S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200001 Asociación del polimorfismo del codon 72 del gen p53 con el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en una población de alto riesgo de Costa Rica Alpízar-Alpízar Warner Sierra Rafaela Cuenca Patricia Une Clas Mena Fernando Ignacio Pérez-Pérez Guillermo ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica ,Hospital Dr. Max Peralta Cartago Costa Rica ,New York University School of Medicine New York United States of America 09 2005 2005 53 317 324

Association of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism to gastric cancer risk in a hight risk population of Costa Rica. Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer associated death cause worldwide. Several factors have been associated with higher risk to develop gastric cancer, among them genetic predisposition. The p53 gene has a polymorphism located at codon 72, which has been associated with higher risk of several types of cancer, including gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the association of p53, codon 72 polymorphism, with the risk of gastric cancer and pre-malignant lesions in a high-risk population from Costa Rica. The genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP in 58 gastric cancer patients, 99 controls and 41 individuals classified as group I or II, according to the Japanese histological classification. No association was found for p53, codon 72 polymorphism with neither the risk of gastric cancer nor the risk of less severe gastric lesions in the studied population. Based on this study and taking into account other studies carried out with p53, codon 72 polymorphism, the role of this polymorphism in the development of gastric cancer remains unclear. De novo mutations on p53 gene produced during neoplasic development of this disease might play a greater role than germinal polymorphisms of the gene. Other polymorphic genes have been associated with higher risk to develop gastric cancer. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 317-324. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

El cáncer gástrico es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. Varios factores han sido asociados con el riesgo de llegar a desarrollarlo, entre ellos la predisposición genética. El gen p53 presenta un polimorfismo en el codón 72, el cual ha sido asociado con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar varios tipos de cáncer entre ellos el gástrico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación del polimorfismo localizado en el codón 72 del gen p53 con el riesgo de cáncer gástrico y lesiones gástricas leves en una población de alto riesgo de Costa Rica. El análisis del polimorfismo se llevó a cabo mediante PCR-RFLP, en una muestra de 58 pacientes de cáncer gástrico, 99 personas controles y 41 individuos clasificados como grupos I y II de acuerdo con la clasificación histológica japonesa. No se determinó asociación del polimorfismo del codón 72 de p53 con el riesgo de cáncer gástrico, ni de lesiones gástricas leves en la muestra estudiada. Con base en este estudio y otros que han investigado el polimorfismo del codón 72 del gen p53, no está claro el papel que podría estar jugando dicho polimorfismo en el desarrollo de cáncer gástrico. Mutaciones de novo en el gen p53 producidas durante el desarrollo neoplásico de la enfermedad podrían tener un mayor efecto que polimorfismos de línea germinal de este mismo gen. Existen otros genes polimórficos que también se han asociado con el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200002 Efecto de metales pesados en el crecimiento de la microalga tropical Tetraselmis chuii (Prasinophyceae) Cordero Jiudith Guevara Miguel Morales Ever Lodeiros César ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela ,Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 325 330

Efect of heavy metals on the growth of the tropical microalga Tetrasermis chuii (Prasinophyceae). We determined the toxic effect of four metals, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), on the tropical microalga Tetraselmis Chuii (Butcher, 1959). We exposed 50 ml of cultivated microalgae (f/2 Guillard) in the exponential growth phase, with three replicates, to concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg· l-1 with each metal for 96 hr. We evaluated the lethal effect daily, through the cellular count. In the control treatment (not exposed to any metal) we observed an increase in cellular density. In all treatments exposed to metals, we observed a decrease in cellular density, which accelerated in 48 h, after which it became less pronounced. There were exceptions with low concentrations of Cd and Cu at 24 h, as there was no significant decrease, probably due to their use as micronutrients at these low concentrations. The metal that caused the most lethal effect was Pb, which killed 50% of the microalgal population at a concentration of 0.40 mg· l-1. This concentration was 3 times lower than that of mercury and 13 times lower than those of cadmium and copper. The microalga Tetraselmis chuii is recommended as a model species to estimate the toxic effects of xenobiotics on tropical seawater environments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 325-330. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

El presente trabajo determina el efecto tóxico de los metales cadmio (Cd), cobre (Cu), mercurio (Hg) y plomo (Pb) en la microalga tropical Tetraselmis chuii (Butcher, 1959). Se expuso, por triplicado, 50 ml de cultivo (f/2 Guillard) de la microalga en fase de crecimiento logarítmica ante las concentraciones de 0 (control); 0.1; 1.0; 5.0; 10.0 y 20.0 mg· l-1 durante 96 hr. La evaluación del efecto letal se realizó diariamente, mediante recuento celular con una cámara de Neubauer. En el tratamiento control, sin exposición al metal, se observó un incremento de la densidad celular, en contraste con un decrecimiento en los tratamientos con exposición a los metales, los cuales fueron acelerados hasta las 48 hr, a partir de cuando el decrecimiento se hizo menos pronunciado. Una excepción se produjo con el Cd y el Cu a las 24 h, donde no se determinó decrecimiento significativo, probablemente debido a su capacidad de actuar como micronutriente a bajas concentraciones. El metal que produjo mayor efecto fue el Pb, produciendo una letalidad al 50% de la población microalgal a 0.40 mg· l-1, la cual fue casi tres veces menor que la establecida para el Hg y más de 13 veces menor que la del Cd y Cu. Se recomienda la microalga Tetraselmis chuii como especie modelo para la utilización en pruebas en función estimar efectos tóxicos por xenobióticos en el ambiente acuático marino tropical.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200003 Carotenogénesis de cinco cepas del alga Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyceae) aisladas de lagunas hipersalinas de Venezuela Guevara Miguel Lodeiros César Gómez Olga Lemus Nathalie Núñez Paulino Romero Lolymar Vásquez Aléikar Rosales Néstor ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela ,Universidad de Oriente Nueva Esparta Venezuela ,La Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 331 337

Carotenogenesis of five strains of the algae Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyceae) isolated from Venezuelan hypersaline lagoons. We evaluated discontinuous cultures (Algal medium at 0.5 mM of NaNO3 , and 27% NaCl) of five strains of Dunaliella sp. isolated from Venezuelan hypersaline lagoons (Araya, Coche, Peonía, Cumaraguas, and Boca Chica) and one strain from a reference collection (Dunaliella salina, LB1644). Cultures were maintained to 25±1 °C, with constant aeration, photoperiod 12:12, and two light intensities (195 and 390 µE.m-2 .s-1) during 30 days. Cell count was recorded on a daily basis using a Neubaüer camera. Totals of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were measured at the end of the experiment. The largest cellular densities were measured during the smallest light intensities. The strain with the largest cellular density was isolated from Boca Chica (8 x10(6) and 2.5 x10(6) cel.ml-1 a 390 and 195µE.m-2 .s-1, respectively). The increment of light intensity produced a significant reduction of growth rates in all strains. Totals of carotenoids by volume were as large as 390 µE.m-2 .s-1. Strains LB1644, from Coche and Araya were those that produced the largest amount of carotenoids (38.4; 32.8 and 21.0 µg.ml-1 , respectively). Differences total carotenoids by cell between treatments were significant. The largest concentration was 390 µE.m-2 .s-1 . The strains LB1644 and Coche produced the highest values of carotenes (137.14 and 106.06 pg.cel-1, respectively). Differences in the relation carotenoid:chlorophyll a between the strains at various light intensities was significant. Strains LB1644 presented the largest value of the relation carotenoids:chlorophyll a (20:1) at 195 µE.m-2 .s-1. No significant differences were detected in the strain Coche (15:1). All the other strains showed relations lower than one. Our results suggest that the strains of Coche and Araya show potential to be used in the biotechnology of carotenoids production. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 331-337. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se realizaron cultivos discontinuos (medio Algal con 0.5 mM de NaNO3 y 27% de NaCl) de cinco cepas de Dunaliella sp., aisladas de diferentes lagunas hipersalinas de Venezuela (Araya, Coche, Peonía, Cumaraguas y Boca Chica) y una cepa de referencia (Dunaliella salina LB1644). Los bioensayos se mantuvieron a 25 ± 1 °C con aireación constante, fotoperiodo 12:12 y dos intensidades luminosas (195 y 390 µE.m-2.s-1) durante 30 días. El crecimiento celular se determinó diariamente mediante conteo celular en cámara de Neubaüer. La clorofila a y los carotenoides totales se analizaron al final del ensayo. Las mayores densidades celulares correspondieron a los ensayos de menor intensidad luminosa. La cepa que alcanzó la mayor densidad celular fue la aislada de Boca Chica (8 x10(6) y 2.5 x10(6) cel.ml-1 a 195 y 390 µE.m-2.s-1, respectivamente). El incremento de la intensidad luminosa en los cultivos produjo una disminución significativa de las tasas de crecimiento en todas las cepas. Los carotenoides totales por volumen fueron mayores a 390 µE.m-2 .s-1; siendo las cepas de referencia LB1644, Coche y Araya las que produjeron mayor cantidad (38.4; 32.8 y 21.0 µg.ml-1, respectivamente). El contenido de carotenoides totales por célula en los dos tratamientos fue significativamente diferente, obteniéndose la mayor concentración a 390 µE.m-2.s-1. Las cepas LB1644 y Coche fueron las que produjeron los valores más altos de carotenos (137.14 y 106.06 pg.cel-1, respectivamente). La cepa LB1644 presentó la mayor relación carotenoides totales:clorofila a (20:1) a 195 µE.m-2.s-1, mientras que en la cepa Coche no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre las dos intensidades (15:1). El resto de las cepas mostraron relaciones inferiores a uno. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las cepas Coche y Araya pueden ser potencialmente utilizadas en la biotecnología de producción de carotenoides.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200004 Efecto de la heterogeneidad espacial y estacional del suelo sobre la abundancia de esporas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares en el valle semiárido de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, México Camargo-Ricalde Sara Lucía Esperón-Rodríguez Manuel ,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa México, D. F 09 2005 2005 53 339 352

Effect of the spatial and seasonal soil heterogeneity over arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore abundance in the semi-arid valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico. Recent studies have shown that some species of Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) create resource islands (RI), rich in soil organic matter and nutrients, as well as in arbuscular mycorrhyzal fungal (AMF) spores, in the semi-arid Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. The relevance of this fact is that arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by low fertility soils and scarce precipitation, limiting plant species growth and development; this explains why the presence of AM fungi may be advantageous for mycorrhizal desert plants. Fluctuations in AMF spore numbers could be related to environmental, seasonal and soil factors which affect AMF sporulation, in addition to the life history of the host plant. The aim of this study was to asses the impact of spatial (resource islands vs open areas, OA) and seasonal (wet season vs start of dry season vs dry season) soil heterogeneity in the distribution and abundance of AMF spores in four different study sites within the Valley. We registered AMF spores in the 120 soil samples examined. Significant differences in the number of AMF spores were reported in the soil below the canopy of Mimosa species (RI) comparing with OA (RI > OA), and between Mimosa RI themselves when comparing along a soil gradient within the RI (soil near the trunk > soil below the middle of the canopy > soil in the margin of the canopy > OA); however, there were no significant differences between the soil closest to the trunk vs middle, and margin vs OA. Finally, more spores were reported in the soil collected during the wet season than during the dry season (wet > start of dry > dry). Therefore, the distribution of AMF spores is affected by spatial and seasonal soil heterogeneity. This study points out the relevance of Mimosa RI as AMF spore reservoirs and the potential importance of AM fungi for plant species survivorship and establishment in semi-arid regions. AM fungi have recently been recognized as an important factor determining plant species diversity in arid and temperate ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 339-352. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Estudios recientes señalan que algunas especies de Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) forman islas de recursos (IR), ricas en materia orgánica y nutrientes del suelo, así como con esporas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA), en el Valle semiárido de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. La importancia de este hecho radica en que las zonas áridas y semiáridas se caracterizan por la baja fertilidad del suelo y por su escasa precipitación, lo que limita el crecimiento y desarrollo de las especies vegetales, de manera que la presencia de HMA puede ser una ventaja para las plantas desérticas que forman micorrizas. Las fluctuaciones en el número de esporas de HMA del suelo pueden estar relacionadas con factores ambientales, edáficos y estacionales que afectan la esporulación de estos hongos, así como la historia de vida de la planta hospedera. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la heterogeneidad espacial (IR vs áreas abiertas, AA) y estacional (estación de lluvias vs inicio de sequía vs sequía) del suelo sobre la distribución y abundancia del número de esporas de HMA, en cuatro sitios de estudio en el Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Se registraron esporas de HMA en las 120 muestras de suelo analizadas. Se registraron diferencias significativas al comparar entre el número de esporas de HMA del suelo bajo el dosel de las especies de Mimosa (IR) y el de las AA (IR > AA), así como al comparar entre los tres puntos de muestreo de suelo de las IR (suelo cercano al tronco > suelo debajo de la parte media de la copa > suelo debajo del margen de la copa). Sin embargo, no se registró diferencia significativa entre el número de esporas del suelo cercano al tronco y el del medio, así como entre el suelo del margen y el del AA. Finalmente, se reportó un mayor número de esporas en el suelo durante la estación de lluvias que durante la estación de sequía (lluvias > inicio de sequía > sequía). Por tanto, la distribución de esporas de HMA es afectada por la heterogeneidad espacial y la heterogeneidad estacional del suelo. Este estudio señala la importancia de las IR formadas por Mimosa como reservorios de esporas de HMA y la importancia potencial de estos hongos para la supervivencia y el establecimiento de las plantas en regiones semiáridas. Recientemente, los HMA han sido reconocidos como uno de los factores importantes en la determinación de la diversidad de especies vegetales en ecosistemas áridos y templados.

 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores soil seasonal heterogeneity soil spatial heterogeneity Mimosa resource islands semi-arid esporas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) heterogeneidad espacial heterogeneidad estacional islas de recursos (IR) Mimosa semiaridez suelo Allen M.F The ecology of Mycorrhizae The ecology of Mycorrhizae 1991 ^eNueva York Cambridge University Allen E.B Allen M.F Water relations of xeric grasses in the field: Interactions of mycorrhizas and competition New Phytol 1986 104 Allen E.B Allen M.F Helm D.J Trappe J.M Molina R Rincón E Patterns and regulation of mycorrhizal plant and fungal diversity Plant Soil 1995 170 Anderson R.C Liberta A.E Dickman L.A Interaction of vascular plants and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a soil moisture-nutrient gradient Oecologia 1984 64 Camargo-Ricalde S.L Dispersal, distribution and establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review Bol. Soc. Bot. México 2002 71 Camargo-Ricalde S.L Dhillion S.S Grether R Community structure of endemic Mimosa species and environmental heterogeneity in a semi-arid Mexican valley J. Veg. Sci 2002 13 Camargo-Ricalde S.L Dhillion S.S Endemic Mimosa species can serve as mycorrhizal "resource islands" within semiarid communities of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico Mycorrhiza 2003 13 Camargo-Ricalde S.L Dhillion S.S Jiménez-González C Mycorrhizal perennials of the "matorral xerófilo" and the "selva baja caducifolia" communities in the semiarid Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico Mycorrhiza 2003 13 Carrillo-García A León de la Luz J.L Bashan Y Bethlenfalvay G.J Nurse plants, mycorrhizae and plant establishment in a disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert Rest. 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Bot 1979 27 Jacobson K.M Moisture and substrate stability determine VA-mycorrhizal fungal community distribution and structure in arid grasslands J. Arid Environ 1997 35 Johnson N.C Tilman D Wedin D Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities Ecology 1992 73 Koide A.G Goff M.D Dickie I.A Component growth efficiencies of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants New Phytol 2000 148 Koske R.E Distribution of VA mycorrhizal fungi along a latitudinal temperature gradient Mycologia 1987 79 McGee P Variation in propagule numbers of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a semi-arid soil Mycol. Res 1989 92 Miller S.P Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of semi-aquatic grasses along a wide hydrologic gradient New Phytol 2000 145 Mosse B Bowen G.D The distribution of Endogone spores in some Australian and New Zeland soils, and in an experimental field soil at Rothamsted Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc 1968 51 Moyersoen B Fitter A.H Alexander I.J Spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas in Korup National Park rain forest, Cameroon, in relation to edaphic parameters New Phytol 1998 139 Nadian H Smith S.E Alston A.M Murray R.S Effects of soil compaction on plant growth, phosphorus uptake and morphological characteristics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Trifolium subterraneum New Phytol 1997 135 Nadian H Smith S.E Alston A.M Murray R.S Siebert B.D Effects of soil compaction on phosphorus uptake and growth of Trifolium subterraneum colonized by four species of vesicual-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi New Phytol 1998 139 Newsham K.K Watkinson A.R Fitter A.H Rhizosphere and root infecting fungi and the design of ecological field experiments Oecologia 1995 102 Pirozynski K.A Interactions between fungi and plants through the ages Can. J. Bot 1981 59 Sanders I.R Clapp J Wiemken A The genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems -a key to understanding the ecology and functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis New Phytol 1996 133 Schenk N.C Perez Y Manual of the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi Manual of the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi 1990 ^eFlorida Synergistic Streitwolf-Engel R Boller T Wiemken A Sanders I.R Clonal growth traits of two Prunella species are determined by co-occurring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from a calcareous grassland J. Ecol 1997 85 Sylvia D.M Wilson D.O Graham J.H Madox J.J Millner P Morton J.B Skipper H.D Wright S.F Jarstfer A.G Evaluation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in diverse plants and soil Soil Biol. Biochem 1993 25 Tarafdar J.C Praveen-Kumar The role of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on crop, tree and grasses grown in an arid environment J. 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Soil 1986 2 Whitford W.G The importance of the biodiversity of soil biota in arid ecosystems Biodivers. Conserv 1996 5 Wilson J.M Competition for infection between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi New Phytol 1984 97 Zak J.C Visser S An appraisal of soil fungal biodiversity: the crossroads between taxonomic and functional biodiversity Biodivers. Conserv 1996 5 Zavala-Hurtado J.A Hernández-Cárdenas G Estudio de caracterización y diagnóstico del área propuesta como Reserva de la Biósfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Estudio de caracterización y diagnóstico del área propuesta como Reserva de la Biósfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 1998 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE), SEMARNAP
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200005 Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in a neotropical rain forest of a nutrient-rich soil Martínez-Sánchez José Luis ,University of Stirling Scotland 09 2005 2005 53 353 359

In tropical forests with nutrient-rich soil tree’s nutrient resorption from senesced leaves has not always been observed to be low. Perhaps this lack of consistence is partly owing to the nutrient resorption methods used. The aim of the study was to analyse N and P resorption proficiency from tropical rain forest trees in a nutrient-rich soil. It was hypothesised that trees would exhibit low nutrient resorption in a nutrient-rich soil. The soil concentrations of total N and extractable P, among other physical and chemical characteristics, were analysed in 30 samples in the soil surface (10 cm) of three undisturbed forest plots at ‘Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas’ on the east coast of Mexico (18°34’ - 18°36’ N, 95°04’ - 95°09’ W). N and P resorption proficiency were determined from senescing leaves in 11 dominant tree species. Nitrogen was analysed by microkjeldahl digestion with sulphuric acid and distilled with boric acid, and phosphorus was analysed by digestion with nitric acid and perchloric acid. Soil was rich in total N (0.50%, n = 30) and extractable P (4.11 µg g-1, n = 30). As expected, trees showed incomplete N (1.13%, n = 11) and P (0.11%, n = 11) resorption. With a more accurate method of nutrient resorption assessment, it is possible to prove that a forest community with a nutrient-rich soil can have low levels of N and P resorption. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 353-359. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

En las selvas tropicales con suelos fértiles se ha observado que la reabsorción de nutrientes de los arboles de las hojas seniles no siempre es baja. Esta falta de consistencia en el resultado es talvez debida en parte a la metodología de reabsorción de nutrientes utilizada. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la reabsorción final de N y P de arboles de la selva húmeda tropical en un suelo rico en nutrientes. La hipótesis planteada fue que en un suelo rico en nutrientes los arboles presentarían una baja reabsorción final de nutrientes. En 30 muestras del suelo superficial (10 cm) de tres sitios de la selva no perturbada, se analizó entre otras características físicas y químicas, la concentración de N total y P extraíble. A través de la concentración de N y P en hojas seniles, se determinó la reabsorción real de 11 especies dominantes de arboles de esta selva. El N se analizó por digestión microkjeldahl con ácido sulfúrico y destilación con ácido bórico, y el P se analizó por digestión con ácido nítrico y destilación con perclórico. El suelo fue rico en N total (0.50%, n = 30) y P extraíble (4.11 µg g-1, n = 30). Tal como se esperaba, los arboles mostraron una reabsorción incompleta para el N (1.13%, n = 11) y P (0.11%, n = 11).

 Los Tuxtlas lowland forest Mexico resorption proficiency senescent leaves Hojas seniles Los Tuxtlas México reabsorción real selva húmeda tropical Soil maps of the world. Vol. III. Mexico and Central America Soil maps of the world. Vol. III. Mexico and Central America 1975 FAO/UNESCO Aerts R Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? J. Ecol 1996 84 Attiwill P.M The loss of elements from decomposing litter Ecology 1968 49 Black C.A Methods of soil chemical analysis and microbiological properties Methods of soil chemical analysis and microbiological properties 1965 Madison American Society of Agronomy Boerner R.E.J Foliar nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency of four deciduous tree species in relation to site fertility J. Appl. Ecol 1984 21 Bongers F Popma J Meave del Castillo J Carabias J Structure and floristic composition of the low-land rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico Vegetatio 1988 74 Bouwer C.A Reitemeier R.F Fireman R Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils Soil Sci 1952 73 Boyoucous G.J Directions for making mechanical analyses of soil by hydrometer method Soil Sci 1963 42 Bremmer J.M Black C.A Total nitrogen Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Agronomy Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Agronomy 1975 Madison American Society of Agronomy Chapin F.S The mineral nutrition of wild plants Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1980 11 Chapman H.D Pratt P. F Métodos de análisis para suelos, plantas y agua Métodos de análisis para suelos, plantas y agua 1979 Ed. Trillas Edwards P.J Grubb P.S Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. IV. Soil characteristics and the division of mineral elements between the vegetation and soil J. Ecol 1982 70 Grieve I.C Proctor J Cousins S.A Soil variation with altitude on Volcan Barva, Costa Rica Catena 1990 17 Grubb P.J Proctor J The role of mineral nutrients in the tropics: a plant ecologist’s view Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savanna Ecosystems Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savanna Ecosystems 1989 Oxford Blackwell Killingbeck K.T Nutrients in senesced leaves: keys to the search for potential resorption and resorption proficiency Ecology 1996 77 Martin del pozzo A.L González E Dirzo R Vogt R.C Geología Historia natural de Los Tuxtlas Historia natural de Los Tuxtlas 1997 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MexicoCONABIO Martínez-Sánchez J.L Nutrient dynamics in the tropical rain forest and pastures of Los Tuxtlas, México Nutrient dynamics in the tropical rain forest and pastures of Los Tuxtlas, México 1999 Martínez-Sánchez J.L Leaf litterfall composition in a tropical rain forest in México GeoEcoTrop 2001 25 Nelson S.A González-Caver E Geology and K-Ar dating of the Tuxtla volcanic field, Veracruz, México Bull. Vulcan 1992 55 Proctor J Miller F Soils and mineral nutrients: What do we know, and what do we need to know, for wise rain forest management The Wise Management of Tropical Forests The Wise Management of Tropical Forests 1992 Oxford Oxford Forestry Institute Proctor J Anderson J.M Chai P Vallack H.W Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forest in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak. I. Forest environment, structure and floristics J. Ecol 1983 71 Proctor J Phillipps C Duff G.K Heaney A Robertson F.M Ecological studies on Gunung Silam, a small ultrabasic mountain in Sabah, Malaysia. II. Some forest processes J. Ecol 1989 77 Reich P.B Ellsworth D.S Uhl C Leaf carbon and nutrient assimilation and conservation in species of differing successional status in an oligotrophic Amazonian forest Funct. Ecol 1995 9 Sánchez P.A Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics 1976 ^eNew York John Wiley & Sons Schlichting E Blume H.P Staler K Bodenkundliches Praktikum Bodenkundliches Praktikum 1995 Berlin Pareys Studientexte 81, Blackwell Wissenchafts-Verlag Scott D.A Proctor J Thompson J Ecological studies on a lowland evergreen rain forest on Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil. II. Litter and nutrient cycling J. Ecol 1992 80 Singh K.P Nutrient concentration in leaf litter of 10 important tree species of the deciduous forest at Varanasi Trop. Ecol 1969 10 Songwe F.E Fasehun F.E Okali D.U.U Leaf nutrient dynamics of two tree species and litter nutrient content in Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve, Cameroon J. Trop. Ecol 1997 13 Thompson J Proctor J Viana V Milliken W Ratter J.A Scott D. A Ecological studies on a lowland evergreen rain forest on Maraca Island, Roraima, Brazil. I. Physical environment, forest structure and leaf chemistry J. Ecol 1992 80 Van Reenwijk L.P Procedures for soil analysis Procedures for soil analysis 1992 Wageningen ISRIC Vitousek P.M Sanford R.L Nutrient cycling in moist forests Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1986 17 Werner P Changes in soil properties during tropical wet forest succession in Costa Rica Biotropica 1984 16
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200006 Effect of 2,4-D, hydric stress and light on indica rice (Oryza sativa) somatic embryogenesis Meneses Allan Flores Dora Muñoz Miguel Arrieta Griselda Espinoza Ana M ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica ,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Cartago ,Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca 09 2005 2005 53 361 368

With the purpose of increasing the embryogenesis regeneration process in vitroplants obtained from somatic embryos of the indica rice variety CR-5272 (Oryza sativa L.), two independent experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted in the effect of combination of three concentrations of the gelling agent PhytagelTM (1.8, 2.4, and 3 gL-1) and four 2,4-D concentrations (2.26, 4.52, 6.78, and 9.05 mu M) on the induction and subsequent regeneration of embryogenic calli. On the second experiment, the pre-regeneration phase was modified; calli were subjected to darkness or diffuse light conditions for one, two, and three weeks. In embryogenesis induction, 35% calligenesis was obtained using the MS culture medium supplemented with 6.78 mu M of 2,4-D and 2.4 gL-1 PhytagelTM , whereas on the control treatment (MS medium supplemented with 9.05 mu M of 2,4-D and 3 gL-1 PhytagelTM ) 24% calligenesis was obtained. In addition, regeneration percentages were improved (22% and 16% for calli induced with the above treatments, respectively). Furthermore, in light exposure experiments, the best result was obtained by exposing the embryogenic calli to darkness for one week in pre-regeneration, followed by direct light exposure during the regeneration phase. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 361-368. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

 Rice somatic embryogenesis light plant regeneration Al-Khayri J Shamblin C McNew R Anderson E Callus induction and plant regeneration of U.S. rice genotypes as affected by medium constituents. In vitro cell Dev. Biol-Plant 1996 32 Chen L Zhang S Beachy R.N Fauquet C.M A protocol for consistent, large-sacale production of fertile transgenic rice plants Plant Cell Rep 1998 18 D’ Onofrio C Morini S Bellocchi G Effect of light quality on somatic embriogenesis of quince leaves Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult 1998 53 Endress R Plant Cell Biotechnology Plant Cell Biotechnology 1994 Berlin Springer- Verlag Jain R.K Jain S Wu R Stimulatory effect of water stress on plant regeneration in aromatic Indica rice varieties Plant Cell Rep 1996 15 6 Jain R.K Effect of some factors on plant regeneration from indica rice cells and protoplast - A Review Indian J. Exp. Biol 1997 35 Jiménez V Endogenous Hormone Levels in Wheat, Maize, Barley, Carrot, Grapevine and Citrus Tissues and relationship to their in vitro somatic embryogenesis Endogenous Hormone Levels in Wheat, Maize, Barley, Carrot, Grapevine and Citrus Tissues and relationship to their in vitro somatic embryogenesis 2000 Stuttgart Verlag Grauder Kaldenhoff R Henningsen U Ricther G Gene activation in suspension-cultured cells of Arabidopsis thaliana during blue light-depended plantlet regeneration Planta 1994 195 Kyungsoon L Hyesung J Kim M Optimization of a mature embryo-based in vitro culture system for high-frecuency somatic embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from japonica rice cultivars Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult 2002 71 Mitsuoka K Honda H Xing H Unno H Effect of intracellular 2,4-D concentration on plantlet regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 1994 42 Murashige T Skoog F A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures Physiol. Plant 1962 15 Rueb S Leneman M Schilperoot R.A Hensgens L Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from callus induced on mature rice embryos (Oryza sativa L.) Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult 1994 36 Salisbury F Ross C Fisiología Vegetal Fisiología Vegetal 1992 4 Editorial Iberoamérica Tsukahara M Hirosawa T Simple dehydration treatment promotes plantlet regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus Plant Cell Rep 1992 11550-553 Valdez M Muñoz M Vega J Espinoza A.M Plant regeneration of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from mature embryo-derived calli Rev. Biol. Trop 1996 44 3 Vega J Embriogénesis somática en arroz (Oryza sativa L. cultivar CR-5272): Anatomía e Histología de los procesos embriogénicos Embriogénesis somática en arroz (Oryza sativa L. cultivar CR-5272): Anatomía e Histología de los procesos embriogénicos 1996
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200007 Density-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in the aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) Freitas Coelho Flávia Deboni Liene Santos Lopes Frederico ,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil ,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil 09 2005 2005 53 369 376

Pistia stratiotes is an aquatic macrophyte that grows in temporary-ponds in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. It reproduces both sexually and asexually and is usually observed forming dense mats on the water surface, a condition favored by the plant’s vegetative reproduction coupled with an ability for rapid growth. In this study we examined the effect of densely crowded conditions on the production of reproductive and vegetative structures. In addition, we verified whether there is a trade-off between clonal growth and investment in sexual reproductive structures, and whether there is an allocation pattern with plant size. Individual plant biomass and the number of the rosettes producing sexual reproductive structures and vegetative growth structures both increased with density. Increase in plant size resulted in increased proportional allocation to sexual reproductive structures and vegetative growth structures. Allocation of biomass to reproduction did not occur at the expense of clonal growth. Thus, the density response appears as a increase of rosettes producing sexual reproductive structures and vegetative growth structures. Therefore, long leaves and stolons may be adaptive under densely crowded conditions where competition for light is intense. An important aspect in the study of trade-offs is the size-dependency of the allocation patterns .Usually, larger plants produce more biomass. Therefore, larger plants can allocate more biomass to both vegetative and sexual reproduction than smaller plants and thus show a positive correlation between both traits rather than the expected negative one. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 369-376. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Pistias strariotes es una macrófita acuática que crece en charcas estacionales en el Pantanal sureño de Brasil. Se reproduce tanto sexual como asexualmente y se obsrva generalmente que forma densas parches sobre la superficie del agua, una condicion que favorecida por la reproduccion vegetativa de la planta junto con una habilidad para el rapido crecimiento. En este estudio se examinó el efecto de las condiciones densamente aglomeradas sobre las estructuras reproducctivas y vegetativas. En adicion, se verificó hasta donde hay un intercambio entre el crecimiento clonal y la inversión en estructuras reproductivas, y hasta donde hay un patrón de tranlocación con el crecimiento de la planta. La biomasa individual de las plantas y el número de rosetas productoras de estructuras reproductivas y estructuras de crecimiento vegetativo se incrementan con la densidad. El incremento en el tamaño de las plantas resultó en un incremento proporcional de la asignación hacia estructuras reproductivas y estructuras de crecimiento vegetativo. La asignación de biomasa hacia reproducción no ocurrió a expensas del crecimiento clonal. Así, la respuesta a la densidad parece como un incremento en la producción de rosetas que producen estructuras reproductivas y de crecimiento vegetativo. Por lo tanto, las hojas largas y estolones pueden ser adaptativas bajo condiciones de densamente aglomeradas dond la competencia por la luz es intensa. Un aspecto importante en el estudio de intercambio son los patrones asignación dependientes de la densidad. Usualmente, las plantas más grandes producen más biomasa. por lo tanto, las plantas más grandes pueden asignar más biomasa hacia la reproducción vegetativa y sexual que las plantas pequeñas y así mostraron una correlación positiva entre ambos caracteres.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200008 Heterogeneity of terrestrial bromeliad colonies and regeneration of Acacia praecox (Fabaceae) in a humid-subtropical-Chaco forest, Argentina Barberis Ignacio M Lewis Juan Pablo ,Universidad Nacional de Rosario 09 2005 2005 53 377 385

In several tropical and subtropical forests, plants of the understorey act as an ecological filter that differentially affects woody species regeneration. In convex sectors of the Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae) forests of the Southeastern Chaco there are dense colonies of terrestrial bromeliads. These may influence forest regeneration by intercepting rain water and propagules in their tanks. Within colonies, the spatial distribution of bromeliads is clumped because their clonal growth leaves numerous internal gaps. In this study we describe the internal heterogeneity of three bromeliad colonies (plots) and analyze how this heterogeneity affects Acacia praecox regeneration (i.e. seedling recruitment and survival). In January 1996, we randomly placed three transects with 150 contiguous quadrats of 100 cm² in each plot. For each quadrat we recorded the type of floor cover (i.e. bromeliads, herbs, litter, or bare soil) and the presence of A. praecox seeds or seedlings. In July 1996 we relocated the transects and recorded seedling survival. Bromeliad colonies showed a high internal heterogeneity. Almost half of the 450 quadrats were covered by two terrestrial bromeliads. Aechmea distichantha was recorded in 81% of all quadrats with bromeliads, and Bromelia serra in the others. All quadrats with bromeliads were covered by litter. Half of them were occupied by the bases of bromeliads and the others were covered by their leaves. In contrast, where bromeliads were not present, soil surface was covered by litter in 83% and by herbaceous vegetation in 11% of the quadrats; very few quadrats were covered by bare soil. In January 1996, we recorded 127 seeds and 176 seedlings of A. praecox. Seed and seedling densities of A. praecox were similar in quadrats with and without bromeliads, but variability in seedling density of A. praecox was higher within than among plots. Seed density was higher in quadrats covered by bromeliad leaves than inside the tanks. Seedling survival of A. praecox was slightly higher in quadrats with bromeliads in only one of the three plots. No seedling survived inside the bromeliad tanks. Apparently, bromeliad colonies have no effect on seedling regeneration of A. praecox. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 377-385. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

En varios bosques tropicales y subtropicales, las plantas del sotobosque actúan como filtro ecológico que afecta diferencialmente la regeneración de las especies leñosas. En los bosques de Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae) del Chaco Oriental existen densas colonias de bromeliáceas terrestres que afectarían su regeneración al interceptar el agua de lluvia y los propágulos dentro de sus tanques. Estas bromeliáceas tienen distribución agrupada dejando espacios libres entre ellas. Describimos la heterogeneidad de tres colonias y analizamos como afectan la regeneración de Acacia praecox. En enero 1996, colocamos en cada colonia tres transectos con 150 parcelas de 100 cm². En cada parcela registramos el tipo de cobertura (i.e. bromeliáceas, hierbas, hojarasca ó suelo desnudo) y la presencia de semillas o plántulas de A. praecox. En julio 1996, registramos la supervivencia de plántulas. Las colonias de bromiliáceas mostraron una alta heterogeneidad interna. Casi la mitad de las 450 parcelas estuvo cubierto por dos bromeliáceas terrestres. Aechmea distichantha se registró en 81% de las parcelas con bromeliáceas y Bromelia serra en las otras. Todas las parcelas estuvieron cubiertas por hojarasca. La mitad de ellas estuvieron cubiertas por hojas de bromeliáceas y el resto ocupado por sus bases. Donde no había bromeliáceas, el suelo estuvo cubierto por mantillo (83%), herbáceas (11%), u otros. En enero registramos 127 semillas y 176 plántulas de A. praecox. La densidad de ambas fue similar en parcelas con y sin bromeliáceas, pero su variabilidad fue mayor dentro de cada colonia que entre ellas. La densidad de semillas fue mayor debajo de las hojas de bromeliáceas que dentro de las plantas. La supervivencia de plántulas fue superior en parcela con bromeliáceas en sólo una de las tres colonias. Ninguna plántula sobrevivió dentro de las bromeliáceas. Aparentemente, las colonias de bromeliáceas no tienen efecto sobre la regeneración de A. praecox. Se presentan argumentos para explicar el patrón observado.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200009 Diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación en un agropaisaje ganadero en Matiguás, Nicaragua Sánchez Merlos Dalia Harvey Celia A Grijalva Alfredo Medina Arnulfo Vílchez Sergio Hernández Blas ,Fundación Cocibolca Managua Nicaragua ,CATIE Turrialba Costa Rica ,Universidad Centroamericana 09 2005 2005 53 387 414

Vegetation diversity, composition and structure in a cattle agro-landscape of Matiguás, Nicaragua. The diversity, composition and structure of vegetation in a cattle landscape in Matiguás, Nicaragua was characterized, and the floristic and structural differences of six types of habitats (secondary forests, riparian forests, charrales, live fences and pastures with high and low tree cover) were compared. A total of 3 949 trees of 180 species and 52 families were recorded. Forty six percent of the total trees reported for the landscape were represented by Guazuma ulmifolia (18.5%), Bursera simaruba (13.2%), Tabebuia rosea (6.3%), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (4.2%) and Albizia saman (3.4%). Many of the dominant species in the landscape were typical of open and disturbed areas. There were significant differences between the different habitats in the patterns of tree species richness, abundance, diversity, structure and floristic composition. The riparian forests had greater tree richness (p=0.0001) and diversity (p=0.0009) than other habitats. The floristic composition varied across habitats, with pairs of habitats sharing between 18.4 and 51.6% of the same tree species, and with clear differences in composition between the forested (riparian and secondary forests) and agricultural habitats. Of the habitats studied, the riparian forests and secondary forests seem to have greatest value for the conservation of the flora in the agropaisaje because they have the greatest species richness, and maintain small populations of endangered species. On the basis of the study, we recommend including agricultural landscapes in strategies to conserve tree diversity and suggest measures to ensure the maintenance of tree diversity in the Matiguas landscape. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 387-414. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se caracterizó la diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación en un paisaje ganadero en Matiguás, Nicaragua, y se comparó las diferencias florísticas y estructurales de seis tipos de hábitats (bosques secundarios, bosques ribereños, charrales, cercas vivas y potreros con alta y baja cobertura arbórea). Se registraron un total de 3 949 árboles de 180 especies y 52 familias. El 46% del total de especies informadas para el paisaje fueron representadas por Guazuma ulmifolia (18.5%), Bursera simaruba (13.2%), Tabebuia rosea (6.3%), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (4.2%) y Albizia saman (3.4%). Muchas de las especies dominantes en el paisaje son típicas de áreas abiertas y perturbadas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes hábitats en los patrones de riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, estructura y composición florística. Los bosques ribereños tuvieron mayor riqueza (p=0.0001) y diversidad de especies (p=0.0009), que los demás hábitats. La composición florística vario entre hábitats, con pares de hábitats compartiendo solamente entre 18.4 y 51.6% de las mismas especies arbóreas, y con claras diferencias en composición entre los hábitats forestados (ribereños y bosques secundarios) y los hábitats agropecuarios. De los hábitats estudiados los bosques ribereños y bosques secundarios parecen ser los hábitats que tienen mayor valor para la conservación de la flora en el agropaisaje porque tienen la mayor riqueza de especies, además de que mantienen poblaciones bajas de especies maderables en peligro de extinción. En base a este estudio, recomendamos incluir los paisajes agrícolas en estrategias de conservación y sugerimos algunos criterios para asegurar el mantenimiento de la flora en el paisaje de Matiguás.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200010 Sistemas reproductivos de las plantas en tres hábitats de la planicie costera de Paraguaná, Venezuela Lemus-Jiménez Luis José Ramírez Nelson ,Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda ,Universidad Central de Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 415 430

Breeding systems of the Paraguaná coastal plain plants, Venezuela. Breeding systems were evaluated for 51 plant species according to life form, pollination system, vegetation type, and phenology, in the coastal plain of Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela. Sexual systems were no associated to life form, pollination system, vegetation type, and phenology. The frequency distribution of sexual system was 82.3% hermaphroditism, 15.6% monoecy, and 1.9% dioecy. All sexual systems had a peak during the lowest rainfall. Genetic system distribution was 64.8% self-compatibility (including partially self-compatibility) and 35.2% self-incompatibility. Among self-compatible species, 45.1% were autogamous (19.6% not autogamous). The genetic systems were associated significantly to: (1) plant life form: self-compatible species tend to be herbaceous and self-incompatible plants tend to be woody species; (2) vegetation type: self-compatible species were predominant in the three vegetation types, but in the mangrove the frequency of self-compatible and self-incompatibles was similar; and (3) pollination system: most of the self-compatible species were polyphilous. Mating systems: xenogamous and autogamous species were associated only with plant life forms. Xenogamous plants were mostly woody species and autogamous plants were mostly herbaceous species. The high incidence of hermaphroditism, self-compatibility, and autogamy are related to herbaceous life form, polyphilous pollination system, and climatic conditions, together the insularity of the Paraguaná peninsula. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 415-430. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Los sistemas reproductivos fueron evaluados para 51 especies de plantas en relación a la forma de vida, sistema de polinización, tipo de vegetación y fenología de floración en la planicie costera de la península de Paraguaná, Venezuela. Los sistemas sexuales resultaron independientes de la forma de vida, sistema de polinización, tipo de vegetación y fenología. La distribución de frecuencia de los sistemas sexuales fue 82.3% hermafroditas, 15.6% monoicas y 1.9% dioicas. Todos los sistemas sexuales mostraron un pico de floración durante el mínimo de precipitación. La frecuencia de los sistemas genéticos de reproducción fue 35.3% de especies autoincompatibles y 64.7% de especies autocompatibles, incluyendo especies parcialmente autocompatibles. Entre las especies autocompatibles, 45.1% resultaron autogamas y 19.6% no autogamas. Los sistemas genéticos de reproducción estaban asociados significativamente a: (1) forma de vida de las plantas, especies autocompatibles tienden a ser especies herbáceas y especies autoincompatibles tienden a ser árboles y arbustos; (2) tipo de vegetación, en los tres tipos de vegetación predominan las especies autocompatibles, pero en la vegetación de manglar la proporción de especies autocompatibles y autoincompatibles fue similar; y (3) sistema de polinización, muchas de las especies autocompatibles tenían sistemas de polinización polifílicos. Los sistemas de apareamiento, xenogamia y autogamia, solo estaban asociados significativamente con la forma de vida de las plantas. La xenogamia predominó para especies leñosas, mientras que la autogamia predominó en especies herbáceas. La alta frecuencia de hermafroditismo, autocompatibilidad genética y autogamia son relacionados con la abundancia de especies herbáceas en las áreas de estudio, la polinización polifílica y a las condiciones climáticas extremas unida a la insularidad de la península de Paraguaná.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200011 Essential oil of trees of the genus Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Costa Rica. I. Ocotea brenesii Chaverri Carlos Cicció José F ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica 09 2005 2005 53 431 436

The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves and wood of Ocotea brenesii Standl. growing wild in Costa Rica was determined by capillary GC/FID and GC/MS. From the leaves, 4 compounds were identified, corresponding to 85.9% of the oil, and from the wood 57 compounds were identified corresponding to 69.0% of the oil. The major constituents identified in the leaf oil were α -copaene (21.1%), δ -cadinene (9.2%), spathulenol (7.3%), globulol (5.6%) and β -caryophyllene (5.2%). The major constituents of the wood oil were α -copaene (6.6%), caryophyllene oxide (6.3%), β -caryophyllene (6.1%) and humulene epoxide (4.6%). Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 431-436. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se determinó la composición química de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las hojas y de la madera del árbol Ocotea brenesii Standl., perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, que crece en forma silvestre en Costa Rica. Para el estudio se utilizaron técnicas de cromatografía de gases capilar con detector de ionización de flama (GC/FID) y cromatografía de gases capilar acoplada a un detector de espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Del aceite volátil de las hojas fueron identificados 64 constituyentes, que correspondieron a un 85.9% del aceite. Del aceite de la madera se identificaron 57 compuestos que correspondieron a un 69.0% del aceite. Los constituyentes mayoritarios que se identificaron en el aceite de las hojas fueron α -copaeno (21.1%), δ -cadineno (9.2%), espatulenol (7.3%), globulol (5.6%) y β -cariofileno (5.2%). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite de la madera fueron α -copaeno (6.6%), σxido de cariofileno (6.3%), β -cariofileno (6.1%) y el epσxido del humuleno (4.6%). La composiciσn de los aceites es de naturaleza terpιnica y no presentaron compuestos del tipo fenilpropanoide o bencenoide que son constituyentes característicos de la mayoría de los aceites de plantas del género Ocotea investigados anteriormente.

 Ocotea brenesii Lauraceae essential oils composition -copaene -cadinene spathulenol caryophyllene oxide -caryophyllene globulol Ocotea brenesii Lauraceae aceites esenciales composición -copaeno -cadineno espatulenol xido de cariofileno -cariofileno globulol Adams R.P Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy 1995 ^eIllinois Allured Adams R.P Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography / Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography / Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy 2001 ^eIllinois Allured Brooks C.J. W Campbell M.M Caparrapi oxide, a new sesquiterpenoid from caparrapi oil Phytochemistry 1969 8 Bruni R Medici A Andreotti E Fantin C Muzzoli M Dehesa M Romagnoli C Sacchetti G Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) flower calices Food Chem 2004 85 Burger W van der Werff H Lauraceae Flora costaricensis Flora costaricensis 1990 23 Castro O.C Downum K. R Romeo J. T Stafford H. A Chemical and biological extractives of Lauraceae species in Costa Rican tropical forests Phytochemical Potential of Tropical Plants Phytochemical Potential of Tropical Plants 1993 New York^eNew York Plenum de Díaz A.M.P Díaz P.P Joseph-Nathan P C6- C3 and C6C1 metabolites from the essential oil of the wood bark of Ocotea caparrapi Rev. Latinoamer. Quím 1991 22 Franca N.C Giesbrecht A.M Gottlieb O.R Magalhães A.F Magalhães E.G Maia J.G.S Chemistry of Brazilian Lauraceae. Part 32. Benzylisoquinolines from Ocotea species Phytochemistry 1975 14 Gottlieb O.R Lignans and neolignans Rev. Latinoamer. Quím 1974 5 Gottlieb O.R Magalhães M.T Physiological varieties of Ocotea pretiosa. II Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec 1960 51 Gottlieb O.R Fineberg M Magalhães M.T Physiological varieties of Ocotea pretiosa. III Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec 1960 a 53 Gottlieb O.R Fineberg M Magalhães M.T Physiological varieties of Ocotea pretiosa. IV Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec 1960 b 53 Gottlieb O.R Koketsu M Magalhães M.T Guilherme S.M.J Mendes P.H Da Rocha A.I Da Silva M.L Wilberg V.C Óleos esenciais da Amazônia VII Acta Amazonica 1981 11 Haber W.A Zuchowski W Bello E An introduction to Cloud forest trees: Monteverde, Costa Rica An introduction to Cloud forest trees: Monteverde, Costa Rica 1996 San José La Nación (newspaper) Ishige M Motidome M Yoshida M Gottlieb O.R Neolignans from Ocotea catharinensis Phytochemistry 1991 30 López J.A Barillas W Gómez-Laurito J Lin F.T Al-Rehaily A.J Sharaf M.H.M Schiff Jr P.L Aporphine alkaloids of selected species of Nectandra and Ocotea Planta Med 1995 61 López J.A Barillas W Gómez-Laurito J Lin F.T Al-Rehaily A.J Sharaf M.H.M Schiff Jr P.L Aporphine alkaloids of Ocotea brenesii Int. J. Pharmacog 1996 34 Lorenzo D Loayza I Leigue L Frizzo C Dellacassa E Moyna P Asaricin, the main component of Ocotea opifera Mart. essential oil Nat. Prod. Lett 2001 15 McLafferty F.W Registry of Mass Spectral Data Registry of Mass Spectral Data 1993 New York^eNew York Wiley Menut C Bessière J.M Said Hassani M Buchbauer G Schopper B Chemical and biological studies of Ocotea comoriensis bark essential oil Flav. Fragr. J 2002 17 Mors W.B Magalhães M.T Gottlieb O.R Physiological varieties of Ocotea pretiosa. I Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec 1959 50 Reynolds T Kite G Volatile constituens of Ocotea porosa (Phoebe porosa) Mez. J. Essent. Oil Res 1995 7 Terreaux C Maillard M Hostettmann K Lodi G Hakizamungu E Analysis of the fungicidal constituents from the bark of Ocotea usambarensis Engl. (Lauraceae) Phytochem. Anal 1994 5 van der Werff H A synopsis of Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Central America and Southern Mexico Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard 2002 89
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200012 Parásitos intestinales en monos congo Alouatta palliata (Primates: Cebidae) de Costa Rica Chinchilla Carmona Misael Guerrero Bermúdez Olga Gutiérrez- Espeleta Gustavo A Sánchez Porras Ronald Rodríguez Ortiz Beatriz ,Universidad de Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica ,Universidad de Ciencias Medicas (UCIMED) ,Universidad de Costa Rica 09 2005 2005 53 437 445

Intestinal parasites in howler monkeys Alouatta palliata (Primates: Cebidae) of Costa Rica. Fecal samples of 102 howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from several sites of Costa Rica were studied for intestinal parasites. The zones studied were: Central Valley (San Ramón, Alajuela), Central Pacific (Chomes and Manuel Antonio National Park, Puntarenas), North Pacific (Palo Verde Park and Playa Potrero, Guanacaste), Chira Island in the Nicoya Gulf and Caribean area (Cahuita, Limón). Animals were anesthetized with dards containing Telazol in order to collect the fecal material; some monkeys defecated spontaneously and others by direct stimulation. Samples were studied in saline solution (0.85%) and a Iodine solution, or stained with Haematoxylin. The material was also cultured in Dobell culture medium to determine the presence of amoeba and flagellates. Strongyloides, Controrchis, Trypanoxyuris genera were found in 3.4% of the samples. In addition 16.7% to 80% of the animals showed protozoa infection with Endolimax, Entamoeba, Trichomonas and Giardia. It is discussed the relationships of parasite infection with environmental conditions, animal population and human presence, specially in the monkey conservation programs point of view. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 437-445. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se estudiaron las heces de 102 monos de la especie Alouatta palliata (monos aulladores o congos) de las siguientes regiones de Costa Rica. Valle Central: San Ramón (Alajuela); Pacífico Central: Isla Chira y Parque Manuel Antonio (Puntarenas); Pacífico Norte: Palo Verde, Playa Potrero, Nicoya (Guanacaste) y Caribe: Cahuita (Limón). Los animales capturados fueron anestesiados con dardos conteniendo Telazol®. La mayoría defecaron espontáneamente o se les estimulaba a defecar. Las muestras se estudiaron en el laboratorio en forma directa en solución salina (0.85%) y una solución de yodo o teñidas con hematoxilina para identificar los parásitos correspondientes. El material fue cultivado en el medio de Dobell para determinar la presencia de amebas y flagelados. Se encontraron helmintos de los géneros Trypanoxyuris, Strongyloides y Controrchis y protozoarios de los géneros Endolimax, Entamoeba, Trichomonas y Giardia. Los porcentajes de infección por protozoarios oscilaron entre 16.7% y 80% y se encontraron helmintos en un 3.4% a un 80% de los animales de acuerdo con la zona estudiada. No se encontraron diferencias importantes de parasitosis relacionadas con el sexo pero si existió mayor infección en los animales más jóvenes. Se establece la relación entre los índices de infección y algunos parámetros tales como las áreas estudiadas, el peso de los animales y el contacto con el ser humano.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200013 Biomass production and nutritional value of Artemia sp. (Anostraca: Artemiidae) in Campeche, México Maldonado-Montiel Teresita D.N.J Rodríguez-Canché Leticia G ,Universidad Autónoma de Campeche 09 2005 2005 53 447 454

Biomass of the crustacean Artemia sp. has multiple uses. The biochemical composition and biomass production of Artemia grown from cysts produced by a native population from Real de Salinas were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Nauplii (instar I) were stocked at density of 10 nauplii/ml in 1.5 l tanks, fed with rice bran from day 2 to day 6, and with the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica from day 7 to day 15. At the end of the trial (day 15) the average length was 5.34 mm, biomass production was 15.72 g/l (wet weight), and survival was 79%. The proximal analysis and biochemical composition of Artemia biomass indicated that its nutrient percentages are closely similar to Artemia from other regions, making this species a suitable food for cultured fish and crustacean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 447-454. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

El crustáceo Artemia spp. tiene múltiples usos en acuicultura. El potencial de producción de biomasa de Artemia sp. de Real de Salinas, Campeche, México en condiciones controladas es desconocida. En el presente trabajo, se evaluó la producción de biomasa de la población de Real de Salinas en condiciones de laboratorio y su composición bioquímica. Los nauplios (instar I) fueron sembrados a una densidad de 10/ml en unidades experimentales (tres) de 1.5 l. Del día 2 al 6 del experimento, los animales fueron alimentados con salvado de arroz y del día 7 al final del ensayo (día 15) con la microalga T. suecica. La longitud total promedio de Artemia al final del ensayo fue de 5.34 mm, la producción de biomasa fue de 15.72 g/l (peso húmedo) y una sobrevivencia de 79%. El análisis proximal y la composición bioquímica de la biomasa de Artemia, indicó que el porcentaje de nutrientes son adecuados para ser utilizada como alimento de peces y crustáceos.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200014 Contribution of food availability to the more rapid growth of the scallop, Euvola ziczac (Pteroida, Pectinidae) in bottom than in suspended culture Hunauld Patrick Vélez Anibal Jordan Noris Himmelman John H Morales Francisco Freites Luis Lodeiros César J ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela ,Université Laval Québec Canada 09 2005 2005 53 455 461

We conducted a 5-month experiment at Turpialito in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela, to examine whether the previously reported more rapid growth of scallop Euvola ziczac in bottom compared to suspended culture can be attributed to more abundant or higher quality food resources near the sediment/water interface. The various body components (shell, muscle, digestive gland, gonad and remaining tissues) increased in size at a much greater rate for scallops maintained on the bottom, in partly buried cages at 5 m in depth, than in cages suspended at the same depth in the water column. Furthermore, survival was greater on the bottom. Food abundance and quality were examined by analyzing the seston collected in sediment traps at the sediment/water interface in the vicinity of the bottom cages and next to the suspended cages. Phytoplankton abundance (chlorophyll a) and the proportion of various fatty acids in the lipid fraction of the seston were similar on the bottom and in suspension. However, sestonic protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels, and the estimated energetic content of the seston, were higher on the bottom than in suspension, and probably contributed to the greater growth on the bottom. As the increase in the energetic content of the seston on the bottom compared to in suspension was less than the increase in growth (biomass) on the bottom compared to in suspension, and the evidence showed in previous studies above the negative influence of fouling and wave action in suspended culture, we conclude that the more rapid growth of Euvola ziczac in bottom than suspended culture is principally due to stress relative to suspended culture system. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 455-461. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

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Hydrobiol 1982 67 Metcalfe L.D Schmitz A.A The rapid preparation of fatty acids esters for gas chromatographic analysis Science 1961 33 Okuda T Benitez-Alvarez J Bonilla J Cedeño C Caracteristicas hidrográficas del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela Boletín Instituto Oceanográfico Universidad de Oriente 1978 17 Okuda T Richard F.A Water exchange and the balance of phosphate in the Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela Coastal Upwelling Coastal Upwelling 1981 1 Pöhl P Zurheide F Hoppe H.A Levring T Tanaka Y Fatty acids and lipids of marine algae and the control of their biosynthesis by environmental factors Marine algae in pharmaceutical science Marine algae in pharmaceutical science 1979 Berlin Walter de Gruyter Strickland J.D.H Parsons T.R A practical handbook of seawater analysis Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 1972 167 Thompson R. J MacDonald B.A Shumway S.E Physiological integrations and energy partitioning Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science 1991 21 The Hague Elsevier Science Vélez A Freites L Cultivo de "semillas" de la vieira Pecten ziczac bajo condiciones ambientales controladas Cultivo de "semillas" de la vieira Pecten ziczac bajo condiciones ambientales controladas 1993 Coquimbo Faculdad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte Vélez A Freites L Himmelman J.H Senior W Marín N Growth of the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, in bottom and suspended culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela Aquaculture 1995 136 Wallace J.C Reinsnes T.G The significance of various environmental parameters for growth of the Iceland scallop, Chlamys islandica (Pectinidae), in hanging culture Aquaculture 1985 44
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200015 Pesquería y parámetros biométricos de los cangrejos del género Calappa (Brachyura: Calappidae) en el oriente de Venezuela Alió José J Marcano Luis A Altuve Douglas E ,Centro de Investigaciones Agrícolas de los Estados Sucre y Nueva Esparta Cumaná edo. Sucre Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 463 474

Fishery and biometrics of genus Calappa crabs (Brachyura: Calappidae) in northeastern Venezuela. The box crabs, genus Calappa, are important crab species landed by the industrial trawl fleet in Venezuela. These crabs have a wide distribution in the country, from the Gulf of Venezuela to the Orinoco River, but major landings take place in such gulf, near Margarita Island and northern Sucre State. Average annual landing in the eastern region was 69 t during 1970-2001, with a maximum of 221 t. For this study a sample of 2 398 box crabs was collected by observers on board of industrial trawl vessels, which operated in eastern Venezuela from 1994 to 2000. Three species were found in the landings, Calappa sulcata and C. flammea, each represented 47% of the sample, and C. nítida, which accounted for 5% of the sample. Sex ratio was strongly biased towards males in C. sulcata (2.8:1) and in C. flammea (1.9:1), while it was only slightly biased in C. nitida (1.4:1). Due to its large size, C. sulcata is of great commercial interest, with average weight 290 g and a maximum weight of 720 g; C. flammea showed an average weight of 140 g and a maximum weight of 418 g, while C. nitida is the smallest species, with average weight 46 g and maximum weight not beyond 113 g. Box crabs were captured by day and night in similar proportions, and were found in a wide depth range, from a few meters to 126 m deep; however, the largest captures were obtained in the interval 38 - 54 m. Regressions between weight of chelae and total weight were linear, and significantly different between sexes. The relation between total weight and carapace width was allometric, with a power exponent ca. three in C. sulcata, and less than three in C. flamea and C. nítida. Females of C. sulcata and C. nitida showed power exponents significantly smaller than males. Since claws are removed from the animal to be commercialized, while the rest of the animal is returned alive to the sea, for practical purposes a common equation among species and sexes to convert claws weight into total body weight is: total weight = 3 x claws weight. The relationship between catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and effort did not show a significantly decreasing trend, but landings follow the effort trend, with a decreasing tendency in recent years. No mature females were found in any of the three species, thus there could be reproductive migrations towards deeper waters from October to January, when abundance of crabs is lower in the study area. It is recommended that the practice of exploiting only one claw, returning the rest of the animal alive to the sea, should be promoted among fishers, while the removal of claws from female crabs should be avoided. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 463-474. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Los cangrejos moros, del género Calappa, constituyen las principales especies de cangrejos desembarcados por la flota arrastrera industrial en Venezuela. Su distribución es amplia en el país, desde el Golfo de Venezuela hasta el delta del Río Orinoco, pero las mayores capturas provienen de dicho golfo, los alrededores de la Isla de Margarita y norte del estado Sucre. Las capturas en la región oriental alcanzaron 221 t por año, con un promedio de 69 t en el período 1970-2001. Para este estudio se procesó una muestra de 2 398 cangrejos moros recolectada por observadores científicos a bordo de las embarcaciones de arrastre industrial que operaron en el oriente del país entre 1994 y 2000. Tres especies componen las capturas, Calappa sulcata y C. flammea, ambas en proporción de 47%, y C. nítida, que representó 5% de la muestra. La proporción de sexos estuvo fuertemente sesgada hacia los machos en C. sulcata (2,8:1) y en C. flammea (1,9:1), y ligeramente sesgada en C. nitida (1,4:1). Calappa sulcata es la especie con mayor interés comercial para la flota, alcanzando un peso promedio de 290 g y máximo de 720 g; C. flammea alcanzó un peso promedio de 140 g y máximo de 418 g, mientras que el peso promedio de C. nitida fue 46 g y su peso máximo no superó los 113 g. Los cangrejos moros son capturados de noche y de día en similar proporción en la región oriental. Aunque la distribución batimétrica de estas especies es amplia, desde pocos metros a 126 m de profundidad, las mayores capturas tuvieron lugar entre 38 y 54 m. Las relaciones entre el peso de las quelas y el peso total fueron lineales y difirieron significativamente entre sexos. La relación entre el peso total y el ancho del caparazón fue alométrica, con exponente ca. 3 en C. sulcata, y menor que 3 en C. flamea y C. nítida. Las hembras de C. sulcata y C. nitida presentaron exponentes significativamente menores que los machos. Motivado a que las quelas son separadas a bordo para ser comercializadas, mientras que el ejemplar vivo es devuelto al mar, para fines prácticos una relación común para las tres especies, que permitiría convertir el peso de las quelas a peso total del ejemplar sería: Peso total = 3 x peso quelas. No se observa una tendencia descendente significativa en la relación entre las capturas por unidad de esfuerzo y el esfuerzo. La variación de las capturas tiende a seguir la del esfuerzo de pesca, con una tendencia descendente de ambos parámetros en los últimos años. No se encontraron hembras ovadas en las tres especies, por lo que pudieran ocurrir migraciones reproductivas hacia aguas más profundas durante los meses de octubre a enero, cuando la abundancia de los cangrejos es menor en el área de estudio. Se recomienda que la práctica de extraer una sola quela, devolviendo el resto del animal vivo al mar, debe promoverse entre los pescadores, mientras que debería evitarse la extracción de quelas en las hembras.

 Calappa trawl fishery northeastern Venezuela biometry Calappa pesquería de arrastre nororiente Venezuela biometría Aravindakshan M Sundaram K.S Occurrence of the crab Calappa lophos (Herbst) in trawler landings at Sassoon Docks, Bombay Indian J. Fish 1983 30 Bellwood O The phylogeny of box crab genera (Crustacea: Brachyura: Calappidae) with notes on their fossil record, biogeography and depth distribution J. Zool 1998 244 Chakraborty A Otta S.K Kumar B.J.S Hossain M.S Karunasagar I Venugopal V.N Karunasagar I Prevalence of white spot syndrome virus in wild crustaceans along the coast of India Curr. Sci 2002 82 Davis G.E Baugham D.S Chapman J.D McArthur D Pierce A.C Mortatlity associated with declawing stone crabs, Menippe mercenaria. Rep. SFRC T-552 Mortatlity associated with declawing stone crabs, Menippe mercenaria. Rep. SFRC T-552 1979 Natl. Park Serv., South Fla. Res. Cent., Homestead Ehrhardt N.M Restrepo V.R Caddy J.F The Florida stone crab fishery: A reusable resource? Marine invertebrate fisheries: their assessment and management Marine invertebrate fisheries: their assessment and management 1989 ^eNueva York Wiley Flegel T. W Alday-Sanz V The crisis in Asian shrimp aquaculture: current status and future needs J. App. Ichthyol 1998 14 Galil B.S Crustacea Decapoda: A revision of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Calappa Weber, 1795 (Calappidae) Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. France 1997 176 Hameed A.S.S Balasubramanian G Musthaq S.S Yoganandhan K Experimental infection of twenty species of Indian marine crabs with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) Diseases Aq. Org 2003 57 1-2 Hayashi T Ren H Akiba T Endo H Watanabe E Extractive components of unutilized small crabs and their sensory evaluation as seasonings Bull. Jap. Soc. Scien. Fish 1993 59 Hughes R.M Elner R.W Foraging behaviour of a tropical crab: Calappa ocellata Holthuis feeding upon the mussel Brachidontes domingensis (Lamarck) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1989 133 Ivo C.T.C Santiago M.E Monteiro Neto C By-catch in the fishery for lobsters Panulirus argus and Panulirus laevicauda, in Ceara State, Brazil Arq. Cienc. Mar., Univ. do Ceara, Brasil 1996 30 Kuris A.M Mager M Effect of limb regeneration on size increase at molt of the shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes J. Exp. Zool 1975 193 Mantel L.H The Biology of Crustacea The Biology of Crustacea 1983 5 ^eNueva York Academic Press Muller R Bert T 2001 Update of Florida’s Stone Crab Fishery 2001 Update of Florida’s Stone Crab Fishery 2001 St. Petersburg^eFlorida Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Mendoza J Sánchez L Marcano L.A Variaciones en la distribución y abundancia de los principales recursos explotados por la pesquería de arrastre del nororiente de Venezuela. II. Invertebrados Mem. Fund. Cienc. Nat. La Salle 1994 54 142 Nakamura I.T De Loyola e Silva J Calappa sulcata Rathbun (Crustacea, Decapoda, Calappidae) de Guaratuba, Parana Brasil Rev. Bras. Zool 1992 9 Restrepo V.R A mortality model for a population in which harvested individuals do not necessarily die: The stone crab Fish. Bull 1992 90 Rodríguez G Crustáceos decápodos de Venezuela Crustáceos decápodos de Venezuela 1980 Caracas Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas Rodríguez G Suárez H Aguilera M Azocar A González Jiménez E Biodiversidad en Crustáceos Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas 2002 2 Caracas Edit. Fundación Polar Rosas C Sánchez A Soto L Escobar E Bolongaro-Crevenna A Oxygen consumption and metabolic amplitude of decapod crustaceans from the northwest continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 1992 101A Signor P.W. III The role of shell geometry as a deterrent to predation in terebrid gastropods Veliger 1985 28 Takeda M Okutami T Crustaceans and mollusks trawled off Suriname and French Guiana Crustaceans and mollusks trawled off Suriname and French Guiana 1983 Japan Marine Fisheries Resources Research Center Vermeij G.J Gastropod shell form, breakage, and repair in relation to predation by the crab Calappa Malacologia 1982 23 Villasmil L Mendoza J La pesquería del cangrejo Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda, Brachyura) en el Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela Interciencia 2001 26 7 Zar J.H Biostatiscal analysis Biostatiscal analysis 1996 ^eNueva Jersey Prentice Hall
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200016 Decadal variability in growth of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Paniluridae) in Cuban waters de León Maria Estela López Martínez Juana Lluch Cota Daniel Hernández Vázquez Sergio Puga Rafael ,Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras Ciudad de La Habana Cuba ,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste Sonora México ,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste México 09 2005 2005 53 475 486

Annual von Bertalanffy growth parameters of the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) in Cuban waters were estimated from a long term study (40 years) by length-based methods ELEFAN and the new version of SLCA. Data of around 800 000 lobsters (with carapace length ranging 14 to 199mm) were randomly sampled in artificial shelters (a non selective fishing gear very common in the lobster fishery), through the field monitory program established for this species since 1963 in 14 localities of southwestern Cuban shelf. The software ELEFAN showed problems to converge in an optimal combination of the instantaneous growth coefficient (K) and the asymptotic length (L8) of the von Bertalanffy equation, whereas the new SLCA software produced value estimates of K between 0.20 and 0.27 year-1 and values of L8 between 177 and 190 mm carapace length, all within the range reported in the literature. The standardized anomalies of both parameters showed the presence of cycles along the analyzed time series. Decadal variability in growth parameters was revealed through the spectral analysis indicating cycles of 16 and 20 years for K and of 16 years for L8. The incidence of some factors such as biomass and temperature that modulate growth in this crustacean was explored, using a nonlinear multiple regression model. These combined factors explained 33% and 69% of the variability of K and L8 respectively. The growth coefficient appeared to be maximum with annual mean sea surface temperature of 28.1º C and the largest L 8is reached at a annual men biomass level of 23 000 t. These results should be the basis to understand the Cuban lobster population dynamics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 475-486. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Los parámetros de crecimiento anuales para la langosta espinosa del Caribe (Panulirus argus) en aguas cubanas se estimaron para una serie de 40 años de datos de composición por longitud, a través de los métodos indirectos basados en la talla ELEFAN y el nuevo SLCA. Las composiciones por talla de alrededor de 800 000 langostas (con un ámbito de longitud de cefalotórax entre 14 y 199 mm) fueron obtenidas en muestreos aleatorios, realizados en arrecifes artificiales (arte de pesca muy común en esta pesquería cubana), a través del programa de monitoreo de campo establecido para esta especie desde 1963 en 14 localidades del Golfo de Batabanó, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. El método ELEFAN mostró problemas para convergir en una combinación óptima del coeficiente de crecimiento (K) y el largo asintótico (L8) de la ecuación de von Bertalanffy, mientras que el método nuevo SLCA proporcionó valores de K entre 0.20 y 0.27 año-1 y de L8 entre 177 y 190 mm de longitud de cefalotórax, todos dentro del ámbito reportado en la literatura. Las anomalías estandarizadas de ambos parámetros mostraron la existencia de ciclos a lo largo de la serie de tiempo analizada. El análisis espectral demostró una variabilidad decadal en los parámetros de crecimiento, con ciclos significativos de 16 y 20 años para K y de 16 años para L8. La incidencia de algunos factores, que modulan el crecimiento en este valioso crustáceo, como la biomasa y la temperatura fue explorada usando un modelo nolineal de regresión múltiple. Los resultados indicaron que ambos factores combinados explican el 33% y el 69% de la variabilidad de la K y del L8 respectivamente. El coeficiente de crecimiento alcanzó su máximo con temperaturas medias anuales de superficie del mar de 28.1º C y el mayor valor de L 8se alcanza con niveles en la biomasa media anual de 23 000 t. La consideración de estos resultados debe ser la base para estudios posteriores en el conocimiento y predicción de la dinámica de la población de langosta en Cuba.

 Growth parameters decadal variability Panulirus argus Cuba Parámetros de crecimiento variabilidad por década Panulirus argus Cuba Acosta A Matthews T.R Butler, IV M.J Temporal patterns and transport processes in recruitment of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) postlarvae to south Florida Mar. Biol 1997 129 1 Arce A.M de León M.E Medley P Venema S Biology Report on the FAO/DANIDA/ CFRAMP/WECAFC regional workshops on the assessment of the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) Report on the FAO/DANIDA/ CFRAMP/WECAFC regional workshops on the assessment of the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) 2001 FAO Fish. 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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200017 Life history and systematics of Albusambia elaphoglossumae (Lepidoptera:Crambidae): A new genus and species of musotimine with leaf-mining biology from Costa Rica Alma Solis M Davis Donald R Nishida Kenji ,U.S.Department of Agriculture Washington,D.C U.S.A ,Smithsonian Institution Washington,D.C U.S.A ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica 09 2005 2005 53 487 501

Albusambia elaphoglossumae Solis &Davis,a new genus and species,is described.It was discov- ered mining the fronds of the fern Elaphoglossum conspersum in Costa Rica (San José and Cartago Provinces, at elevations of 2300-3100 m).The type series was obtained by rearing of the immature stages in laboratory. The adult is defined by unique genital characters,and the pupa with a medial depression on the vertex and with two anterolateral horn-like structures on the prothorax.The larva is a gregarious leaf miner with its body flat- tened dorsoventrally and head prognathous; morphological adaptations to its leaf-mining habit are new to the Musotiminae.Fern-feeding musotimines are important to the discovery of new biological control agents for invasive ferns.Rev.Biol.Trop.53(3-4):487-501.Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se describen un género y especie nuevos de Musotiminae,Albusambia elaphoglossumae Solis and Davis,de Costa Rica.Esta especie mina las frondas del helecho Elaphoglossum conspersum .La serie tipo se obtuvo mediante la recolección de las minas y mediante crianza en laboratorio.El adulto se define por caracteres específicos en el aparato genital;la pupa se caracteriza por una depresión media en el vértex y por dos estructuras anterolaterales en forma de cuernos en el protórax.La larva es un minador gregario de la fronda,con su cuerpo aplanado dorsoventralmente y su cabeza prognata;ambas adaptaciones morfológicas para minar frondas (vistas por primera vez en Musotiminae). Actualmente,Musotiminae es de alta prioridad en la búsqueda de nuevos agentes para el control biológico de helechos invasores.

 Elaphoglossum conspersum E.biolleyi gregarious larvae fern leaf miner Neotropical Neurophyseta Proacrias Undulambia Elaphoglossum conspersum larvas grega- rias helecho minador de hojas neotropical Neurophyseta Proacrias Undulambia Balick M.J Furth D.G Cooper-Driver G Biochemical and evolutionary aspects of arthropod predation on ferns Oecol 1978 35 Capps H.W A new Undulambia species on leather-leaf fern in Florida,and note on a closely related Central American species (Lepidoptera:Pyraustidae, Nymphulinae) Fl.Ent 1965 48 Forbes W.T.M The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states Cornell Univ, Agr. Exp. Sta 1923 68 Habeck D.H Caterpillars of Parapoynx in relation to aquatic plants in Florida Hyacinth Cont.J 1974 12 Hartshorn G.S Janzen D.H Plants: Introduction Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 ^eChicago Chicago University Press Hudson G.V The butterflies and moths of New Zealand The butterflies and moths of New Zealand 1928 Wellington Ferguson and Osborn Ltd Kappelle M Los bosques de roble (Quercus)de la Cordillera de Talamanca,Costa Rica: Biodiversidad, Ecología,Conservación y Desarollo Los bosques de roble (Quercus)de la Cordillera de Talamanca,Costa Rica: Biodiversidad, Ecología,Conservación y Desarollo 1996 Unversidad de Amsterdam/Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Kirk A.A Insects associated with bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (Polypodiaceae)in Papua New Guinea and their possible use in biological control Act.Oecol./Oecol.Appl 1982 3 Knopf K.W Habeck D.H Life history and biology of Samea multiplicalis Env.Entomol 1976 5 Kuitert L.C Dekle G.W Mysterious invader Mysterious invader 1962 7 Gainesville^eFlorida Sunshine State Agricultural Report,Agricultural Experiment Station,University of Florida Lange W Harry Jr A generic revision of the aquatic moths of North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Nymphulinae) Wasmann J.Biol 1956 14 1 Lawton J.H Rashbrook V.K Compton S.G Biocontrol of British bracken: the potential of two moths from Southern Africa Ann.Appl.Biol 1988 112 Meyrick E Descriptions of New Zealand Microle- pidoptera.6.Pyralidina Trans and Proc.New Zealand Inst 1885 17 Mickel J.T Atehortua L Subdivision of the genus Elaphoglossum Am.Fern J 1980 70 Minet J Étude morphologique et phylogénétique des organs tympanique des Pyraloidea.2-Pyralidae: Crambinae,première partie.(Lepidoptera:Glossata) Annls.Soc.ent.Fr 1985 21 1 Munroe E.G Dominick R.B Pyraloidea (in part) The Moths of America North of Mexico The Moths of America North of Mexico 1972 Curwen Nakamura M Notes on the immature stage of Musotima acclaralis Walker (Lep.:Pyralidae) Kita-Kyushu no Konchu 1977 23 Phillips E Solis M.A Neurophyseta (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)de Costa Rica Rev.Biol.Trop 1996 44 Philpott A A list of Lepidoptera of Otago Trans and Proc.New Zealand Inst 1917 49 Ruehlmann T.E Matthews R.W Matthews J.R Roles for structural and temporal shelter-changing by fern-feeding lepidopteran larvae Oecol 1988 75 Solis M.A Yen S.-H Goolsby J.H Species of Lygomusotima new genus and Neomusotima Yoshiyasu (Lepidoptera:Crambidae)form Australia and southeastern Asia feeding on Lygodium microphyl- lum (Schizaceae) Ann.Entomol.Soc.Am 2004 97 Speidel W Die Abgrenzung der Unterfamilie Acentropinae (Lepidoptera:Pyraloidea) Atalanta 1984 12 2 Weintraub J.D Lawton J.H Scoble M.J Lithinine moths on ferns: a phylogenetic study of insect-plant interactions Biol.J.Linn.Soc 1995 55 Yen S.-H Aeolopetra lanyuensis Yen,a new pyralid moth (Pyralidae:Musotiminae)from Taiwan Tinea 1996 14 4 Yen S.-H Solis M.A Goolsby J.H Austromusotima , a new musotimine genus (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) feeding on Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum (Schizaeaceae) Ann.Entomol.Soc. Am 2004 97 Yoshiyasu Y A systematic study of the Nymphulinae and the Musotiminae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Scient.Rep.Kyoto.prefect.Univ.(Agr.) 1985 37 Janzen D.H Hallwachs W Database homep- age.Caterpillars,pupae,butterflies and moths of the ACG Database homep- age.Caterpillars,pupae,butterflies and moths of the ACG 2005
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200018 Desarrollo embrionariolarval y tiempo de metamorfosis del pez tropical Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Pisces: Atherinidae) del Río Veronica Rosas Jesús Velásquez Aidé Cabrera Tomas ,Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar ,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Nueva Esparta Boca del Río estado Nueva Esparta Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 503 513

Development of the tropical fish Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Pisces: Atherinidae) from embryo to larva and time to metamorphosis. Embryoniclarval development, and metamorphosis larval time, were studied in the tropical fish Xenomelaniris brasiliensis. Twenty nine sexually mature specimens were used, 16 females (10.86 ± 1.01 cm and 7.63 ± 2.62 g) and 13 males (10.43 ± 0.57 cm and 6.54 ± 1.44 g) which produced gametes through abdominal massage. Fertilized eggs were spherical (1.18 ± 0.44 mm diameter), greenish, transparent, benthonic and vitelusrich; rugose striated chorion with numerous external filaments randomly distributed and abundant oil globules (0.11 ± 0.07 mm diameter). The embryonic development was finished at 26.36 ± 2.03ºC, 39.67 ± 0.58 PSU and pH 8.30 ± 0.10. Larvae (4.56 ± 0.97 mm total length) hatched at 143 hours and 19 minutes, with vitteline sac vestiges and a single oil globule. The larvae were fed on Brachionus plicatilis and Isochrysis galbana. After the second week Artemia nauplii were added and I. galbana maintained. Flexion started 13 days after larvae hatched (6.10 ± 1.54 mm total length) and was completed 32 days later (11.25 ± 1.87 mm total length) with the hipural complex completely developed. In conclusion, X. brasiliensis showed direct larval development and started larval metamorphosis (13.08 ± 2.07 mm total length) to juvenile 40 days after hatching. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 503-513. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se describe el desarrollo embrionario y larval hasta la metamorfosis de Xenomelaniris brasiliensi. Un total de 29 ejemplares sexualmente maduros, 16 hembras (10.86 ± 1.01 cm y 7.63 ± 2.62 g) y 13 machos (10.43 ± 0.57 cm y 6.54 ± 1.44 g), liberaron sus productos sexuales mediante masaje abdominal. Los huevos fértiles fueron esféricos de 1.18 ± 0.44 mm de diámetro, verdosos, translúcidos, bentónicos, ricos en vitelo, corion rugoso y estriado, con numerosos filamentos coriónicos, distribuidos aleatoriamente por toda la superficie externa y numerosas gotas lipídicas con un diámetro de 0.11 ± 0.07 mm. El desarrollo embrionario se realizó a 26.36 ± 2.03 ºC, 39.67 ± 0.58 PSU y pH 8.30 ± 0.10 eclosionando larvas de 4.56 ± 0.97 mm a las 143 hrs: 19 min, con vestigios del saco vitelino y una gota lipídica interna. Las larvas fueron alimentadas diariamente con Brachionus plicatilis e Isochrysis galbana, a partir de la segunda semana se incorporó nauplios de Artemia, manteniendo la adición diaria de I. galbana. A los 13 días después de la eclosión de larvas (6.10 ± 1.54 mm) se inició la flexión, completándose a los 32 días (11.25 ± 1.87 mm) con un complejo hipural completamente desarrollado. Se concluye que X. brasiliensis presentó desarrollo larval directo, iniciándose la metamorfosis de larva (13.08 ± 2.07) a juvenil a los 40 días de edad.

 Embryonic development metamorphosis Xenomelaniris brasiliensis Desarrollo embrionario metamorfosis Xenomelaniris brasiliensis Ahlstrom E Review of: Development of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay Region, an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages Copeia 1968 1 Allen T Tavares R Marín B Barrios A Villarroel E Balza M Velásquez W Determinación del crecimiento postlarvario del tinicalo Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy y Gaimard) (Pisces: Atherinidae) utilizando el análisis de sus otolitos Determinación del crecimiento postlarvario del tinicalo Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy y Gaimard) (Pisces: Atherinidae) utilizando el análisis de sus otolitos 2003 Porlamar Balinsky B.I Introducción a la embriología Introducción a la embriología 1978 Barcelona Omega Balza M Gutiérrez M Marín B Descripción morfológica y crecimiento en los primeros estadios larvarios de la sardina Sardinella aurita (Valenciennes, 1847) (Pisces: Clupeidae) Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Oriente. 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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200019 Reproductive biology of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Emiliano Zapata dam, Morelos, Mexico Peña-Mendoza B Gómez-Márquez J.L Salgado-Ugarte I.H Ramírez-Noguera D ,U.N.A.M. México, D.F 09 2005 2005 53 515 522

The reproductive season of tilapia was studied by monthly samplings at Emiliano Zapata dam, Morelos State, Mexico. From February 1999 through February 2000 a sample of 50 fish was taken from the commercial catch (castnet, 6.5 cm of mesh size). The observed sex ratio was 1:1.29 (females:males) (&#61687;&#61472;²=10.26; p<0.05). The tilapia reached maturity at 151.3 mm (females) and 152.0 mm (males) of total length. Rainy (August) and dry (February) seasons were determined as the breeding period. Fecundity variation was better correlated with length (r=0.7473; p<0.002) than with weight (r=0.7395; p<0.002). The fecundity ranged between 243 and 847 oocytes per fish, with egg diameter from 300 to 3 700 µm. Intensive breeding activity in August and February coincide with phytoplankton biomass increase. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 515-522. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se analizó la biología reproductiva de la tilapia en la presa Emiliano Zapata, Morelos, México. Para esto se realizaron muestreos de febrero 1999 a febrero 2000. Se tomaron 50 organismos mensuales de la captura comer-cial obtenidos con una atarraya de 6.5 cm de luz de malla. La proporción sexual fue de1:1.29 hembras:machos (X²=10.26; p<0.05). La madurez sexual se alcanza a los 151.3 mm (hembras) y a los 152.0 mm (machos) de longi-tud total. Se detectaron dos épocas de reproducción para la especie: durante la estación lluviosa (agosto) y durante la estación de secas (febrero). La fecundidad relativa presentó mayor correlación con la longitud (r=0.7473; p<0.002) que con el peso (r=0.7395; p<0.002). Por otra parte, el intervalo para la fecundidad osciló entre 243 y 847 ovocitos por pez, con diámetros de 300 a 3 700 µm. Asimismo, la actividad reproductiva de la especie en Agosto y Febrero, coincide con el incremento de biomasa fitoplanctónica.

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Biol. Trop 2003 51 Günther J Jiménez-Montealegre R Efecto del probiótico Bacillus subtilis sobre el crecimiento y alimentación de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) y lan-gostino (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) en laboratorio Rev. Biol. Trop 2004 52 Hernández-Avilés J.S Peña-Mendoza B Rendi-mientos piscícolas en dos bordos semi-permanentes en el estado de Morelos, México Hidrobiológica 1992 3/4 Holden M.J Raitt D.F.S Manual de ciencia pesquera. Parte 2. Métodos para investigar los recursos y su aplicación. Documento Técnico. FAO Pesca, Roma 1975 1 Jiménez B.M.L Análisis de la pesquería de la tilapia Oreochromis spp. (Pisces:Cichlidae) en la presa Adolfo López Mateos, Michoacán-Guerrero Análisis de la pesquería de la tilapia Oreochromis spp. (Pisces:Cichlidae) en la presa Adolfo López Mateos, Michoacán-Guerrero 1999 Jiménez B.L Nepita R Espectro trófico de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) en la presa Infiernillo, Mich.-Gro. México Rev. Biol. 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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200020 Estructura de las comunidades de peces de arrecife en las Islas Catalinas y Playa Ocotal, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica Espinoza Mario Salas Eva ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica 09 2005 2005 53 523 536

Structure of reef fish communities in Catalinas Islands and Ocotal beach, North Pacific of Costa Rica. The reefs are heterogeneous systems that maintain a high diversity of organisms. Fish community structure varies within and among reefs, so it would be expected that reef structure and heterogeneity should affect fish communities inhabiting reefs. Four reef patches at Catalinas Islands (Sur, La Pared, Roca Sucia and Sombrero) and one in Ocotal beach (10°28’45" N; 85°52’35" W) were studied with visual censuses (July-December 2003). The structure and composition of fishes between Catalinas Islands and Ocotal beach were different, and habitat structure and composition explain most of the variance founded. The presence of the fleshy algae Caulerpa sertularioides in Ocotal, and the corals Tubastrea coccinea and Pocillopora spp. at Catalinas Island explained the variability among sites and how it affected fish community structure and composition. The butterfly fish Johnrandallia nigrirostris, damselfish Microspathodon dorsalis, and surgeon fish Prionurus punctatus were directly correlated with the ahermatipic coral Tubastrea coccinea in Roca Sucia reef, while the angel fish Holacanthus passer was associated to reefs with a major percentage of rocky substrate. Other species such as the damselfish Abudefduf troschelli and Halichoeres dispilus were more abundant at Ocotal, where the algae C. sertularioides dominated. The number and abundance of reef fishes was directly correlated with the rugosity index at the reefs of Roca Sucia and Ocotal, but not at reefs of La Pared and Sombrero. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 523-536. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Los arrecifes son sistemas muy complejos, cuya heterogeneidad mantiene una gran diversidad de organismos. La estructura de las comunidades de peces que forman parte del arrecife varía dentro y entre arrecifes, y se esperaría que la heterogeneidad y estructura del arrecife vaya a influir en la estructura de las comunidades de peces que habitan. Se estudiaron cuatro arrecifes en las Islas Catalinas (Sur, La Pared, Roca Sucia y Sombrero) y uno en la Playa de Ocotal, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Se encontraron diferencias claras en la estructura y composición de las comunidades de peces de arrecife en las Islas Catalinas y Playa Ocotal, y la estructura y composición del hábitat explicaron la mayor parte de la varianza. Ciertos atributos del arrecife como la presencia del alga Caulerpa sertularoides en Ocotal, así como los corales Tubastrea coccinea y Pocillopora spp., en las Islas Catalinas explicaron la variabilidad que existía entre los sitios y como afectaba a la estructura de la comunidad de peces de arrecife. La mariposa Johnrandalia nigrirostris, la damisela Microspathodon dorsalis y el cirujano Prionurus punctatus se correlacionaron directamente con el coral ahermatípico Tubastrea coccinea, en el arrecife de Roca Sucia, mientras que Holocanthus passer se asocio a arrecifes con un mayor porcentaje de sustrato rocoso. Otras especies como Abudefduf troschelli y Halichoeres dispilus se encontraban en mayor cantidad en el arrecife de Ocotal, en donde dominaba el alga Caulerpa sertularioides. Por último, el número y abundancia de peces de arrecife se correlacionó directamente con el índice de rugosidad del sustrato en los arrecifes de Roca Sucia y Ocotal, pero no así los de la Pared y Sombrero.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200021 Una nueva especie ecuatoriana del género de peces andinos Grundulus (Characiformes: Characidae) Román-Valencia César Ruiz C Raquel I Barriga Ramiro ,Universidad del Quindio Quindio Colombia ,Museo de Zoología Quito Ecuador 09 2005 2005 53 537 544

A new Ecuadorian species of the Andean fish genus Grundulus (Characiformes: Characidae). The new species Grundulus quitoensis is described from El Voladero Lake, El Angel Biological Reserve, Northern Ecuador. The new taxon can be distinguished from all congeners by the following characters, respectively: a low number of unbranched rays in the anal fin (three vs. four-five) and in pectoral fins (on vs. two - three), a higher number of dentary teeth (12-14 vs. 8-10), a second infraorbital about three times larger than the first (vs. about two times larger), a third infraorbital which is not in contact with the preopercle (vs. in contact with preopercle), the presence of four small fenestrae in the infero-lateral bone dentary (vs. one - two); and a premaxilla which presents a long lateral process (vs. short), a maxilla with two notches in the infero-lateral surface (vs. one notch in the infero-lateral surface). Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 537-544. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Se describe Grundulus quitoensis nueva especie (Characiformes, Characidae) proveniente de las Lagunas El Voladero reserva biológica El Angel al norte de Ecuador. El nuevo taxon se distingue de las demás especies por el menor número de radios simples en la aleta anal (tres vs. cuatro a cinco) y en las aletas pectorales (uno vs. dos a tres), por el mayor número de dientes en cada dentario (12- 14 vs. 8-10), perfil ventral posterior a la cintura pectoral hasta el origen de la aleta anal plano (vs. curvo), el segundo infraorbital es tres veces más grande que el primero (vs. dos veces más grande), el tercer infraorbital está separado del preopérculo (vs. en contacto con la superficie del preopérculo), dentario presenta cuatro pequeñas fenestras en el margen infero-lateral (vs. uno a dos), el premaxilar presenta un proceso lateral largo (vs. corto), maxilar con dos muescas en la superficie infero-lateral (vs. maxilar con una muesca en la superficie inferolateral).

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200022 Blood and urine physiological values in farm-cultured Rana catesbeiana (Anura: Ranidae) in Argentina Coppo José A Mussart Norma B Fioranelli Santiago A ,Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Argentina 09 2005 2005 53 545 559

A total of 302 samples of healthy farm-cultured Rana catesbeiana specimens (9-21 months-old, 50- 350 g liveweight, 50% each sex) from the north-east of Argentina, were analyzed through spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, densitometry, refractometry and microscopy in order to obtain blood and urine normal values. Confidence intervals (p<0.05) for PCV (28.6-31.6%), RBC (0.40-0.44 T/L), MCV (686-732 fL), hemoglobin (6.41-7.20 g/dL), MCH (151-164 pg), MCHC (22.6-24.0%), WBC (18.7-22.3 G/L), neutrophils (58.4-63.4%), lymphocytes (23.9-29.8%), monocytes (2.1-3.8%), eosinophils (4.6-7.0%), basophils (2.9-4.1%), bleeding time (289-393s), coagulation time (452-696s), prothrombin time (76-128s), urinary density (1.0061-1.0089 g/mL), urinary pH (6,38-6.96), fibrinogen (0.59-0.99 g/dL), total protein (4.19-4.49 g/dL), albumin (1.49-1.67 g/dL), alpha-1 globulin (0.20-0.24 g/dL), alpha-2 globulin (0.48-0.54 g/dL), beta globulin (0.68-0.77 g/dL), gamma globulin (1.28-1.42 g/dL), albumin/globulin ratio (0.50-0.58), creatinine (4.09-5.56 mg/L), urea (76.1-92.4 mg/L), uric acid (11.5-15.4 mg/L), triglycerides (0.34-0.52 g/L), total cholesterol (0.56-0.67 g/L), HDL-C (0.03-0.05 g/L), LDL-C (0.34-0.44 g/L), alpha lipoprotein (6.01-8.67%), beta lipoprotein (91.3-93.9%), glucose (0.45-0.54 g/L), Na (116-121 meq/L), K (3.42-3.81 meq/L), Cl (100-116 meq/L), Ca (7.98-8.61 mg/dL), P (8.31- 9.36 mg/dL), Mg (2.26-2.55 mg/dL), Fe (105-178 ug/dL), ALP (144-170 IU/L), ALT (10.0-14.8 IU/L), AST (42.8-53.4 IU/L), GGT (7.8-10.6 IU/L), LDH (99-135 IU/L), CHE (151-185 IU/L) and CPK (365-500 IU/L), were obtained. Some parameter ranges were similar to those obtained in amphibians, birds or mammals; others were very different. These parameters are useful to evaluate sanitary, metabolic and nutritional state on captive bullfrogs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 545-559. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Con el propósito de obtener valores normales sanguíneos y urinarios, 302 muestras de ejemplares sanos de Rana catesbeiana del nordeste argentino (9-21 meses de edad, 50-350 g de peso vivo, 50% de cada sexo), fueron analizados por espectrofotometría, electroforesis, densitometría, refractometría y microscopía. Fueron obtenidos intervalos de confianza (p<0.05) para hematocrito (28.6-31.6%), eritrocitos (0.40-0.44 T/L), VCM (686-732 fL), hemoglobina (6.41-7.20 g/dL), HCM (151-164 pg), CHCM (22.6-24.0%), leucocitos (18.7-22.3 G/L), neutrófilos (58.4-63.4%), linfocitos (23.9-29.8%), monocitos (2.1-3.8%), eosinófilos (4.6-7.0%), basófilos (2.9-4.1%), tiempo de sangría (289-393s), tiempo de coagulación (452- 696s), tiempo de protrombina (76-128s), densidad urinaria (1.0061-1.0089 g/mL), pH urinario (6.38-6.96), fibrinógeno (0.59-0.99 g/dL), proteínas totales (4.19-4.49 g/dL), albúmina (1.49-1.67 g/dL), alfa-1 globulina (0.20-0.24 g/dL), alfa-2 globulina (0.48-0.54 g/dL), beta globulina (0.68-0.77 g/dL), gamma globulina (1.28-1.42 g/dL), relación albúmina/globulinas (0.50-0.58), creatinina (4.09-5.56 mg/L), urea (76.1-92.4 mg/L), ácido úrico (11.5-15.4 mg/L), triglicéridos (0.34-0.52 g/L), colesterol total (0.56-0.67 g/L), C-HDL (0.03-0.05 g/L), C-LDL (0.34-0.44 g/L), alfa lipoproteína (6.01-8.67%), beta lipoproteína (91.3-93.9%), glucosa (0.45-0.54 g/L), Na (116-121 meq/L), K (3.42- 3.81 meq/L), Cl (100-116 meq/L), Ca (7.98-8.61 mg/dL), P (8.31-9.36 mg/dL), Mg (2.26-2.55 mg/dL), Fe (105-178 ug/dL), ALP (144-170 IU/L), ALT (10.0-14.8 IU/L), AST (42.8-53.4 IU/L), GGT (7.8-10.6 IU/L), LDH (99-135 IU/L), CHE (151-185 IU/L) y CPK (365-500 IU/L). Algunos intervalos fueron semejantes a los obtenidos en anfibios, aves o mamíferos, pero otros resultaron muy diferentes. Estos parámetros son útiles para evaluar estados sanitario, metabólico y nutricional de la rana toro en cautiverio.

 Rana catesbeiana blood values coagulation tests urine parameters Rana catesbeiana valores sanguíneos pruebas coagulativas parámetros urinarios Bachman G.L Uhlen S Herman C.A Localization and changes in distribution of brain alpha 2 and beta-adrenoceptors in response to acclimation state in american bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 1998 110 Bauer J.E Metabolismo comparado de lípidos y lipoproteínas Pet´s Cienc 1997 13 Bicego K.C Branco L.G Seasonal changes in the cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia and temperature in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Comp. Biochem. Physiol 1999 124 Busk M Jensen F.B Wang T Effects of feeding on metabolism, gas transport, and acid-base balance in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Am. J. Physiol 2000 278 Candia O.A Mia A Yorio T Evidence of baso-lateral water permeability regulation in amphibian urinary bladder Biol. Cell 1997 89 Carnevia D Ranicultura, estado actual de la explotación y comercialización de ranas para consumo Ranicultura, estado actual de la explotación y comercialización de ranas para consumo 1995 Cathers T Serum chemistry and hematology for anesthetized american bullfrogs J. Zoo & Wildlife Med 1997 28 Céspedez J.A Alvarez B.B Biodiversidad de anfibios del nordeste argentino. Estado actual Actas Cienc. & Técn.UNNE 1999 6 Coles E.H Veterinary Clinical Pathology Veterinary Clinical Pathology 1989 ^ePhiladelphia Saunders Coppo J.A Fisiología Comparada del Medio Interno Fisiología Comparada del Medio Interno 2001 Buenos Aires Dunken Curtis H Barnes M.S Biology Biology 2001 ^eNew York Freeman Desser S.S Siddall M.E Barta J.R Ultraestructural observations on the developmental stages of Lankesterella minima (Apicomplexa) in experimentally infected Rana catesbeiana tadpoles J. 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Rahway Goldberg S.R Bursey C.R Cheam H Helminths of two native frog species (Rana chiricahuensis, Rana yavapaiensis) and one introduced frog species (Rana catesbeiana) from Arizona J. Parasitol 1998 84 Goldstein L Comparative Physiology Comparative Physiology 1982 ^ePhiladelphia Saunders Hecnar S.J Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from southern Ontario Environ. Toxicol. & Chem 1995 14 Herman C.A Luczy B.G Eicosanoids in the brain of warm and cold-acclimated bullfrogs Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 1999 469 Jain N.C Essentials of Veterinary Hematology Essentials of Veterinary Hematology 1993 ^ePhiladelphia Lea & Febiger Jorgensen N.C Amiloride sensitive Na+/H+ exchange stimulated by cellular acidification or shrinkage in red blood cells of the front, Rana temporaria J. Comp. 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Physiol 1998 119 Roman L.R Ranicultura. Nueva tecnología de la cría de rana toro. Anales del VII Congreso Argentino de Ciencias Veterinarias Ranicultura. Nueva tecnología de la cría de rana toro. Anales del VII Congreso Argentino de Ciencias Veterinarias 1994 Buenos Aires Singh K Hematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina. III. Hemoglobin and hematocrit Anat. Anz 1978 143 Suzuki N Deguchi K Ueta N Nagano H Shukuya R Chemical characterization of the serum VLDL and HDL from bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana J. Biochem 1976 80 Uchiyama M Takeuchi T Matsuda K Effects of homologous natriuretic peptides in isolated skin of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Comp. Biochem. Physiol 1998 120 Wilson J.A Principles of Animal Physiology Principles of Animal Physiology 1989 ^eNew York McMillan Wright M.L Rzasa B.A Weir R.J Babski A.M Influence of cortisol on the larval bullfrog thyroid axis in vitro and in vivo and on plasma and ocular melatonin Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 1999 116 Zablith A.C Catao J.L Sinhorini I.L Análise ultraestrutural da resposta celular inflamatória em girinos de rá touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana). Anais de XXV Congresso Brasileiro de Veterinária, Gramado, Brasil, comunicação ASI 004-P Análise ultraestrutural da resposta celular inflamatória em girinos de rá touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana). Anais de XXV Congresso Brasileiro de Veterinária, Gramado, Brasil, comunicação ASI 004-P 1997
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200023 The Tadpoles of Hyla rufitela (Anura: Hylidae) Hoffmann Heinz ,INASAG 09 2005 2005 53 561 568

The validity of the published description of Hyla rufitela is questioned because the origin of the described tadpoles does not correspond to the distribution of this species. The present description, based on tadpoles that were hatched from two egg masses from the Caribbean lowland of Costa Rica, includes tadpoles raised to adult frogs to verify the species. The newly described tadpoles differ from the previously described and illustrated ones not only in color but also by its more slender body shape (body height:body length, 0.43:0.47), the more slender tail (% tail length of total length, 69%:63%), the more conspicuous spiracle and its position, as well as by the larger oral disk width (oral disk width:body width, 0.44:~0.33). The young tadpoles continually ingest mud as is typical of bottom feeders. Nevertheless, older larvae feed on plant material like rotting mellow leaves of Piper auritum. The tadpoles metamorphosed between 44 and 114 days (x=80.3 days) under the described breeding conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 561-568. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

La existencia de dudas sobre la validez de la descripción de las larvas de Hyla rufitela realizada por Duellman en 1970 motivaron una nueva descripción con base en renacuajos criados de dos masas de huevos de H. rufitela de la zona caribeña de Costa Rica. Algunos se criaron hasta la edad adulta para verificar la identidad de la especie. Los renacuajos difieren de la descripción e ilustración original por su color, la esbeltez (proporción entre altura y longitud del cuerpo 0.43 vs. 0.47), la cola más delgada (% longitud de la cola de la longitud total del renacuajo 69% vs. 63%), por la posición y forma conspicua del espiráculo, por el disco oral más ancho (ancho del disco: ancho del cuerpo 0.44 vs. ~ 0.33) y por algunos datos alométricos. Las larvas pequeñas permanecen en el fondo alimentándose con materia orgánica del lodo. Los renacuajos mayores se alimentan de material vegetal en descomposición. En cautiverio las renacuajos terminaron su desarrollo en 44-114 días (promedio 80.3 días).

 Hyla rufitela tadpole larvae description morphology allometry development ecology Hyla rufitela renacuajos larvas descripción morfología alometría ontogénesis ecología Duellman W.E The Hylid Frogs of Middle America Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 1970 1 Duellman W.E The Hylid Frogs of Middle America Soc. Study Amph. Rept., Univ.Kansas 2001 1 Gosner K.L A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on idenfication Herpetologica 1960 16 Hoffmann H Description of the previously unknown tadpole of Hyalinobatrachium pulveratum (Anura: Centrolenidae) Rev. Biol. Trop 2004 52 Lips K.R Savage J.M Key to the Known Tadpoles (Amphibia: Anura) of Costa Rica Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environm 1996 31 McDiarmid R.W Altig R Tadpoles. The Biology of Anuran Larvae Tadpoles. The Biology of Anuran Larvae 1999 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago Savage J.M The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica 2002 Chicago^eIllinois University of Chicago
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200024 Fauna de anuros en la ciudad de Salta, Argentina Acosta Rebeca Mesones Rosa Vera Núñez Alejandro ,Universidad Nacional de Salta 09 2005 2005 53 569 575

Anuran fauna from Salta City, Argentina. The loss and transformation of habitat by anthropogenic activities is one of the main causes of biodiversity decrease. Amphibians are declining all over the world and one of the causes of this decline is thought to be habitat reduction. However, there are anuran populations in highly disturbed habitats, like cities. This study presents the ecological baseline needed to understand anuran communities in urban environments, for Salta City, Argentina (ca. 502 000 inhabitants). The sample was stratified by environments defined by infrastructure and geographic location. The species were identified by visual encounter techniques and by auditory transect during the 2002-2003 reproductive period. Three families, seven genera and twelve species were recorded and the species richness decreased from city border to center. Similarity index values among geographic areas was higher East-West (94.7) than South-West (33.3). Bufo arenarum was the only species recorded in all environments. Hyla andina and Odontophrynus americanus had a restricted distribution and are here considered vulnerable. The border effect can explain some distribution pattern in these populations. A map of the potential distribution of recorded species for Salta is provided. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3- 4): 569-575. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

La pérdida y transformación del hábitat generado por actividades humanas es una de las principales causas de disminución de biodiversidad. Los anfibios constituyen un grupo en franca declinación a nivel global debido a múltiples motivos, entre ellos la reducción de sus hábitats; sin embargo, se observan poblaciones de anuros en ambientes altamente antropizados como las ciudades. El objetivo del trabajo fue recabar información de base ecológicamente necesaria para comprender la distribución de las comunidades de anuros en estos ambientes. Para ello, se efectuó el inventario de la fauna de anuros del ejido urbano de la Ciudad de Salta, Argentina, con una población estimada en 502 316 habitantes. Se diseñó el muestreo por ambientes, caracterizándolos en función del tipo de infraestructura urbana y su ubicación por zonas geográficas. La identificación de las especies se realizó a partir de técnicas de encuentro visual y transecta auditiva, abarcando la temporada reproductiva 2002-2003. Se detectaron tres familias, siete géneros y doce especies, observando una disminución de la riqueza desde los bordes hacia el centro del ejido urbano. El índice de similitud entre zonas geográficas fue mayor para el par Este-Oeste (94.7), mientras que el menor fue para el par Sur-Oeste (33.3). Bufo arenarum fue la especie presente en todos los ambientes caracterizados, mientras que Hyla andina y Odontophrynus americanus son las especies con distribución más restringida y por lo tanto más vulnerables. Con los datos obtenidos, se generó un mapa de distribución potencial de las especies en la ciudad analizando las posibles causas de las diferencias observadas.

 Inventory anuran urban environments conservation Inventario anuros ambientes urbanos conservación Alford R Richards S Global Amphibian Declines: A Problem in Applied Ecology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1999 30 Blaustein A.R Wake D.B Sousa W Amphibian Declines: Judging Stability, Persistence & Susceptibility of Populations to Local & Global Extinctions Conserv. Biol 1994 8 Boone M.D Semlitsch R.D Interactions of an insecticide with larval density & predation in experimental amphibian communities Conserv. Biol 2001 15 Boone M.D Semlitsch R.D Fairchild J.F Rothermel B.B Effects of an insecticide on amphibians in large scale experimental ponds Ecol. Applic 2004 14 Bradford D.F Neale A.C Nash M.S Sada D.W Jaeger J.R Habitat match occupancy by toads (Bufo punctatus) in a Naturally fragmented desert landscape Ecology 2003 84 Bridges C.M Semlitsch R.D Genetic variation in insecticide tolerance in a population of southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala): Implications fos amphibian conservation Copeia 2001 1 Burger J Jeitner C Jensen H Fitzgerald M Carlucci S Shukla S Burke S Ramos R Gochfeld M Habitat use in basking northern water (Nerodia sipedon) & eastern garter (Thamnophis sirtalis) snakes in urban New Jersey Urb. Ecosyst 2004 7 1 Caseres M.A Revista Crecer 1989 Hanken J Why are there so many new amphibian species when amphibians are declininig? TREE 1999 14 1 Heyer W.R Donnelly M.A McDiarmid R.W Hayek L.A Foster M.S Measuring & Monitoring Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Amphibians Measuring & Monitoring Biological Diversity. Standard Methods for Amphibians 1994 ^eWashington, D.C Smithsonian Institution Hicks N.G Pearson S.M Salamnder diversity & abundance in forests with alternative land use histories in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains For. Ecol. Manag 2003 177 Hostetler M Holling C.S Detecting the scales at which respond to structure in urban landscapes Urb. Ecosyst 2000 4 1 Houlahan J. E Findlay C.S Schmidt B.R Meyer A.H Kuzmin S.L Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines Nature 2000 404 Islam S Chowdhury M.T.H Rahman M Urban & periurban aquaculture as an immediate source of food fish: Perspectives of Dhaka City, Bangladesh Urb. Ecosyst 2004 7 Encuesta Permanente de Hogares Encuesta Permanente de Hogares 2002 Salta Kiesecker J.M Blaustein A.R Belden L.K Complex causes of amphibian population declines Nature 2001 410 Knutson M Sauer J.R Olsen D.A Mossman M.J Hemesath L.M Lannoo M.J Effects of landscape composition & wetland fragmentation on frog & toad abundance & species richness in Iowa & Wisconsin, USA Conserv. Biol 1999 13 6 Knutson M Sauer J.R Olsen D.A Mossman M.J Hemesath L.M Lannoo M.J Landscape associations of Frog & Toad species in Iowa & Wisconsin, USA J. Iowa Acad. Sci 2000 1073 Knutson M.G Richardson W.B Reineke D.M Gray B.R Parmelee J.R Weick S.E Agricultural ponds support amphibian populations Ecol. Applicat 2004 14 Krebs C.J Ecological Methodology Ecological Methodology 1989 Nueva York^eNueva York Harper & Row Longcore T Rich C Ecological ligth pollution Ecol. Envirom 2004 2 Mazerolle M.J Amphibian road mortality in response to nightly variations in traffic intensity Herpetologica 2004 60 1 Mcintyre N.E Knowles-Yánez K Hope D Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use "urban" between the social and natural sciences Urb. Ecosyst 2000 4 1 Pope S.E Fahrig L Merriam H.G Landscape complementation and metapopulation effects on leopard frogs population Ecology 2000 81 Rubbo M.J Kiesecker J.M Amphibian breeding distribution in an urbanized landscape Conserv. Biol 2005 19 Skelly D.K Yurewicz K.L Werner E.E Relyea R.A Estimating decline and distributional change in amphibians Conserv. Biol 2003 17
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200025 Birds of a high-altitude cloud forest in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala Eisermann Knut Schulz Ulrich ,University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde Ciudad Guatemala Guatemala 09 2005 2005 53 577 594

The Northern Central American Highlands have been recognized as endemic bird area, but little is known about bird communities in Guatemalan cloud forests. From 1997 to 2001 a total of 142 bird species were recorded between 2 000 and 2 400 masl in cloud forest and agricultural clearings on Montaña Caquipec (Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). The bird community is described based on line transect counts within the forest. Pooling census data from undisturbed and disturbed forest, the Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Henicorhina leucophrys) was found to be the most abundant species, followed in descending order by the Common Bush-Tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus), the Paltry Tyrannulet (Zimmerius vilissimus), the Yellowish Flycatcher (Empidonax flavescens), the Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush (Catharus frantzii), and the Amethyst-throated Hummingbird (Lampornis amethystinus). Bird communities in undisturbed and disturbed forest were found to be similar (Sørensen similarity index 0.85), indicating low human impact. Of all recorded species, ~27% were Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds. The most abundant one was the Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). The Montaña Caquipec is an important area for bird conservation, which is indicated by the presence of four species listed in the IUCN Red List (Highland Guan Penelopina nigra, Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno, Pink-headed Warbler Ergaticus versicolor, Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia), and 42 Mesoamerican endemics, of which 14 species are endemic to the Central American Highlands. The results presented here will be useful as baseline data for a long-term monitoring. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 577-594. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

Las alturas del norte de Centroamérica han sido reconocidas como región de aves endémicas, pero se conoce poco sobre las comunidades de aves en bosques nubosos de Guatemala. De 1997 a 2001 se han detectado 142 especies de aves entre 2 000 y 2 400 msnm en el bosque nuboso y áreas agrícolas en la Montaña Caquipec (Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). El patrón de la comunidad de aves se describe por medio de censos en transectos de línea. Combinando los datos de censos en bosque prístino y bosque perturbado se concluyó que Henicorhina leucophrys es la especie más abundante, seguida en orden descendente por Chlorospingus ophthalmicus, Zimmerius vilissimus, Empidonax flavescens, Catharus frantzii y Lampornis amethystinus. El índice de Sørensen de 0.85 entre bosque prístino y bosque perturbado indica un impacto relativamente bajo de la población humana local. El ~27% de todas las especies encontradas fueron aves migratorias neárticas, siendo la más abundante Wilsonia pusilla. La Montaña Caquipec es un área importante para la conservación de aves, lo cual es indicado por la presencia de cuatro especies incluidas en la Lista Roja de IUCN (Penelopina nigra, Pharomachrus mocinno, Ergaticus versicolor, Dendroica chrysoparia) y de 42 especies endémicas de Mesoamérica, de las cuales 14 son endémicas de las alturas norteñas de Mesoamérica. Estos resultados servirán como base para un monitoreo a largo plazo.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200026 Sighting frequency and relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) along the northeast coast of Margarita Island and Los Frailes Archipelago, Venezuela Oviedo Lenin Silva Noemi ,BIOTRÓPICA Caracas Venezuela 09 2005 2005 53 595 600

The study of local cetaceans in Venezuela has a very recent history, and few efforts have been made in the assessment of coastal populations based on field research. The occurrence of whales and dolphins along the northeast coast of Venezuela has been documented through sightings and stranding records. Given the underwater topographical features and the influence of upwelling processes, this area is considered a very productive coastal ecosystem. Our objective was to establish the sighting frequency and relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins in the area. Sighting records were gathered on bottlenose dolphins and other cetacean species occurring along the northeast coast of Margarita Island and Los Frailes Archipelago through direct observation during land-based (6 surveys, 48 hours of observation) and boat-based surveys (24 surveys, 121 hours of observation, 1295 km covered). A sighting frequency was calculated using two methodologies and then compared, considering: 1) a mean effective observation time (4.27 hours), and 2) distance covered with cetacean sightings (1108 km). A third method is proposed relating a mean effective distance covered with cetacean sightings and expressed as a percentage. The abundance index was calculated using the mean effective observation time. The sighting frequency of Tursiops truncatus in the study area was 3 - 4 sightings per day of 4.27 observation hours, or by 185 kilometers covered. The relative abundance was calculated as 35 dolphins in the study area, so a total population of less than 60 dolphins could inhabit the proposed range. Tursiops truncatus is the dominant species in the northeast coast of Margarita Island and Los Frailes Archipelago with 70% of all the sightings, so this locality could be termed as the distribution range of a possible local population of bottlenose dolphins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(3-4): 595-600. Epub 2005 Oct 3.

El estudio de cetáceos locales en Venezuela tiene una historia bien reciente. Pocos esfuerzos se han hecho para evaluar las poblaciones costeras de estos mamíferos sobre la base de muestreo en campo. La presencia de ballenas y delfines en la costa noreste de Venezuela ha sido documentada a través de avistamiento y en una mayor proporción por medio de registros de varamientos. Esto esta ampliamente relacionado con un ecosistema costanero muy productivo asociado a las características topográficas y los procesos de surgencia. El objetivo de esta contribución es establecer la frecuencia de avistamiento y la abundancia relativa del delfín nariz de botella en el área de estudio. Se colectaron registros de avistamiento de Tursiops truncatus y otros cetáceos presentes en la costa noreste de la Isla de Margarita y El Archipiélago de Los Frailes a través de observación directa por medio de muestreos desde plataformas terrestres (6 sesiones, 48 horas de observación) y desde cruceros de investigación en embarcaciones pequeñas (24 muestreos, 121 horas de observación, 1295 kilómetros recorridos). La frecuencia de avistamiento fue calculada y comparada utilizando 2 métodos, considerando. 1) El tiempo de observación promedio con avistamientos (4.27). 2) la distancia recorrida con avistamientos de cetáceos (1108). Una tercera frecuencia es propuesta relacionando el promedio de kilómetros recorridos con avistamiento de cetáceos y expresada en porcentaje. El índice de abundancia fue calculado usando el tiempo de observación promedio con avistamientos. La frecuencia de avistamientos para la zona de estudio es de 3 - 4 eventos por día de 4,27 horas de observación en el campo, o por cada 185 kilómetros recorridos, la abundancia relativa es de 35 delfines, lo que representa posiblemente una población local de menos de 60 delfines nariz de botella. Tursiops truncatus es la especie dominante en la costa noreste de la Isla de Margarita y El Archipiélago de Los Frailes con un 70% de los avistamientos. De esta manera la localidad de muestreo se puede considerar dentro del rango de distribución de una posible población local de delfines nariz de botella.

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S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200027 Aves acuáticas de la Laguna de Agua Dulce y el Estero El Ermitaño, Jalisco, México Hernández Vázquez Salvador ,Universidad de Guadalajara Municipio de Cihuatlán Jalisco México 09 2005 2005 53 601 602
S0034-774420050002 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000200028 Depredación de coral vivo por peces en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe colombiano Reyes-Nivia María Catalina Garzón-Ferreira Jaime Rodríguez-Ramírez Alberto ,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras INVEMAR Santa Marta Colombia 09 2005 2005 53 603 603