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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040006</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000600001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">PCB contamination in surface sediments in the coastal waters of Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Spongberg</surname>
<given-names>Alison L</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences  </institution>
<addr-line>Toledo </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the initial investigation of PCB concentrations in four geographical regions (three on the Pacific and one in the Caribbean) of coastal Costa Rica: Bahia Culebra, Golfo Dulce, Golfo de Nicoya, and Limón. Overall total concentrations of PCB were low in all areas except around the port of Golfito (Golfo Dulce). Overall average concentration is 2.80 ng/g dw, with a standard deviation of 2.75. The low concentration could be due to lack of contamination or the subsequent degradation in the warm climate, or the low sorptive capacity of the sediment. Further investigation is ongoing</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este articulo describe una investigación sobre las concentraciones de bifenilos policlorados (PCB) en cuatro regiones geográficas (tres en el Pacífico y una en el Caribe) costeras de Costa Rica.: Bahía Culebra, Golfo Dulce, Golfo de Nicoya, y Limón. Las concentraciones totales de PCB fueron bajas en todas las regiones excepto en el puerto de Golfito (Golfo Dulce). Las concentraciones promedio fueron de 2.80 ng /g dw, con una desviación estándar de 2.75. Las bajas concentraciones pueden estar asociadas a: la ausencia de contaminación por PCB, la degradación posterior en éste clima cálido, o la poca capacidad de absorción de los sedimentos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)</kwd>
<kwd>coastal pollution</kwd>
<kwd>organic contamination</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040006</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000600002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">PCB concentrations in sediments from the Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Spongberg</surname>
<given-names>Alison L</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Toledo Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Toledo </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Thirty-one sediment samples collected from 1996-2003 from the Gulf of Nicoya estuary on the north- western coast of Costa Rica, have been obtained for PCB analyses. This is part of the first study to evaluate the PCB contamination in coastal Costa Rica.Overall, the concentrations are low, especially when compared to sediments from more temperate climates and/or sediments from more heavily industrialized areas. Values average less than 3 ng/g dw sediment, however, a few samples contained up to 7 ng/g dw sediment. Sediments with the highest concentrations were located in the Punta Morales area, where muds were sampled from among mangrove roots. The Puntarenas samples had surprisingly low PCB concentrations, likely due to their sandy lithology. The congener distribution within the majority of the samples showed signs of either recent sources or lack of degradation. However, a few sites, specifically some of the inter-gulf islands and more remote samples had congener distributions indicative of airborne contaminants and/or degradation. Considering the presence of air-borne PCBs in the Gulf of Papagayo to the north, the lack of airborne PCBs and more varied congener distribution in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary was surprising</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó los bifenilos policlorados (PCB) en 31 muestras de sedimentos colectadas entre 1996 -2003 en el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya, costa noroeste de Costa Rica. Esto es parte de un primer estudio para evaluar la contaminación por PCB en aguas costeras de Costa Rica. En general, las concentraciones fueron bajas especialmente cuando se les compara con sedimentos de climas templados y / o sedimentos de areas altamente industrializadas. Los valores promedio son inferiores a 3 ng / dw (peso seco) de sedimento. Sin embargo, unas pocas muestras contienen hasta 7 ng/ g dw de sedimento. Los sedimentos con las concentraciones más altas están localizados en el area de Punta Morales, en cienos de entre raíces de mangle. Las concentraciones de PCB en Puntarenas fueron sorprendentemente bajas, posiblemente por el tipo arenoso del sustrato. La distribución de congéneres dentro de la mayoría de las muestras muestran señal de una reciente contaminación o carencia de degradación . Sin embargo, en unos pocos sitios, específicamente en las islas internas del Golfo y otras areas más remotas tienen distribuciones de congéneres que indican contaminación por vía aerea y /o degradación. Cuando se considera la presencia de PCB transportados por via aerea en el Golfo de Papagayo al Norte, es sorprendente la ausencia en el Golfo de Nicoya de estos PCB y una distribución más variada de congéneres</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)</kwd>
<kwd>organic contamination</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya estuary</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040006</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000600003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">PCB contamination in marine sediments from Golfo Dulce, Pacific coast of Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Spongberg</surname>
<given-names>Alison L</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Toledo Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Toledo </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Twenty-nine marine sediment samples collected from 1996 through 2002 from the Golfo Dulce embayment of Costa Rica were analyzed for PCB concentrations. The Esquinas River and Rincon Bay in the northern and western part of the gulf had relatively low overall concentrations of PCBs, with no samples having greater than 2.1 µg/g dw sediment. The Port of Golfito had the highest overall concentrations, ranging up to 15.7 µg/g dw sediment. These samples were also dominated by higher chlorinated congeners. Samples from the deeper (&gt;100m) waters in the northern part of the gulf, as well as within the sediment plume from the Rio Coto Colorado had intermediate values. Within the Rio Coto Colorado sediment plume the concentrations did decrease with increasing depth and the congeners showed a shift towards less chlorinated congeners with depth. However, the deep northern basin had some of the highest PCB concentrations and the shift towards less chlorinated congeners was not apparent or significant. Whether the anoxic conditions that exist in the deep waters are capable of initiating dechlorination is still unknown. Overall, the data from Golfo Dulce show moderate PCB contamination, despite the pristine nature of the gulf and surrounding lands</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un total de 29 muestras de sedimentos recolectadas de 1996 a 2002 en el Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica fueron analizadas determinar las concentraciones de bifenilos policlorinados (PCBs). La Bahía de Rincón y el Río Esquinas en la parte noroeste del Golfo tienen concentraciones relativamente bajas de PCBs, con ninguna muestras superando los 2.1 ug/ dw (peso seco) de sedimento. El puerto de Golfito tuvo las mayores concentraciones hasta un máximo de 15.7 ug/g dw de sedimento. Estas muestras también estuvieron dominadas por los congéneres más clorinados. Las muestras de los sedimentos profundos (&gt;100 m ) de las aguas de la parte norte del Golfo, así como las de la estela del Río Coto Colorado, tienen concentraciones intermedias. Dentro de la estela de sedimentos del Río Colorado las concentraciones aumentaron con la profundidad y los congéneres variaron con la profundidad hacia los menos clorinados. Sin embargo, la región profunda tuvo una de las más altas concentraciones de PCBs, pero la tendencia hacia los menos clorinados no fue aparente o significativa. No se conoce si las condiciones anóxicas en las aguas profundas son capaces de iniciar la declorización. En general, las muestras analizadas muestran concentraciones moderadas de PCBs, no obstante las condiciones pristinas del Golfo y su cuenca</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo Dulce</kwd>
<kwd>organic contamination</kwd>
<kwd>marine pollution</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nutrients and chlorophylls concentrations, as well as salinity, temperature and Secchi disk depth were determined from November 1999 to April 2000, at three stations and two depths, at Gandoca lagoon, Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge, Limón, Costa Rica. Salinity profiles indicated that the lagoon was a salt wedge estuary with a partially mixed region near the mouth. No processes of eutrophication were found. The distribution and abundance of nutrients and chlorophylls showed a slight influence of continental water and water circulation patterns in the lagoon. A preliminary study was done in order to analyze the presence of 20 organochlorated and organophosphorated pesticides along the Gandoca lagoon in February 2000. None of the pesticides were detected by the analysis of residues from liquid-liquid extractions. The absence of the pesticides may be due to the fact that they did not reach the lagoon or, if they did, they were washed away by the strong rains during the sampling period</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Parámetros físico-químicos fueron determinados en tres puntos de muestreo y a dos profundidades entre noviembre 1999 y abril 2000, en la laguna de Gandoca, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, Limón, Costa Rica. Se determinó la temperatura, turbidez, salinidad, nutrimentos y clorofilas en la laguna. Se detectó una haloclina presente a 3 m de profundidad y se describió una circulación de aguas con fuerte estratificación por haloclina pero con una interfase entre la laguna y el mar de aguas parcialmente mezcladas. No se detectaron procesos de eutrofización. La fluctuación observada en los nutrimentos y clorofilas correspondería a procesos de circulación normales y complejos en la laguna, claramente influenciada por las aguas continentales. Además, durante febrero 2000, se realizó un estudio preliminar para la detección de sustancias organocloradas y organofosforadas en los puntos de muestreo. El análisis de residuos realizado mediante extracción líquido-líquido no detectó la presencia en las aguas de la laguna de ninguna de las veinte sustancias consideradas. La no detección de éstas podría indicar que no están llegando a la laguna a través del agua de escorrentía, o bien que una vez presentes en la laguna han sido lavadas por las fuertes lluvias durante el muestreo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Nutrients</kwd>
<kwd>chlorophylls</kwd>
<kwd>pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>water</kwd>
<kwd>pollution</kwd>
<kwd>Gandoca lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Four coastal ecosystems with contrasting characteristics were sampled in Costa Rica (2000 - 2002). Oil pollution status, expressed as the fraction of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons related to chrysene equivalents, was determined by the molecular fluorescence analytical technique. A total of 130 water samples were taken, from the Caribbean (Moín Bay), and from the Pacific (Bahía Culebra, Gulf of Nicoya and Dulce Gulf). On one occasion, seven samples along the Puntarenas estuary were also analysed. In Moín the mean and standard deviation were 0.10 µg·L-1 ± 0.18 µg·L-1 , ranging from non detectable (nd) to 0.65 µg·L-1 . For the Pacific ecosystems the total range was from nd to 0.37 µg·L-1 . In Bahía Culebra no fluorescence signals were obtained. In the Gulf of Nicoya the mean and standard deviation were 0.04 µg·L-1 ± 0.09 µg·L-1 , from nd to 0.33 µg·L-1 . Values in Dulce Gulf were 0.05 µg·L-1 ± 0.11 µg·L-1 , from nd to 0.37 µg·L-1 . Along the Puntarenas estuary the range was 0.17 to 5.91 µg·L-1 , with a mean of 1.21 µg·L-1 and a standard deviation of ± 2.10 µg·L-1 . The four coastal ecosystems had concentrations below the 10 µg·L-1 limit for polluted oceanic areas. The Puntarenas estuary reflects the influence of antropogenic activities from and around the City of Puntarenas. These levels are considered low for inshore waters</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre los años 2000 a 2002 se recolectaron y se analizaron 130 muestras de agua de mar en las costas de Costa Rica, para determinarles la concentración de hidrocarburos de petróleo disueltos y dispersos (HPDD), referida a equivalentes de criseno en hexano, y expresada como µg·L-1 . Se utilizó la técnica analítica de fluorescencia molecular. 42 muestras correspondieron al Caribe (Moín) y 81 al Pacífico (Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Nicoya, Golfo Dulce y en una ocasión se tomaron muestras a lo largo del Estero de Puntarenas). En la zona costera de Moín el promedio de la concentración de HPDD fue 0.10 µg·L-1 , con una desviación estándar de ± 0.18 µg·L-1 , en un ámbito desde concentraciones no detectables por el método, (nd), hasta 0.65 µg·L-1 . En el Pacífico las concentraciones para todo el período del estudio, estuvieron entre nd y 0.37 µg·L-1 . En la Bahía Culebra no se detectaron HPDD en ninguna de las muestras (n = 12); en el Golfo de Nicoya el promedio y la desviación estándar fueron 0.04 µg·L-1 ± 0.09 µg·L-1 (n = 51), en un ámbito desde nd hasta 0.33 µg·L-1 . En el Golfo Dulce el promedio y la desviación estándar fueron 0.05 µg·L-1 ± 0.11 µg·L-1 (n = 18), en el ámbito desde nd a 0.37 µg·L-1 . Durante las fechas en que se llevó a cabo el muestreo, no se encontró una situación de contaminación por petróleo en los ecosistemas costeros estudiados, puesto que las concentraciones de HPDD no rebasaron el límite de 10 µg·L-1 referido a equivalentes de criseno, considerado típico de áreas oceánicas contaminadas. En Bahía Culebra fue la primera vez que se hizo el estudio de la contaminación por petróleo y se comprobó que en las fechas de muestreo la zona estuvo libre de esta contaminación. El promedio y la desviación estándar en el Estero de Puntarenas fueron 1.21 µg·L-1 ± 2.10 µg·L-1 (n = 7), en un ámbito de 0.17 a 5.91 µg·L-1 . Estos resultados evidenciaron una situación de contaminación moderada y la naturaleza estuarina de este cuerpo de agua costera, que distribuye irregularmente los HPDD descargados en ella</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental, CICA </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Marine sediment samples from four coastal ecosystems in Costa Rica were taken between the years 2000-2002 and their iron, lead, copper and zinc concentrations were determined by the atomic absorption technique with flame or graphite furnace. In the Pacific coast, Culebra Bay (Papagayo Gulf), Gulf of Nicoya, and Golfito Bay (Dulce Gulf), were selected as representative sites, and Moín Bay, at the Caribbean coast. Mean metal concentrations for all ecosystems followed the same pattern: Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. No temporal pattern was found for any metal. Iron and copper mean concentrations were higher in Golfito Bay (5.8% and 87 µg / g, respectively) and lower in Moín Bay (3.4% and 52 µg / g, respectively). Zinc mean concentration was also higher in Golfito Bay (96 µg / g), but lower in Culebra Bay (66 µg / g). Lead mean concentration was higher in Moín Bay (6.4 µg / g) and lower in Culebra Bay (3.0 µg / g). Lead highest concentrations occurred in the Caribbean and in Golfito Bay, and for the rest of the elements the maximum values were found in Golfito Bay. On the basis of data obtained in this work, Culebra Bay was considered a relatively unpolluted location; Golfito Bay was more contaminated, and Moín Bay and the Gulf of Nicoya showed an intermediate condition</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la concentración de hierro, plomo, cobre y zinc, en sedimentos de cuatro ecosistemas costeros de Costa Rica, por espectroscopia de absorción atómica, con llama o con horno de grafito. En el Pacífico se escogieron Bahía Culebra (Golfo de Papagayo), el Golfo de Nicoya y la bahía de Golfito (Golfo Dulce) y en el Caribe la bahía de Moín. Las muestras fueron recolectadas entre los años 2000 y 2002, y los valores promedio de las concentraciones de los elementos, en todos los ecosistemas, siguieron una misma tendencia: Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. No se encontró ningún tipo de patrón temporal de distribución de los metales en ninguno de los ecosistemas. Las concentraciones medias de hierro y de cobre fueron mayores en la bahía de Golfito (5.8% y 87 µg / g, respectivamente) y menores en la bahía de Moín (3.4% y 52 µg / g. respectivamente). La concentración media de zinc fue mayor también en la bahía de Golfito (96 µg / g), pero menor en Bahía Culebra (66 µg / g). La concentración de plomo fue mayor en la bahía de Moín (6.4 µg / g) y menor en Bahía Culebra (3.0 µg / g). La concentración de plomo fue alta en el Caribe y en la bahía de Golfito; los valores de concentración promedio obtenidos para el hierro, el plomo, el cobre y el zinc, fueron máximos en la bahía de Golfito, comparados con los otros ecosistemas. Con base en los datos obtenidos, se concluyó que la Bahía Culebra fue la zona más limpia; la bahía de Golfito la más contaminada y en un lugar intermedio la bahía de Moín y el Golfo de Nicoya</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>marine pollution</kwd>
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<kwd>Fe</kwd>
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<kwd>Pb</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Using an energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence analysis, simultaneous evaluation of K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ge, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb in 74 marine sediment samples from the Costa Rica intertidal zones was conducted. Samples were collected between June 1999 and December 2001, from Caribbean and Pacific beaches of Costa Rica. Calcium and iron showed the highest abundances and are indicators of the natural origin of the sediments. Calcium is associated with biogenic processes such as coral reefs near the sampling sites and iron indicates a terrigenous origin. In general, the beaches of the Caribbean and North Pacific regions showed the greatest concentration of calcium. This is indicative of the abundant reef structures near these beaches. The beaches of the Central and South Pacific show the greatest iron concentrations, indicating an important lithosphere contribution and/or little contribution of calcium carbonate due to the poor development of coralline structures near the sampling sites. Finally, the analyses did not show evidence of elements associated with anthropogenic pollution. Only a northern section of Puerto Viejo beach showed high concentrations of lead, zinc and titanium, perhaps associated with hydrothermal sources</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>X-ray Fluorescence</kwd>
<kwd>trace elements</kwd>
<kwd>marine sediment</kwd>
<kwd>sediment contamination</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Física </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The spatial and vertical structure of the water currents and its relationship with the tidal cycles were studied using current meters in the Gulf of Nicoya. In the upper gulf, the vertical marine current differences increase as the depth increases. The water column at the station near Chira Island (upper gulf) shows the smaller changes in currents and in temperature. The flow at the station between San Lucas Island and Puntarenas (middle gulf) is the most stratified in this region. Currents with magnitudes over 100 cm/seg were measured during spring tides. Changes in the lags of the surface and bottom tidal flows were measured on the order of 100 minutes. In general, in this upper region the flows are toward the head of the gulf when the tide is flooding and toward the mouth when the tide is ebbing. In the lower gulf the circulation is more complex. Along an axis between Tárcoles and Negritos Islands, changes of velocity vectors are identified between surface and bottom. The current rotates in a different way in the water column in this region and their patterns cannot be explained only by the tidal cycles predicted for Puntarenas. These results demonstrate that the spatial and vertical variation of the marine currents of the Gulf of Nicoya is not only related to the thermohaline structure, but also to the tidal cycles and tide ranges that take place in this estuary</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudia la estructura espacial y vertical de las corrientes en el Golfo de Nicoya y su relación con los ciclos de marea usando correntímetros. Se encuentra que en el interior del golfo, la variación vertical de las corrientes marinas aumenta conforme aumenta la profundidad. La estación de Isla Chira muestra un menor grado de variación, tanto en corrientes como en temperatura. La estación entre Isla San Lucas y Puntarenas es la más estratificada en flujos en esta región. Se midieron magnitudes de corrientes sobre los 100 cm/seg durante mareas vivas extraordinarias. Se encontraron desfases del quiebre o cambio de flujo de las mareas entre superficie y fondo, de hasta 100 minutos. En general en esta parte interna los flujos son hacia el interior del Golfo cuando la marea está entrando y hacia el exterior, cuando la marea está bajando. En el exterior del Golfo la circulación es más compleja. A lo largo de un eje Tárcoles-Negritos, se identifican flujos que rotan de manera distinta entre superficie y fondo, cuyos patrones no pueden ser fácilmente explicados según los ciclos de la marea respecto a predicciones mareales en Puntarenas. Estos resultados demuestran que la variación espacial de las corrientes marinas del Golfo de Nicoya está relacionada no solo a la estructura termohalina, sino que también, a los ciclos y ámbitos de las mareas que se producen en este cuerpo de agua</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>estuarine currents</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>tidal cycles</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In order to understand the vertical distribution of planktonic organisms in the oceans, it is important to consider a number of factors. Including oceanic circulation patterns, the vertical structure of the water column and the vertical position of the thermocline. This study examines the hydrography of Golfo Dulce, a tropical fjord -like embayment in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, and the influence of the 1997-1998 ENSO on the system. Five sampling stations were selected and visited once a month for two years in order to obtain vertical profiles of temperature (ºC), salinity (‰) and dissolved oxygen (mg O² /l). Results show a strong vertical stratification of the water column associated to the morphology of Golfo Dulce’s basin and to the effects of ENSO. Moreover, the existence of significant differences between the hydrographic characteristics of the inner and outer parts of the basin was detected. Finally, biannual events in the influx of cold, high salinity, and oxygen rich oceanic water masses into the basin were detected. These events might be related to the same forces driving the coastal upwelling system in the Gulf of Panama</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT)  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The abundance, distribution and composition of the macrozooplankton of Culebra Bay, Costa Rica (10º 38’ N - 85º 40’ W) were studied at four stations throughout the dry (February - May) and rainy (September - November) seasons of 2000. The samples were collected at two-week intervals using a 500µm mesh net with a 0.5 m diameter opening. Copepods (23-31%) and ostracods (20-34%) were predominant throughout the year, followed by cladocerans (2.5-14%), zoea (6.6-9.5%), and siphonophores (2.5-7.2%). High densities of zooplankton were obtained in February and March with peak abundance on March 18. The lowest densities were observed on September 3 and November 5. Significant differences in abundances at each station were observed for the groups Acartia tonsa (Copepoda), Ctenophora, Medusae, Ostracoda, Zoea, and Amphipoda. Comparison of the dry and rainy seasons revealed significantly higher zooplankton abundance in the dry season and copepod domination of all stations; during the rainy season ostracods dominated the off-shore areas. Zooplankton abundance and distribution are influenced by upwelling, which occurs during the dry season in Culebra Bay</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La abundancia, distribución y composición del macrozooplancton fue estudiada en bahía Culebra Costa Rica (10º 38’ N and 85º 40’ W) en cuatro estaciones durante la época seca (Febrero-Mayo) y lluviosa (Setiembre - Noviembre) del año 2000. Las muestras fueron colectadas en intervalos de dos semanas usando una red de 500µm de poro y 0.50-m de diámetro. Copépodos (23-31%) y ostrácodos (20-34%) fueron predominantes através del año, seguidos por los cladóceros (2.5-14%), zoea (6.6-9.5%), y sifonóforos (2.5-7.2%). Altas densidades de zooplancton fueron obtenidas en Febrero y Marzo, con un pico el 18 de Marzo. Las más bajas densidades fueron observadas el 3 de Septiembre y 5 de Noviembre. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las abundancias en cada estación para los copépodos de la especie Acartia tonsa, los grupos Ctenophora, medusae, Ostracoda, zoea y Amphipoda. Comparando las estaciones seca y lluviosa, significativamente más altas densidades fueron obtenidas en todas las estaciones en la época seca; durante la época lluviosa los ostrácodos dominaron las áreas externas. La abundancia y distribución del macrozooplancton son influenciadas por el afloramiento, el cual ocurre durante la época seca en Bahía Culebra</p></abstract>
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<kwd>MDS</kwd>
<kwd>microcrustacean</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the Punta Cocles reef (Limón, Costa Rica). Data were obtained by sampling nine transects along the coast and observations done by skin diving between September and November of 2002. This reef consist of 10.5 hectares, where 13 species of corals, 39 of macroalgae, two of seagrasses, two of zoantids, one anemone, one corallimorpharian, and one sponge were identified. Life coral coverage (16%), was higher than in other years (5% for 1985, and 13.2% for 1995), and death coral coverage was very low (0.2%). Macroalgae have the highest coverage (59%), particularly brown algae with a patchy distribution of Sargassum and Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) is added to the list of marine flora of Costa Rica. The Punta Cocles reef works as a refuge for organisms, because there are no towns or river mouths nearby, and because of the coast formation. The refuge character is enhanced by the environmental conscience of the people that live close to the reef and help to protect the environment</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio describe al arrecife de Punta Cocles (Limón, Costa Rica). Los datos se obtienen por medio de un muestreo con nueve transectos, paralelos a la costa y por observaciones directas durante buceos a pulmón entre los meses de setiembre y noviembre del 2002. Este arrecife consta aproximadamente de 10.5 hectáreas, en las que se identifican 13 especies de corales, 39 de macroalgas, dos de pastos marinos, dos de zoántidos, una anémona, un coralimorfario y una esponja. Se observa un incremento en la cobertura de corales vivos (16%) con respecto a otros años (5% en 1985, y 13.2% en 1995), y una baja cobertura de coral muerto (0.2%). Las macroalgas presentan la cobertura más alta (59%), particularmente las algas pardas con una distribución en parches de Sargassum y Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) constituye una nueva adición para la flora ficológica de Costa Rica. El arrecife de Punta Cocles, funciona como un refugio para los organismos, debido a la ausencia de centros de población y desembocaduras de los ríos, además, del tipo de formación costera, lo que se ve favorecido por la conciencia ambiental que viven cerca del arrecife</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Three hundred and thirty two species of polychaetes belonging to 50 families are reported for Costa Rica based on previously published reports. In a few families, available material was re-examined and appropriate changes in species identifications were made. Only three species, (Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887; Hemipodia pustulata (Friedrich 1956); and Scolepis (Scolepis) squamata (Müller, 1806)) have been reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, and these three species have also been reported from the Pacific Coast. The families with more than 15 species are the Spionidae (26), Cirratulidae (24), Nereididae (21), Lumbrineridae (19) and Paraonidae (16). Despite extensive sampling on the Pacific coast over the last 25 years, the Costa Rican polychaete fauna, especially that of the Caribbean coast, remains poorly known</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Un total de 332 especies de poliquetos pertenecientes a 50 familias han sido informados para Costa Rica con base en publicaciones. En unas pocas familias, el material disponible fue re-examinado y se hizo los cambios apropiados en la identificación de las especies. Solamente tres especies (Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887; Hemipodia pustulata (Friedrich 1956); y Scolepis (Scolepis) squamata (Muller, 1806)) han sido reportados para la costa del Caribe de Costa Rica y estas especies también están presentes en la costa Pacifica. Las familias con más de 15 especies son: Spionidae (26), Cirratulidae (24), Nereididae (21 ), Lumbrineridae (19) y Paraonidae (16). No obstante el intenso esfuerzo de colecta hecho en la costa Pacífica durante los últimos 25 años, la fauna de poliquetos de Costa Rica, especialmente la de la costa Caribe, permanece poco conocida</p></abstract>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040006</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442004000600013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Box-Jenkins analysis for shark landings in Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonilla</surname>
<given-names>Roger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>Juan B</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Estadística </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>188</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sharks are highly vulnerable to intense and prolonged fishery extraction. This article analyzes the data on shark landings from the artisan fishing fleet on Costa Rica’s Pacific coast between 1988 and 1997. The data come from an invoicing system administered by the Costa Rican Fisheries Institute (Instituto Costarricense de la Pesca y Acuacultura, INCOPESCA). Pacific coast shark fishing during the period under study represented approximately 20% of the total national fisheries volume. According to data from the invoicing system, the Northern Pacific region was the most productive, reporting 58% of the shark catch nationwide. Within this region, shark fishing in Papagayo Gulf represented 91% and 53% of the landings by fishery region and nationwide, respectively. The mid-sized and advanced (length of boat &gt; 10 meters) artisan fishing fleets reported 96% of the shark catches in the zone. The study of shark fisheries in the Papagayo Gulf zone is crucial for an understanding of fishery dynamics for this resource at the national level. A monthly chronological series was constructed with the landings in the Papagayo Gulf zone, and a Univariate Box-Jenkins (UBJ) Model was estimated for first-order moving averages MA(1) with a seasonal component of the Yt = lambda a t + gamma S12 + a t type</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este trabajo, se analizaron los datos de desembarque de tiburón de la flota pesquera artesanal en el Pacífico costarricense entre 1988 y 1997. Los datos provienen de un sistema de facturas administrado por el Instituto Costarricense de la Pesca (INCOPESCA). En el Pacífico, la pesca de tiburón en el período de estudio representó aproximadamente el 20% del volumen total de pesca a nivel nacional. De acuerdo con los datos del sistema de facturas, la región del Pacífico Norte fue la más productiva, reportando un 58% de los desembarques de tiburón a nivel nacional. En esta región, la pesca de tiburón en la zona del Golfo de Papagayo reportó 91% y 53% de los desembarques por región de pesca y a nivel nacional respectivamente. Las flotas pesqueras artesanales media y avanzada (longitud de embarcación &gt; 10 metros) reportaron el 96% de los desembarques de tiburón de la zona. El estudio de la pesca de tiburón en la zona del Golfo de Papagayo es fundamental para entender la dinámica de la pesca del recurso a nivel nacional. Se construyó una serie cronológica mensual con los desembarques de la zona del Golfo de Papagayo y se estimó un modelo Box y Jenkins (UBJ) de medias móviles de primer orden MA(1) con componente estacional del tipo Yt = lambda a t + gamma S12 + a t</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sharks</kwd>
<kwd>time series</kwd>
<kwd>Box-Jenkins Models</kwd>
<kwd>fisheries</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420040006</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442004000600014</article-id>
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<given-names>Javier</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Fundación PROMAR  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<year>2004</year>
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<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>189</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Parallel to a zooplankton study (1999-2000) observations were made (from an inflatable boat), on the presence of dolphins along a transect (~8 km long) on the axis of Culebra Bay (24 km² ), Gulf of Papagayo, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Dolphins were found during 20 of the 31 boat surveys conducted. The only species of cetacean found in the bay was Stenella attenuata, the spotted dolphin. These sightings were more frequent during the rainy season, particularly during the month of May of both years. The presence of S. attenuata in Culebra Bay might be associated to the abundances of fish and mollusks (their presumed prey: for example, squids), as evidenced by fishery statistics available for this zone of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Paralelo a un estudio de zooplancton (1999-2000), se hicieron observaciones a bordo de un bote inflable, sobre la presencia o ausencia de delfines a lo largo de un transecto (~8 km long) en la parte central de Bahía Culebra (24 km² ), Golfo de Papagayo. Se realizaron 34 muestreos en total y hubo avistamientos de delfines en 20 de ellos. La única especie de cetáceo observado en la Bahía fue el delfín manchado (Stenella attenuata). Estos avistamientos fueron más frecuentes durante la época lluviosa, en particular durante el mes de mayo de ambos años. La presencia de S. attenuata en Bahía Culebra podría estar asociada a la abundancia de presas potenciales como peces y moluscos (calamares), como se evidencia por las estadísticas pesqueras disponibles para la zona Pacífica de Costa Rica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Stenella attenuata</kwd>
<kwd>spotted dolphin</kwd>
<kwd>Delphinidae</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Culebra</kwd>
<kwd>Eastern Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442004000600015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Purruja mangrove (Golfito, Costa Rica) has an estimated area of 70 ha. A socio-biological research was the ground to set initial goals to manage the resources and to identify the mangrove biological condition. Community participation and the local organization were key factors in developing an integrated model for the management of natural resources. Constant monitoring and institutional networks were the other two factors to manage the mangrove. The constant profesional support was a tool to facilitate the acomplishment of goals and to establish an institucional network to promote local group iniciatives for collaborative management of the Purruja mangrove</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El manglar de Purruja (Golfito, Costa Rica) tiene una extensión aproximada de 70 Ha. Una investigación socio-biológica del manglar sentó las bases para el diagnóstico del mismo y facilitó el establecimiento de metas para su manejo. La comunidad y el grupo local organizado fueron factores claves para establecer las metas y el plan de acción para el manejo de los recursos. El monitoreo constante y una red de instituciones gubernamentales y no-gubernamentales de trabajo fueron los otros componentes del modelo de manejo. La supervisión técnico-profesional de forma sistemática fue una herramienta clave para conseguir las metas propuestas en el plan de acción y para establecer la red de instituciones que lograron un manejo cooperativo del manglar</p></abstract>
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