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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Differences on post-fire regeneration of the pioneer trees Cecropia glazioui and Trema micrantha in a lowland Brazilian Atlantic Forest</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Silva-Matos</surname>
<given-names>Dalva M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fonseca</surname>
<given-names>Giovana D.F.M</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Silva-Lima</surname>
<given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro  </institution>
<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>04</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A study of natural post-fire succession was carried out in a disturbed vegetation around fragments of the Atlantic Rain Forest (National Biological Reserve of Poço das Antas (22 °30 ’-22 °33 ’S,42 °15 ’-42 °19 ’W), Rio de Janeiro State).All the pre-fire individuals of Cecropia and Trema in the area were numbered with plastic labels.In order to check for the presence of new sprouts and mortality,two other censuses were carried out,at 3 and 12 months after the fire.The dominant species were:Pteridium aquilinum,Panicum maximum,Trema micrantha and Cecropia glazioui. Few days after the passage of fire, grasses and ferns spread their area,while the stands of Trema and Cecropia were completely burned. Most of individuals of Cecropia produced some sprouts while most of individuals of Trema died.However,a great number of seedlings of Trema were recruited while only one single seedling of Cecropia were observed during a period of one year.Most of these seedlings died through the year while the sprouts were already reproducing.The uses of Cecropia in places where fire is recurrent could be more appropriate because of its higher chance of survival and faster recovering ability after fire.Rev.Biol.Trop.53(1-2):1-4.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio sobre la sucesión natural después del fuego en una vegetación alrededor de fragmentos de la selva lluviosa atlántica (Reserva Biológica Nacional de Poço das Antas (22° 30 ’-22° 33 ’ S, 42° 15’- 42° 19’ W), Estado de Río de Janeiro).Todos los individuos de Cecropia y Trema previos del fuego en el área fueron numerados con marcas plásticas. Se realizaron otros dos censos, 3 y 12 meses después del fuego con el objetivo de detectar mortalidad y buscar la presencia de nuevos brotes. Las especies dominantes fueron: Pteridium aquilinum, Panicum maximum, Trema micrantha y Cecropia glazioui. Pocos días después del paso del fuego,los pastos y helechos se dispersaron por el área, mientras que los troncos de Trema y Cecropia estaban completamente quemados. La mayoría de los individuos de Cecropia produjeron algunos rebrotes mientras que la mayoría de los individuos de Trema murieron. Sin embargo, un gran número de plántulas de Trema fueron reclutadas mientras que únicamente una plántula de Cecropia fue observada durante el período de un año. La mayoría de estos plántulas murieron a lo largo del año, mientras que los brotes se estan ya reproduciendo. Los usos de Cecropia en lugares donde el fuego es recurrente puede ser más apropiado debido a su mayor chance de sobrevivir y a su habilidad de recuperarse más rápido después del fuego</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Post-fire</kwd>
<kwd>succession</kwd>
<kwd>recruitment</kwd>
<kwd>cecropia</kwd>
<kwd>Trema</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>Fuego</kwd>
<kwd>sucesión</kwd>
<kwd>reclutamiento</kwd>
<kwd>Cecropia</kwd>
<kwd>Trema</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fenología de árbol Sideroxylon capiri (Sapotaceae) en el Bosque Seco Tropical de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Elmer G</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Di Stefano</surname>
<given-names>José F</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>05</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phenology of the tree Sideroxylon capiri (Sapotaceae) at the tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. From March 1996 until February 2000, an study about the phenology of the Tempisque tree [Sideroxylon capiri (A.DC.) Pittier ] was made in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Barra Honda National Park (Costa Rica).Ten trees were choosen at random and their phenology was evaluated monthly during the first two years and every two months afterwards. Climatological data were also collected in situ .Trees change their foliage each year during the rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season. In contrast with other native species in forest, soil water deficit is not responsible for foliage change in S.capiri. Some elements that affect the process are photoperiod and herbivores. Unknown physiological mechanisms allow the tree to maintain foliage during the driest months (March and April). Flowering and fruiting may occur every year and in any season,but mostly in the dry season, with variability both among seasons and among individuals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):5-14.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la fenología del árbol de tempisque Sideroxylon capiri (A.DC.) Pittier en el Bosque Seco Tropical del Parque Nacional Barra Honda (Costa Rica), desde marzo de 1996 hasta febrero de 2000. Para ello se tomaron diez árboles escogidos al azar, a los cuales se les evaluó la fenología, una vez al mes durante los dos primeros años y posteriormente cada dos meses. Además, se tomaron datos climatológicos in situ para establecer relaciones con el comportamiento fenológico. Se encontró que los árboles renuevan el follaje cada año, pero la caída ocurre durante el período lluvioso o a inicios del seco, por lo que, contrario a lo que sucede en otras especies nativas de este tipo de bosque, el déficit hídrico del suelo no es el responsable de la caída del follaje, sino que deben haber otros factores ambientales responsables de ello. Entre estos podrían estar el fotoperíodo y la presencia de herbívoros. Durante los meses más secos (marzo y abril)todos los árboles mantienen su follaje al máximo y para que esto ocurra deben existir también mecanismos fisiológicos particulares. Respecto a los procesos de floración y fructificación, estos se presentan todos los años, especialmente en el período de sequía, pero es posible que ocurran en cualquier otra época del año. Existen diferencias en la magnitud de la floración y fructificación, dependiendo de la época y del individuo. Se discuten las posibles causas de este comportamiento fenológico, así como las ventajas ecológicas que podría tener</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sideroxylon capiri</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>Tropical Dry Forest</kwd>
<kwd>tempisque tree</kwd>
<kwd>Barra Honda National Park</kwd>
<kwd>Sideroxylon capiri</kwd>
<kwd>fenología</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical seco</kwd>
<kwd>árbol tempisque</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional Barra Honda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ultrastructure of Oryza glumaepatula , a wild rice species endemic of tropical America</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Oryza glumaepatula is a perennial wild rice species,endemic to tropical America, previously known as the Latin American race of Oryza rufipogon .In Costa Rica, it is found in the northern region of the country, mainly in the wetland of the Medio Queso River, Los Chiles, Alajuela. It is diploid, of AA type genome and because of its genetic relatedness to cultivated rice it is included in the O.sativa complex. We describe the ultrastructure of leaf blade, spikelet, ligule and auricles. Special emphasis is given to those traits of major taxonomic value for O.glumaepatula and to those characters that distinguish this species from O. rufipogon and O. sativa . O. glumaepatula has a leaf blade covered with tombstone-shaped, oblong and spheroid epicuticular wax papillae. It has diamond-shaped stomata surrounded by spherical papillae, rows of zipper-like silica cells, bulky prickle trichomes of ca .40 mu m in length and small hirsute trichomes of ca. 32 mu m in length.The central vein is covered with large,globular papillae of ca. 146 mu m in length,a characteristic that distinguishes this species from O.rufipogon and O.sativa. The border of the leaf blade exhibits a row of even-sized bulky prickle trichomes of ca .42.5 mu m in length.Auricles have attenuated trichomes of ca .5.5 mm in length on the edges and small bicellular trichomes of 120 mu m in length on the surface.The ligule has a large number of short attenuated trichomes on its surface of 100 mu m in length.These latter two traits have important taxonomic value since they were found in O.glumaepatula but not found in O.sativa or in O.rufipogon . The spikelet has the typical morphology of the Oryza genus. Fertile lemmas have abundant spines, a trait shared with O.rufipogon but not with O.sativa. The sterile lemmas are wing-shaped with serrated borders,a characteristic that distinguishes this species from O. rufipogon and O.sativa. All the ultrastructure characters observed in O.glumaepatula from Costa Rica are also common to the specimens from Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):15-22. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>O.glumaepatula es una especie de arroz silvestre perenne, endémica de América Tropical, conocida anteriormente como la O.rufipogon americana. En Costa Rica se le encuentra en la zona norte del país, principalmente en los humedales del río Medio Queso, Los Chiles, Alajuela. Es una especie diploide de genoma AA y por su cercanía genética con el arroz cultivado se le incluye en el complejo de O.sativa. El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una descripción ultraestructural de la morfología de la lámina foliar, espiguilla, lígula y aurículas. Se enfatizó en aquellas características de valor taxonómico para O.glumaepatula , destacando las características que la distinguen de O.rufipogon y O.sativa. Esta especie presenta la lámina foliar cubierta de papilas de cera en forma de lápida, alargadas y esferoides, tiene estomas romboidales rodeados de papilas esféricas, hileras de células de sílice de forma crenada, tricomas espinosos abultados de ca.40 my m y tricomas hirsutos pequeños de ca.32 my m. La vena central se encuentra cubierta de papilas globulares de ca.146 my m, característica que la distingue de O.rufipogon y O.sativa. El borde de la lámina presenta una hilera de tricomas espinosos abultados de tamaño homogéneo de ca. 42.5 my m. Las aurículas rizoides tienen tricomas atenuados largos en los bordes de ca. 5.5 mm y tricomas bicelulares en la superficie de ca.120 my m, esta última característica es de valor taxonómico. La lígula presenta en su superficie gran cantidad de tricomas atenuados cortos de ca.100 my m. La espiguilla presenta la morfología típica del género, las lemas fértiles tienen espinas abundantes y largas, característica que la comparte con O.rufipogon pero no con O.sativa. Las lemas estériles son aladas, de bordes dentados, característica que la distingue de O.rufipogon y de O.sativa. Las características ultraestructurales observadas en O.glumaepatula son comunes con la O.glumaepatula de Brasil</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Oryza glumaepatula</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza</kwd>
<kwd>rice</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>Oryzeae</kwd>
<kwd>Poaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza glumaepatula</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza</kwd>
<kwd>arroz</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructura</kwd>
<kwd>anatomía</kwd>
<kwd>morpfología</kwd>
<kwd>Oryzeae</kwd>
<kwd>Poaceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Specific leaf mass, fresh: dry weight ratio, sugar and protein contents in species of Lamiaceae from different light environments</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
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<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Samples from eleven species of Lamiaceae were collected from different light environments in Venezuela for laboratory analysis.The studied species were: Plectranthus scutellarioides (Ps), Scutellaria purpurascens (Sp), Hyptis pectinata (Hp), H. sinuata (Hs), Leonorus japonicus (Lj), Plecthranthus amboinicus (Pa) Ocimum basilicum (Ocb), O.campechianum (Occ) Origanum majorana (Orm), Rosmarinus officinali ,(Ro) and Salvia officinalis (So). Protein and soluble sugar contents per unit of area were measured, Specific Leaf Mass (SLM)and fresh: dry weight (FW/DW) ratios were calculated. The higher values for soluble sugars contents were present in sun species: Lj, Pa, Ocb, Occ, Or. m, Ro and So; the lower values were obtained in low light species: Ps, Sp, Hp, Hs. The values of protein content do not show any clear trend or difference between sun and shade environments. The lowest values for the fresh weight: dry weight ratio are observed in sun species with the exception of Lj and Pa, while the highest value is observed in Pa, a succulent plant. The higher values of specific leaf mass (SLM)(Kg DMm-2 )are observed in sun plants. The two way ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences among species and between sun and low light environments for sugar content and FW: DW ratio, while SLM was significant for environments but no significant for species, and not significant for protein for both species and environments. The soluble sugar content, FW: DW ratio and SLM values obtained in this work, show a clear separation between sun and shade plants. The sugar content and FW:DW ratio are distinctive within the species,and the light environment affected sugar content, FW:DW ratio and SLM. These species may be shade-tolerant and able to survive in sunny environments. Perhaps these species originated in shaded environments and have been adapting to sunny habitats.Rev.Biol.Trop.53(1-2):23-28.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En once especies de la familia Lamiaceae: Plecthranthus scutellarioides R. Br. (Ps); S cutellaria purpurascens Sw.(Sp); Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit.(Hp); Hyptis sinuata Kunth (Hs); Ocimum basilicum L.(Ocb); Ocimum campechianum Miller.(Occ); Origanum majorana L.(Orm); Rosmarinus officinalis L.(Ro); Salvia officinalis L.(So) and Plecthranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng.(Pa) and Leonorus japonicus Hout., (Lj), provenientes de diferentes ambientes de exposición a la luz solar, fueron medidos los contenidos de proteínas y azúcares, expresados por unidad de área y fueron calculados la masa específica foliar (MEF)y la relación peso fresco: peso seco (PF:PS). Los mayores valores en el contenido de azúcar fueron observados en plantas que crecieron a exposición directa de luz solar: Lj, Pa, Ocb, Occ, Or. m, Ro and So; mientras que los menores valores se presentaron en aquellas plantas provenientes de ambientes más frecuentemente sombreados e interrumpidos por rayos de sol: Ps, Sp, Hp, Hs. Los valores en el contenido de proteínas no muestran diferencias. Los menores valores de PF:DW fueron observados en las plantas expuestas a radiación solar directa, con la excepción de L. japonicus y P. amboinicus ,esta última es suculenta. Los mayores valores de MEF se presentaron en plantas de sol. El análisis de varianza de dos vías reveló que había diferencias significativas entre especies y ambientes para el contenido de azúcares y la relación PF: PS, mientras que para MEF, la diferencia fue significativa solo entre ambientes; en el caso del contenido de proteínas las diferencias no fueron significativas para especies y ambientes. El contenido de azúcares, la relación PF: PS y la MEF muestran una clara separación entre las especies de sol y las de sombra. Parece que en las especies de Lamiaceae estudiadas, el contenido de azúcares, y la relación PF: PS son distintivos entre las especies mismas y la radiación solar afecta el contenido de azúcares, la relación PF: PS y la MEF. Podría suponerse que estas especies sean tolerantes a la sombra y capaces a su vez, de vivir en ambientes soleados, más aún, de acuerdo a estos resultados y a otros relativos a estas mismas especies, pudiera interpretarse que tienen su origen en ambientes sombreados y que han ido ocupando y adaptándose a ambientes soleados, basándose en la plasticidad fisiológica inducida por las variaciones ambientales de luz</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tropical Lamiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>light</kwd>
<kwd>shadow</kwd>
<kwd>adaptation</kwd>
<kwd>Lamiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>tropical</kwd>
<kwd>luz</kwd>
<kwd>sombra</kwd>
<kwd>adaptación</kwd>
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<institution>,UNAM  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Wood and bark anatomy and histochemistry of Acacia bilimekii Humb. &amp; Bonpl., Acacia cochliacantha Mcbride., Conzatia multiflora (Rob) Stand. and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.are described from stem samples collected in a tropical dry forest (Morelos,Mexico). Enzyme activities were tested in tangential, radial and transverse cuts of fresh material. Histochemistry and stem anatomy were studied on similar cuts previously softened in a solution of water-glicerol-PEG. Our results show that the anatomical patterns of bark and wood, as well as the histochemical patterns and specific gravity, are influenced by water accessibility and climate; these patterns could guarantee mechanical and anti-infection strategies to support extreme conditions. Enzyme cytochemistry reveals biochemical activities probably related to lipid utilization routes for the lignification processes and for synthesis of extractives; these results suggest that the formation and maturation of woody tissue is very active at the beginning of the rainy season. These species are widely used by the local population. Traditional uses include firewood, dead and live fences, fodder, construction, supporting stakes, handcrafts, farming tools, extraction of tanning products, and medicine. There is no relationship between use and abundance. Alternative uses are proposed according to a density index. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53 (1-2): 29-48. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la anatomía e histoquímica del tallo secundario de Acacia bilimekii, Acacia cochliacantha, Conzatia multiflora y Guazuma ulmifolia. Las muestras de tallo se colectaron en una selva baja caducifolia del estado de Morelos, México. La actividad enzimática se estudió en cortes frescos de caras tangenciales, radiales y transversales. La anatomía e histoquímica se hizo en cortes similares de muestras previamente ablandadas con una mezcla de agua-glicerol-PEG. Los resultados muestran que el patrón anatómico de la corteza y madera, así como las características histoquímicas no enzimáticas están relacionados con el acceso al agua y el clima; estos patrones garantizan que las estrategias mecánicas de resistencia al deterioro les permitan sobrevivir a condiciones extremas. Los resultados de la histoquímica y la citoquímica enzimática sugieren que la lignificación y la síntesis de extractivos a partir de los lípidos de reserva se encuentra activa desde el principio de la estación de lluvias. Se sugieren usos potenciales para las especies estudiads de acuerdo con las densidades relativas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bark and wood anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>histochemistry</kwd>
<kwd>enzyme cytochemistry</kwd>
<kwd>uses</kwd>
<kwd>drought-deciduous species</kwd>
<kwd>dry forest</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Anatomía</kwd>
<kwd>corteza</kwd>
<kwd>madera</kwd>
<kwd>histoquímica</kwd>
<kwd>citoquímica</kwd>
<kwd>enzima</kwd>
<kwd>usos tradicionales</kwd>
<kwd>especies caducifolias</kwd>
<kwd>sequía</kwd>
<kwd>bosque seco</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Floral biology and reproductive system of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Buenos Aires  </institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus Senna (K.Bahuin) Miller (Cassieae) is represented in Argentina by 35 species and several varieties distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions, and presents a high degree of endemism. Some taxa are used for medicine, animal foraging and ornamental purposes. Floral morphology, phases, rewards, attractants, visitors, pollen, reproductive system, P/O ratio, OCI and ISI indexes of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa were analyzed for morphological androecial differentiation and possible related functional differences between stamens groups. The study was carried out over three consecutive flowering seasons in March of 1999, 2000 and 2001, in two populations near the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The species has a buzz-pollination syndrome. The pollinators are Bombus atratus that vibrate the stamens, leading to nothotribic or sternotribic deposition of pollen. P/O ratio and pollen production were high thanks to the precise pollinating mechanism that needs a large delivery of pollen to ensure effective pollen deposition. P/O ratio also indicates that the species is xenogamous, although geitonogamy and autogamy (only induced, not spontaneous)were also recorded. The species is self-compatible. There were differences in hand-pollination treatments between long and medium stamens in fruit set, as well as in vitro differential fertility between their pollen grains. Hence, there are morphological and functional androecium differences: the medium stamens play a nutritional role while the long ones play a reproductive one. These differences are reflected in the breeding system. Moreover, differential fertility and enantiostyly may diminish the effects of self-compatibility by partially reducing the contribution of geitonogamy to selfing. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):49-61. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron la morfología y fases florales, recompensa, atractivos, visitantes, polen, sistema reproductivo, índices OCI e ISI y relación polen/óvulo de la especie enantiostílica Senna corymbosa. El objetivo fue estudiar su biología floral y determinar la posible presencia de diferenciación morfológica en el androceo. Era importante saber si las diferencias morfológicas reflejaban diferencias funcionales entre los grupos de estambres. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante tres estaciones de floración consecutivas en marzo de 1999,2000 y 2001,sobre dos poblaciones presentes en zonas protegidas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. La especie presenta un síndrome de polinización vibrátil (buzz-pollination).Los polinizadores son individuos de Bombus atratus, capaces de vibrar los estambres y extraer polen, el que se deposita nototríbica y/o esternotríbicamente. La relación P/O fue extremadamente elevada, así como la producción de polen. Esto se relaciona con el comportamiento de los visitantes y con la alta precisión del mecanismo de polinización, que requiere una gran cantidad de polen para asegurar su efectiva deposición en el cuerpo del insecto. La relación P/O indica que la especie es xenógama, aunque se registraron también geitonogamia y autogamia inducidas. La especie, por lo tanto, es autocompatible. Se encontraron diferencias en los tratamientos de polinización manual entre estambres largos y medianos en cuanto al establecimiento de frutos, así como una fertilidad diferencial in vitro entre sus tipos polínicos. Existen, así, diferencias morfológicas y funcionales en el androceo: los estambres medianos tienen un papel nutricional mientras que los largos cumplen un papel reproductivo. Estas diferencias se reflejan en el sistema de cruzamiento. Más aún, la fertilidad diferencial y la enantiostilia disminuyen los efectos de la autocompatibilidad reduciendo parcialmente la contribución de la geitonogamia a la endogamia</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Floral biology</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive system</kwd>
<kwd>Senna</kwd>
<kwd>Cassieae</kwd>
<kwd>enantiostyly</kwd>
<kwd>buzz-pollination</kwd>
<kwd>Biología floral</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The seeds of Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae:Caesalpiniodeae) as a reflex of selective pressures on dispersal and establishment. We indirectly evaluated the selective pressures on dispersal and establishment of Campsiandra angustifolia, a common water-dispersed tree from the Peruvian Amazon, analyzing the variation in the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures in a total of 535 seeds from 13 trees located at three different habitats. The seeds differed one order of magnitude in their total volume. However, independently of their size and the location of the maternal tree, the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures was relatively constant (~1) and showed a normal distribution with low skewness, indicating stabilizing selection. These results suggest that, in the habitats studied, dispersal and establishment processes may have similar importance to C.angustifolia. In species with seeds confined in pods, and therefore strongly space-limited, the relative volume of their seeds occupied by dispersal and establishment structures could be a better measure of the trade-off between these two processes than the variation in seed size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):63-71. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Evaluamos indirectamente las presiones selectivas sobre la dispersión y el establecimiento en Campsiandra angustifolia, un árbol de la Amazonía Peruana dispersado por agua, analizando variaciones de la relación entre el volumen ocupado por las estructuras de dispersión y de establecimiento en sus semillas. Medimos un total de 535 semillas de 13 árboles ubicados en tres hábitats diferentes, las cuales presentaron una gran variación en su volumen total. Independientemente del tamaño de la semilla y de la ubicación del árbol de origen, la relación entre el volumen asignado a estructuras de establecimiento y a estructuras de dispersión fue relativamente constante (~1) y presentó una distribución normal con baja asimetría, indicando selección estabilizante. Este resultado sugiere que los procesos de dispersión y establecimiento poseen una importancia relativa similar para C.angustifolia en los hábitats estudiados. En especies con semillas empaquetadas, el volumen relativo ocupado por estructuras relacionadas con la dispersión o el establecimiento podría ser una medida más adecuada de la solución de compromiso entre estos dos procesos que la variación del tamaño de la semilla</p></abstract>
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<kwd>bosques inundables</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión</kwd>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta el listado de las especies de orquídeas asociadas a cultivos de café de sombra en México, incluyendo datos sobre forma de vida, endemismo, status de conservación e interés hortícola. Se discute brevemente la importancia de promover el cultivo de café de sombra como una alternativa para la conservación de comunidades vegetales primarias en áreas tropicales y se presentan algunos puntos a considerar para impulsar una estrategia clara y bien definida de protección y conservación de la diversidad orquideológica en los cafetales mexicanos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>orchids</kwd>
<kwd>shade-grown coffee</kwd>
<kwd>Coffea arabica</kwd>
<kwd>tropical ecosystems</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>orquídias</kwd>
<kwd>cafetales de sombra</kwd>
<kwd>Coffea arabica</kwd>
<kwd>ecosistemas tropicales</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Whether the primary role of bacterioplankton is to act as &quot;remineralizers&quot; of nutrients or as direct nutritional source for higher trophic levels will depend on factors controlling their production and abundance. In tropical lakes, low nutrient concentration is probably the main factor limiting bacterial growth, while grazing by microzooplankton is generally assumed to be the main loss factor for bacteria. Bottom-up and top-down regulation of microbial abundance was studied in six nutrient limitation and dilution gradient-size fractionation in situ experiments. Bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), ciliates and rotifers showed relatively low densities. Predation losses of HNF and ciliates accounted for a major part of their daily production, suggesting a top-down regulation of protistan populations by rotifers. Phosphorus was found to be strongly limiting for bacterial growth, whereas no response to enrichment with Nitrogen or DOC was detected. HNF were the major grazers on bacteria (g=0.43 d-1 ), the grazing coefficient increased when ciliates were added (g=0.80 d-1 ) but decreased when rotifers were added (g=0.23 d-1 ) probably due to nutrient recycling or top-down control of HNF and ciliates by rotifers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53 (1-2):85-96. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Que el bacterioplancton juegue básicamente un papel de reciclaje de nutrientes, o sea una fuente directa de nutrientes, depende de varios factores que afectan su producción y abundancia. En los lagos tropicales, la baja concentración de nutrientes es posiblemente el principal factor limitante del crecimiento bacteriano, y suele suponerse que la mayor pérdida poblacional de bacterias se debe a depredación por parte del microzooplancton. Estudiamos la regulación ascendente (&quot;de abajo hacia arriba&quot;) y descendente (&quot;de arriba hacia abajo&quot;) de abundancia bacteriana mediante seis experimentos in situ de limitación de nutrientes y de fraccionamiento de la dilución tamaño- gradiente. Bacterias, nanoflagelados heterotróficos (NHT), ciliados y rotíferos tienen densidades relativamente bajas. Las pérdidas por depredación de ciliados y de NHT explicaron la mayoría de la producción diaria, lo que sugiere que las poblaciones de protistas son reguladas por los rotíferos de forma descendente. El fósforo resultó ser un limitante fuerte del crecimiento bacteriano, pero no se detectó efecto del enriquecimiento con nitrógeno ni con &quot;DOC&quot;. Los NHT fueron los principales depredadores de bacterias (g=0.43 d-1 ). El coeficiente de ramoneo aumentó al agregar los ciliados (g=0.80 d-1 ) pero disminuyó al agregar los rotíferos (g=0.23 d-1 ) probablemente debido a reciclaje de nutrientes o a control descendente de los NHT y ciliados por parte de los rotíferos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacterioplankton</kwd>
<kwd>microzooplankton</kwd>
<kwd>grazing</kwd>
<kwd>nutrient</kwd>
<kwd>recycling</kwd>
<kwd>tropical lake</kwd>
<kwd>Bacterioplancton</kwd>
<kwd>microzooplancton</kwd>
<kwd>ramoneo</kwd>
<kwd>consumo</kwd>
<kwd>nutriente</kwd>
<kwd>reciclaje</kwd>
<kwd>lago tropical</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spatial and biogeographic characterization of macroalgal assemblages from Bahía del Rincón, Baja California Sur, Mexico.Macroalgal studies in Baja California Sur have dealt mainly with occurrence and seasonality, but some areas are poorly known even for these basic data. Bahía del Rincón-La Rivera is an important high-productivity fisheries area where coastal infrastructure development is under way. A spatial characterization of the marine flora from Bahía del Rincón-La Rivera was done by intensive sampling at different depths and localities with skin and SCUBA diving. At least 500m² were surveyed in each site. Additionally, quantitative sampling was done in ten random 25 cm² quadrates per site. In the intertidal section, density and cover estimates were used. We also investigated the historical records and geographical affinities. A total of 72 species were identified (most were red algae: 62%). We found no general trend in the biogeographical affinities, which varied with each taxonomic group. Most brown algae species were tropical-endemic; red algae temperate- cosmopolite and green algae tropical-cosmopolite. In the spatial assemblage structure we found a high similarity between the intertidal areas, but a low similarity in shallow or deeper areas (3-5 m). This pattern was the same when we compared the abundance of the main species. We suggest that there are significant spatial differences in recruitment and development of the assemblages in relation to vertical distribution (depth)and position along the shore. There is a clear-cut Gelidium-Jania belt in the intertidal zone and a Padina-Dictyota belt below the low tide. Sporadic and year-round species occur in the intertidal zone, annual and perennial species below the low tide line. Sites differ in recruitment and this affects the abundance of other species (such as coraline and Caulerpa species). Temperature and sedimentation affect seasonality, but community structure is relatively constant throughout the year. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):97-109. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se caracterizó la flora marina de la zona de Bahía del Rincón -La Rivera por medio de prospecciones intensivas en diferentes localidades a varias profundidades. Además, se realizó un análisis intenso de la literatura y por este mismo medio la determinación de las afinidades geográficas de las especies. En total se encontraron 72 especies, donde la mayor proporción (62%) correspondió a las algas rojas. En el caso de las afinidades biogeográficas se observó que la mayor proporción varió en función de la división, donde para algas cafés las predominantes fueron de naturaleza tropical/ endémica y para las algas rojas fueron las templadas/ cosmopolitas. Espacialmente se encontró una alta similitud entre las zonas someras estudiadas más no así entre las someras y profundas donde existen diferencias significativas. En el caso de la zona intermareal se determinaron diferencias significativas con áreas submareales y entre sitios de la zona somera y profunda basados en las abundancias de los principales taxa. Con base en los resultados se sugiere que existen diferencias verticales en reclutamiento y desarrollo de las poblaciones en relación a su distribución</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comparación de dos métodos para medir herbivoría: ¿Es la herbivoría en el Neotrópico mayor de lo que creemos?</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>García-Robledo</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Comparison between two methods to measure herbivory.Is herbivory in the Neotropics more severe than we thought? The quantity of plant tissue consumed by herbivores can be recorded 1) by measuring herbivory in previously marked leaves or 2) by performing punctual measures, i.e. selecting leaves at random to measure the tissue absent in each leaf. Punctual measurements are frequently used because they are a faster method to estimate herbivory. However, punctual measures do not include totally consumed leaves, therefore they underestimate the actual herbivory rates. In three species of understory shrubs (Palicourea sp. P.angustifolia and P.ovalis: Rubiaceae) herbivory was measured using punctual measures and marking young leaves in order to determine the degree of herbivory underestimation by punctual measurements. Punctual measurements underestimated herbivory up to three times in the species with a high number of totally consumed leaves. In the species with a lower number of totally consumed leaves, herbivory rates recorded using both methods were similar. These results suggest that herbivory in neotropical forests could be more severe than what is currently suggested. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):111-114.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La cantidad de tejido vegetal consumido por los herbívoros puede ser registrada: 1) midiendo en hojas previamente marcadas el área consumida a lo largo del periodo de expansión de las hojas ó 2) realizando mediciones puntuales, i.e. registrando el área ausente en hojas seleccionadas al azar. El método de mediciones puntuales se usa frecuentemente para medir herbivoría, pues permite realizar las mediciones en un tiempo más corto. Sin embargo, las mediciones puntuales pueden subestimar la herbivoría al no incluir las hojas que fueron totalmente consumidas. Para determinar en que grado las mediciones puntuales subestiman la herbivoría, en tres especies de arbustos de sotobosque (Palicourea sp. P. angustifolia y P. ovalis: Rubiaceae) fueron realizadas mediciones puntuales y estimados de herbivoría marcando hojas jóvenes. El método de mediciones puntuales subestimó tres veces las tasas de herbivoría en las especies donde hubo un mayor número de hojas totalmente consumidas. En la especie con menor número de hojas totalmente consumidas, los resultados obtenidos mediante los dos métodos fueron similares. Estos resultados sugieren que posible que la herbivoría en los bosques neotropicales sea mas intensa de lo que sugieren los estimados actuales</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Palicourea spp</kwd>
<kwd>Rubiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>tropical montane forest</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Palicourea spp</kwd>
<kwd>Rubiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>herbivoría</kwd>
<kwd>bosque montano</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<year>2005</year>
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<copyright-year/>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estableció la relación entre la distribución de las especies arbóreas de la selva mediana y baja y los factores edáficos y microtopográficos en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an. En 17 sitios de muestro de 625 m² cada uno, se registró la presencia y disposición espacial de los individuos que presentaron un DAP  &gt; o =  a 5 cm y las variables edáficas de conductividad eléctrica (CE), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), clase textural, pH, materia orgánica (MO), nitrógeno total (Nt) y fósforo disponible (P). Para la clasificación de los sitios de muestreo por similitud florística, se empleó el análisis de Twinspan y para la ordenación, los análisis de gradiente indirecto y directo (ACD y ACC, respectivamente). Se registró un total de 4 433 individuos en 84 especies. Aunque la microtopografía es moderada en el área de estudio, diferentes factores edáficos (CIC,arcilla y MO) variaron significativamente (P &lt;= 0.05) entre las zonas altas y bajas. Una primera aproximación del ACD y ACC con el total de los datos establece que la distribución de las especies esta determinada por el gradiente microtopográfico y la clase textural. Al realizar una segunda aproximación del ACD y ACC, empleándose solo datos de la zona baja, se muestran dos grupos florísticamente diferentes, uno influenciado por pH ligeramente ácido, alta CIC, MO y arcilla, rodeado de una selva mediana; el otro grupo registra pH básico y alto porcentaje de limo, y se localiza cerca de una selva baja inundable. Las condiciones microtopográficas y edáficas son ecológicamente significativas, ya que están altamente correlacionados con la distribución de las especies vegetales y con las características de la estructura de las comunidades tropicales</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Soil</kwd>
<kwd>microtopography</kwd>
<kwd>multivariate analysis</kwd>
<kwd>gradient analysis</kwd>
<kwd>vegetation</kwd>
<kwd>tropical forests</kwd>
<kwd>Suelo</kwd>
<kwd>microtopografía</kwd>
<kwd>análisis multivariado</kwd>
<kwd>análisis de gradientes</kwd>
<kwd>vegetación</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente  </institution>
<addr-line> Cumaná</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente  </institution>
<addr-line> Sucre</addr-line>
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<year>2005</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity and abundance of mollusks in the sublittoral epifaunal community of Punta Patilla, Venezuela. The diversity of a sublittoral epifaunal mollusk community of Punta Patilla, Sucre State, Venezuela, was studied from September 1990 to September 1991. We identified 25 species (14 bivalves and 11 gastropods) of mollusks that inhabit gravel, soft sand and bottoms covered by Thalassia testudinum.Total diversity indices were H´= 3.42, J´= 0.74 and 1-D = 0.85. Monthly diversity reached its maximum in March 1991 (3.12 bits/ ind.), June 1991 (2.88 bits/ind.) and September 1991 (2.95 bits/ind.); minimum diversity was recorded in August 1991 (1.20 bits/ind.).A log series model showed a diversity index alpha = 4.56 for species abundance data and alpha = 3.11 for biomass data. The more abundant species were Chione cancellata, Antigona listeri, Chione granulata and Arca zebra among the bivalves, and Chicoreus brevifrons, Turritella variegata and Phyllonotus pomum among the gastropods (which present maximum biomass). The average total biomass (56.80 g/m² )is low when compared to reports from other tropical zones. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):135-140. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la diversidad de una comunidad malacológica sublitoral en Punta Patilla, Estado Sucre, Venezuela, desde septiembre 1990 hasta septiembre 1991. Se identificaron 25 especies, 14 bivalvos y 11 gasterópodos. Los parámetros de diversidad total en número de la comunidad fueron H´=3.41 bits/ind., J´=0.74 y 1-D =0.85. Las máximas diversidades mensuales se observaron en marzo 1991 (3.12 bits/ind.), junio 1991 (2.88 bits/ind) y septiembre 1991 (2.95 bits/ind.) y la mínima ocurrió en agosto 1991 (1.20 bits/ind.). Los datos del número de individuos conforman una línea recta ajustada por la serie logarítmica con un índice alfa =4.56 y alfa =3.11 para los de biomasa. Las especies más abundantes fueron Chione cancellata, Antigona listeri, Chione granulata y Arca zebra entre los bivalvos, y Chicoreus brevifrons, Turritella variegata y Phyllonotus pomum entre los gasterópodos, estos presentaron las máximas biomasas individuales. La biomasa total promedio de la comunidad (56.80 g/m² ) es baja cuando se compara con otros reportes de áreas tropicales. Los moluscos habitaron fondos de grava y arenofangoso cubiertos por praderas de Thalasia testudinum</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Community structure</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>macrobenthos</kwd>
<kwd>mollusks</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>estructura</kwd>
<kwd>macrobentos</kwd>
<kwd>moluscos</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Toxic efect of DDT and endosulfan in white shrimp postlarvae Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae) from Chiapas, Mexico .We analized acute toxicity in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae exposed to two chlorinated pesticides, DDT and endosulfan, under laboratory conditions during 168 hours, with controlled temperature (29 ± 1°C), salinity (3 ± 1 ‰) and pH (8 ± 1). Median lethal concentrations (LC50 ), &quot;incipient&quot; LC50, median lethal time (LT50 ) the &quot;maximum acceptable concentration of the toxic compound&quot; (MACT) and &quot;the safety level&quot; (SL) were determined. The concentration of the compounds at which organism growth was reduced by 5 and 50% (EC5 and EC50 ), as well as changes in oxygen consumption patterns were determined in the surviving postlarvae.They were very sensitive to both compounds and DDT was thrice as toxic as endosulfan. Growth rate decreased 50 % and 80 % with endosulfan and DDT, respectively, at the experimental pestice concentration.The low resistance of postlarvae to DDT and endosulfan suggests that additional inflow of these pesticides into the aquatic system could affect the rate of shrimp production in the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):141-151. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el fin de conocer la toxicidad del DDT y endosulfan sobre postlarvas de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannaei), se realizaron pruebas de toxicidad aguda en condiciones de laboratorio por 168 h, con temperatura de 29 ± 1 °C, salinidad de 3 ± &amp;#61472;1 ‰ y pH en 8 ± 1.Se calculó la concentración letal media (LC50 ), la LC50 &quot;incipiente&quot;, los tiempos medios de muerte (LT50 ), la Máxima Concentración Aceptable del Tóxico (MACT) y el &quot;Nivel de Seguridad&quot; (LS); así mismo, en los organismos sobrevivientes se determinó la concentración a la que el crecimiento de los organismos se reduce en un 5 y 50% (CE5 y CE50 ). Se evaluaron además las alteraciones en el consumo de oxígeno. El DDT fue 3 veces más tóxico que el endosulfan; sin embargo, los organismos resultaron ser muy sensibles a ambos compuestos. La tasa de crecimiento de las postlarvas disminuyó en un 80 y 50% para el DDT y endosulfan respectivamente. La baja resistencia de las postlarvas al DDT y endosulfan, y las concentraciones de estos compuestos en la laguna, sugieren que si se diera un ingreso adicional de estos plaguicidas al sistema, es muy probable un potencial impacto en la producción de camarón del sistema</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ecotoxicology</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>DDT</kwd>
<kwd>endosulfan</kwd>
<kwd>pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>Ecotoxicología</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>DDT</kwd>
<kwd>endosulfan</kwd>
<kwd>pesticidas</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100015</article-id>
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<addr-line> Concepción</addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Concepción  </institution>
<addr-line> Concepción</addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>153</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Egg morphology of seven noctuid species (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) from Chilean and updated key to their identification. Eggs from seven Noctuid moth species, Eriopyga perfusca (Hampson), Magnagrotis oorti (Koehler), Pseudoleucania brosii (Koehler), Scania simillima (Koehler), Scriptania americana (Blanchard), Scriptania leucofasciata Rodríguez, were collected at La Mina, 925 msnm, (35º 21’ S; 71º 41’ W) and Paso Internacional Pehuenche (35º 57’ S; 70º 23’ W), 2560 msnm, Chile. The Scanning Electron Microscope showed that egg morphology allows identification to species level. This is particularly useful in agricultural pest control, and morphological differences are used in this report to present an updated taxonomic key to the Chilean Noctuidae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):153-163. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se obtuvieron huevos de siete especies de nóctuidos chilenos: Eriopyga perfusca Hampson, Scriptania americana (Blanchard), Scriptania leucofasciata Rodríguez, Magnagrotis oorti (Koehler), Pseudoleucania brossi (Koehler) y Scania simillima (Koehler) de La Mina, VII Región, 925 m, (35º 21’ S, 71º 41’ W) y Paso Internacional Pehuenche, 2560 m, (35º 57’ S, 70º23’ W). Se fotografiaron entre cuatro y nueve huevos de cada especie con Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido para analizar las variaciones entre las celdas primarias y secundarias. Los resultados morfológicos fueron utilizados para actualizar la clave taxonómica de las especies de nóctuidos chilenos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Egg morphology</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Noctuidae</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
<kwd>clave</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Noctuidae</kwd>
<kwd>huevos</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100016</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidade Estadual do Ceará  </institution>
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<year>2005</year>
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<lpage>173</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Although the so called &quot;green islands&quot; of the semi-arid Brazilian &quot;Nordeste&quot; are economically, socially, and ecologically important, relatively little is known about their biodiversity. We present the results of the first survey of the ground-dwelling ant fauna of a secondary forest in the Serra de Baturité (4° 05’ - 4° 40’ S / 38° 30’ - 39° 10’ W), among the biggest of the moist, montane forests of the state of Ceará, Brazil. From February to March 2001, samples were taken every 50 m along twelve 200 m transects, each separated from the others by at least 50 m and cut on either side of a recreational trail. Where possible, two transects were cut from the same starting point on the trail, one on either side. At each sample site two methods were used, as recommended in the ALL protocol: a pitfall trap and the treatment of 1 m² of leaf litter with the Winkler extractor. The myrmecofauna of the Serra de Baturité is quite diverse: individuals from 72 species, 23 genera, and six subfamilies were collected. The observed patterns of specific richness show the same tendencies noted in other tropical regions, particularly the frequency of capture distribution with many rare and few abundant species. Differences with the Atlantic and Amazonian forests were also observed, especially the relative importance of the Ponerinae and Formicinae subfamilies, indicating a possible influence of the surrounding &quot;caatinga&quot; (savanna-like ecosystem) on the myrmecofauna of the moist,montane forest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):165-173. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan los resultados del primer inventario de la mirmecofauna del suelo en un parche de bosque montano húmedo del &quot;Nordeste&quot; semi-árido brasileño. Aunque estos parches o &quot;islas verdes&quot; son importantes económica, social, y ecológicamente, se conoce relativamente poco acerca de su biodiversidad. La investigación fue llevada a cabo en un bosque secundario en la Serra de Baturité, uno de los mayores del bosque montano húmedo del estado de Ceará, Brazil. La mirmecofauna de Serra de Baturité es muy diversa: encontramos individuos de 72 especies, 23 géneros y seis fsubfamilias. Los patrones de riqueza específica muestran las mismas tendencias de otras regiones tropicales, particularmente en la distribución de frecuencia de capturas, con muchas especies escasas y unas pocas especies abundantes. También hay diferencias con los bosques atlántico y amazónico, especialmente en cuanto a la importancia relativa de las subfamilias Ponerinae y Formicinae, lo que indica una posible influencia de la &quot;caatinga&quot; (ecosistema semejante a la sabana) cercana en la mirmecofauna del bosque montano húmedo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd>
<kwd>ground-dwelling ants</kwd>
<kwd>rain forests</kwd>
<kwd>Brazilian &quot;Nordeste&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>Ceará</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>Biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Hymenoptera</kwd>
<kwd>hormigas del suelo</kwd>
<kwd>bosque lluvioso</kwd>
<kwd>Nordeste</kwd>
<kwd>Ceará</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Nesting biology of four Tetrapedia species in trap-nests (Hymenoptera:Apidae:Tetrapediini)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Camillo</surname>
<given-names>Evandro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Faculdade de Filosofia  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The nests used in this study were obtained from trap-nests (tubes of cardboard and cut bamboo stems) placed on Santa Carlota Farm (Itaoca Section-IS, Santana Section-SS and Cerrado-Ce), Cajuru, SP, Brazil. The number of nests and corresponding species obtained were as follows: 516 nests of T. curvitarsis, 104 of T. rugulosa, 399 of T. diversipes and 98 of T. garofaloi. The most abundant species from SS and Ce was T.curvitarsis, and from IS it was T. diversipes. In general, most nests were collected during the hot and wet season (September to April). The nests were constructed with sand and an oily substance, and a single female established them. The cells were constructed in a linear series, sometimes followed by a vestibular cell. The number of brood cells ranged from 1 to 10 in T. curvitarsis (n=200), and in T. garofaloi (n=51), from 1 to 8 (n=30) in T. rugulosa, and from 1 to 6 (n=37) in T. diversipes. The pollen mass (pollen + oily substance) contained a hollow, sometimes divided by a transverse ridge, on the exposed face of the pollen mass. The egg was vertically positioned in the lower part of the hollow. At times, the closing of a cell was initiated before provisioning was completed, with a construction of a collar at the cell limit. In some nests the final cellular partition also acted as a closure plug. Females began activities at 6:18 a.m.and ended between 3:31 and 6:26 p.m. Some females (T. curvitarsis , T. rugulosa and T. garofaloi ) did not spend the nights at their nests, returning to them only the following morning with additional material. In general, the development period (for males and females) was greater in nests collected near the end of the hot and wet season than it was for nests collected in other months. Sex ratios for each species were as follows: T. curvitarsis, 1:1; T. rugulosa , 1.6:1 female; T. diversipes, 1.9:1; T. garofaloi, 2.8:1. Males and females of T. diversipes exhibited statistically similar sizes and in the other three species the females were larger than the males. The mortality rates were statistically similar: 33.2% for T. curvitarsis, 25.8% for T. rugulosa, 26.8% for T. diversipes and 38.2% for T. garofaloi. The parasitoids were: Coelioxoides exulans, Leucospis cayenensis, Anthrax sp., Coelioxys sp., Coelioxoides sp. and individuals of the family Meloidae. Rev. Biol. Trop.53(1-2):175-186. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los nidos usados en este estudio fueron obtenidos de nidos de trampa (tubos de cartón y tallos cortados de bambú) localizados en la finca Santa Carlota (Itaoca Sección-IS, Santana Sección-SS y Cerrado-Ce), Cajuru, SP, Brasil. El número de nidos y las especies correpondientes obtenidas fueron:516 nidos de T. curvitarsis, 104 de T. rugulosa, 399 de T. diversipes y 98 de T. garofaloi. La especie más abundante en SS y Ce fue T. curvitarsis, y la de IS fue T.diversipes. En general, la mayoría de los nidos fueron recolectados durante la estación caliente y húmeda (septiembre a abril). Los nidos fueron construidos con arena y una sustancia aceitosa, y una hembra solitaria se estableció en ellos. Las celdas fueron contruidas en una serie lineal, algunas veces contiguo a una celda vestibular. El número de celdas amplias se distribuyó desde 1 a 10 en T. curvitarsis (n=200), y en T. garofaloi (n=51), de 1 a 8 (n=30) en T. rugulosa, y de 1 a 6 (n=37) en T. diversipes. Las masas de polen (polen más sustancia aceitosa) contenían una depresión, algunas veces dividida por una carina transversal, sobre la cara expuesta de la masa de polen. Los huevos fueron puestos en la parte inferior de la depresión. A veces, el cierre de una celda fue iniciada antes de que el aprovicionamiento estuviera completo, con la construcción de un collar en el borde de la celda. En algunos nidos la partición final de las celdas también actuaba como un tapón. Las hembras empiezan sus actividades a las 6:18 a.m. y terminan entre 3:31 y 6:26 p.m. Algunas hembras (T. curvitarsis, T. rugulosa y T. garofaloi )no pasan las noches en sus nidos, regresando a ellos solamente la mañana siguiente con material adicional. En general, el periodo de desarrollo (para machos y hembras) fue mayor en nidos recolectados cerca del fin de la estación cálida y humeda que respecto a los nidos recolectados en otros meses. La proporción de sexos para cada especie fue: T. curvitarsis, 1:1; T. rugulosa, 1.6:1 hembras; T. diversipes, 1.9:1; T. garofaloi, 2.8:1. Machos y hembras de T. diversipes exhibieron tamaños estadísticamente similares y en las otras especies las hembras fueron más grandes que los machos. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron similares estadísticamente: 33.2% para T. curvitarsis, 25.8% para T. rugulosa, 26.8% para T. diversipes y 38.2% para T. garofaloi. Los parasitoides fueron Coelioxoides exulans, Leucospis cayenensis, Anthrax sp., Coelioxys sp., Coelioxoides sp.e individuos de la familia Meloidae</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Apidae</kwd>
<kwd>Tetrapedia</kwd>
<kwd>trap-nests</kwd>
<kwd>nesting biology</kwd>
<kwd>nest structure</kwd>
<kwd>natural enemies</kwd>
<kwd>life tables</kwd>
<kwd>Apidae</kwd>
<kwd>Tetrapedia</kwd>
<kwd>nidos trampa</kwd>
<kwd>biología de la anidación</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de nido</kwd>
<kwd>enemigos naturales</kwd>
<kwd>tablas de vida</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Life table for Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae) under laboratory conditions. The tropical thrip Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard is a polyphagous species sometimes found in commercially important crops that include cocoa and cotton. Laboratory data from specimens collected in Psidium friedrichsthalianum trees in Costa Rica were used to prepare a life table. There was a high mortality in the egg (72.5%) and larva II (18.4%) stages. On leaves, inmature stages presented subvascular distribution and pupae presented submarginal distribution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):187-190. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizaron datos obtenidos en el laboratorio para la construcción de la tabla de vida de Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard (Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae). Se obtuvo una alta mortalidad en los estados de huevo (72.5%) y larva II (18.4%). En los patrones de distribución observados en las hojas, los estados inmaduros presentaron una distribución subvascular y la pupa presentó una distribución submarginal</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Una especie nueva de tisanóptero del género Frankliniella (grupo cephalica;Thysanoptera:Thripidae)de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro MO San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>194</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of thrip,genus Frankliniella (group cephalica ; Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Costa Rica. A new species of the Frankliniella cephalica group, from Central Costa Rica, is described under the name &quot;Frankliniella morerai n.sp.&quot;. It is closely related to Frankliniella sandovalensis. Both species have translucent bodies, but the new species can be distinguished by these characteristics: setae io III in position 1/2, a complete comb on abdominal segment VIII, antennal segments without coloration and setae po IV longer. It was found in low density in crops of chilli, tomato, lettuce, sweet potato and coriander. A comparative table with other species of this group is included to facilitate diagnosis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):191-194.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie de Frankliniella para el grupo cephalica: Frankliniella morerai. La nueva especie es similar a F. sandovalensis en el cuerpo translúcido, pero se distingue por las setas io III en posición 1/2, su peine completo en el segmento abdominal VIII, los segmentos antenales sin coloración y la seta po IV de mayor longitud. Se encontró en baja densidad en cultivos de chile, tomate, lechuga, camote y culantro. Se presenta un cuadro comparativo con las especies del grupo y se incluyen ilustraciones de la nueva especie</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Frankliniella morerai</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Thysanoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Frankliniella morerai</kwd>
<kwd>nueva especie</kwd>
<kwd>Thysanoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ecología trófica y aspectos reproductivos de Trichomycterus areolatus (Pisces,Trichomycteridae)en ambientes lóticos artificiales</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Habit</surname>
<given-names>Evelyn</given-names>
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<name>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Concepción  </institution>
<addr-line> Concepción</addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Concepción  </institution>
<addr-line> Concepción</addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Austral de Chile  </institution>
<addr-line> Valdivia</addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>195</fpage>
<lpage>210</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trophic ecology and reproductive aspects of Trichomycterus areolatus (Pisces, Trichomycteridae) in irrigation canal environments. Twelve of the sixteen species of fishes present in the Itata river basin enter the irrigation canals at least once a year, constituting a habitat that is frequently utilized by the native fish assemblages. However, only Trichomycterus areolatus, a native siluriform, is found in great number throughout the entire year, being the dominant species of such artificial environments. Among the factors that could explain the relative success of T. areolatus are its benthonic habits, adaptation to rithral habitat, an offer of trophic resources that is in line with its feeding habits, and a lower abundance of predators in the canals. In this study, the trophic ecology of this species in 174 individuals inhabiting the Itata river (Octava Región, Chile) and 231 from irrigation canals that arise from this river are analyzed and compared. In addition, the length-weight relationship and seasonal frequencies of reproductive status are analyzed, with the purpose of inferring on the status of these populations and their possible condition of resident in these canals. In canals, its diet includes a greater number of different taxa as well as total number of preys consumed in comparison with the river populations, including items of greater biomass, such as lumbriculides. The selectivity analysis showed that T. areolatus prefer prey items like Chironomidae, Baetidae, Elmidae, Plecoptera and Hyallela. Although both the river as well as canal populations show an isometric type growth, they reach greater body lengths and weights in the latter. According to the reproductive states analysis in different periods of the year, populations inhabiting canal environments reproduce synchronically with those of the river, although these latter tend to show a slight delay in the reproductive activity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):195-210. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Doce de las dieciséis especies de peces presentes en la cuenca del río Itata ingresan al menos en una época del año a los canales de riego, constituyendo un hábitat frecuentemente utilizado por la ictiofauna nativa. Sin embargo sólo el siluriforme Trichomycterus areolatus se encuentra en altas abundancias todo el año, siendo la especie dominante de estos ambientes fluviales artificiales. Entre los factores que pueden dar cuenta de su éxito relativo dentro de los canales están sus hábitos bentónicos y adaptación a ambientes ritrales, una oferta de recursos tróficos concordante con sus hábitos alimentarios y una menor abundancia de depredadores. En este estudio se analiza comparativamente la ecología trófica de esta especie en 174 individuos que habitan en el río Itata (Octava Región de Chile) y 231 de canales de riego que nacen de este sistema fluvial. Además se analizan las relaciones de talla-peso y frecuencia estacional de estados reproductivos, con el fin de inferir acerca del estado de las poblaciones y su condición de residentes en canales de riego. La dieta de las poblaciones de canales incluye una mayor riqueza de táxones y una mayor cantidad de presas consumidas respecto a las del curso natural. El análisis de selectividad muestra que T. areolatus prefiere, tanto en el río como en los canales de riego,presas tales como Chironomidae, Baetidae, Elmidae, Plecoptera y Hyallela. Además, en los canales de riego prefiere presas de mayor biomasa como los lumbricúlidos. Si bien las poblaciones locales de canales presentan, al igual que los ejemplares de río, un crecimiento de tipo isométrico, éstos alcanzan mayores tallas y pesos corporales que los individuos de los cauces naturales. De acuerdo al análisis de estados reproductivos de 345 ejemplares en diferentes períodos del año, las poblaciones de ambientes de canal se reproducen sincrónicamente con las del río, aunque con un leve retardo en la actividad reproductiva</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Trichomycterus</kwd>
<kwd>feeding ecology</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>irrigation canals</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomycterus</kwd>
<kwd>ecología de alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>Itata river</kwd>
<kwd>canales de irrigación</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Gross morphometry of young Geochelone sulcata (Testudines: Testudinidae) in Costa Rica. The African Spur tortoise, Geochelone sulcata, has been introduced to Costa Rica. A total of 31 tortoises were measured for 26 gross morphometry parameters. All individuals measured were inmature, aged from 5 to 34 months, and were born in captivity in La Garita de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Mean straight carapace length was 83.1 mm, mean straight plastron length was 68.3 mm and mean maximum height was 46.2 mm. All the measurements were correlated, except tail length and cloacal distance. Weight had the highest positive allometry coefficient. All the variables were joined in two Principal Components; tail length and cloacal distance in Factor 2 and the rest of them in Factor 1. Lack of correlation among tail measures and the other variables as well as their inclusion in a different Factor could be related with an incipient development of sexual dimorphism characters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):213-225. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se midieron 31 ejemplares de tortuga africana de espolones Geochelone sulcata para la realización de un estudio biométrico. Se consideraron 26 medidas morfológicas para cada individuo. Las tortugas tenían una edad de entre 5 y 34 meses, y ninguna había alcanzado la madurez sexual. Todas ellas habían nacido en cautiverio en La Garita de Alajuela, Costa Rica, donde son una especie introducida. La longitud recta del espaldar fue de 83.1 mm, la anchura recta del espaldar de 68.3 mm y la altura máxima media de 46.2 mm. Todas las medidas estaban correlacionadas entre sí, salvo la longitud de la cola y la distancia cloacal. El mayor coeficiente de alometría positiva correspondió a la variable Peso. El mayor coeficiente de alometría negativa correspondió a la anchura a nivel de los escudos gulares. Todas las variables se agruparon en dos componentes principales, la longitud de la cola y la distancia cloacal en el Factor 2 y el resto en el Factor 1. La falta de correlación de las medidas de la cola así como su inclusión en un factor aparte al resto de la muestra podría responder a un proceso incipiente de diferenciación sexual</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Biometría</kwd>
<kwd>Geochelone sulcata</kwd>
<kwd>Testudinidae</kwd>
<kwd>inmaduros</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A fish prey found in the coral snake Micrurus alleni (Serpentes: Elapidae)in Costa Rica. The presence of a small specimen of the swamp eel Synbranchus marmoratus (84 mm total length) in the stomach contents of an adult coral snake Micrurus alleni with 692 mm total length from the Caribbean versant of Costa Rica is reported.This eel was swallowed headfirst. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):227-228.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Aves acuáticas de la Laguna de Agua Dulce y el Estero El Ermitaño, Jalisco, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández Vázquez</surname>
<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Water birds from Agua Dulce lake and El Ermitaño estuary, Jalisco, Mexico. Waterbird abundance, and seasonal and spatial distribution, were studied in two natural water pools at Jalisco, México, from December 1997 through November 1998. Maximum monthly abundance in Agua Dulce lake and El Ermitaño estuary was 86 471 birds (29 686 in Agua Dulce and 56 785 in Ermitaño), with a total cummulative abundance of 179 808 individuals (66 976 in Agua Dulce and 112 832 in Ermitaño). A total of 87 waterbirds species were recorded, 78 in Agua Dulce and 73 in Ermitaño.The higher species richness and abundance was observed during winter, when migratory species arrived. Most species prefered shallow waters, except seabirds which prefered protected areas such as dunes in Agua Dulce. Other groups, like ducks and related species, prefered low salinity areas, for example in the south-east area of Ermitaño. The higher abundance of the shorebirds was found when the water level on the estuary was low. Herons were seen often at areas with high salinity and influenced by tides (e.g. mouth of Ermitaño). Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2): 229-238. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la presencia y número de aves acuáticas, así como la distribución estacional y espacial de los diferentes grupos en la laguna de Agua Dulce y el estero El Ermitaño, Jalisco, México, entre diciembre de 1997 a noviembre de 1998. Considerando únicamente el mes de máxima abundancia de cada especie hubo 86 471 aves en ambos humedales (29 686 en Agua Dulce y 56 785 en El ermitaño), y una abundancia acumulada (suma de las abundancias mensuales) de 179 808 aves (66 976 en Agua Dulce y 112 832 en Ermitaño). Se identificaron 87 especies de aves, de las cuales 78 especies estuvieron presentes en Agua Dulce y 73 especies en El Ermitaño. La riqueza y abundancia fueron influenciados por la llegada de aves migratorias por lo que el mayor número de especies e individuos se presentó durante el invierno. En general las aves mostraron preferencia por áreas someras, excepto las marinas que prefirieron áreas arenosas y protegidas por dunas como las que se encuentran en Agua Dulce. Los demás grupos como los patos y afines prefirieron las áreas con salinidades bajas, como las que se encuentran al sureste del estero El Ermitaño. La mayor abundancia de aves playeras fue observada en niveles de agua bajos, y al igual que las garzas se les observó con mayor frecuencia en sitios con salinidades altas e influenciados por las variaciones en las mareas, como los que se encuentran cerca de la boca-barra del Ermitaño</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coastal waterbirds</kwd>
<kwd>seasonality</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Agua Dulce lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>El Ermitaño estuary</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>aves acuáticas costeras</kwd>
<kwd>estacionalidad</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>laguna Agua Dulce</kwd>
<kwd>estero El Ermitaño</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A twelve-month field study of the West African Thrush Turdus pelios (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae): Part 2: annual cycles</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Akinpelu</surname>
<given-names>Akinsola I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Obafemi Awolowo University  </institution>
<addr-line>Ile-Ife </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>239</fpage>
<lpage>247</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Africa, birds inhabiting forested regions are less seasonal in their activities than those from open areas. In order to study annual cycles in forest regions of South western Nigeria, West African Thrushes (Turdus pelios ) were mist-netted and banded during the last two weeks of each month. The nest is a cup-shaped structure built out of grasses, herbs, weeds, roots and earth laid out in a clockwise manner. Only the nesting tree and feeding sites were defended during the breeding period. The clutch size was 2.69 ±0.20 eggs with a mean incubation period of 14.11 ±0.26 days. The mean nestling period was 15 ±1.00 days. The nestlings were fed on a variety of plant and animal matter, of which grass seeds and insects were predominant. Moult was found to be protracted with a population moult period of 194 days and a much shorter individual moult period. Moult and breeding periods were spread out: moult period dovetailed into the breeding period. The birds were found to gain weight during the period but they attained their maximum weight in August after the moult period. The lowest weight was recorded in February, during the peak of the dry season, when food availability was lower. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):239-247. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El nido del tordo africano occidental es una estructura en forma de copa construida con pastos, hierbas, malezas, raíces y tierra, proyectado en el sentido de las manecillas del reloj. Solamente el árbol con el nido y los sitios de alimentación son defendidos durante la crianza. El tamaño de la nidada fue 2.69 ± 0.20 huevos con un periodo de incubación de 14.11 ± 0.26 días. El periodo promedio de cría fue de 15 ± 1.00 días. Los polluelos fueron alimentados con una variedad de material animal y vegetal, predominando las semillas de pasto y los insectos. La muda del plumaje alar es prolongada, con un período poblacional de muda de 194 días y un periodo individual mucho menor. La muda y crianza son tan prolongados que se empalman con el periodo de crianza. Las aves ganaron peso durante el periodo pero alcanzaron su peso máximo en agosto, después del periodo de muda. El peso más bajo fue el de febrero, lo que coincide con el pico de la estación seca, cuando los recursos alimenticios son escasos</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Turdus pelios</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>nest</kwd>
<kwd>nestlings</kwd>
<kwd>gonad size</kwd>
<kwd>clutch size</kwd>
<kwd>wing moult</kwd>
<kwd>body weight</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
<kwd>Turdus pelios</kwd>
<kwd>ecología</kwd>
<kwd>nido</kwd>
<kwd>polluelos</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño gonadal</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño de nidada</kwd>
<kwd>muda de plumaje alar</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño corporal</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442005000100027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Patterns of cetacean sighting distribution in the Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone of Costa Rica based on data collected from 1979-2001</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,National Marine Fisheries Service  </institution>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Cascadia Research Collective  </institution>
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<aff id="A05">
<institution>,American University  </institution>
<addr-line> Washington D.C</addr-line>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
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<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>249</fpage>
<lpage>263</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nineteen species of cetaceans (families Balaenopteridae, Kogiidae, Physeteridae, Ziphiidae and Delphinidae) occur in the Costa Rican Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Based on data recorded from the EEZ by the Southwest Fisheries Service Center, Cascadia Research Collective, and CIMAR between 1979- 2001, we mapped the distribution of 18 cetacean species. Our results suggest that the majority of the cetacean species use primarily oceanic waters, particularly those species within the families Balaenopteridae, Kogiidae, Physeteridae and Ziphiidae. Members of the family Delphinidae showed a wide variety of distribution patterns: seven species are widespread throughout the EEZ, four appear to be exclusively pelagic, and two are primarily coastal. Overall, three cetacean species appear to have populations concentrated in coastal waters: Stenella attenuata graffmani, Tursiops truncatus, and Megaptera novaeangliae. These three may be more susceptible to human activities due to the overlap of their ranges with fishery areas (tuna and artisanal fisheries), and an uncontrolled increase of touristic whale watching activities in several parts of their range. The distribution maps represent the first comprehensive representation of cetacean species that inhabit Costa Rican Pacific waters. They provide essential base-line information that may be used to initiate conservation and management efforts of the habitats where these animals reproduce and forage. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):249-263.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Diecinueve especies de cetáceos distribuídos en cinco familias (Balaenopteridae, Kogiidae, Physeteridae, Ziphiidae and Delphinidae) habitan en la Zona Económica Exclusiva del Pacífico de Costa Rica (ZEEP). Con base a datos tomados en esta zona por el Southwest Fisheries Service Center, Cascadia Research Collective y CIMAR entre 1979 y 2001 construímos mapas de distribución de avistamientos para 18 especies. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la mayoría de las especies de cetáceos habitan en aguas oceánicas, particularmente miembros de las familias Balaenopteridae, Kogiidae, Physeteridae y Ziphiidae. Miembros de la familia Delphinidae mostraron una variedad de patrones de distribución, siete mostraron una distribución amplia en el ZEEP, cuatro parecen ser exclusivamente oceánicas y dos principalmente costeras. Adicionalmente, tres especies de cetáceos tienen poblaciones concentradas en la costa: Stenella attenuata graffmani, Tursiops truncatus y Megaptera novaeangliae. Estas tres especies son por lo tanto más suceptibles debido a que su hábitat traslapa considerablemnte con áreas importantes para la pesca artesanal y atunera, y áreas de observación de ballenas (las cuales a incrementado considerablemente en los últimos años). Los mapas de distribución de avistamientos de cetáceos presentados en este trabajo son los primeros en su tipo para Costa Rica. Estos aportan información esencial y básica para iniciativas de conservación y manejo de estos animals y los habitats donde estos se reproducen y alimentan</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Central America</kwd>
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<kwd>América Central</kwd>
<kwd>delfines</kwd>
<kwd>mamíferos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>ballenas</kwd>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Presencia y patrones de comportamiento del delfín manchado costero, Stenella attenuata (Cetacea: Delphinidae) en el Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>May-Collado</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<name>
<surname>Morales Ramírez</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>265</fpage>
<lpage>276</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Occurrence and behavioral patterns of the spotted coastal dolphin Stenella attenuata (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in the Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica. Dolphins are characterized by a significant behavioral versatility, which allows them to respond to environmental seasonality. Seasonal variation in dolphin behavior in tropical waters is not well known. Stenella attenuata graffmani is a resident dolphin in the clearly defined seasonal Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica, and we studied if dolphin group size, occurrence and behavioral patterns were associated with season and time of day in the gulf. Using strip transects we surveyed two locations for three consecutive years.School size ranged from 1 to 50 individuals, mean group size was 10.16 (SD =9.61) individuals. Overall, foraging activities were the most frequent, followed by social interactions and travel. From 6:00 AM to 9:00 AM we mostly observed social interactions, followed by feeding-socializing (9:00 AM-12:00 PM) and feeding exclusively (12:00 PM-3:00 PM). Social activities intensified afterwards (3:00 PM-6:00 PM). Behavior and gulf seasonality were associated (chi ² =90.52,gl =6,p&lt;0.05,n =99). In the dry season (December- April) feeding predominated over other activities, but socializing was more frequent in the early rainy season (May-July). Larger groups (mean 12 dolphins) forage actively; smaller groups (mean 6 dolphins 6.51 ± 5.12) foraged more passively. Seasonal variation in dolphin activities are likely to be associated with food availability, as observed in the high number of groups involved in foraging behaviors, and a high investment in foraging activities during the dry season. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):265-276.Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los delfines se caracterizan por una increíble versatilidad, la cual les ha permitido responder a los cambios estacionales de su ambiente. Dicha variación estacional en los patrones de comportamiento se considera poco conocida en delfines que habitan aguas tropicales. El delfín manchado (forma costera) Stenella attenuata graffmani, parece ser la única especie de cetáceo residente en el Golfo de Papagayo, área que se caracteriza por una estacionalidad muy bien definida. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si esta estacionalidad influencia el tamaño del grupo, la presencia y patrones de comportamiento de esta especie de delfín en el golfo. Usando transectos en banda se recorrieron dos localidades del Golfo de Papagayo. El tamaño del grupo varío de uno a 50 individuos, con una media de 10.16 (DS =9.61). Las actividades alimentarias fueron más intensas que las interacciones sociales y de desplazamiento, las cuales siguieron un ordenamiento diario y estacional. Se describieron dos técnicas principales de forrajeo las cuales parecen estar asociadas con el tamaño del grupo y localidad dentro del golfo. La variación diaria en los patrones de comportamiento parecen estar relacionados con la disponibilidad, distribución, y arreglo espacial de las presas. De igual manera, la variación estacional de estas actividades probablemente esta asociada por la disponibilidad de alimento, tal como ha sido observado en un mayor número de grupos y una mayor inversión de tiempo en actividades de alimentación durante la época seca y finales de las lluvias</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Behavior</kwd>
<kwd>dolphins</kwd>
<kwd>occurrence</kwd>
<kwd>seasonality</kwd>
<kwd>foraging</kwd>
<kwd>Central America</kwd>
<kwd>Comportamiento</kwd>
<kwd>delfines</kwd>
<kwd>presencia</kwd>
<kwd>estacionalidad</kwd>
<kwd>forrageo</kwd>
<kwd>América Central</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Digestibilidad del polen de cactáceas columnares en los murciélagos glosofaginos Glossophaga longirostris y Leptonycteris curasoae (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Muñoz-Romo</surname>
<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sosa</surname>
<given-names>Maricela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Casart Quintero</surname>
<given-names>Yveth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Los Andes  </institution>
<addr-line> Edo. Mérida</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas  </institution>
<addr-line> Edo. Miranda</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>277</fpage>
<lpage>280</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Digestibility of columnar cacti pollen grains in the glosophagine bats Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). We examined the protoplasmic assimilation of columnar cacti pollen grains in two species of Venezuelan desert glosophagine bats, Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae, by determining the amount of empty (digested) pollen grains found in their fecal samples. To determine the amount of empty pollen grains, the fecal samples were stained to differ between empty and full (non-digested) pollen grains. The number of empty and full pollen grains observed in the fecal samples were corrected using the amount of aborted pollens present (before anthesis) in flowers of the columnar cacti species (Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus and Pilosocereus tillianus ) used by bats as food in the study site; G. longirostris and L. curasoae digested 64.2% and 71.3% of all the pollens fed, respectively. These high values confirm the importance of pollen in the diet of these bats, given its high nitrogen level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):277-280. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para estudiar la asimilación protoplasmática de los granos de polen de cactáceas columnares en dos especies de murciélagos glosofaginos, determinamos el porcentaje de granos de polen vacíos (digeridos) en muestras fecales de Glossophaga longirostris y Leptonycteris curasoae , capturados en una zona árida de Venezuela. Para determinar el porcentaje de granos de polen digeridos por los murciélagos, aplicamos un colorante sobre las muestras fecales que permite diferenciar sin dificultad el polen vacio del polen lleno. Después de cuantificar los granos de polen de ambas categorías en las muestras fecales, los valores fueron corregidos tomando en cuenta el porcentaje de polen vacío (previo a la antesis) en las flores maduras de las especies de cactáceas columnares (Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus y Pilosocereus tillianus ). G. longirostris asimila el 64.2% de los granos de polen que ingiere y L. curasoae asimila el 71.3%. Estos elevados porcentajes confirman la importancia del polen en la dieta de estos murciélagos, dado su alto contenido de nitrógeno</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pollen</kwd>
<kwd>bat</kwd>
<kwd>Leptonycteris curasoae</kwd>
<kwd>Glossophaga longirostris</kwd>
<kwd>Glossophaginae</kwd>
<kwd>Cactaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Polen</kwd>
<kwd>murciélago</kwd>
<kwd>Leptonycteris curasoae</kwd>
<kwd>Glossophaga longirostris</kwd>
<kwd>Glossophaginae</kwd>
<kwd>Cactaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">CORRIGENDA: Estudios citogenéticos en niños con Leucemia Linfocitica Aguda-B en Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Venegas Barboza</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivera Madriz</surname>
<given-names>Julio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>281</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420050001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442005000100031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The countries and languages that dominate biological research at the beginning of the 21st century</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nielsen</surname>
<given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>294</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442005000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Traditionally,studies of scientific productivity are biased in two ways: they are based on Current Contents, an index centered in British and American journals, and they seldom correct for population size, ignoring the relative effort that each society places in research. We studied national productivity for biology using a more representative index, the Biological Abstracts, and analyzed both total and relative productivity. English dominates biological publications with 87% (no other individual language reaches 2%). If the USA is considered a region by itself, it occupies the first place in per capita production of biology papers, with at least twice the productivity of either Asia or Europe. Canada, Oceania and Latin America occupy an intermediate position. The global output of scientific papers is dominated by Europe, USA, Japan, Canada, China and India. When corrected for population size, the countries with the greatest productivity of biology papers are the Nordic nations, Israel, Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, Saint Lucia and Montserrat. The predominance of English as the language of biological research found in this study shows a continuation of the trend initiated around the year 1900. The large relative productivity of the USA reflects the importance that American society gives to science as the basis for technological and economic development, but the USA’s share of total scientific output has decreased from 44% in 1983 to 34% in 2002, while there is a greater growth of science in India, Japan and Latin America, among others. The increasing share obtained by China and India may reflect a recent change in attitude towards funding science. The leadership of Nordic nations, Israel, Switzerland, Netherlands and Australia can be explained by cultural attitude. Apparently, a positive trend is emerging in Latin America, where Chile improved its ranking in per capita productivity but Argentina, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Brazil and Cuba fell. Nevertheless, the most productive countries in total number of papers are Brazil, Mexico and Argentina: large countries with a long tradition of funding scientific research. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):283-294. Epub 2005 Jun 24</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Tradicionalmente, los estudios sobre productividad científica tienen dos sesgos: se basan en el Current Contents, un índice basado en revistas de países industrializados, y rara vez toman en cuenta el tamaño de la población, con lo cual dejan por fuera a la mayoría de la producción de países no industrializados (e.g. América Latina) e ignoran el esfuerzo relativo que cada sociedad dedica a la ciencia. Estudiamos la productividad por país usando Biological Abstracts, que incluye más revistas y tomamos en cuenta el tamaño de la población. El idioma inglés domina la literatura científica con un 87% de los artículos (ningún otro idioma llega al 2%). Si se considera a los EEUU como una región, ocupa el primer lugar en productividad por habitante de artículos científicos en el área de la biología, con al menos el doble de la productividad que Asia o Europa. En tanto Canadá, Oceanía y América Latina ocupan lugares intermedios. Mundialmente, la producción total es dominada por Europa, EEUU, Japón, Canadá, China e India. Si se toma en cuenta el tamaño de la población, los países con mayor productividad son las naciones nórdicas, Israel, Suiza, Holanda, Australia, Santa Lucía y Montserrat. El dominio del inglés comenzó a desarrollarse desde cerca del año 1900. La gran producción relativa de los EEUU refleja la importancia que la sociedad estadounidense da a la ciencia como base para el desarrollo tecnológico y económico, pero la porción estadounidense de la producción científica mundial ha bajado de 44% en 1983 a 34% en 2002, al tiempo que se acelera el crecimiento de la producción científica en India, Japón y América Latina, entre otros. La proporción creciente de la literatura de China e India podría reflejar un cambio reciente en actitud hacia la inversión en ciencia. El liderazgo de las naciones nórdicas, Israel, Suiza, Holanda y Australia puede explicarse debido a la actitud cultural. Parece estar emergiendo una tendencia positiva en América Latina, donde Chile mejoró su ubicación en producción por habitante, pero Argentina, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Brasil y Cuba desmejoraron. Sin embargo, en producción bruta total, los países más productivos son Brasil, México y Argentina: países grandes con larga tradición de financiar la investigación científica</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>article productivity</kwd>
<kwd>country</kwd>
<kwd>region</kwd>
<kwd>ranking</kwd>
<kwd>language of science</kwd>
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