenecientes a los Phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta y Haptophyta. Estas especies están distribuidas en el plancton, en aguas oceánicas y costeras</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Phytoflagellates</kwd>
<kwd>toxic</kwd>
<kwd>harmful species</kwd>
<kwd>Mexican Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Fitoflagelados</kwd>
<kwd>tóxico</kwd>
<kwd>especies nocivas</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico mexicano</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The use of pigment &quot;fingerprints&quot; in the study of harmful algal blooms</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Along the Mexican coast, harmful algae blooms (HAB) have become more frequent, and therefore, there is an urgent need to establish monitoring programs to avoid the undesired consequences of HAB in human and natural ecosystems. In this work, we analyzed the pigment signatures and the species composition from phytoplankton samples to evaluate the utility of the specific pigment &quot;fingerprints&quot; in HAB monitoring programs. Vertical profiles from a coastal lagoon and temporal samples of a red tide occurring in a shrimp-culture pond and in a coastal zone were taken into consideration. Between 76% and 84% of dinoflagellate and diatom cell density was explained by their specific signature variation, in both vertical and temporal samples. Only the variation of zeaxanthin and the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. showed a poor relationship, probably from difficulties in counting other cyanobacteria present in the samples examined with the microscopic method. These results suggest that inclusion of pigment analysis in the study and monitoring programs dealing with harmful algae would be very useful</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A lo largo de las costas mexicanas, los florecimientos algales nocivos (FAN) se han vuelto cada vez mas frecuentes y por lo tanto, existe una necesidad urgente de establecer programas de monitoreo para evitar las consecuencias no deseadas por su desarrollo, sobre los ecosistemas naturales y el ser humano. En este trabajo, nosotros analizamos las huellas pigmentarias y la composición de especies de diversas muestras de fitoplancton para evaluar la utilidad que pueden representar estos pigmentos específicos o &quot;huellas pigmentarias&quot; en programas de monitoreo de florecimientos algales nocivos. Los perfiles verticales de muestras de fitoplancton de una laguna costera y muestras de mareas rojas que ocurrieron en un estanque de cultivo de camarón y en una laguna costera, fueron considerados en este estudio. Tanto en muestras verticales como en temporales, entre el 76% y 84% de la densidad celular de dinoflagelados y diatomeas fueron explicados por la variación de su huella específica, mientras que la variación de zeaxantina y la densidad de la cianobacteria Anabaena sp. mostró una relación pobre, la cual fue debida probablemente a la dificultad en el conteo que presenta este grupo al ser analizadas mediante un microscópico invertido. Estos resultados sugieren que la inclusión del análisis de las huellas pigmentarias en los programas del estudio y monitoreo de las algas nocivas sería de gran utilidad</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>HPLC</kwd>
<kwd>HAB</kwd>
<kwd>pigments</kwd>
<kwd>monitoring</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagellates</kwd>
<kwd>HPLC</kwd>
<kwd>PAN</kwd>
<kwd>pigmentos</kwd>
<kwd>monitoreo</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagelados</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In order to verify whether harmful algal blooms increased since 1979, a long-term project for the study of harmful algal blooms in Mazatlán Bay began 25 years ago (1979-2003). Observations were done daily and results indicate five trend types: I) years without discoloration related to El Niño events; II) years with days of sudden occurrence of discoloration, related to the release of accumulated energy after El Niño events; III) years with similar number of discoloration events (days); IV) years with a progressive decrease of the occurrence (days) of discoloration events; V) years with gradual increase of discoloration events. The annual mean average of discoloration is of 25.3 days. Ninety-six discoloration events were recorded during year 2000, and represent the highest number of events in the last 25 years. Discoloration events are more common in March (174 days), harmful and toxic blooms included. This indicates continuity in the occurrence of the highest content of microalgae, and therefore, it is concluded that they play an important role for a better understanding of the environmental deterioration undergone by the coastal zone due to an increase of harmful and toxic microalgae blooms</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hace 25 años la UNAM desarrolló un programa de observación y muestreo de mareas rojas en la Bahía de Mazatlán (1979-2003), con el propósito de conocer su evolución a través del tiempo. Se apoyó en observaciones diarias de las decoloraciones (manchas) y los resultados indican cinco tendencias: I) Años sin días de manchas, los cuales están asociados al fenómeno de El Niño; II) Años de días con manchas súbitas; III) Años con un número similar de días de manchas; IV) Años con una disminución progresiva de los días de manchas; V) Años con un aumento gradual de manchas. El promedio anual es de 25.3 días de decoloraciones. En el año 2000 hubo 96 días de decoloraciones y representa el más alto en los 25 años de registros. En marzo es donde existen mas frecuentemente las manchas de mareas rojas (174 días) incluyendo las tóxicas. Estas tendencias nos indican un comportamiento continuo de la máxima concentración de las microalgas y por lo tanto desempeñan un papel muy importante para conocer el deterioro ambiental que sufren las zonas costeras por aumento de microalgas nocivas y tóxicas</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Decoloraciones</kwd>
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<kwd>proliferaciones algales nocivas (PAN’s)</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The evolution of an ichthiotoxic algal bloom caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium catenatum was studied from July to December 2000. The abnormal multiplication of this dinoflagellate occurred in the form of a discoloration spreading between a temperature and salinity interval of 25-32°C and 33-35 ups, respectively. The density of C. catenatum reached 10 841 cells ml-1 . The event was observed in large areas of Banderas Bay affecting 13 fish species, whose massive killing was due to suffocation (gill obstruction and excessive mucus production). The human population around the area did not present respiratory affections or skin irritation. The C. catenatum measurements suggest a hologamic and heterothalic reproduction. Their morphological characteristics suggest that C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum and C. catenatum are the same species. It is estimated that the species could be a recent introduction in the Mexican Pacific</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la evolución de una proliferación algal ictiotóxica (julio a diciembre del 2000) causada por el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium catenatum. La multiplicación anormal de este dinoflagelado se presentó a manera de decoloraciones dispersas dentro de un intervalo de temperatura de 25-32 º C y salinidades de 33-35 ups. La densidad de C. catenatum fue desde no detectable hasta 10 841 éls ml-1 . El evento se presentó en grandes extensiones en la Bahía de Banderas, afectando a 13 especies de peces, cuya muerte masiva se debió a sofocación por la obstrucción en las agallas y por excesiva producción de mucus. La población humana aledaña no presentó afecciones respiratorias ni irritaciones en la piel. Las dimensiones de C. catenatum sugieren que pueda presentar una reproducción hologámica y heterotálica. Por sus características morfológicas se sugiere que C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum y C. catenatum son una única especie. Esta última parece de reciente introducción en el Pacífico mexicano</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Microalgae</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>Banderas Bay</kwd>
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<kwd>Microalgas</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de Banderas</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico mexicano</kwd>
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<institution>,Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina  </institution>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cochlodinium polykrikoides was the species responsible for the discoloration that occurred between September 15th and 27th , 2000 in a shallow coastal lagoon located in the southern part of the Bahía de La Paz, on the west side of the Gulf of California. Blooms of C. polykrikoides were observed four days after two rainy days with a seawater temperature of 29 to 31°C. Nutrient concentration ranges during the bloom were 0.165- 0.897 µM NO2 +NO3 , 0.16-3.25 µM PO4 , and 1.0-35.36 µM SiO4 . Abundance of C. polykrikoides ranged from 360 x 10³ to 7.05 x 10(6) /cells l-1 . Biomass expressed in terms of chlorophyll a was high, ranging from 2.7 to 56.8 mg/m³ . A typical dinoflagellate pigment profile (chlorophyll a and c, peridinin, diadinoxantin, and beta -carotene) was recorded. In this study, the red tide occurred in front of several fish and shrimp-culture ponds. No PST toxins were found in the samples. However, 180 fish were found dead in the infected fish-pond; the gills were the most affected part. C. polykrikoides is a cyst-forming species that recurs in this area. New blooms were observed in November 2000 and September-November 2001 in the same area. Anthropogenic activities, such as eutrophication caused by water discharge in this shallow lagoon, and nutrient enrichment in the culture ponds, as well as effects from precipitation and wind stress, could have favored the outbreak of this dinoflagellate</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante el desarrollo de una marea roja ocurrida del 15 al 27 de septiembre del año 2000 en la Ensenada de La Paz, B.C.S. se tomaron muestras de agua con una botella Van Dorn para determinar la temperatura, la especie causante y la cantidad de nutrientes y pigmentos fotosintéticos. Se hicieron análisis de toxinas de Cochlodinium polykrikoides, la especie responsable de esta marea roja. La mayoría de los especimenes formaron cadenas de cuatro células y raramente de dos. La abundancia fue de 360 x 10³ a 7.05 x 10(6) /cels l-1 . Los florecimientos de C. polykrikoides ocurrieron cuatro días después de dos días lluviosos; el intervalo de temperatura fue de 29 a 31°C. La concentración de nutrientes registrada durante este fenómeno fue 0.165-0.897 µM NO2 +NO3 , 0.16-3.25 µM PO4 , y 1.0-35.36 µM SiO4 . El perfil pigmentario reveló la presencia de clorofila a y c, peridinina, diadinoxantina, y beta -caroteno. La biomasa total expresada en clorofila a fue alta, oscilando entre 2.7 y 56.8 mg/m³ , mientras que la biomasa de Cochlodinium, expresada en peridinina, varió entre 0.68 y 32.03 mg/m³ . En este estudio, la marea roja se desarrolló cerca de varios estanques de cultivo de peces y camarón. En uno de ellos proliferó C. polykrikoides. Los análisis de toxinas PST fueron negativos; sin embargo, durante el incremento de las proliferaciones algunos estanques fueron alcanzados y murieron 180 peces, principalmente pargos (Lutjanus argentiventis, Pomadasys macracantus). Las branquias fueron las partes más afectadas. En condiciones desfavorables C. polykrikoides forma quistes, lo cual ha provocado su recurrente proliferación en el área, registrándose nuevas proliferaciones en noviembre del 2000 y en septiembre-noviembre del 2001. Actividades antropogénicas como la eutroficación causada por la descarga de aguas residuales y de nutrientes de los estanques de cultivo, pudieran estar favoreciendo la proliferación de este dinoflagelado</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cochlodinium polykrikoides</kwd>
<kwd>blooms</kwd>
<kwd>caged fish mortality</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de La Paz</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium polykrikoides</kwd>
<kwd>proliferaciones</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad de peces en cautiverio</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de la Paz</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de California</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500009</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">La marea roja causada por el dinoflagelado Alexandrium tamarense en la costa Pacífica colombiana (2001)</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro Control Contaminación del Pacifico Sección Ecología y Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Vía el Morro </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Unidad Académica Mazatlán Laboratorio de Plancton </institution>
<addr-line>Sinaloa </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste Programa de Manejo de Recursos Pesqueros </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>68</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From April 26th to May 15th 2001, a large algae bloom was observed off Tumaco Bay on the Pacific coast of Colombia. This was the first harmful algae bloom (HAB) reported in the region, and reached Gorgona Island, about 120 km north. Ayear later, starting March 2002, an offshore HAB developed from Cabo Corrientes North to Solano Bay. The typical abundance during the blooms reached 7.5 x 10(6) cells l-1 for the 2001 event and 1.6 x 10(6) cells l-1 for the 2002 event. During both events, low temperature and high salinity were recorded. Typical measurements in the area are 27-27.5°C and 30-31.5 psu. Values observed during the two events were 24-24.6°C and 33-34 psu; 3°C below normal and more than 2.5 psu above average values. These conditions are indicative of local upwelling processes at the time of the events. On both occasions, cells corresponding to the Alexandrium catenella/fundeyense/tamarense complex represented 99-100% of the biomass. It was difficult to differentiate the cells from A. catenella, but the presence of short chains of only 4 cells (single cells represented most of the biomass) was suggestive of A. tamarense. Shape, dimensions, and detailed structure of the apical pore complex, first apical plate, posterior sulcal plate, and position of the ventral pore on plate 1’ of cells were consistent with the description of A. tamarense, which has not been reported in the tropical East Pacific. The Control Center of Pacific Contamination of the Maritime General Direction of the Colombian Navy has been monitoring the area since 1994 without finding this species or HABs. This leads us to consider the two events as caused by recently introduced species, where local upwelling processes favor permanent and cyclic HABs. However, during these two events, there were no reports of effects on marine biota or of human poisoning, probably because the blooms occurred some distance offshore and far from exploited shellfish beds</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El 26 de marzo de 2001 se registró por primera vez en las aguas del Pacífico colombiano, en el área de la Ensenada de Tumaco, la aparición de una marea roja producida por la especie Alexandrium tamarense con valores que superaron las 7.5 x 10(6) céls l-1 , la marea se mantuvo hacia la región oceánica, derivando en sentido sur-norte por efecto de las corrientes, hasta ser vista por ultima vez cerca a la Isla Gorgona, casi tres semanas después. Un año mas tarde, en marzo de 2002, una segunda proliferación, conformada por la misma especie, se reportó cerca de Cabo Corrientes con una concentración de 1.6 x 10(6) céls l -1 . Ambos casos estuvieron relacionados con la presencia de bajas temperaturas en la superficie del mar y no estuvieron asociadas con fenómenos de intoxicación y mortalidad</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Red tide</kwd>
<kwd>Alexandrium tamarense</kwd>
<kwd>Tumaco Bay</kwd>
<kwd>Corrientes Cape</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Marea roja</kwd>
<kwd>Alexandrium tamarense</kwd>
<kwd>Ensenada de Tumaco</kwd>
<kwd>Cabo Corrientes</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico colombiano</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500010</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,UNAM Unidad Académica ICMyL </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Observations on microplankton in the autumn of 1996 revealed the existence of high densities of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. A similar phenomenon was found in November 1998 and November 1999 and a month later it shifted to the southern Mazatlán Bay while in California, USA, incidents of the poisoning of sea mammals were being recorded; this also happened on the Mexican Pacific coasts from January to March. Water samples collected at surface (&lt;0.5 m deep) and subsurface (10 m deep) monthly, from November 1998 to January 1999 and every week from February 1999 to May 2000, were analyzed by the Utermöhl technique at 400 enlargements. Phytoplankton quantification showed winter and summer pulses; the 1998-1999 period was higher than the 1999-2000 period. Five species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified by electron microscopy (TEM and SEM); a new study has revealed other species. High values of Pseudo-nitzschia were observed: 730 P-n/ml (Dec. 1999), 610 P-n/ml (Dec. 1998), 335 P-n/ml (Jul. 1999), 198 P-n/ml (Feb. 1999), 170 P-n/ml (Nov. 1998), 123 P-n/ml (Mar. 1999), 108 P-n/ml (Aug. 1999). The blooms of other species of diatoms (Thalassiosira spp., Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros spp., Skeletonema costatum), dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum spp., Scripsiella trochoidea) and ciliates (Myrionecta rubra) were also observed</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Observaciones previas sobre el microplancton de la Bahía de Mazatlán, en el otoño de 1996, revelaron la existencia de altas densidades de Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Este mismo fenómeno se encontró en noviembre 1998 y un mes después se había desplazado al sur de la Bahía de Mazatlán, mientras que por esas mismas fechas, en California, EUA, se registraban accidentes de envenenamiento de mamíferos marinos, accidentes que en el noroeste de México se aprecian entre enero y marzo. Mensualmente se recolectaron muestras de agua superficial (&lt; 0.5 m) y subsuperficial (10 m), de noviembre 1998 a enero 1999 y cada semana, entre febrero 1999 y mayo 2000; las muestras fueron analizadas por la técnica de Utermöhl a 400X. La cuantificación del microplancton presentó un amplio pulso invernal y otro menor en verano de cada ciclo anual. Con el empleo de microscopio electrónico (MEB y MET), se reconocieron cuatro especies de Pseudo-nitzschia y una más en estudio reciente. Las densidades de Pseudo-nitzschia fueron, en orden de importancia: 760 céls ml-1 (7 dic.1999), 610 (6 dic.1998), 335 (12 jul.1999), 198 (1º. feb. 1999), 170 (6 nov.1998), 123 (17 mar.1999), 108 (11 ago.1999). Otras especies de diatomeas (Thalassiosira spp., Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros spp., Skeletonema costatum), dinoflagelados (Prorocentrum spp., Scripsiella trochoideda) y ciliados (Myrionecta rubra), manifestaron proliferaciones altas durante el período de este estudio</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>HABs</kwd>
<kwd>blooms</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudo-nitzschia</kwd>
<kwd>Mazatlán</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>PANs</kwd>
<kwd>proliferaciones</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudo-nitzschia</kwd>
<kwd>Mazatlán</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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</journal-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Especies de dinoflagelados del género Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) del Mar Caribe mexicano</article-title>
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<given-names>A</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Lab. Diversidad y Ecología del Fitoplancton Marino</institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<institution>,CICESE Depto. Ecología Marina, División Oceanología Lab. Ecología del Plancton</institution>
<addr-line>Ensenada </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>87</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Some dinoflagellates with benthic habits are related to ciguatera intoxication by fish consumption, especially in tropical areas. In the Mexican Caribbean, ciguatera is relatively common, but only one paper seems to have been published on the subject, and there are very few publicactions on phytoplankton and benthic microalgae. Material collected along the coast of the State of Quintana Roo with phytoplankton net (54 mm) and directly from sediment and epiphytes of macroscopic plants, was searched for toxic and other associated dinoflagellates. Samples were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphological characters were useful for species identification, but eventually physiological, ecological and molecular characters could also be used. Three species of Gambierdiscus, related to the production of ciguatera toxins, were identified: G. belizeanus, G. toxicus and G. yasumotoi. They are distributed in shallow coastal areas, including coastal lagoons</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Algunos dinoflagelados de hábitos bénticos están relacionados con la ciguatera, por consumo de pescado, en áreas tropicales. En el Caribe mexicano la ciguatera es un padecimiento relativamente común, sin embargo solo existe un trabajo sobre este tema y muy pocos antecedentes publicados sobre fitoplancton y microalgas bénticas. En este estudio se analizó material recolectado en varios puntos a lo largo de las costas del Estado de Quintana Roo, tanto con red de fitoplancton (54 mm), como de sedimento y epífitas de plantas macroscópicas, para estudiar los dinoflagelados tóxicos y asociados. Se registra la presencia de tres especies del género Gambierdiscus, asociadas con la producción de toxinas causantes de la ciguatera: G. belizeanus, G. toxicus y G. yasumotoi, todas distribuídas en áreas costeras poco profundas, incluyendo lagunas costeras. Las especies han sido estudiadas con microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido. Para el reconocimiento de las especies se emplearon los caracteres morfológicos usuales, pero eventualmente se pueden usar caracteres fisiológicos, ecológicos y moleculares. La llamada &quot;comunidad ciguatoxigénica&quot; también está formada por especies de los géneros Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis y Coolia, cuyo estudio florístico y taxonómico se recomienda ampliamente, así como investigaciones complementarias de aspectos biológicos, ecológicos, fisiológicos y epidemiológicos de esta comunidad</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ciguatera</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagellates</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Gambierdiscus</kwd>
<kwd>Mexican Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>new record</kwd>
<kwd>Ciguatera</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagelados</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>Gambierdiscus</kwd>
<kwd>registros nuevos</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe mexicano</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A severe outbreak of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) occurred in Manzanillo and Guayacán, northwestern coast of Margarita Island, Venezuela, between August and October 1991. A bloom of dinoflagellates including Prorocentrum gracile, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium tamarense seemed to be responsible for this outbreak. Levels of PSP toxins in mussels (Perna perna) exceeded the international safety limit of saxitoxin, 80 µg STX/100 g meat. PSP toxin values varied between 2 548 and 115 µg STX/100 g meat in Manzanillo, and between 1 422 and 86 µg STX/100 g meat in Guayacán. At both locations, the highest levels were detected in August, when 24 patients exhibited typical symptoms of PSP toxicity after consuming cooked mussels (16 required hospitalization). A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was recently used on the 1991 samples. The major toxin detected in samples of both locations was decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), but low concentrations of saxitoxin were also found in Manzanillo samples. Gonyautoxins GTX1, GTX2 and GTX3 were detected only at Guayacán, while in both locations, decarbamoylgonyatouxin (dcGTX2,3) toxins were detected. These findings represent the first time that causative toxins of PSP in Venezuela have been chemically identified, and confirm the presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in mussels from the Caribbean Sea. The presence of dcSTX and dcGTX in shellfish is indicative that Gymnodinium catenatum was a causative organism for outbreak of PSP</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un severo brote de intoxicación paralizante por moluscos (PSP en inglés) ocurrió en Manzanillo y Guayacán en la costa noroeste de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela entre agosto y octubre de 1991. Una proliferación de Prorocentrum gracile, Gymnodinium catenatum y Alexandrium tamarense causó el brote. Los niveles de PSP en mejillón (Perna perna) superaron los niveles máximos permisibles de saxitoxina, 80 µg STX/100g carne. Los niveles de toxinas variaron entre 2 548 y 115 µg STX/100 g carne en Manzanillo y entre 1 422 y 86 µg STX/100g carne en Guayacán. En ambas localidades, los máximos niveles se detectaron en agosto, cuando 24 personas presentaron síntomas típicos de PSP después de consumir mejillones cocidos (16 fueron hospitalizados). Se aplicó recientemente cromatografía líquida de alta presión (HPLC) a muestras del año 1991 y la toxina más detectada fue decarbamoyl saxitoxina (dcSTX), pero también se encontró saxitoxinas en muestras de Manzanillo. Las gonyautoxinas GTX1, GTX2 y GTX3 solo se encontraron en Guayacán; en ambas localidades se detectó decarbamoylgonyatouxin (dcGTX2,3). Estos hallazgos representan la primera vez que las toxinas causantes de un brote de PSP en Venezuela han sido químicamente identificadas, confirmando la presencia de dcSTX y dcGTX en mejillones del mar Caribe. La presencia de dcSTX y dcGTX en moluscos, indica que G. catenatum fue el organismo responsable de la intoxicación</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dinoflagellate</kwd>
<kwd>Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning</kwd>
<kwd>saxitoxin</kwd>
<kwd>Prorocentrum</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>Alexandrium tamarense</kwd>
<kwd>Dinoflagelado</kwd>
<kwd>intoxicación paralizante por moluscos</kwd>
<kwd>saxitoxina</kwd>
<kwd>Prorocentrum</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>Alexandrium tamarense</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara  </institution>
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<aff id="A05">
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>107</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Pacific coast of Central and North America has long been and still is impacted by the flourishing of microalgal populations known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). The organisms that have caused recent HABs episodes in the region are among others, Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, and recently Cochlodinium cf. catenatum. In spite of the accumulated effects on the human health, the economic activities and the environment, scarce information is available on the subject. The augmented use of coastal zones for human activities is also paralleled by increased awareness of global climate changes. Thus, it is not an easy task to discriminate anthropogenic or natural phenomena, or both, as the major driving forces. The long-term data sets available for limited regions, as well as some sporadic observations during notorious blooms, allowed us to discriminate major changes in the biodiversity and biogeography of HAB organisms. Main changes refer to number of events, covered area, duration and frequency, number of blooming species and appearance of not previously reported harmful taxa. The variables more clearly related to these dynamic phenomena, seems to be sea surface temperature and wind force, but it is not yet possible to weight their contributions. The participation of rain is not fully evaluated to date. The collaborative communication among small-budget monitoring operations in the region allowed to &quot;pass the voice&quot; about peaking concentrations of HAB organisms, diminishing the risk of poisoning</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La región costera del Pacífico de Centro y Norte America ha sido afectada de manera frecuente por fenómenos que se denominan proliferaciones algales nocivas o en inglés, &quot;Harmful Algal Blooms&quot; (HAB). A pesar de la gran cantidad de efectos en la salud pública, las actividades económicas y el medio ambiente, aún existe una abrumadora carencia de información en el tema. Esto no permite establecer si las causas principales de este evidente aumento en el número e intensidad de los eventos son naturales o antropogénicas. La incrementada utilización de las zonas costeras para actividades humanas encuentra paralelo en el denominado cambio climático, lo que dificulta discriminar entre la posible influencia de estos dos fenómenos. Series de datos de larga duración en regiones reducidas, así como las observaciones esporádicas realizadas cuando se presenta algún evento, nos permite comparar regímenes climáticos, condiciones geográficas, disponibilidad de nutrientes (incluyendo la eutroficación) y parámetros oceanográficos que promueven o permiten el desarrollo y mantenimiento de las proliferaciones, haciendo evidentes cambios drásticos en la biodiversidad y la biogeografía de los organismos productores de HAB</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Climate change</kwd>
<kwd>HAB</kwd>
<kwd>monitoring</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific coast</kwd>
<kwd>poisoning</kwd>
<kwd>red tides</kwd>
<kwd>prevention</kwd>
<kwd>Cambio climático</kwd>
<kwd>PAN</kwd>
<kwd>monitoreo</kwd>
<kwd>costa Pacífica</kwd>
<kwd>envenenamiento</kwd>
<kwd>mareas rojas</kwd>
<kwd>prevención</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Analyses of ciguatoxicity in the great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda and quantity of toxic benthic dinoflagellates on coastal reefs (correlated with the number of cases of human ciguatera intoxications in Puerto Rico) were used to construct a model formulated on data obtained during the period of 1985-1988. The validity of the proposed model has been questioned by recent data obtained during the period of 1990-2000. Barracuda ciguatoxicity no longer showed a prominent seasonality while the fraction of randomly caught barracuda that were ciguatoxic significantly increased during this period. These two changes, accompanied by the discovery that ciguatoxic fish contained a variety of multiple toxins, appear to be correlated with the steadily increasing periods of elevated sea surface temperatures in this region</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Pruebas de ciguatoxicidad en la gran barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda y la cantidad de dinoflagelados bentónicos tóxicos en los arrecifes de la costa están correlacionados con el número de casos de intoxicaciones por ciguatera en humanos, en Puerto Rico. Estos hechos fueron utilizados para construir un modelo que fue formulado con la información recopilada durante el período de 1985- 1988. La validez de este modelo propuesto ha sido cuestionada debido a la información recientemente obtenida durante el período 1990-2000. La ciguatoxicidad en la barracuda ya no demostraba una marcada asociación con las temporadas mientras que la cantidad de barracuda ciguatóxica capturada al azar tuvo un aumento significativo durante este período. Estos dos cambios estuvieron acompañados por el descubrimiento de que peces ciguatóxicos contienen una gran variedad de toxinas que parecen estar relacionadas con los períodos de elevadas temperaturas en la superficie del mar. Estas temperaturas continúan aumentando de manera que a su vez continúan en un aumento estable en esta región</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Ciguatera</kwd>
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<kwd>sea surface temperatures</kwd>
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<kwd>Ciguatera</kwd>
<kwd>estacionalidad</kwd>
<kwd>temperatura de superificie marina</kwd>
<kwd>toxinas múltiples</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040005</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Presencia de los dinoflagelados Ceratium dens, C. fusus y C. furca (Gonyaulacales: Ceratiaceae) en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2004</year>
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<fpage>115</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Harmful Algae Blooms (HAB) are a frequent phenomenon in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, as in other parts of the world. The morphology and physiology of these microalgae are important because HAB species have adaptive characteristics. The production of high concentrations of paralytic toxins by Ceratium dinoflagellates has only been documented at the experimental level. However, this genus has been associated with the mortality of aquatic organisms, including oyster and shrimp larva, and fish, and with decreased water quality. Recently, fishermen reported massive mortality of encaged fish near Tortuga Island (Gulf of Nicoya). Samples were taken from an algal bloom that had produced an orange coloration and had a strong foul-smelling odor. Ultrastructural details were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The dinoflagellates Ceratium dens, C. furca and C. fusus were found in samples taken at the surface. The cell count revealed four million cells of this genus per liter. The morphological variability of these species is high; therefore electron microscopy is an useful tool in the ultrastructural study of these organisms. This is the first time that three Ceratium species are reported concurrently producing harmful blooms in Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las proliferaciones algales nocivas (PAN) son un fenómeno frecuente en el Golfo de Nicoya. La morfología y fisiología de estas microalgas son muy importantes debido al hecho de que las especies involucradas en estos eventos presentan características adaptativas. PAN producidas por dinoflagelados del género Ceratium son comunes en algunas partes del mundo, sin embargo, a pesar del hecho de que la producción de altas concentraciones de toxinas paralíticas sólo se ha documentado a nivel experimental, éste género ha sido asociado con la mortalidad de organismos acuáticos y con la disminución en la calidad del agua, así como el responsable de la mortalidad de ostras y larvas de gambas. Algunas especies del género Ceratium han sido asociados con eventos de mortalidad en peces. Durante un reciente fenómeno PAN que ocurrió cerca de la Isla Tortuga en el Golfo de Nicoya, los pescadores en el área informaron muertes masivas de peces enjaulados. Se tomaron muestras de una PAN que producía una discoloración anaranjada en el agua y tenía un olor fétido. Estas muestras fueron procesadas para observar el detalle ultraestructural usando el microscopio electrónico. En muestras tomadas en superficie, los dinoflagelados observados fueron Ceratium furca, C. fusus y C. dens. El conteo celular reveló cuatro millones de células de este género por litro. Los cambios morfológicos de estas especies son muy variables; por consiguiente la microscopía electrónica es una herramienta muy útil en el estudio ultraestructural de estos organismos. Esta es la primera vez que tres especies del género Ceratium se conocen como productoras concurrentes de PAN en Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Harmful algae blooms</kwd>
<kwd>Ceratium</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>electron microscopy</kwd>
<kwd>Proliferaciones algales nocivas</kwd>
<kwd>Ceratium</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructura</kwd>
<kwd>microscopía electrónica</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Proliferaciones algales nocivas de cianobacterias (Oscillatoriaceae) y dinoflagelados (Gymnodiniaceae) en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Recently, the Pacific coast of Costa Rica has experienced an increase in both magnitude and frequency of harmful algae blooms (HAB). The lack of data regarding the dynamics of these events in the area, and the species of microalgae that produce them, are themes of great interest. The blooms have produced negative impacts on fishery resources and on human health in Costa Rica. In May 2002 a HAB left a large number of dead fish along the central Pacific coast. Water samples were collected using a phytoplankton net and fixed for subsequent processing by electron microscopy. In addition, a one liter sample of surface water was taken for later cell count. In the observed HAB, the dominating organisms found were the cyanobacteria Trichodesmiun erythraeum surrounded by high concentrations of Gram - bacteria and the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoides. T. erythraeum, is one of the most important N 2 fixing cyanobacteria in marine waters that has been associated with HAB events in diverse parts of the world as well as with symptoms that produce contact dermatitis and other discomforts. C. cf. polykrikoides is a dinoflagellete associated with fish kills; although the type of associated toxins are unknown. In a national newspaper 17 cases of intoxication in humans were reported during this same period, which presented respiratory disorders and burning of the eyes. This is the first report in Costa Rica where a cyanobacteria and a dinoflagellate were observed together producing HAB</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Recientemente, la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica ha experimentado un aumento en magnitud y frecuencia de proliferaciones algales nocivas (PAN). La falta de datos con respecto a la dinámica de estos eventos en el área, y las especies de microalgas que los producen, son temas de mucho interés. Las PAN han producido impactos negativos en los recursos pesqueros y en la salud humana en Costa Rica. En mayo de 2002, una PAN se observó frente a las playas a lo largo del Pacífico central; además, se observó un gran número y diversidad de peces muertos. Las muestras de agua fueron recolectadas usando una red de fitoplancton y se fijaron para ser procesadas posteriormente con microscopía electrónica. Asimismo, se tomó un litro de muestra de la superficie para su posterior conteo celular. En la PAN observada, los organismos dominantes fueron la cianobacteria Trichodesmiun erythraeum, rodeada por altas concentraciones de bacterias Gram -, y el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoides. T. erythraeum, es una de las principales cianobacterias fijadoras de N2 atmosférico en aguas marinas, y se ha asociado con los eventos PAN en diversas partes del mundo, produciendo síntomas como dermatitis por contacto con la brisa marina y otras afecciones. C. cf. polykrikoides es un dinoflagelado asociado con mortalidad de peces; aunque el tipo de toxinas asociadas aún es desconocido. En un periódico nacional se reportaron 17 casos de intoxicación en humanos durante este mismo periodo de PAN, los afectados presentaron desórdenes respiratorios e irritación en los ojos. Éste es el primer informe en Costa Rica dónde se observaron cianobacterias y dinoflagelados juntos produciendo PAN. Este tipo de fenómenos debe analizarse y debe documentarse, para habilitar una comprensión en la dinámica y los factores asociados con el aumento de estos eventos en el Pacífico costarricense</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Harmful algae blooms</kwd>
<kwd>Trichodesmiun erythraeum</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoide</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Proliferaciones algales nocivas</kwd>
<kwd>Trichodesmiun erythraeum</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoides</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Nicoya</kwd>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Water samples were collected during a red tide event in November 2001, near San Lucas Island (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica). Superficial temperature was 27ºC and water was turbid, with no fetid smell. One sample was treated with negative staining and observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM); another sample was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Samples had high concentrations of the diatom Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens f. pungens (characterized by two rows of poroids in the external channel), and lower concentrations of Skeletonema costatum (chains joined by external microtubules) and Chaetoceros lorenzianus (oval apertures and long chains, having setae with distinctive transverse rows and spines). This is the first time that the first species was described producing red tides in Costa Rica. However, reports about red tides with high concentration of species like P. pungens (variety multiseries) are increasing. These species have been related to the production of domoic acid, a low molecular weight amino acid which in humans can cause amnesic intoxications with seafood. Previously, Costa Rican reports of toxic accidents only referred to seafood contaminated with Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum and Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellates. The increase in the number of Pseudo-Nitzschia causing harmful algae blooms is of interest for scientists around the world and must be documented. Similarly, some Chaetoceros species have been reported to be harmful to fish. We strongly recommend the establishment of a permanent surveillance program monitoring the presence of these species new at Costa Rican Pacific coast. Since the amnesic toxin is soluble in water and heat-resistant, we want to stress the possibility of having human cases of amnesic intoxication</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el mes de noviembre de 2001, se aisló de una marea roja cerca de la Isla San Lucas, las diatomeas Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens f. pungens seguida por Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros lorenzianus y en menor concentración Thalassiosira spp. las cuales fueron caracterizadas por microscopía electrónica de rastreo y transmisión, siendo esta la primera vez que se describe la presencia de estas especies produciendo proliferaciones en Costa Rica. Actualmente existe un aumento en el reporte de mareas rojas donde predominan las diatomeas, y los conteos celulares indican el aumento en el número de las especies conocidas como Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. A estas se les atribuye la producción del ácido domóico, un aminoácido de bajo peso molecular. Las intoxicaciones amnésicas por mariscos (IAM) que afectan a los humanos, se producen por la ingesta de mariscos contaminados con este ácido. En Costa Rica, hasta la fecha, solo se han reportado casos de intoxicación paralítica por mariscos contaminados por los dinoflagelados Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum y Gymnodinium catenatum, sin embargo existe la posibilidad de producirse intoxicaciones humanas por la ingesta de mariscos y peces contaminados con toxinas amnésicas las cuales son hidrosolubles y termoestables. Debe entonces considerarse el peligro potencial de aparición de casos de intoxicaciones amnésicas y se sugiere la inclusión de estas especies en los programas de monitoreo permanente para tomar las medidas preventivas de salud pública</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacillariophyceae</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudo-Nitzschia</kwd>
<kwd>harmful algae blooms</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillariophyceae</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudo-Nitzschia</kwd>
<kwd>proliferaciones algales nocivas</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000500018</article-id>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
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<institution>,Friedrich-Schiller University Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy Department of Food Chemistry</institution>
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<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000500018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Occurrence and toxic profiles of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in the chocolata clam Megapitaria squalida were investigated. From December 2001 to December 2002, 25 clams were obtained monthly from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California. Additionally, net (20 µm) and bottle phytoplankton samples were also collected to identify toxic species. Toxins were analyzed by HPLC with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection. Toxicity in the clam was low and varied from 0.14 to 5.46 µg/STXeq/100 g. Toxicity was detected in December, March, April, June, and August. Toxin profile was composed mainly by STX, GTX2, GTX3, dcGTX2, dcGTX3, C2, dcSTX and B1. Gymnodinium catenatum was the only PST-producing dinoflagellate identified in the phytoplankton samples throughout the study period. G. catenatum was observed mainly in net samples from December 2001 to December 2002; however, in bottle samples, G. catenatum was only observed in five months. Highest abundance (2 600 cells l-1 ) was observed in March and the lowest (160 cells l-1 ) in June. G. catenatum mainly formed two-cell chains and rarely four or eight. The presence of PST in net phytoplankton samples support the fact that G. catenatum is the main source of PST in the clams. This study represents the first report of PST toxins in the chocolata clam from Bahía de La Paz</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigó la ocurrencia así como los perfiles de toxinas paralíticas (PST) en la almeja chocolata Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby, 1835), de la cual se recolectaron mensualmente 25 ejemplares de diciembre del 2001 a diciembre del 2000 en La Bahía de La Paz, Golfo de California. Simultáneamente, se obtuvieron muestras de fitoplancton de botella y de red (20 µM) para identificar especies tóxicas, así como para detectar la presencia de toxinas paralíticas. Las toxinas se analizaron por HPLC con una oxidación post-columna y detección fluorescente. La toxicidad en las almejas fue baja y varió de 0.14 a 5.46 µg/STXeq/100 g y se detectó en diciembre, marzo, abril, junio y agosto. El perfil de toxinas estuvo compuesto principalmente por STX, GTX2, GTX3, dcGTX2, dcGTX3, C2, dcSTX y B1, siendo similar al perfil observado en las muestras de red. Gymnodinium catenatum fue la única especie productora de toxinas paralíticas identificada en las muestras de fitoplancton a través de todo el período del estudio. G. catenatum se observó principalmente en muestras de red correspondientes a diciembre 2001-diciembre 2002; sin embargo, en muestras de botella, G. Catenatum solo fue observado en cinco meses. La abundancia más alta (2 600 céls l-1 ) se encontró en marzo y la más baja (160 céls l-1 ) en junio. G. catenatum se presentó formando cadenas de dos células y raramente de cuatro u ocho. La presencia de toxinas en las muestras de red donde esta especie es frecuente, apoya la idea de que G. catenatum sea la fuente principal de PST en las almejas. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de toxinas paralíticas en la almeja chocolata de Bahía de La Paz</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Megapitaria squalida</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>PST</kwd>
<kwd>La Paz Bay</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Megapitaria squalida</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnodinium catenatum</kwd>
<kwd>PST</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de La Paz</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de California</kwd>
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