S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300001 31ST Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean (AMLC) 31ª Reunión Científica de la Asociación de Laboratorios Marinos del Caribe (ALMC) , 05 2005 2005 53 xiii xiv
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300002 Welcome Bienvenida LeGore Steve ,Executive Director 05 2005 2005 53 xv xv
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300003 Schedule of Oral Presentations Programa de Presentaciones Orales , 05 2005 2005 53 xvii xxii
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300004 Poster Presentations Presentaciones en Cartel , 05 2005 2005 53 xxiii xxv
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300005 Development and field application of a molecular probe for the primary pathogen of the coral disease white plague type II Richardson Laurie L Mills DeEtta K Remily Elizabeth R Voss Joshua D ,Florida International University Miami Florida USA 05 2005 2005 53 1 10

One of the current problems in the field of coral disease research is that of tracking coral pathogens in the natural environment.A promising method to do this is by use of pathogen-specific molecular probes. However,this approach has been little used to date.We constructed,and validated in the laboratory,a fluoro-chrome-labeled molecular probe specific to Aurantimonas coralicida ,the bacterial pathogen of the Caribbean coral disease white plague type II (WPII).We then used the probe to test field samples of diseased coral tissue for the presence of this pathogen.Probe design was based on a unique subset (25 nucleotides)of the complete16S rRNA gene sequence derived from a pure culture of the pathogen.The pathogen-specific probe was labeled with the fluorochrome GreenStar*™FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate,GeneDetect Ltd,New Zealand).As a control, we used the universal eubacterial probe EUB 338,labeled with a different fluorochrome (TRITC,tetra-methyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate).Both probes were applied to laboratory samples of pure cultures of bacteria, and field samples collected from the surface of the disease line of corals exhibiting signs of white plague (types I and II),healthy controls,and corals with an uncharacterized disease ("patchy necrosis ").All samples were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).We have determined that the probe is specific to our laboratory culture of the coral pathogen,and does not react with other bacterial species (the eubacterial probe does).The WPII pathogen was detected in association with diseased coral samples collected from coral colonies on reefs of the Bahamas (n=9 samples)exhibiting signs of both WPI and WPII.Diseased (and healthy)tissue samples (n=4)from corals exhibiting signs of "patchy necrosis "were also assayed.In this case the results were negative, indicating that the same pathogen is not involved in the two diseases.Incorporation and use of pathogen-specific probes can significantly expand our knowledge of the etiology of coral diseases.

Uno de los problemas actuales en el campo de la investigación sobre las enfermedades de corales es el de poder seguir a los patógenos en el ambiente natural.Un método prometedor para lograrlo es el uso de sondas moleculares específicas para el patógeno.Sin embargo,esta técnica ha sido poco usada hasta la fecha.Construimos y validamos en el laboratorio una sonda molecular de fluorocromo marcado específicamente para Aurantimonas coralicida ,la bacteria responsable de la enfermedad de corales del Caribe,plaga blanca Tipo II (PBII).Después usamos la sonda con muestras de campo de tejidos de corales enfermos para detectar la presencia del patógeno.La sonda se diseñó usando un sub-grupo único de 25 nucleótidos del gen 16S del rARN derivado de cultivos puros del patógeno.La sonda específica para el patógeno se marcó con fluorocromo GreenStar*™ FITC (fluorescein isotiocianato,GeneDetect Ltd,New Zealand).Como testigo usamos la sonda universal de eubacterias EUB 338,marcada con un fluorocromo diferente (TRITC,tetra-metil-rodamina isotiocianato).Ambas sondas fueron usadas con muestras de laboratorio de cultivos puros de bacterias,y muestras de campo recolectadas de la superficie de la línea de la enfermedad en corales con signos de plaga blanca (tipos I y II),de corales sanos y de corales con enfermedades no características (parches de tejido necrótico).Todas las muestras fueron analizadas usando hibridización fluorescente in situ .Determinamos que la sonda es específica para el patógeno cultivado en nuestro laboratorio y no reacciona con otras especies de bacterias (la sonda para eubacterias sí).El patógeno de PBII fue detectado en muestras de corales enfermos (exhibían signos de PBI y PBII)recolectadas en arrecifes de Bahamas (n=9 muestras).Muestras de tejidos enfermos (y sanos)(n=4)de corales con parches necróticos fueron probados.En este caso los resultados fueron negativos,indicando que el mismo patógeno no es responsable de las dos enfermedades.El desarrollo y uso de sondas específicas para cierto patógeno puede ampliar significativamente nuestro conocimiento de la etiología de enfermedades de corales.

 White plague coral pathogen Aurantimonas coralicida coral diseases pathogen specific molecular probe Plaga blanca patología de corales Aurantimonas coralicida enfermedades de coral sonda molecular para patógeno específico Amann R.I Akkerman A.D.L van Elsas J.D de Bruijn F.J In situ identification of micro-organisms by whole cell hybridization with rRNA-targeted nucleic acid probes Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual 1995 Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers Antonius A New observations on coral destruction in reefs 10th Mtg.Assoc.Isl.Mar.Lab.Carib 1973 10 Borger J Three scleractinian coral diseases in Dominica,West Indies: Distribution,infection patterns,and contribution to coral tissue mortality Rev. Biol.Trop 2003 5 ^sSupl.4 Bythell J Barer M Cooney R Guest J O’Donnell A. Pantos O Le Tissier M Histopathological methods for the investigation of microbial communities associated with disease lesions in reef corals Lett. Appl.Microbiol 2002 34 Bythell J Pantos O Richardson L Rosenberg E Loya Y White plague, white band,and other "white "diseases Coral Health and Disease Coral Health and Disease 2004 Berlin Springer-Verlag Croquer A Pauls S.M Zubillaga A.L White plague disease outbreak in a coral reef at Los Roques National Park,Venezuela Rev.Biol.Trop 2003 5 ^sSupl. 4 Denner E.B.M Smith G.W Busse H-J Schumann P Narzt T Polson S Lubitz W Richardson L.L Aurantimonas coralicida gen.nov.,sp.nov.,the causative agent of white plague type II on Caribbean scleractinian corals Intl. J. Syst. Evol.Microbiol 2003 53 Dustan P Vitality of reef coral populations off Key Largo,Florida: Recruitment and mortality Env.Geol 1977 2 Dustan P Halas J Changes in the reef-coral community of Carysfort Reef,Key Largo,Florida: 1974-1982 Coral Reefs 1987 6 Gladfelter W.B Gladfelter E.H Monahan R.K Ogden J.C Dill R.F Environmental studies of Buck Island Reef National Monument,St.Croix US Virgin Islands Environmental studies of Buck Island Reef National Monument,St.Croix US Virgin Islands 1977 Spec.Rep.Nat.Park Serv.US Dept Int Green E.P Bruckner A.W The significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation Biol. Cons 2000 96 Harvell C.D Kim K Burkholder J.M Colwell R.R Epstein P.R Grimes D.J Hofmann E.E Lipp E.K Osterhaus A.D.M.E Overstreet R.M Porter J.W Smith G.W Vasta G.R Emerging marine diseases -climate links and anthropogenic factors Science 1999 285 Miller J Rogers C Waara R Monitoring the coral disease,white plague type II,on coral reefs in St.John,U.S.Virgin Islands Rev.Biol.Trop 2003 5 ^sSupl.4 Pantos O Cooney R Le Tissier M Barer M O ’Donnell A Bythell J The bacterial ecology of a plague-like disease affecting the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis Env.Microbiol 2003 5 Richardson L.L Goldberg W.M Carlton R.G Halas J.C Coral disease outbreak in the Florida Keys: Plague type II Rev.Biol.Trop 1998 a 46 Supl.5 Richardson L.L Goldberg W.M Kuta K.G Aronson R.B Smith G.W Ritchie K.B Halas J.C Feingold J.S Miller S.L Florida ’s mystery coral killer explained Nature 1998 b 392 Richardson L.L Smith G.W Ritchie K.B Carlton R.G Integrating microbiological,microsensor,physiologic and molecular techniques in the study of coral disease pathogenesis Hydrobiol 2001 460 Ritchie K.B Polson S.W Smith G.W Microbial disease causation in marine invertebrates: Problems, practices,and future prospects Hydrobiol 2001 460 Rodriguez-Martinez R.E Banaszak A.T Jordan- Dahlgren E Necrotic patches affect Acropora palmata (Scleractinia:acroporidae)in the Mexican Caribbean Dis.Aquat.Org 2001 47 Rosenberg E Loya Y Coral Health and Disease Coral Health and Disease 2004 Berlin Springer-Verlag Sutherland K.P Porter J.W Torres C Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 2004 266 Weil E Rosenberg E Loya Y Coral reef diseases in the wider Caribbean Coral Health and Disease Coral Health and Disease 2004 Berlin Springer-Verlag Weil E Urreiztieta I. Garzon-Ferreira J Geographic variability in the incidence of coral and octocoral diseases in the wider Caribbean Proc.9th Int.Coral Reef Symp 2002 2
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300006 The distribution and abundance of wetland ichthyofauna,and exploitation of the fisheries in the Godineau Swamp,Trinidad -Case study Ramsundar Himawatee ,Institute of Marine Affairs Trinidad West Indies 05 2005 2005 53 11 23

The Godineau (South Oropuche)Swamp (3171 ha)on the southwestern coast of Trinidad (10 º13- 15 ’N,61 º30-32 ’W)is heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities including fishing,oil exploration, drainage manipulation and wetland clearance.To reduce the negative effects of these activities and to manage the swamp more sustainably,more quantitative information is needed on the ecology of the wetland and the activities that occur within it.This study focuses on the distribution of the fish resources and exploited fisheries as a basis for more informed management directives. Sampling was conducted during 2002,in April-May (for dry season)and July-September (for wet season sampling).Ichthyofauna was sampled both day and night using trammel nets and a push seine.Fishing activities were assessed using a questionnaire and informal discussions with fishers.The wetland supports over 29 species of fish distributed over the freshwater,estuarine and saline zones (n=1454). Species distribution is seasonal,with evidence of the wetland being used as a spawning ground. Species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index)for the wetland ranged over 2-11 and 0.162-0.967,respectively, in the dry season and 2-7 and 0.036-0.903,respectively,in the wet season.Communities inhabiting the saline and estuarine zones of the wetland were dominated by a single species,Hexanematichthys bonillai .Percent Similarity Indices were 41.8%for freshwater, 72.7%for estuarine and 79.8%for estuarine-saline communities. The commercial species accounted for 18%of total catch sampled and consisted of Centropomus undecimalis, Megalops atlanticus ,Hoplosternum littorale ,Hoplias malabaricus ,Ophioscion punctatissimus and Macrodon ancyclodon .Full-time and part-time fishers,including recreational fishers,accounted for 14.3%and 85.7%, respectively of all fishers surveyed (n=56).A conservative estimate of the revenue earned directly at point of sale for fish and shellfish,is approximately US$43 000 per annum.Fishing is important in the area.Management directives taking into account the ecology of the target organisms are needed to allow these fishing practices to be continued in a sustainable manner.

El pantano Godineau (Oropuche Sur)(3171 ha)en la costa suroeste de Trinidad (10 º13-15 ’N,61 º30-32 ’W), sufre un impacto fuerte por actividades antropogénicas como pesca,exploración petrolera, drenaje y destrucción del humedal.Para reducir los efectos negativos de las actividades y dar un manejo sostenible,se necesita más información cuantitativa sobre la ecología de este lugar y las actividades que en él se llevan a cabo.Este estudio se enfoca en la distribución de los peces y de las pesquerías, como información base para el manejo.El muestreo fue realizado en el 2002,en abril y mayo (para la época seca) y de julio a septiembre (para la época lluviosa).Se muestreó ictiofauna de día y de noche con redes de trasmallo y redes de empuje (chinchorro).Las actividades pesqueras fueron cuantificadas utilizando un cuestionario y discusiones informales con los pescadores.El humedal mantiene más de 29 especies de peces distribuidas en ambientes de agua dulce,estuarinos y de agua salada (n=1454).La distribución de las especies es estacional,y hay evidencia de que el pantano es utilizado como área de desove.La riqueza de especies y la diversidad (índice de Shannon-Weiner)para el humedal,tienen un ámbito de 2-11 y 0.162-0.967,respectivamente,en la estación seca y de 2-7 y 0.036-0.903,respectivamente,en la estación lluviosa. Hexanematichthys bonillai fue la especie dominante en las comunidades que habitan zonas de agua salada y estuarinas del humedal.Los porcentajes del índice de similitud fueron del 41.8%para agua dulce,72.7%para estuarios y 79.8% para comunidades estuarinas-saladas.Las especies comerciales comprendieron el 18%de la captura total y constan de:Centropomus undecimalis,Megalops atlanticus, Hoplosternum littorale,Hoplias malabaricus,Ophioscion punctatissimus y Macrodon ancyclodon .Los pescadores de tiempo completo y tiempo parcial,incluyendo los pescadores recreativos,fueron el 14.3%y 85.7%respectivamente,de todos los pescadores encuestados (n=56).Una estimación conservadora de las ganancias por peces y otros mariscos,directamente en el punto de venta,es de aproximadamente US$43 000 por año.La pesca es importante en el área.Se necesitan directrices de manejo que tomen en cuenta la ecología de los organismos clave,para permitir estas prácticas pesqueras de una manera sostenible.

 Wetland fisheries wetland ichthyofauna seasonal distribution island fisheries Caribbean fresh- water fisheries Pesquería en humedales ictiofauna de humedales distribución estacional pesquería en islas pesquería de agua dulce en el Caribe Alleng G.P Coastal wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago: Status and trends research report Coastal wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago: Status and trends research report 1997 Chaguaramas Institute of Marine Affairs Development of the Oropuche area-pre-feasibility study funded by the European Development Fund-Technical report including appendices and maps.SCET Agri International Development of the Oropuche area-pre-feasibility study funded by the European Development Fund-Technical report including appendices and maps.SCET Agri International 1979 Portof-Spain Fourth progress report on the environmental monitoring program for the 6th sampling period of benthic,marine water and sediment quality and at the construction outfalls at the LNG production plant,Point Fortin,Trinidad.Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA). Fourth progress report on the environmental monitoring program for the 6th sampling period of benthic,marine water and sediment quality and at the construction outfalls at the LNG production plant,Point Fortin,Trinidad.Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA). 1999 Report on the Investigation of an Oil Spill in the Oropuche River,South Oropuche Swamp, Trinidad. Environmental Incident Report Report on the Investigation of an Oil Spill in the Oropuche River,South Oropuche Swamp, Trinidad. Environmental Incident Report 2001 Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA) Begon M Harper J.L Townsend C.R Ecology: Individuals,Populations and Communities Ecology: Individuals,Populations and Communities 1996 3 London Ed. Blackwell Science Berkes F Mahon R McConney P Pollnac R Pomeroy R.S Managing small-scale fisheries: Alternative directions and methods Managing small-scale fisheries: Alternative directions and methods 2001 Ottowa International Development Research Centre Boodoosingh M A review of possible impacts of human activities on fisheries in the coastal waters of Trinidad,with emphasis on the Gulf of Paria A review of possible impacts of human activities on fisheries in the coastal waters of Trinidad,with emphasis on the Gulf of Paria 1992 Port-of-Spain Fisheries Division,Ministry of Agriculture,Land and Marine Resources Brower J.E Zar J.H von Ende C.N Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology 1990 3 Dubuque^eIowa Ed. W.C.Brown Publ Clark J.R Integrated management of coastal zone. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 327 Integrated management of coastal zone. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 327 1992 Rome FAO Fischer W FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Central Atlantic (Fishing area 31),Vol.II FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Central Atlantic (Fishing area 31),Vol.II 1978 Rome Food and Agriculture Organization Itakura K The profile of rice and Oropuche Project The profile of rice and Oropuche Project 1974 Ministry of Agriculture,Field Engineering James C Wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago.National report for Trinidad and Tobago Wetlands in Trinidad and Tobago.National report for Trinidad and Tobago 1990 Caribbean Foresters ’ Conference May 22-25,1990 Port-of- Spain James C Nathai-Gyan N Hislop G Scott D.A Carbonell M Trinidad and Tobago A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands: IUCN A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands: IUCN 1986 Cambridge Concerv.Monitoring Centre Kumarsingh K Hall L.A Siung-Chang A.M Spatial and temporal variations of particulate and sediment organic matter on a shallow,tropical,estuarine bank off Trinidad,West Indies Carib.Mar.Stud 1996 44 Neilsen L.A Johnson D.L Fisheries Techniques Fisheries Techniques 1983 ^eVirginia South.Print.Comp Rajkumar G A natural resource damage assessment of a contaminated site in the Godineau Swamp, Trinidad A natural resource damage assessment of a contaminated site in the Godineau Swamp, Trinidad 2001 Rakocinski C.F Comyns B.H Peterson M.S Zapfe G.A Field growth responses of juvenile white trout (Cynoscion arenarius )to continuous variation in physical habitat conditions Field growth responses of juvenile white trout (Cynoscion arenarius )to continuous variation in physical habitat conditions 2000 Biloxi^eMississippi Ann. Gulf Carib.Fish.Inst Ramcharan E.K deSouza G French R Technical report: Inventory of the living resources of coastal wetlands in Trinidad Technical report: Inventory of the living resources of coastal wetlands in Trinidad 1982 Chaguaramas Institute of Marine Affairs Ramnarine I.W Report on the fisheries ecology of the Caroni swamp Report on the fisheries ecology of the Caroni swamp 1997 Port-of-Spain Thurston R.V Gehrke P.C OXYREF (Oxygen Requirements for Fish)a datafile of test results reported in the literature on the respiratory oxygen requirements of fishes OXYREF (Oxygen Requirements for Fish)a datafile of test results reported in the literature on the respiratory oxygen requirements of fishes 1992 ^eMontana Montana State University
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300007 Chlorophyll a and turbidity patterns over coral reefs systems of La Parguera Natural Reserve,Puerto Rico Otero Ernesto Carbery Kelly K ,University of Puerto Rico Lajas Puerto Rico 05 2005 2005 53 25 32

Studies of temporal and spatial changes in phytoplankton biomass and turbidity provide essential information on coral reef ecosystem function and health.Fluctuation of phytoplankton biomass responds to several factors including nutrient inputs,both anthropogenic and natural,while turbidity is mostly affected by sediment resuspension or transport from terrestrial systems.These parameters can be used as sentinels of significant environmental factors "modifying "coral reef systems.A chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a )and turbidity (Turb)in situ logger was installed at 10 stations from June 4 to July 7,2003 in La Parguera Natural Reserve (Southwestern Puerto Rico)to assess short-term temporal and geographic variation in patterns of phytoplankton biomass and turbidity at pre-selected sites as part of an interdisciplinary long-term study.Average station Chl a variation was 0.17-1.12 µg l -1 and 0.2-23.4 NTU for Turb.Results indicate that the western near-coastal stations had higher levels of Turb and Chl a .The easternmost mid shelf station,Romero reef,was similar to coastal stations probably due to nutrient and suspended sediment inputs from a source external to our study area to the east,Guánica Bay.Comparisons between different sampling days indicate significant differences between days for most stations suggesting that one-time discrete sampling may not be representative of average water column conditions and illustrate the dynamic nature of coral reef systems.Further work is warranted to assess seasonal changes that integrate short-term (daily)variability in both Turb and Chl a .

Los estudios sobre cambios temporales y espaciales de biomasa fitoplanctónica y de urbidad, proveen información esencial sobre la función y salud de los sistemas arrecifales.Fluctuaciones de la biomasa de fitoplancton responden a factores como entradas de nutrientes de fuentes antropogénicas y/o naturales,mientras que la turbidez responde mayormente a la resuspensión de sedimentos o la entrada de sedimentos de sistemas terrestres.Por tal motivo,estos parámetros pueden ser indicadores de factores ambientales que modifican los arrecifes coralinos.Un recolector in situ,de datos de concentración de clorofila a (Chl a )y turbidez (Turb),fue instalado en 10 estaciones del 4 de junio al 7 de julio del 2003 en la Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Suroeste de Puerto Rico)para establecer patrones geográficos y temporales de biomasa de fitoplancton y turbidez como parte de un estudio interdisciplinario. La variación promedio de Chl a por estación fue 0.17-1.12 µg l -1 mientras para Turb fue 0.2-23.4 NTU.Los resultados indican que las estaciones costeras al oeste tenían niveles mayores de Turb y Chl a mientras que las aguas de un arrecife en la plataforma intermedia al este,Romero, tenían características similares a las estaciones costeras. Esto se debe a la proximidad de Romero a una fuente de nutrientes y sedimentos suspendidos al este del área de estudio,la Bahía de Guánica.Se encontraron diferencias significativas para Chl a y Turb entre diferentes días de muestreo en la mayor parte las estaciones,lo que sugiere que muestreos discretos no son necesariamente representativos de las condiciones promedio de la columna de agua e ilustra lo dinámico de los sistemas arrecifales.Se necesita trabajo que integre la variabilidad a corto plazo (diaria)en el estimado estacional de Chl a y Turb.

 Water quality coral reef turbidity chlorophyll a in situ monitoring Calidad de agua arrecife coralino turbidez clorofila a monitoreo in situ Andrefouet S Mumby P.J McField M Hu C Muller-Karger F.E Revisiting coral reef connectivity Coral Reefs 2002 21 Preliminary Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plan for La Parguera National Marine Sanctuary.Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources Preliminary Environmental Impact Statement and Management Plan for La Parguera National Marine Sanctuary.Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources 1983 San Juan PRDNR Bell P Tomascik T Walton-Smith F.G Ginsburg R.N The demise of the fringing coral reefs of Barbados and of regions in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR)lagoon -impacts of eutrophication Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History 1993 RSMAS,Univ.Miami Berkelmans R Hendee J.C Marshall P.A Ridd P.V Orpin A.R Irvine D Automatic weather stations: Tools for managing and monitoring potential impacts to coral reefs Mar.Technol.Soc.J 2002 36 Carricart-Ganivet J.P Merino M Growth response of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis along a gradient of continental influence in the southern Gulf of Mexico Bull.Mar.Sci 2001 68 Coles S.L Ruddy L Comparison of water quality and reef coral mortality and growth in southeastern Kaneohe Bay,Oahu,Hawaii,1990 to 1992,with conditions before sewage diversion Pac.Sci 1995 49 Deleersnidjer E Norro A Wolanski E A three- dimensional model of the water circulation around an island in shallow water Cont.Shelf Res 1992 12 Delesalle B Sournia A Residence time of water and phytoplankton biomass in coral reef lagoons Cont.Shelf Res 1992 12 Fong P Donohoe R.M Zedler J.B Competition with macroalgae and benthic cyanobacterial mats limits phytoplankton abundance in experimental microcosms Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 1993 100 Furnas M.J Mitchell A.W Gilmartin M Revelante N Phytoplankton biomass and primary production in semi-enclosed reef lagoons of the central Great Barrier Reef,Australia Coral Reefs 1990 9 Garcia J.R Schmitt C Heberer C Winter A Kjerfve B La Parguera,Puerto Rico,USA Caribbean Coral Reef,Seagrass and Mangrove Sites.Coastal Region and Small Island Series Caribbean Coral Reef,Seagrass and Mangrove Sites.Coastal Region and Small Island Series 1998 CARICOMP/Unesco Hunter C.L Evans C.W Coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay,Hawaii: Two centuries of western influence and two decades of data Bull.Mar.Sci 1995 57 Larcombe P Costen A Woolfe K.J The hydro-dynamic and sedimentary setting of nearshore coral reefs,central Great Barrier Reef shelf,Australia: Paluma Shoals,a case study Sedimentology 2001 48 Liston P Furnas M.J Mitchell A.W Drew E.A Local and mesoscale variability of surface water temperature and chlorophyll in the northern Great Barrier Reef,Australia Cont.Shelf Res 1992 12 Loya Y Effects of water turbidity and sedimentation on the community structure of Puerto Rican corals Bull. Mar. Sci 1976 26 Nemeth R.S Nowlis J.S Monitoring the effects of land development on the near-shore reef environment of St.Thomas,USVI Bull.Mar.Sci 1999 69 Otero E Nieves F Corredor J.E Patterns of tar ball accumulation on a Lunate Coral Key at La Parguera, Puerto Rico Carib.J.Sci 1987 23 Otero E Culp R Noakes J Hodson R Allocation of particulate organic carbon from different sources in two contrasting estuaries of southeastern USA Limnol.Oceanogr 2000 45 Perry C.T Larcombe P Marginal and non- reef-building coral environments Coral Reefs 2003 22 Rivera-Monroy V.H Twilley R.R Bone D Childers D.L Coronado-Molina C Feller I.C Herrera-Silveira J Jaffe R Mancera E Rejmankova E Salisbury J.E Weil E A conceptual framework to develop long-term ecological research and management objectives in the wider Caribbean region Bioscience 2004 54 Roberts H.H Wilson P.A Lugo-Fernandez A Biologic and geologic responses to physical processes: examples from modern reef systems of the Caribbean- Atlantic region Cont Shelf Res 1992 12 Rogers C.S Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 1990 62 Telesnicki G.J Goldberg W.M Effects of turbidity on photosynthesis and respiration of two south Florida reef coral species Bull.Mar.Sci 1995 57 Valiela I Marine Eological Processes Marine Eological Processes 1995 2 ^eNew York Ed. Springer-Verlag Van Duyl F.C Gast G.J Steinhoff W Kloff S Veldhuis M.J.W Bak R.P.M Factors influencing the short-term variation in phytoplankton composition and biomass in coral reef waters Coral Reefs 2002 21 Wilde F.D Gibs J Calibration (Turbidity): U.S.Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,Book 9,Chap.A6.,Sect. 6.7 Calibration (Turbidity): U.S.Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,Book 9,Chap.A6.,Sect. 6.7 1998
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300008 Spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediments from the Gulf of Paria,Trinidad Norville Wendy ,Institute of Marine Affairs 05 2005 2005 53 33 40

The Gulf of Paria receives heavy metal input from urban runoff,industrial and agricultural activity, sewage and domestic wastes:both from the west coast and from inland areas of Trinidad.Non-residual concentrations of nine metals,as well as total mercury concentrations,were used to determine spatial distributions of heavy metals in sediments in the Gulf of Paria.Surficial sediment samples were collected at 37 stations,which included the mouths of 11 major rivers that flow into the Gulf of Paria.Stations were sampled twice during the wet season (July 1998 and November/December 1998)and twice during the dry season (March 1999 and April 1999).Sediments were analyzed for aluminium (Al),cadmium (Cd),chromium (Cr),copper (Cu),iron (Fe), lead (Pb),manganese (Mn),nickel (Ni),zinc (Zn)and mercury (Hg).Total Organic Carbon (TOC)and grain size analyses were also performed on the sediments.Principal component analysis showed that sediments from river mouths subject to greatest land use and anthropogenic input,were distinct from other sediments in the Gulf of Paria.This was due to higher Pb,Zn,Cu and Hg concentrations (3.53-73.30 µg g-1 ,45.8-313.9 µg g-1 ,8.43-39.71 µg g-1 and 0.03-0.10 µg g-1 ,respectively).Sediments further from the coast were also distinct due to their higher Al,Fe,Cr and Mn concentrations (1.37-3.16 mg g-1 ,9.51-18.91 mg g-1 ,17.22-28.41 µg g-1 and 323.6 -1,564.2 µg g-1 ,respectively).Cd and Pb were higher in the wet season while Ni was higher in the dry season.Pb,Zn,Cu and Hg were correlated with each other and with TOC.Correlation was also observed between Al,Fe,Cr,Mn and Ni.Al,Fe,Cr and Mn were correlated with percentage clay in sediments.The results suggest that Pb,Zn, Cu and Hg are preferentially removed by organic matter,which settles at the river-mouths,while Al,Fe,Cr,Mn, and Ni become associated with clay minerals and are transported away from the coast.

El Golfo de Paria recibe metales pesados de zonas urbanas,industriales y agrícolas,además de aguas negras y aguas servidas,tanto de la costa occidental,como de tierra adentro de Trinidad.Se usaron concentraciones de metales pesados no residuales para determinar la distribución espacial de metales pesados en sedimentos en el Golfo de Paria. Se extrajeron muestras de sedimentos superficiales en 37 estaciones,que incluían la boca de 11 ríos principales que fluyen al golfo.Las estaciones fueron muestreadas dos veces durante la época lluviosa (julio 1998 y noviembre/ diciembre 1998)y dos en la época seca (marzo 1999 y abril 1999).Se analizó en los sedimentos cobre (Cu),cinc (Zn),plomo (Pb),mercurio (Hg),cadmio (Cd),níquel (Ni),cromo (Cr),hierro (Fe),manganeso (Mn),aluminio (Al),Carbón Orgánico Total (COT)y tamaño de grano. El análisis de componentes principales muestra que los sedimentos de las bocas de los ríos con cuencas más deforestadas y con mayor impacto antropogénico,son distintos del resto.Esto se debió a concentraciones mayores de Pb,Zn,Cu y Hg (3.53-73.30 µg g-1 ,45.8-313.9 µg g-1 , 8.43-39.71 µg g-1 y 0.03-0.10 µg g-1, respectivamente). Los sedimentos más alejados de la costa también eran distintos por sus mayores concentraciones de Al,Fe,Cr y Mn (1.37-3.16 mg g-1, 9.51-18.91 mg g-1, 17.22-28.41 µg g-1 y 323.6 -1,564.2 µg g-1 ,respectivamente).Cd y Pb fueron mayores en la época húmeda,mientras que Ni fue mayor en la época seca.Matrices de correlación de Pearson muestran que Pb,Zn,Cu y Hg estaban correlacionados entre si y con el COT.Se observó correlación también entre Al,Fe,Cr,Mn y Ni.Estos metales estaban correlacionados con el porcentaje de arcilla en los sedimentos.Pb,Zn,Cu y Hg son removidos preferiblemente por la materia orgánica que se asienta en la boca de los ríos,mientras que Al,Fe,Cr,Mn y Ni se asocian con las arcillas y son transportados lejos de la costa.

 Heavy metals spatial distribution sediments Trinidad Caribbean Metales pesados distribución espacial sedimentos Trinidad Caribe Buchanan J Kain K Holme W McIntyre A The determination of organic matter in sediments Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos 1971 Oxford Blackwell Scientific Chen M Ma L Harris W Baseline concentrations of 15 trace elements in Florida surface soils J. Environm. Qual 1999 28 Doherty G Brunskill G Ridd M Natural and enhanced concentrations of trace metals in sediments of Cleveland Bay,Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australia Mar.Poll.Bull 2000 41 Analytical Methods Manual, Part 4.IWD (Inland Waters Directorate) Analytical Methods Manual, Part 4.IWD (Inland Waters Directorate) 1979 Ottawa Water Quality Branch Fergusson J The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects 1990 Oxford Pergamon Folk R Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks 1974 ^eTexas Hemphill Forstner U Wittmann G Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment 1979 Berlin Springer Oliver B Heavy metal levels of Ottawa and Rideau River sediments Environ.Sci.Tech 1973 7 Zitko V Principal component analysis in the evaluation of environmental data Mar.Poll.Bull 1994 28 Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) 1999
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300009 Heavy metals in sediments,mussels and oysters from Trinidad and Venezuela Rojas de Astudillo L Chang Yen I Bekele I ,Universidad de Oriente Venezuela ,University of the West Indies St.Augustine Trinidad ,University of the West Indies St.Augustine Trinidad 05 2005 2005 53 41 51

The Gulf of Paria is bordered by both Trinidad and Venezuela,from which various metallic pollutants and other contaminants can originate.The Gulf is still a significant source of fish,crabs and shellfish for human consumption to both countries,where concerns over the quality of this marine environment have been long expressed but never properly addressed.In addition,the circulatory current patterns in the Gulf ensure that contaminants originating from either country are likely to affect both countries eventually.Heavy metals were determined in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae and C.virginica ),green mussels (Perna viridis )and sediments from the Gulf of Paria.Samples were obtained at four sites in Trinidad and three sites in Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria,in addition to comparative samples collected from three sites on the north coast of Venezuela.Edible tissues of twelve shellfish from each location were blended and aliquots digested with concentrated nitric acid, for extraction of cadmium,chromium,copper,lead,nickel and zinc.The solutions were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.Mercury was extracted with a mixture of nitric,hydrochloric and sulphuric acids and determined by cold vapour atomic absorption.Sediments were oven-dried at 60°C, before being similarly extracted.Results showed that mercury in sediments at all sites in Trinidad and Venezuela exceeded NOAA and Canadian sediment quality guidelines,while cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc also exceeded these guidelines at several sites.Heavy metal levels in oysters and green mussels varied widely with location. However,oysters from the Gulf of Paria contained significantly higher mean levels of cadmium,copper,nickel and zinc than those from the north coast of Venezuela, but this difference was not apparent in mussels.Cadmium, mercury and zinc in sediments were significantly correlated with those of mussels,but not of oysters,in which copper and zinc at several sites in the Gulf of Paria exceeded local maximum permissible levels (Cu =20 µg g-1 wet wt; Zn =50 µg g-1 wet wt)for human consumption. These findings indicate that while mussels may be better biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in sediments than oysters,the latter may provide copper and zinc contamination.Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate biological indicators of heavy metal and other pollutants in the local marine environment and to develop protocols for their use.

El Golfo de Paria está rodeado por Trinidad y Venezuela y es una fuente significativa de peces y moluscos para el consumo humano.Se extrajo muestras de ostras (Crassostrea rhizophorae y C.virginica ),mejillones (Perna viridis )y sedimentos de cuatro sitios de Trinidad y tres de Venezuela en el golfo,así como muestras de tres localidades de la costa norte de Venezuela.El tejido comestible homogenizado de 12 moluscos de cada localidad fue usado para la extracción de metales pesados.El cadmio, cromo,cobre,plomo,níquel y zinc fueron analizados por espectroscopía de absorción atómica a la llama y el mercurio fue determinado por vapor al frío.Las ostras del Golfo de Paria presentaron concentraciones significativamente más altas de cadmio,cobre,níquel y zinc que las de la costa norte de Venezuela;pero esa diferencia no fue aparente en los mejillones.El mercurio en los sedimentos en todos los sitios y también el cadmio,cobre,níquel,plomo y zinc de varios sitios excedieron los niveles permisibles de las normas canadienses y estadounidenses.Los valores de cadmio, mercurio y zinc en los sedimentos se correlacionaron significativamente con los de los mejillones,pero no con los de las ostras.En las ostras los valores de cobre y zinc en varios sitios en el Golfo de Paria excedieron los límites máximos permitidos para el consumo humano.Los mejillones pueden ser mejores indicadores de contaminación de metales pesados en sedimentos,pero las ostras pueden indicar mejor la contaminación por cobre y zinc.Se necesita determinar el indicador biológico más apropiado en la determinación de metales pesados y otros contaminantes en el ambiente marino local,y desarrollar protocolos para su uso.

 Heavy metals sediments oysters mussels Gulf of Paria Metales pesados sedimentos ostras mejillones Golfo de Paria Agard J.B Kishore R Bayne B Perna viridis (Linnaeus,1758): First record of the indo-pacific green mussel (Mollusc:Bivalvia )in the Caribbean Carib.Mar.Stud 1992 3 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Legal Supplement Part II Food and Drugs Act 1998 37 140 Bartol I.K Mann R Luckenbach M Growth and mortality of oysters (Crassostrea virginica )on constructed intertidal reefs: effects of tidal height and substrate level J.Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol 1999 237 Beliaeff B O ’Connor T.P Claisse D Comparison of chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters from the United States and France Environ.Monit. 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Pollut.Bull 1996 32 Gonzalez H Pomares M Ramirez M Torres I Heavy metals in organism and sediments from the discharge zone of the submarine sewage outfall of Havana City Cuba Mar.Pollut.Bull 1999 38 Gopaul N.H Wolf J A numerical model of tidal and wind-driven circulation in the Gulf of Paria Carib.Mar.Stud 1996 5 Guppy M Chemical Investigation in the green lipped mussel (Perna viridis )in the Gulf of Paria,Trinidad Chemical Investigation in the green lipped mussel (Perna viridis )in the Gulf of Paria,Trinidad 2001 Hall L Chang-Yen I Metals in sediments off Trinidad,West Indies Mar.Pollut.Bull 1986 17 Han B.C Jeng W Tsai Y Jeng M Depuration of copper and zinc by green oysters and blue mussels of Taiwan Environ.Pollut 1993 82 Hayes W.J Anderson I.J Gaffor M.Z Hurtado J Trace metals in oyster and sediments of Botany Bay, Sidney Sci.Total Environ 1998 212 Huanxin W Lejun Z Presley B.J Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster (Crassostrea virginica )tissue and shell Environ.Geol 2000 39 Kawaguchi T Porter D Bushek D Jones B Mercury in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica in South Carolina,USA,and public health concerns Mar Pollut.Bull 1999 38 Klekowski E.J Temple S.A Siung-Chang A.M Kumarsingh K An association of mangrove mutation,scarlet ibis and mercury contamination in Trinidad,West Indies Environ.Pollut 1999 105 Laboy-Nieves E.N Klein E Conde J.E Losada F Cruz J.J Bone D Mass mortality of tropical marine communities in Morrocoy,Venezuela Bull. Mar.Sci 2001 68 Lin S Hsie I.-J.Y Occurrences of green oyster and heavy metals contaminant levels in the Sien-San Area, Taiwan Mar. Pollut.Bull 1999 38 Long E.R MacDonald D.D Smith S.L Calder F.D Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments Env.Mgmt 1995 19 Marin-Mezquita L Baeza L Zapata-Perez O Gold- Bouchot G Trace metals in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica ,and sediments from the coastal lagoons Mecoacan,Carmen and Machona,Tabasco, Mexico Chemosphere 1997 34 Millward G.E Rowley C Sands T.K Howland R.J.M Pantiulin A Metals in the sediments and mussels of the Chupa Estuary (White Sea)Russia Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci 1999 48 Mohammed A Chang Yen I Bekele I Heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Chaguaramas Peninsula Heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Chaguaramas Peninsula 2001 Ann.Res.Symp Chaguaramas Mol J.H Ramlal J.S Lietar C Verloo M Mercury Contamination in freshwater,estuarine,and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname,South America Environ.Res 2001 86 Percy K.E Borland S.A A multivariate analysis of element concentrations in Sphagnum magellanicum brid in the Maritime Provinces,Canada Water Air Soil Pollut 1985 25 Philips D.J.H Organochlorines and trace metals in green lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong waters: a test of indicator ability Mar.Ecol.Prog. Ser 1985 21 Presley B.J Taylor R.J Boothe P.N Trace metals in Gulf of Mexico oysters Sci.Total Environ 1990 97 Rainbow P.S Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment Mar.Pollut.Bull 1995 31 Reinfelder J.R Wang W.X Luoma S.N Fischer N.S Assimilation efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine bivalves: a comparison of oysters,clams and mussels Mar.Biol 1997 129 Rylander K Perez J Gomez J.A Status of the green mussel,Perna viridis (Linnaeus,1758) (Mollusca:Mytilidae),in north-eastern Venezuela Carib.Mar.Studies 1996 5 Saiz-Salinas J.I Ruiz J.M France-Zubillaga G Heavy metal levels in intertidal sediments and biota from the Bidasoa Estuary Mar.Pollut.Bull 1996 32 Sakao S Uchida H Determination of trace elements in shellfish tissue samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Anal.Chim.Acta 1999 382 Schlekat C McGee B.L Reinharz E Testing sediment toxicity in Chesapeake Bay with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus: an evaluation Environ. Toxicol.Chem 1992 11 Singh J.G A Study of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in fish,crab and mussels found in Trinidad A Study of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in fish,crab and mussels found in Trinidad 1988 Soares H.M Boaventura R.A Machado A.A Esteves Da Silva J.C Sediments as monitors of heavy metal contamination in the Ave River basin (Portugal): multivariate analysis of data Environ. Pollut 1999 105 Soto-Jimenez M Paez-Osuna F Morales-Hernandez F Selected trace metals in oysters (Crassostrea iridescens )and sediments from the discharge zone of the submarine sewage outfall in Mazatlán Bay (southeast Gulf of California): chemical fractions and bioaccumulation factors Environ.Pollut 2001 114 Szefer P Ali A.A Ba-Haroon A.A Rajeh A.A Geldon J Nabrzyski M Distribution and relationships of selected trace metals in molluscs and associated sediments from the Gulf of Aden,Yemen Environ. Pollut 1999 106 Vazquez F.G Sharma V.K Alexander V.H Frausto C.A Metals in some lagoons of Mexico Environ.Health Perspect 1995 103 ^sSuppl.1 Wenxin L Zijian W Xianghua W Hongxia T The application of preliminary sediment quality criteria to metal contamination in the Le An River Environ.Pollut 1999 105 Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life 2002 CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) Zitko V Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Maine sediments visualized by Principal Component Analysis Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Maine sediments visualized by Principal Component Analysis 1996
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300010 Effects of herbicide on the kidneys of two Venezuelan cultured fish: Caquetaia kraussii and Colossoma macropomum (Pisces:Ciclidae and Characeae) Segnini de Bravo M.I Medina J Marcano S Finol H.J Boada-Sucre A ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Estado Sucre Venezuela ,Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas de Venezuela Guanapito Estado Guárico Venezuela ,Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela ,Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela ,Universidad Simón Rodríguez Caracas Venezuela 05 2005 2005 53 55 60

The use of chemical pesticides and herbicides has increased environmental pollution and affected ichthyofauna in the watersheds where they are used.We studied the effect of an herbicide, triazine, on the kidneys of two species (Caquetaia kraussii and Colossoma macropomum )widely found in Caribbean and South American rivers.In Venezuela,these species are abundant and have a high aquaculture potential because they may be cultured and reproduced in captivity.Four kidney samples from juveniles of each species exposed to the herbicide were examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy.Kidney tubule alterations included loss of plasmalemma and cell interdigitations, misshaped mitochondria,decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polysomes,and the presence of autophagic vacuoles and primary lysosomes.These alterations at the cellular level may explain fish behaviour in terms of kidney tubule pathology,and relative amounts and conditions of organelles within affected cells.

El uso de compuestos químicos como plaguicidas y como herbicidas ha incrementado la contaminación ambiental,afectando la ictiofauna que vive en ríos y depósitos de agua.Estudiamos el efecto de un herbicida (2-cloro-4,6-bis-etlamina-s-triazina)sobre el riñón de dos especies de peces (Caquetaia kraussii y Colossoma macropomum ),ampliamente encontradas en los ríos caribeños y sudamericanos.En Venezuela son abundantes y tienen un alto potencial en acuacultura debido a que pueden ser cultivados y reproducidos en cautiverio.Se disectó el riñón a cuatro individuos jóvenes de cada especie que habían sido expuestos al herbicida y se les examinó con Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión.Se encontraron alteraciones en los túbulos del riñón que incluían pérdida de plasmalema e interdigitaciones celulares,mitocondrias alteradas, disminución en el retículo endoplásmico,polisomas libres y la presencia de vacuolas autofágicas y lisosomas primarios.Estas alteraciones a nivel celular pueden explicar la conducta de los peces en términos de patología de los túbulos del riñón y las cantidades relativas y condiciones de organelas dentro de las células afectadas.

 Caquetaia kraussii Colossoma macropomum kidney herbicide ultrastructure pathology stress markers Caquetaia kraussii Colossoma macropomum riñón hierbicida ultraestructura patología marcadores de estrés Arisyoshi T Shiiba S Hasegawa H Arizono K Profile of metal binding proteins and heme oxygenase in red carp treated with heavy metals,pesticides and surfactants Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxic 1990 44 Cooper R.L Kaviock R.J Endocrine disruptors and reproductive development: a weight-of-evidence overview J. Endocrin 1997 152 Denoyelles F Kettle W.D Fromm C.H Moffett M.F Dewey S.L Use of experimental ponds to assess the effects of a pesticide on the aquatic environment.Miscel.Publ.No.75,34th Ann.Meet. Entomol.Soc.Amer.,Nov.29 -Dec.3,1987 MPPEAL 1989 75 Diana S.G Resetarits Jr W.J Schaeffer D.J Beckmen K.B Beasley V.R Effects of atrazine on amphibian growth and survival in artificial aquatic communities Environ.Toxic.Chem 2000 19 Felsot A.S Herbicide tolerant genes,Part 4.Withering wildlife? Agrichem.Environ.News 2001 178 Gomez L Masot J Martínez S Durán E Soler F Roncero V Acute 2,4-D poisoning in tench. (Tinca tinca L.): Lesions in the haematopoietic portion of the kidney Archiv.Environ.Contam.Toxic 1998 35 Gonzalez J Heredia B El cultivo de la cachama (Colossoma macropomum ) El cultivo de la cachama (Colossoma macropomum ) 1998 Maracay FONAIAP. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias del Estado Guárico Hamm J.T Hinton D.E The role of development and duration of exposure to the embryotoxicity of diazinon Aquat.Toxic 2000 48 Hayes T.B Collins A Lee M Mendoza M Noriega N Stuart A.A Vonk A Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses Proc.Nat. Acad.Sci.(U.S.A.) 2002 99 Larkin D.J Tjeerdema R.S Fate and effects of diazinon Review Environ.Contam.Toxic 2000 166 Lauren D.J Wishkovsky A Groff J.M Hedrick R.P Hinton D.E Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic fumagillin,in yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ) Toxic.App.Pharmac 1989 98 Medina J Informe de Gestión.FONAIAP.Estación Experimental Guárico.Sub-Estación Guanapito Informe de Gestión.FONAIAP.Estación Experimental Guárico.Sub-Estación Guanapito 1995 Mallat J Bailey J.F Lampa S.J Evans M.A Brumbaugh S A fish gill system for quantifying the ultrastructural effects of environmental stressors: methylmercury,Kepone and heat schock Canad.J. Fish.Aquat.Sci 1995 52 Powell M.D Wright G.M Speare D.J Morphological changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss )gill epithelia following repeated intermittent exposure to chloramines T Canad.J.Zool 1995 73 Rolf, L.L Setser M.D Walker J.L Pharmacokinetics and tissues residues in chanel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus ,given intracardiac and intramuscular injections of gentamicin sulphate Vet. Hum.Toxic 1986 28 ^sSuppl 1 Segnini de Bravo M.I Chung K.S Ecophysiological Behavior of Caquetaia kraussi exposed to different temperatures and salinities Rev.Biol.Trop 2001 49 Struger J Painter S Endocrine disruptions in the great lakes basin: an assessment of agricultural and industrial inputs.Soc.Environ.Toxic.Chem.SETAC 18 th Ann.Meet.Abstract Book.PWA140 Endocrine disruptions in the great lakes basin: an assessment of agricultural and industrial inputs.Soc.Environ.Toxic.Chem.SETAC 18 th Ann.Meet.Abstract Book.PWA140 1997 Szarek J Siwicki A Andrzejewska A Terech-Majewska E Banaszkiewicz T Effect of herbicide roundup super TM on the structural pattern of hepatocytes in carp Mar.Environ.Res 2000 50 Wester P.W Canton J.H Histopathological study of Oryzias latipes (medaka)after long term beta -hexa-chlorocyclohexane exposure Aquat.Toxic 1986 9 Wester P.W Canton J.H van Lersel A.A.J Krajnc E.I Vaessen H.A.M.G The toxicity of bis(tris-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO)and di-n-butyltindi-chloride (DBTC)in the small fish species Oryzias latipes (medaka)and Poecilia reticulata (guppy) Aquat. Toxic 1990 16 Wiegand C Pflugmacher S Giese M Frank H Steinberg C Uptake,toxicity and effects on detoxication enzymes of atrazine and trifluoroacetate in embryios of Zebrafish Ecotox.Environ.Safety 2000 45 Wiegand C Krause E Steinberg C Plugmacher S Toxicokinetics of atrazine in embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio ) Ecotox.Environ.Safety 2001 49
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300011 The occurrence of black corals in Jamaican reef environments, with special reference to Stichopathes lutkeni (Antipatharia:Antipathidae) Warner G.F ,University of the West Indies Mona Kingston 7 Jamaica 05 2005 2005 53 61 66

The purpose of this study was to record the species of Antipatharia on Jamaican reefs and to carry out limited studies on densities and sizes of the common species.In addition,a cliff face created by dredging in 2002 provided the opportunity to study growth of newly settled colonies.Observations since 1998 and measurements since 2001 were made using SCUBA at depths down to 35 m.Seven species of Antipatharia were observed on steep coral reef escarpments below 25 m depth.The commonest species was the unbranched "wire coral " Stichopathes lutkeni .Other common species included the fan-shaped black corals Antipathes atlantica and A. gracilis .Frequently encountered species included commercially important A.caribbeana and a species with an unusual,scrambling growth form, A. rubusiformis.The other major commercial species in the Caribbean, Plumapathes pennacea ,and a cave-dwelling species,A.umbratica ,were rarely observed.Greatest black coral abundance occurred on steep slopes of hard substrata in low light intensity but exposed to the long-shore current. Combined densities of the commoner Antipatharia at 30 m deep at Rio Bueno on the north coast,ranged from 0.1 to 2.5 m-2 (eleven 10 m x 1 m belt transects,1-25 colonies per transect,68 colonies in total).Forty-six of the 68 colonies were S.lutkeni ,while nearby at Discovery Bay at 30-35 m,55 out of 59 colonies were S.lutkeni. There was a significant difference between the mean length of colonies in these two populations of S.lutkeni (100 cm and 80 cm,respectively),probably relating to habitat.A third population of S.lutkeni growing at 15-20 m deep on the recently dredged cliff had a much smaller mean length of 36.6 cm (n=27).The largest individual measured 83 cm long,indicating a minimum growth rate of the unbranched corallum of 2.1 mm per day.

El propósito de este estudio fue registrar las especies de Antipatharia en los arrecifes de Jamaica y realizar estudios preliminares sobre densidades y tamaños de las especies comunes.Además,una pared vertical creada por dragado en el 2002 permitió determinar el crecimiento de colonias recién asentadas.Hice observaciones desde 1998 y medidas desde el 2001 con equipo de buceo tipo "SCUBA "hasta 35 m de profundidad.Se identificaron siete especies de Antipatharia en paredes empinadas de arrecifes coralinos a más de 25 m de profundidad.La especie más común fue el coral negro no ramificado Stichopathes lutkeni .Otras especies comunes incluyen el coral negro con forma de abanico Antipathes atlantica y Antipathes gracilis .Las especies frecuentes incluyen una comercialmente importante,Antipathes caribbeana y una especie con un crecimiento inusual en forma de trepadora, Antipathes rubusiformis.Se observó poco la otra especie de importancia comercial en el Caribe,Plumapathes pennacea ,y la cavernícola Antipathes umbratica .La mayor abundancia de corales negros se dio en paredes empinadas de sustratos duros con poca iluminación pero expuestos a la corriente a lo largo de la costa.Las densidades combinadas de las especies más comunes de Antipatharia a 30 m de profundidad en Río Bueno en la costa norte,tenían un ámbito entre 0.1 y 2.5 m-2 (once transectos de 10 m x 1 m, 1-25 colonias por transecto,68 colonias en total).Cuarenta y seis de las 68 colonias eran S.lutkeni ,mientras cerca de allí,en Discovery Bay a 30-35 m,55 de las 59 colonias eran S.lutkeni .Había una diferencia significativa entre el tamaño promedio de colonias en estas dos poblaciones de S.lutkeni (100 cm y 80 cm,respectivamente),probablemente relacionada al hábitat.Una tercera población de S. lutkeni creciendo a 15-20 m de profundidad en la pared recién dragada tenía un tamaño promedio mucho más pequeño,36.6 cm (n=27).El individuo más grande midió 83 cm de largo,indicando un crecimiento mínimo del corallum sin ramificar de 2.1 mm por día.

 Black coral Antipatharia Jamaica Stichopathes Antipathes Discovery Bay Rio Bueno Coral negro Antipatharia Jamaica Stichopathes Antipathes Bahía Discovery Bay Rio Bueno Brook G Antipatharia.Results of the exploring voyage of HMS Challenger 1873-76 Zoology 1889 32 80 Gayle P.M.H Green S.O Wilson-Kelly P.H Transplantation of benthic species as a strategy for mitigating the anthropogenic impacts of coastal development.Proc.31 st AMLC Scient.Meet.,Trinidad & Tobago Rev.Biol.Trop 2005 53 ^sSuppl.1 Goenaga C Two new species of Stichopathes (Zoantharia:Antipatharia)with observations on their biology Two new species of Stichopathes (Zoantharia:Antipatharia)with observations on their biology 1977 Gray J.E Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals Proc.Zool. Soc.Lond 1857 25 Gray J.E Notice of new corals from Madeira Ann. Mag.Nat.Hist 1860 6 Grigg R.W Distribution and abundance of precious corals in Hawaii Distribution and abundance of precious corals in Hawaii 1974 2 Int.Coral Reef Symp Brisbane Guzmán H.M Diversity of stony,soft and black corals at Cayos Cochinos Bay,Honduras Rev.Biol. Trop 1998 46 ^sSuppl.4 Humann P Reef Coral Identification Reef Coral Identification 1996 Jacksonville^eFlorida New World Oakley S.G Settlement and growth of Antipathes pennacea on a shipwreck Coral Reefs 1988 7 Opresko D.M Redescriptions and reevaluations of the antipatharians described by L.F.de Pourtalès Bull.Mar.Sci 1972 22 Opresko D.M New species of black coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa:Antipatharia)from the Caribbean Bull. Mar.Sci 1996 58 Pallas P.S Elenchus Zoophytorum Sistens Generum Adumbrationes Generaliores et Specierum Cognitarum Succinctas Descriptiones cum Selectis Auctorum Synonymis:i-xvi,I 28,I 451.-Hagae-Comitum Elenchus Zoophytorum Sistens Generum Adumbrationes Generaliores et Specierum Cognitarum Succinctas Descriptiones cum Selectis Auctorum Synonymis:i-xvi,I 28,I 451.-Hagae-Comitum 1766 Sánchez J.A Black coral-octocoral distribution patterns on Imelda Bank,a deep-water reef,Colombia, Caribbean Sea Bull.Mar.Sci 1999 65 Warner G.F Species descriptions and ecological observations of black corals (Antipatharia)from Trinidad Bull. Mar. Sci 1981 31 Warner G.F Opresko D.M A new black coral (Anthozoa:Antipatharia)from a reef wall environment in Jamaica Bull. Mar. Sci 2004 74
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300012 Fenología y ciclo de vida del alga Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Gracilariaceae)en Sucre,Venezuela Brito L Leonor Silva Soraida ,Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela Cumaná Edo. Sucre Venezuela 05 2005 2005 53 67 73

Fenology and life cylce of Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Gracilariaceae)at Sucre,Venezuela.The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of different reproductive phases and to induce the germination of spores from tetrasporic and cystocarpic Gracilariopsis tenuifrons from Chacopata and La Peña,Venezuela, under controlled laboratory conditions (temperature 22 ±1 ºC,12L:12D photoperiod,salinity of 36 ±1 PSU and irradiance of 269 µE m-2 s-1).Tetrasporic individuals dominated numerically over gametophitic individuals. The proportion of vegetative algae was very low.Only cystocarpic algae were collected and the spermatangia were absent.Sporulation,germination and formation of algae suggest that they present a Polysiphonia-type life cycle.Algae with reproductive structures were not obtained in the laboratory,

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de las fases reproductivas e inducir la germinación de esporas de algas tetraspóricas y cistocárpicas de Gracilariopsis tenuifrons ,provenientes de Chacopata y La Peña,Venezuela,en condiciones controladas de laboratorio (temperatura 22 ±1 ºC,fotoperíodo 12L:12O,salinidad de 36 ±1 PSU e irradiación de 269 µE m-2 s-1 ).La proporción de algas tetrasporofíticas dominó a las gametofíticas.Las vegetativas tuvieron proporciones muy bajas.Solamente se recolectaron algas cistocárpicas:las espermatangiales estuvieron ausentes.La esporulación,germinación y formación de plántulas sugieren que esta especie presenta un ciclo de vida tipo Polysiphonia .En el laboratorio no se produjeron algas con estructuras reproductivas.

 Gracilariopsis tenuifrons phenology life cycle Venezuela Gracilariopsis tenuifrons fenología ciclo de vida Venezuela Alveal K Romo R Werlinger C Nuñez M Uso de esporas como alternativa de propagación masiva de macroalgas Rev. Investig.Cient.Tecnol.Ser. Cienc.Mar 1994 3 Bellorín A Lemus A Efecto de la temperatura y la irradiancia en el crecimiento in vitro del alga Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Bird &Oliveira)Fredericq &Hommersand (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) Bol. Inst.Oceanogr.Venezuela,Univ.Oriente 1997 36 Bird C Van Der Meer J Mclachlan J A comment on Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.)Papenf. (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) J.Mar.Biol.Ass.Reino Unido 1982 62 Bird N Mclachlan J Grund D Studies on Gracilaria .5.In vitro life history of Gracilaria sp .from the Maritime Provinces Can.J.Bot 1977 55 Brito L Lemus A Variación anual en el rendimiento y fuerza de gel del agar de Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Bird et Oliveira)Fredericq et Hommersand de la Península de Araya,Venezuela Bol.Inst. Oceanogr.Venezuela,Univ.Oriente 1998 37 Hay M Norris J Seasonal reproduction and abundance of six sympatric species of Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae,Rhodophyta)in a Caribbean subtidal sand plain Hydrobiologia 1984 116/117 Hoyle M Reproductive phenology and growth rates in two species of Gracilaria from Hawaii J.Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1978 35 Hurtado-Ponce A Carpospore germination and early stages of development in Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin)Silva and Gracilaria rubra Chang et Xia (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) Philipp.Sci 1993 30 Lemus A Ensayos de cultivo de la agarofita Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Bird et Oliveira)Fredericq et Hommersand (Rhodophyta)en el Oriente de Venezuela Ensayos de cultivo de la agarofita Gracilariopsis tenuifrons (Bird et Oliveira)Fredericq et Hommersand (Rhodophyta)en el Oriente de Venezuela 1992 Simp.Latinoamer.Acuicultura Barquisimeto Mclachlan J Edelstein T Life-history and culture of Gracilaria foliifera (Rhodophyta)from South Devon J. Mar. Biol.Ass.Reino Unido 1977 57 Moller P Westermeier R Cultivo de Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta Gigartinaceae)en condiciones de laboratorio Gayana Bot 1988 45 Ogata E Matsui T Nakamura H The life cycle of Gracilaria verrucosa (Rhodophyceae,Gigartinales) in vitro Phycologia 1972 11 Oliveira E Plastino E The life history of some species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta)from Brazil Jpn. J.Phycol 1984 32 Pacheco-Ruiz Y Zertuche-González J Aguilar-Rosas R Ecología reproductiva de Gracilaria pacifica Abbott (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)en el Estero de Punta Banda,México Cienc.Mar 1993 20 Plastino E Oliveira E Deviations in the life- history of Gracilaria sp .(Rhodophyta,Gigartinales) from Coquimbo,Chile under different culture conditions Hydrobiologia 1988 164 Pinheiro-Joventino F Frota-Bezerra C Estudo de fenologia e regenerecao de Gracilaria domingensis Sonder (Rhodophyta,Gracilariaceae),no Estada do Ceará Brasil Arch.Cienc.Mar 1980 20 Pinheiro-Joventino F Ecological studies on Gracilaria cervicornis (Turn.) J.Ag.in Ceará State, Brazil. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp 1986 12 Rabanal S Azanza R Hurtado-Ponce A Laboratory Manipulation of Gracilariopsis bailinae Zhang et Xia (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) Bot.Mar 1997 40 Romo-Donoso H Cultivo de algas mediante esporas Invest.Pesq 1988 35 White J Saunders R Lindsay J Seasonal variations in the biomass,quantity and quality of agar,from the reproductive and vegetative stages of Gracilaria (verrucosa type) Bot.Mar 1981 23
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300013 Coral recruitment patterns in the Florida Keys Moulding Alison L ,Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami FL 05 2005 2005 53 75 82

This study examines scleractinian zooxanthellate coral recruitment patterns in the Florida Keys to determine if differences in density or community composition exist between regions.From July to September 2002,nine patch reefs,three in each of the upper,middle and lower Keys,were surveyed for coral recruits (colonies <5 cm in diameter)using randomly placed quadrats and transects.Coral recruits were enumerated, measured,and identified to genus.Fourteen genera of corals were observed across all sites and ranged from five to 13 per site.Densities ranged from 6.29 ±1.92 (mean ±SE)to 39.08 ±4.53 recruits m -2 ,and there were significant site and regional differences in recruit densities. The density of recruits in the upper Keys was significantly lower than in the middle and lower Keys.In addition,the upper Keys were less diverse and had a different recruit size-frequency distribution.The majority of recruits were non-massive scleractinian species that contribute relatively little to overall reef-building processes,a finding that is similar to previous studies. Fewer recruits of massive species were found in the upper Keys compared to the middle and lower Keys.The recruitment patterns of the reefs in the upper Keys could potentially hinder their ability to recover from stress and disturbances.

Se examina los patrones de reclutamiento de corales escleractinios zooxantelados en los Cayos de la Florida para determinar si existen diferencias en densidad o composición de la comunidad en diferentes regiones.Entre julio y setiembre del 2002,se inventariaron los reclutas (colonias de <5 cm de diámetro)usando cuadrantes y transectos al azar en nueve "parches "arrecifales:tres en los cayos del norte,tres en los del medio y tres en los del sur.Todos fueron numerados,medidos e identificados a nivel de género.Se observaron catorce géneros:entre cinco y 13 por sitio.Las densidades tuvieron un ámbito de 6.29 ±1.92 (promedio ±DS)a 39.08 ±4.53 reclutas m-2, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sitios y entre regiones.La densidad de reclutas en los cayos del norte fue significativamente menor que en los demás.Los cayos del norte tuvieron menor diversidad y diferente distribución de tamaños de reclutas.La mayoría de los reclutas eran de especies de escleractinios no masivas,las cuales contribuyen relativamente poco al proceso de crecimiento del arrecife,algo parecido a lo informado en otros estudios. Se encontraron menos reclutas de especies masivas en los cayos del norte.El patrón de reclutamiento en los arrecifes de los cayos del norte podría inhibir potencialmente la recuperación tras "impactos "y perturbaciones.

 coral recruitment Florida Keys community composition scleractinians Coral reclutamiento Cayos de la Florida composición comunitaria escleractinios Bak R.P.M Engel M.S Distribution,abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia)and the importance of early life history strategies in the parent coral community Mar.Biol 1979 54 Chiappone M Sullivan K.M Distribution,abundance and species composition of juvenile scleractinian corals in the Florida reef tract Bull.Mar.Sci 1996 58 Dunstan P.K Johnson C.R Spatio-temporal variation in coral recruitment at different scales on Heron Reef,southern Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 1998 17 Dustan P Vitality of reef coral populations off Key Largo,Florida: Recruitment and mortality Environ. Geol 1977 2 Dustan P Halas J.C Changes in the reef-coral community of Carysfort Reef,Key Largo,Florida: 1974-1982 Coral Reefs 1987 6 Edmunds P.J Patterns in the distribution of juvenile corals and coral reef community structure in St. John,US Virgin Islands Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 2000 202 Edmunds P.J Aronson R.B Swanson D.W Levitan D.R Precht W.F Photographic versus visual census techniques for the quantification of juvenile corals Bull.Mar.Sci 1998 62 Ginsburg R.N Shinn E.A Ginsburg R.N Preferential distribution of reefs in the Florida reef tract: The past is the key to the present Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs: Health,hazards and history, 1993 Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs: Health,hazards and history, 1993 1994 Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami Ginsburg R.N Gischler E Kiene W.E Partial mortality of massive reef-building corals: an index of patch reef condition,Florida reef tract Bull.Mar. Sci 2001 69 Hughes T.P Tanner J.E Recruitment failure,life histories,and long-term decline of Caribbean corals Ecology 2000 81 Lapointe B.E Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast Florida Limnol.and Oceanogr 1997 42 Lapointe B.E Clark M.E Nutrient inputs from the watershed and coastal eutrophication in the Florida Keys Estuaries 1992 15 Lessios H.A Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: What have we learned? Ann.Rev. Ecol. Syst 1988 19 Porter J.W Meier O.W Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral populations Am. Zool 1992 32 Porter J.W Kosmynin V Patterson K.L Porter K.G Jaap W.C Wheaton J.L Hackett K Lybolt M Tsokos C.P Yanev G Marcinek D.M Dotten J Eaken D Patterson M Meier O.W Brill M Dustan P Porter J.W Porter K.G Detection of coral reef change by the Florida Keys coral reef monitoring project The Everglades,Florida Bay,and coral reefs of the Florida Keys: An ecosystem sourcebook The Everglades,Florida Bay,and coral reefs of the Florida Keys: An ecosystem sourcebook 2002 Boca Raton^eFlorida CRC Shinn E.A Lidz B.H Kindinger J.L Hudson J.H Halley R.B Reefs of Florida and Dry Tortugas: Field trip guidebook T176 Reefs of Florida and Dry Tortugas: Field trip guidebook T176 1989 Int.Geol.Congr. Amer.Geophys.Union Washington,DC Washington,DC Smith S.R Patterns of coral settlement,recruitment and juvenile mortality with depth at Conch Reef, Florida Proc.8 th Int.Coral Reef Symp 1997 2 Smith S.V Buddemeier R.W Global change and coral reef ecosystems Ann.Rev.Ecol.Syst 1992 23 Szmant A.M Reproductive ecology of Caribbean reef corals Coral Reefs 1986 5 Underwood A.J Keough M.J Bertness M.D Gaines S.D Hay M.E Supply-side ecology: The nature and consequences of variations in recruitment of intertidal organisms Marine Community Ecology Marine Community Ecology 2001 Sinauer^eMassachusetts Van Moorsel G.W.N.M Early maximum growth of stony corals (Scleractinia)after settlement on artificial substrata on a Caribbean reef Mar.Ecol.Prog. Ser 1988 50
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300014 Patterns of sexual recruitment of acroporid coral populations on the West Fore Reef at Discovery Bay,Jamaica Quinn Norman J Kojis Barbara L ,University of the West Indies St.Ann Jamaica ,Division of Fish and Wildlife Estate Nazareth U.S 05 2005 2005 53 83 90

Coral recruitment was examined on terracotta tiles deployed for four six-month periods between March 2001 and April 2003 on the West Fore Reef at Discovery Bay,Jamaica.During each sampling period, four tiles were deployed on each of two arrays at six depths ranging from 3 m to 33 m.Only three Acropora spat recruited to the tiles over the sampling period.The Acropora spat recruited during only one of the four six-month sampling periods and at only one depth,3m.That represents a density of 8 spat m-2 at 3 m depth for one six-month sampling period.Acropora recruitment represented <1 %of the total spat recruiting to the tiles deployed at 3 m during the four sampling periods.Density of acroporids on the West Fore Reef is low.Only one Acropora colony (an A.palmata )was recorded during Point-Quarter surveys of coral cover and density at depths of 3 m,9 m,14 m and 19 m.Considering the paucity of acroporid colonies and the infrequent settlement of acroporid spat on the West Fore Reef,it is unlikely that the historic abundance of A.palmata and A. cervicornis will return soon.

El reclutamiento de corales fue estudiado utilizando placas de cerámica colocadas en cuatro períodos de seis meses,entre marzo de 2001 y abril de 2003,en el Arrecife Frontal Oeste en Discovery Bay,Jamaica.Durante cada período de muestreo se colocaron dos grupos de cuatro placas a seis profundidades,en un ámbito de 3-33 m.Se encontraron tres reclutas de Acropora durante todo el estudio, únicamente a 3 m de profundidad y durante uno de los cuatro períodos.Esto representa una densidad de 8 reclutas m-2 a 3 m,para un semestre de muestreo.Acropora representó <1%del total de reclutas de las placas colocadas a 3 m durante los cuatro períodos de muestreo.Se encontró una densidad baja de acropóridos en el Arrecife Frontal Oeste. Únicamente se encontró una colonia de Acropora palmata durante los censos de cobertura coralina y densidad realizados a profundidades de 3,9,14 y 19 m.Considerando la escasez de colonias de acropóridos y el asentamiento infrecuente de reclutas en el Arrecife Frontal Oeste,la recuperación de la abundancia histórica de A.palmata y A. cervicornis,es poco probable a corto plazo.

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Meeting Asso.Mar.Lab.Caribbean Port of Spain
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300015 Potential sources of bacteriological pollution for two bays with marinas in Trinidad Bullock Christine Ann Moonesar Indar ,Institute of Marine Affairs 05 2005 2005 53 91 103

Welcome Bay and Chaguaramas Bay in the northwest peninsula of Trinidad contain large marinas and smaller sections of bathing beaches.Bacteriological surveys were conducted at both bays to assess water quality and to determine potential sources of pollution.These surveys were conducted during the wet season of 1996 and the dry season of 1997.Eleven sample stations were established at Welcome Bay and 12 at Chaguaramas Bay.Freshwater samples were collected from rivers and drains within the survey area.Marine water samples were collected from marinas,bathing beaches and inshore and outer areas at both bays.Five water samples were collected from each sampling station during the wet season of 1996 and six during the dry season of 1997.The membrane filter technique was used to determine faecal coliform and Escherichia coli levels in all samples. There was a seasonal effect on water quality,with significantly higher faecal coliform levels in the wet season, when water quality was not in compliance with international standards.This represents a potential health risk in bathing areas.Water quality was better at the outer area of both bays.Water quality at the inner bay areas was most likely adversely affected by land-based sources of pollution identified in this study.These sources include three drains and two rivers,which discharged into the bays.Yachts were apparently not a source of sewage pollution:there was no significant relationship between yacht number and faecal coliform levels.

Las bahías Welcome y Chaguaramas en la península noroeste de Trinidad tienen grandes marinas y secciones pequeñas de playas para bañistas.Se realizaron sondeos bacteriológicos en ambas bahías para determinar la calidad del agua y para señalar fuentes potenciales de contaminación.Estos sondeos fueron realizados durante la época lluviosa de 1996 y la seca de 1997.Once estaciones de muestreo se establecieron en Bahía Welcome y doce en Bahía Chaguaramas.Muestras de agua dulce fueron recolectadas en ríos y drenajes dentro del área de estudio.Muestras de agua de mar fueron recolectadas en las marinas,playas de bañistas,en las secciones internas y externas de las bahías.En cada estación se recolectaron cinco muestras de agua,durante la época lluviosa de 1996 y seis en la época seca de 1997.Los tipos de bacterias enumeradas fueron coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli . La técnica del filtro de membrana fue utilizada para determinar los niveles de bacterias indicadoras en todas las muestras.Se observó un efecto estacional en la calidad del agua,con niveles de bacterias más altos en la época lluviosa que en la seca en ambas bahías.En las zonas de baño los niveles eran potencialmente peligrosos para la salud pública durante la época lluviosa,cuando la calidad del agua no cumplía con las normas internacionales.Había niveles significativamente más altos de coliformes fecales en bahía Welcome y Bahía Chaguaramas en la época lluviosa que en la seca.La calidad del agua en las zonas externas de ambas bahías fue mejor que en las zonas internas.La calidad del agua en la parte interna de la bahía probablemente estaba afectada negativamente por fuentes terrestres de contaminación identificadas en este estudio.Estas fuentes incluyen tres desagües y dos ríos que descargan en las bahías.Los yates aparentemente no eran una fuente de contaminación en las bahías,ya que no había una relación significativa directa entre el número de yates y los niveles de coliformes fecales en bahía Welcome o en bahía Chaguaramas.

 Bacteriological water quality land-based sources seasonal effect Trinidad Welcome Bay Chaguaramas Bay Calidad bacteriológica del agua fuentes terrígenas efecto estacional Trinidad Bahía Welcome Bahía Chaguaramas Review of potentially harmful substances.Nutrients.Reports and Studies.Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) GESAMP 1990 34 Beers J.R Steven D.M Lewis J.B Primary productivity in the Caribbean Sea off Jamaica and the Tropical North Atlantic off Barbados Bull.Mar. Sci 1968 18 Dufour A.P Strickland E.R Cabelli V.J Membrane filter method for enumerating Escherichia coli Appl.Environ.Microbiol 1981 14 Fujioka R.S Tenno K Kansako S Naturally occurring faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci in Hawaii ’s freshwater streams Tox.Assess 1988 3 Hazen T.C Faecal coliforms as indicators on tropical waters: A review Tox.Assess 1988 3 Krogh M Robinson L Environmental variables and their association with faecal coliform and faecal streptococci densities at thirteen Sydney beaches Mar.Poll.Bull 1996 33 Rivera S.C Hazen T.C Toranzos G.A Isolation of faecal coliforms from pristine sites in a tropical rain forest Appl.Environ.Microbiol 1988 54 Quality criteria for water.Report No.EAP- 440/9-76-023 Quality criteria for water.Report No.EAP- 440/9-76-023 1976 ^eWashington D.C Coastal water quality control in the Mediterranean.Final Report on the Joint WHO /UNEP Co-ordinated Pilot Project (MED -VII)(1976-1980) Coastal water quality control in the Mediterranean.Final Report on the Joint WHO /UNEP Co-ordinated Pilot Project (MED -VII)(1976-1980) 1981 Geneva
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300016 Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica Gayle Peter M.H Wilson-Kelly Peter Green Sean ,University of the West Indies Discovery Bay St.Ann Jamaica ,National Environmental Protection Agency Jamaica 05 2005 2005 53 105 115

Maintaining regional competitiveness and economic viability for Port Bustamante -Kingston Harbour, Jamaica,required improved accessibility to "Post Panamax "(too large to pass through the Panama Canal)container vessels.Removal of the northern portion of the shallow coral reef at Rackham ’s Cay,which was partially obstructing the western end of the east ship channel,was proposed.This aesthetically valuable reef was used by local fishermen and comprises part of the declared Palisadoes -Port Royal Protected Area.The proposal to transplant certain of the benthic species was advanced to mitigate loss of viable reef components.Between December 2001 and February 2002,sixty thousand items,consisting of reef building massive and branching corals; gorgonians;urchins (Diadema and Tripneustes spp.)and Thalassia meristems were relocated.During dredging,sedimentation rates from suspended solids in the water column were 0.003 g/cm² /day at the control site and 0.008 g/cm² /day at the dredge site.Coral cover in the relocation area increased from 15%to 20%while bare substrate decreased from 27%to 21%.This paper documents the mitigation required;some factors controlling the ecology of Rackham ’s Cay reef;the methodology of the relocation process;and the level of post-dredging survivorship of relocated corals.Political and economic realities of some proposed developments often over-ride ecological considerations. Transplantation of important marine benthic species although time consuming, technically challenging,and expensive,may be one way for developers and ecologists to achieve sometimes disparate goals.This project cost US$1.7 million.The "items "moved were neither unique nor endemic and remain vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic impacts.This project increased public awareness and interest regarding the ecological and economic importance of reef ecosystems.It is anticipated that future coastal and inland developments will benefit from the lessons taught by these mitigative interventions.

Para mantener la competitividad regional y la viabilidad económica del Puerto de Bustamante -Kingston Harbour,Jamaica,se requería mejorar la entrada de buques de contenedores "Post Panamax "(nombre dado a los buques que son demasiado grandes para pasar por el canal de Panamá).Se propuso remover la parte norte del cayo coralino Rackham que obstruía parcialmente el lado oeste del canal del este.Este arrecife,estéticamente valioso,era usado por pescadores y forma parte del Área Protegida Palisadoes -Port Royal.Se propuso transplantar algunos organismos bentónicos para mitigar las pérdidas de elementos arrecifales.Entre diciembre 2001 y febrero 2002,se reubicó unos 60 000 organismos de corales constructores de arrecifes masivos y ramificados,gorgonaceos, erizos (Diadema y Tripneustes spp.)y meristemos de Thalassia .Durante el dragado las cantidades de sedimentos en suspensión fueron de 0.003 g/cm² /día en el sitio testigo y 0.008 g/cm² /día en el sitio de dragado.La cobertura de coral aumentó en el sitio de reubicación de 15%a 20%mientras que el sustrato desnudo disminuyó de 27%a 21%.En este trabajo se documentan los requerimientos para la mitigación; algunos factores que controlan la ecología del arrecife del Cayo Rackham;la metodología del proceso de reubicación; y el nivel de supervivencia de corales reubicados.Es común que se dé más importancia a consideraciones políticas y económicas de algunas propuestas de desarrollo que a las consideraciones ecológicas.El transplante de especies marinas bentónicas importantes,aunque consume mucho tiempo, es técnicamente desafiante y costoso,es una forma en que los "desarrollistas " y los "ecologistas " pueden alcanzar objetivos dispares.Este proyecto costó EEUU$1.7 millones. Los organismos trasladados no eran únicos ni endémicos y siguen siendo vulnerables a impactos naturales y antropogénicos.Sin embargo,este proyecto aumentó la percepción e interés en la importancia ecológica y económica de los arrecifes coralinos.Se anticipa que futuros proyectos de desarrollo costeros y de tierra adentro se van a beneficiar de las lecciones aprendidas durante esta intento de mitigación.

 Kingston Harbour transplant corals impacts dredging Puerto de Kingston transplantes corales impactos dragados Benayahu Y Loya Y Competition for space among coral reef sessile organisms of Eilat (Red Sea) Bull.Mar.Sci 1981 31 Bouchon C Jaubert J Bouchon-Navaro Y Evolution of a semi artificial reef built by transplanting coral heads Tethys 1981 10 Chornesky E.C Repeated reversals during spatial competition between corals Ecology 1989 70 Chevannes-Creary M Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change.Component 5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change.Component 5: Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change Impacts 2001 Benthic Features Manual Harriott V.J Fisk D.A Coral transplantation as a reef management option Proc.6 th Int.Coral Reef Symp 1988 2 Jaap W.C Coral reef restoration Ecol.Engin 2000 15 Lang J.C Chornesky E.C Dubinsky Z Competition between scleractinian reef corals: a review of mechanisms and effects Ecosystems of the World,Vol.25 Coral Reefs Ecosystems of the World,Vol.25 Coral Reefs 1990 Amsterdam Elsevier Rogers C.S Responses of coral reef and reef organisms to sedimentation Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 1990 62 Schumacher H Development of coral communities on artificial reef types over 20 years Proc.6 th Int. Coral Reef Symp 1988 2 Townsville
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300017 Aerial and Tidal Transport of Mosquito Control Pesticides into the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Pierce R.H Henry M.S Blum T.C Mueller E.M ,Mote Marine Laboratory Sarasota Florida USA ,Perry Institute of Marine Science Key West Florida USA 05 2005 2005 53 117 125

This project was undertaken as the initial monitoring program to determine if mosquito adulticides applied along the Florida Keys cause adverse ecological effects in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS).The study monitored the distribution and persistence of two mosquito adulticides,permethrin and dibrom (naled),during three separate routine applications by the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District.The approach was to determine if toxic concentrations of the pesticides entered the FKNMS by aerial drift or tidal transport.The amount of pesticide entering the FKNMS by way of aerial drift was monitored by collection on glass fiber filter pads,set on floats in a grid pattern on either side of the FKNMS.Permethrin was recovered from filter pads on the leeward side for each of the three applications,ranging from 0.5 to 50.1 µg/m² throughout the study.Tidal current transport was monitored by collection of surface and subsurface water samples at each grid site.Tidal transport of naled and dichlorvos (naled degradation product)was apparent in the adjacent waters of the FKNMS.These compounds were detected in subsurface,offshore water at 0.1 to 0.6 µg/l,14 hr after application.Permethrin was not detected in offshore water samples; however, concentrations ranging from 5.1 to 9.4 µg/l were found in surface water from the canal system adjacent to the application route.Comparison of the observed environmental concentrations with toxicity data (permethrin LC-50,96 hr for Mysidopsis bahia =0.02 µg/l)indicated a potential hazard to marine invertebrates in the canals with possible tidal transport to other areas.

Para determinar si los adulticidas de mosquitos,aplicados en los Cayos de la Florida,causan efectos ecológicos adversos en el Santuario Marino Nacional de los Cayos de la Florida,se monitoreó la distribución y persistencia de dos adulticidas de mosquitos.Estos fueron permetrina y dibrom (naled).Se trabajó durante tres aplicaciones rutinarias hechas por la Unidad de Control de Mosquitos de los Cayos de la Florida.La finalidad era determinar si concentraciones tóxicas de los plaguicidas llegaban al santuario por transporte aéreo o por las corrientes de marea.La cantidad de plaguicida que entra por vía aérea fue monitoreada utilizando filtros de fibra de vidrio,montados en flotadores dispuestos sistemáticamente a ambos lados del FKNMS. La Permetrina fue recuperada en filtros a sotavento del santuario durante tres aplicaciones,con un ámbito entre 0.5 y 50.1 µg/m² durante todo el estudio.El transporte por corrientes de marea fue monitoreado recolectando muestras de agua superficiales y subsuperficiales en puntos definidos.Se notó el transporte por mareas de naled y diclorvos (producto degradado de naled)en aguas adyacentes al santuario.Estos compuestos fueron detectados en muestras subsuperficiales en aguas fuera de la costa con concentraciones de 0.1 a 0.6 µg/l,14 hr después de la aplicación.La Permetrina no fue detectada en muestras de agua fuera de la costa;sin embargo,hubo concentraciones de 5.1 a 9.4 µg/l en aguas superficiales del sistema de canales adyacente a la ruta de aplicación. Comparaciones de las concentraciones observadas con información toxicológica (permetrina LC-50,96 hr para Mysidopsis bahia =0.02 µg/l)indican un peligro potencial para invertebrados marinos en los canales y la posibilidad de transporte por mareas a otras áreas.

 Organophosphate pyrethroid naled dichlorvos permethrin mosquito adulticides Organofosforados piretroides naled diclorvos permetrina adulticidas de mosquitos Cox C Insecticide Fact Sheet: Permethrin J.Pest. Reform 1998 18 Cox C Insecticide Fact Sheet: Naled (dibrom) J. Pest.Reform 2002 22 Gargas M.L Finley B.L Paustenbauch D.J Long T.F Ballantyne B Marrs T.C Syversen T Environmental health risk assessment: theory and practice General and Applied Toxicology General and Applied Toxicology 1999 2 ^eNew York,NY Groves Dictionaries,Inc Hennessey M.K Nigg H.N Habeck D.H Mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae)adulticide drift into Wildlife Refuges of the Florida Keys Entomol.Soc. Amer 1992 14 Johnson W.W Finley M.T Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates 1980 ^eWashington,DC U.S. Department of Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service Kidd H James D.R The Agrochemicals Handbook The Agrochemicals Handbook 1991 3 Cambridge Ed.Royal Society of Chemistry Information ServicesUK Pierce R.H Henry M.S Pesticide Residues in Mangrove Communities and Cistern Water of the Cayman Islands.Final Report to Cayman Islands Government Mosquito Research and Control Unit, Grand Cayman,C.I.,BWI Pesticide Residues in Mangrove Communities and Cistern Water of the Cayman Islands.Final Report to Cayman Islands Government Mosquito Research and Control Unit, Grand Cayman,C.I.,BWI 1988 Pierce R.H Henry M.S Kelly D Kozlowski W Hazard assessment of Temephos applied to a Southwest Florida saltmarsh community J.Environ. Toxicol.Chem 2000 19 Schimmel S.C Garnas R.L Patrick J.M Moore J.C Acute toxicity,bioconcentration and persistence of AC 222,705,Benthiocarb,Chlorpyrifos,Fenvalerate, Methyl Parathion,and Permethrin in the estuarine environment J.Agri.Food Chem 1983 31 Edwards J U.S.Office of Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances,EFED ’s comments for dichlorvos U.S.Office of Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances,EFED ’s comments for dichlorvos 1999 Peckenpaugh J Termes S Laird C U.S. EPA,Office of Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EFED ’s Reregistration Chapter C for naled.Special Review and Reregestration Div U.S. EPA,Office of Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EFED ’s Reregistration Chapter C for naled.Special Review and Reregestration Div 1997
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300018 The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean Bruckner A.W ,Office of Habitat Conservation Silver Spring MD USA 05 2005 2005 53 127 137

The marine ornamental fish trade began in the 1930s in Sri Lanka,spread to Hawaii and the Philippines in the 1950s,and expanded to a multi-million dollar industry in the 1970s with fisheries established throughout the tropical Pacific,Indian and Atlantic Oceans.Currently,45 countries supply global markets an estimated 14-30 million fish annually,with an import value of US$28-44 million.The largest suppliers are Indonesia and the Philippines,followed by Brazil,Maldives,Vietnam,Sri Lanka and Hawaii.In the tropical Western Atlantic,16 countries have export fisheries, including the U.S.(Florida and Puerto Rico).The U.S.is the world ’s largest buyer,followed by the European Union and Japan.The global trade consists of over 1400 species of reef fishes,of which only about 25 are captive bred on a commercial scale.Damselfish,anemonefish, and angelfish constitute over 50%of the global volume; butterflyfish, wrasses,blennies,gobies,triggerfish,file-fish,hawkfishes,groupers and basselets account for 31%of the trade,and the remaining 16%is represented by 33 families.The most important fishes from the Caribbean are angelfish (six species), seahorses (two species), royal gramma, jawfish,queen triggerfish,redlip blenny,puddingwife,bluehead wrasse,and blue chromis.The Caribbean currently supplies a small percentage of the global trade in marine ornamental species,but ornamental fisheries in this region represent important emerging industries.It is critical that effective ornamental fishery management plans and regulations are developed and enforced,and fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are collected and utilized in decision making processes to ensure sustainable ornamental fisheries throughout the region.

El comercio de peces marinos ornamentales se inició en la década de 1930 en Sri Lanka y se extendió a Hawai y Las Filipinas en la década de 1950.Posteriormente se convirtió en una industria multimillonaria cuando,en la década de 1970,se establecieron pesquerías a través del Pacífico tropical y los Océanos Índico y Atlántico.Actualmente,45 países suplen los mercados globales con un estimado de 14-30 millones de peces por año,con un valor de US$28- 44 millones.Los mayores exportadores son Indonesia y Filipinas,seguidos por Brasil,Maldivas,Vietnam,Sri Lanka y Hawai.En el Atlántico Occidental tropical,16 países tienen pesquerías de exportación,incluyendo a los Estados Unidos (Florida y Puerto Rico).Estados Unidos es el mayor comprador,seguido de la Unión Europea y Japón. El comercio mundial consiste de más de 1400 especies de peces de arrecife,de las cuales solamente alrededor de 25 son criadas comercialmente.Los peces damiselas, los peces de anémonas y los ángeles,constituyen más del 50%del volumen mundial;mariposas,lábridos,blénidos, góbidos,chanchos,limas,meritos,meros y cabrillas suman el 31%del mercado y el restante 16%está representado por 33 familias.Los peces más importantes del Caribe son los ángeles (seis especies),caballitos de mar (dos especies), bocones,pez chancho reina,blénido de labios rojos, cabeza azul y cromis azul.En la actualidad,el Caribe suple sólo un pequeño porcentaje del mercado mundial de especies ornamentales marinas,sin embargo,las pesquerías ornamentales en esta región representan importantes industrias emergentes.Es crítico que se desarrollen y refuercen planes y regulaciones de manejo efectivos de pesquerías ornamentales y que se recolecte información pesquero-dependiente y pesquero-independiente,que sirva para ser utilizada en los procesos de toma de decisiones,asegurando la sostenibilidad en las pesquerías ornamentales de la región.

 Aquarium fishes ornamental fisheries trade in coral reef species (CITES)Appendix II international trade Peces de acuario pesquería de ornamentales comercio de especies de arrecifes coralinos (CITES) Apéndice II comercio internacional The United States consumption of ornamental fish: a preliminary analysis of import data The United States consumption of ornamental fish: a preliminary analysis of import data 2002 World Resources Institute Armstrong J Crawford J Hatziolos M.E Hooten A.J Fodor M Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Coral reefs: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management Coral reefs: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable management 1998 Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Oct.9-11,1997 ^eWashington,DC The World Bank Barber C.V Pratt V.R Poison and profits: cyanide fishing in the Indo-Pacific Environment 1998 40 Bruckner A.W Cato J Brown C Sustainable Management Guidelines for Stony Coral Fisheries Marine ornamental species collection, culture and conservation Marine ornamental species collection, culture and conservation 2003 Iowa Blackwell Scientific.Iowa State University Press Green E.P Hendry H Is CITES an effective tool for monitoring trade in corals? Coral Reefs 1999 18 Johannes R.E Riepen M Environmental, economic and social implications of the live reef fish trade in Asia and the Western Pacific.Report to the Nature Conservancy and the South Pacific Commission Environmental, economic and social implications of the live reef fish trade in Asia and the Western Pacific.Report to the Nature Conservancy and the South Pacific Commission 1995 Tasmania Bonnet Hill Lathrop C Hourigan T The United States and the live reef fish trade: trade-based solutions to cyanide fishing in the Asia-Pacific Region Proceedings of the Workshop on the Impacts of Destructive Fishing Practices on the Marine Environment 16-18 December,1997 Proceedings of the Workshop on the Impacts of Destructive Fishing Practices on the Marine Environment 16-18 December,1997 1998 Hong Kong Agriculture and Fisheries Department Miyasaka A Status Report: Aquarium Fish Collections.Fiscal Year 1993-94 Status Report: Aquarium Fish Collections.Fiscal Year 1993-94 1994 Honolulu^eState of Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources Rubec P.J Cruz F Pratt V Oellers R McCullough B Lallo F Cyanide-free,net-caught fish for the Marine Aquarium Trade .Secretary of the Pacific Community (SPC) Live Reef Fish Info.Bull 2001 7 Sadovy S A preliminary assessment of the marine aquarium export trade in Puerto Rico Proc.7th Int. Coral Reef Symp.,Guam 1992 2 Sadovy Y.J Vincent A.C.J Sale P.F Ecological issues and the trades in live reef fishes Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem 2002 San Diego^eCalifornia Academic Press Tissot B.N Hallacher L.E Impact of aquarium collectors on reef fishes in Kona,Hawaii.Final report,Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii,Honolulu Impact of aquarium collectors on reef fishes in Kona,Hawaii.Final report,Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii,Honolulu 1999 ^eHI Vallejo B Survey and review of the Philippine marine aquarium fishery industry Sea Wind 1997 11 Wabnitz C Taylor M Green E Razak T From Ocean to Aquarium From Ocean to Aquarium 2003 Cambribge UNEP-WCMC Wood E.M Collection of coral reef fish for aquaria: Global trade,conservation issues and management strategies Collection of coral reef fish for aquaria: Global trade,conservation issues and management strategies 2001 Marine Conservation Society,Ross-on- Wye Froese R Pauly D 2003
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300019 Development of management policy for the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate fishery in Puerto Rico: A case study Hardin M.P LeGore R.S ,Greystone Environmental Consultants,Inc Greenwood Village CO ,LeGore Environmental Associates,Inc. Holmes Beach FL USA 05 2005 2005 53 139 145

In recent years the collection of tropical marine organisms for the aquarium trade has become perceived as an activity with an unsustainable history as well as obvious potential for rehabilitation through resource-based fisheries management and consumer-oriented product certification.In the case of Puerto Rico, collection of ornamentals has existed for decades,though unregulated due to a weak fisheries law dating from the 1930 ’s.The new Fisheries Law 278 of 1998 enabled new regulatory approaches for marine ornamentals, which were met with serious challenges rooted in (1)an information gap concerning the fishery regarding participant numbers,collection methods and export volumes,and (2)the absence of consultation of fishers by agency regulators.The information gap led to worst-case assumptions of impact by regulators,and a closure of the fishery, which set the stage for threatening personal confrontations and lawsuits,the latter leading to de facto resource management by judicial order.To redress these issues and move management back into the arena of science and public policy,regulators have initiated a three-phase program: (1)characterize fisher numbers, methods and exports,(2)describe populations and biology of commercial species,and (3)propose appropriate fisheries management approaches.This paper describes only the first phase of this program.

En años recientes,se ha llegado a percibir la captura de organismos marinos tropicales para el comercio de acuario como una actividad poco sostenible,pero a la vez,con potencial de rehabilitarla por medio del manejo del recurso y la certificación del producto para el consumidor.En el caso de Puerto Rico,la recolección de especies ornamentales ha existido durante décadas y ha sido poco regulada a causa de la débil ley sobre pesquerías existente desde la década de 1930.La Ley 278 de las Industrias Pesqueras de 1998 incluyó nuevas regulaciones para los organismos marinos ornamentales.Las regulaciones buscan resolver:(1)la falta de información en esta pesquería respecto al número de participantes,los métodos de captura y los volúmenes de exportación,y (2)la falta de consulta a pescadores por parte de las agencias reguladoras.La falta de información llevó a los reguladores a suponer que esta actividad tendría el peor impacto,por lo que clausuraron la actividad, produciéndose confrontaciones personales y procesos judiciales. Éstos últimos condujeron a la intervención de la pesquería por orden judicial.Para enderezar estas situaciones y para hacer regresar de nuevo la administración al ámbito de la ciencia y del orden público,los reguladores han iniciado un programa de tres fases:(1)inventariar el número de pescadores,los métodos y las exportaciones,(2)describir las poblaciones y biología de las especies comerciales,y (3)proponer estrategias apropiadas para el manejo de esta industria pesquera.Este artículo describe la primera fase de este programa.

 Ornamental fisheries fisheries management Caribbean reef fisheries regulatory policy sustainable fisheries Puerto Rico Pesquería de ornamentales manejo de pesquerías pesquerías del Caribe política regulatoria pesquería sostenible Puerto Rico Barber C.V Pratt V.R Hatziolos M.E Fodor M Policy reform and community-based programs to combat cyanide fishing in the Asia-Pacific Region Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " 1998 Oc t. ^eWashington,DC The World Bank Berkes F Mahon R McConney P Pollnac R Pomeroy R Managing small-scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods Managing small-scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods 2001 Ottawa International Development Research Center Cruz F.P Supplying the demand for sustainability: stories from the field Supplying the demand for sustainability: stories from the field 2001 ^eFlorida Djohani R Hatziolos M.E Fodor M Abatement of destructive fishing practices in Indonesia: Who will pay? Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " 1997 ^eWashington,DC The World Bank Isaac V.J Mitlewski B Ruffino M.L Oliveira P.R.S Metodologia para primeiros contatos,levantamentos participativos e multidisciplinares e incentivos cooperação junto aos gruposalvo de projetos de desenvolvimento Metodologia para primeiros contatos,levantamentos participativos e multidisciplinares e incentivos cooperação junto aos gruposalvo de projetos de desenvolvimento 1999 21 IBAMA Latin H.A Non-implementation of anti-cyanide measures in poor coastal areas Non-implementation of anti-cyanide measures in poor coastal areas 2001 ^eFlorida LeGore R.S Martinez R Lillyestrom C Berrios J.M Pollio-Hein K Hardin M Strategic planning for fisheries management in Puerto Rico Rev.Biol. Trop 1998 46 ^sSuppl.5 LeGore R.S Hardin M.P Ter-Ghazaryan D The organization and operation of the export fishery for marine ornamental fish and invertebrates in Puerto Rico Rev.Biol.Trop 2005 53 ^sSuppl.1 MacKinnon N Hatziolos M.E Fodor M Destructive fishing practices in the Asia-Pacific Region Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " Proc.Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " 1997 The World BankWashington, DC Mahon R Almerigi S McConney P Parker C Brewster L Participatory methodology used for sea urchin co-management in Barbados Ocean Coast.Manag 2003 46 Makoloweka S Hatziolos M.E Fodor M Destructive fishing with dynamite Proc. Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " Proc. Conf."Coral Reefs:Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management " 1997 ^eWashington,DC The World Bank McManus L.T Community-based coastal resources management,Bolinao,Philippines: an evolving partnership among academe,NGOs and local communities Coast.Manag.Trop.Asia 1995 5 Ruffino M.L Towards participatory fishery management on the Lower Amazon EC Fisheries Coop. Bull 1996 9 Ruffino M.L Participatory management of fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon Participatory management of fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon 2002 Int. Symp.Manag.Large Rivers for Fisheries:Sustaining Livelihoods and Biodiversity in the New Millennium Feb.12-15 2002 Sadovy Y A preliminary assessment of the export trade in marine aquarium organisms in Puerto Rico Proc.7 th Int.Coral Reef Symp.,Guam 1992 2 Talaue-McManus L Yambao A.C Salmo III S.G Alino P.M Buckles D Bolinao,northern Philippines: participatory planning for coastal development.Part 2,Chapter 7 Cultivating Peace: Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management Cultivating Peace: Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management 1999 International Development Research Center/World Bank Wood E Collection of coral reef fish for aquaria: global trade,conservation issues and management strategies Collection of coral reef fish for aquaria: global trade,conservation issues and management strategies 2001 Marine Conservation Society
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300020 Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico LeGore Richard S Hardin Mark P Ter-Ghazaryan Diana ,LeGore Environmental Associates,Inc. FL USA ,Greystone Environmental Consultants,Inc. CO USA ,Florida International University FL USA 05 2005 2005 53 145 153

This fishery was examined utilizing public records,stakeholder interviews,and operational site visits to describe the fishery for the Puerto Rico Coral Reef Advisory Committee as a first step toward development of policies for the effective management of these natural resources.The fishery is not large,including fewer than 20 licensed fishers operating primarily on the west end of the island.Only three operators export product,with the remaining fishers providing specimens to the exporters based upon customer orders.Most collection of coral reef species occurs over hard rubble zones mixed with relic reef structures and rock,or on the sides and frontal areas of active reefs.Other species are collected from among mangrove prop root zones,tidal flats,and seagrass beds.Collections are made using simple barrier and dip nets for fish and motile invertebrates such as shrimp. Invertebrates such as crabs,starfish,and sea cucumbers are commonly collected by overturning small rocks, gathering the specimens,and then replacing the rocks in their original positions.Specimens are carried to the boat and transferred to individual cup holders to maximize survival.Although statements concerning former use of chemicals to assist capture were noted,no evidence of current chemical use was observed.Specimens are held in re-circulating seawater systems onshore until collections are aggregated and shipped.The fishery strives to operate with mortality of <1%,as mortalities of >3%are described as unacceptable to customers.More than 100 fish species are collected in this fishery,but the top ten species account for >70%of the total numbers and >60% of the total value of the fishery,with a single species,Gramma loreto (Royal Gramma),comprising >40%of the numbers. More than 100 species of invertebrates are collected,but this fishery is also dominated by a handful of species,including anemones,hermit crabs,turbo snails,serpent starfish,and feather duster polychaetes.

Se estudió la pesquería de peces e invertebrados para acuarios,por comisión del Comité Consultor de Arrecifes Coralinos de Puerto Rico.Se usaron registros públicos, entrevistas con empresarios y pescadores,y visitas a los sitios de operación.La pesquería no es grande:menos de 20 pescadores con licencia que operan principalmente en el extremo occidental de la isla.Únicamente tres exportan el producto,el resto provee especímenes a los exportadores según la demanda.La captura de peces se da principalmente en zonas de escombros coralinos mezclados con restos arrecifales y roca,o en los lados y áreas frontales de arrecifes vivos.Otras especies son recolectadas entre las raíces aéreas de los manglares,zona intermareal y "pastizales " marinos.Se utilizan chinchorros y redes de mano para peces e invertebrados móviles como el camarón.Cangrejos,estrellas y pepinos de mar,así como otros invertebrados,son recogidos comúnmente volcando rocas pequeñas,sacando los individuos y después colocando las rocas en su lugar original.Los especímenes son llevados al bote y se transfieren a envases individuales para aumentar la supervivencia.Aunque existen informes previos de captura con sustancias químicas,no se observó ninguna evidencia en esta ocasión.Los especímenes se dejan en sistemas de recirculación de agua en la costa hasta el día del embarque.La pesquería se esfuerza en mantener índices de mortalidad <1%,ya que una mortalidad mayor al 3%es inaceptable para los clientes.Aunque se recolecta más de 100 especies de peces,tan solo diez de ellas representan más del 70%de los individuos y más del 60% del valor de esta pesquería.Gramma loreto representa más del 40%de la cantidad total.Asimismo,se recolecta más de 100 especies de invertebrados (especialmente anémonas,cangrejos ermitaños,ofiúridos,"caracoles turbo " y poliquetos tubícolas.

 ornamentals marine ornamentals coral reef fisheries reef management Caribbean fisheries sustainable fisheries management Ornamentales marinos pesquería de peces de arrecife manejo de pesquerías pesquerías del Caribe manejo de pesca sostenible Barber C.V Pratt V.R Hatziolos M.E Fodor M Policy reform and community-based programs to combat cyanide fishing in the Asia-Pacific region Proceedings of the conference on "Coral reefs:challenges and opportunities for sustainable management " Proceedings of the conference on "Coral reefs:challenges and opportunities for sustainable management " 1998 ^eWashington, DC The World Bank Hardin M.P LeGore R.S Development of management policy for the export fishery for marine ornamental fish and invertebrates in Puerto Rico. Proc.31 st AMLC Scient.Meet.,Trinidad &Tobago Rev.Biol.Trop 2005 53 ^sSuppl.1 Ojeda-Serrano E Aguilar-Perera A Matos-Caraballo D Current status of the wild marine ornamental fish trade in Puerto Rico Proceedings: Second conference on marine ornamentals:collection,culture,and conservation Proceedings: Second conference on marine ornamentals:collection,culture,and conservation 2001 ^eFlorida
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300021 Linking larval history to juvenile demography in the bicolor damselfish Stegastes partitus (Perciformes:Pomacentridae) Nemeth Richard S ,University of New Hampshire US 05 2005 2005 53 155 163

Otolith-based reconstructions of daily larval growth increments were used to examine the effect of variation in larval growth on size and age at settlement and post-settlement growth,survival and habitat preferences of juvenile bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus Poey).During August 1992 and 1994,newly settled S. partitus were collected from Montastraea coral heads and Porites rubble piles in Tague Bay,St.Croix,U.S. Virgin Islands (17 °45 ’ N,64 °42 ’ W).Daily lapillar otolith increments from each fish were counted and measured with Optimas image analysis software.S.partitus pelagic larval duration was 23.7 d in 1992 (n =70)and 24.6 d in 1994 (n =38)and larval age at settlement averaged 13.0 mm total length both years.Analysis of daily otolith increments demonstrated that variation in larval growth rates and size and age at settlement had no detectable effect on post-settlement survivorship but that larger larvae showed a preference for Montastraea coral at settlement.Late larval and early juvenile growth rates showed a significant positive relationship indicating that growth patterns established during the planktonic stage can span metamorphosis and continue into the benthic juvenile phase.Larval growth rates during the first two weeks post-hatching also had a strong effect on age to developmental competence (ability to undergo metamorphosis)in both 1992 and 1994 with the fastest growing larvae being 8 d younger and 0.8 mm smaller at settlement than the slowest growing larvae.These differential growth rates in early stage larvae established trajectories toward larval developmental competence and may prove important in biogeographical studies of larval dispersal.

Reconstruyendo aumentos diarios de otolitos se compará la variación en crecimiento larval sobre el tamaño y la edad de asentamiento,y el crecimiento post-acentamiento, sobrevivencia y preferencia de hábitat,del pez damisela bicolor (Stegastes partitus Poey)joven.En agosto de 1992 y 1994 se recolectó S.partitus recientemente asentados en colonias de Montastraea y en escombros de Porites en Tague Bay,St.Croix,Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses (17 °45 ’ N,64 °42 ’ W).A cada pez se le midió el aumento diario en el otolito con el programa de análisis de imágenes Optimas .El estadío de larva pelágica de S.partitus duró 23.7 d en 1992 (n =70)y 24.6 d en 1994 (n =38)y,al asentarse,el largo total promedio en ambos años fue de 13.0 mm.Los otolitos indican que las variaciones en las tasas de crecimiento,tamaño y edad de asentamiento no tienen un efecto detectable en la sobrevivencia post-asentamiento.Sin embargo,las larvas más grandes mostraron preferencia por asentarse en el coral Montastraea .Las tasas de crecimiento larval tardío y juvenil temprano tuvieron una correlación positiva significativa:los patrones de crecimiento establecidos durante el estadío planctónico pasan la metamorfosis y continúan en la fase juvenil béntica.La tasa de crecimiento larval durante las primeras dos semanas después de eclosionar también tiene un efecto sobre la edad a la que concluyeron su desarrollo (momento de la metamorfosis)en 1992 y 1994.Las larvas de crecimiento rápido fueron 8 d más jóvenes y 0.8 mm más pequeñas al asentarse.Este crecimiento diferencial en el estadío larval temprano establece diferencias en la duración del desarrollo larval y puede ser importante en estudios biogeográficos sobre dispersión de larvas.

 Larval to juvenile transition otoliths metamorphosis Caribbean Stegastes partitus Transición de larva a adulto otolitos metamorphosis Caribe Stegastes partitus Bertram D.F Leggett W.C Predation risk during the early life history periods of fishes: separating the effects of size and age Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 1994 109 Blaxter J.H.S Development of organs and behavior of teleost larvae with special reference to feeding and predator avoidance Trans.Am.Fish.Soc 1986 115 Booth D.J Hixon M.A Food ration and condition affect early survival of the coral reef damselfish, Stegastes partitus Oecologia 1999 121 Brothers E.B Mathews C.P Lasker R Daily growth increments in otoliths from larval and adult fishes Fish. Bull 1976 74 Campana S.E How reliable are growth back-calculations based on otoliths? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 1990 47 Chambers R.C Leggett W.C Size and age at metamorphosis in marine fishes: an analysis of laboratory-reared winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus )with a review of variation in other species Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 1987 44 Chambers R.C Leggett W.C Maternal influences on variation in egg sizes in temperate marine fishes Am. Zool 1996 36 Coughlin D.J The ontogeny of feeding behavior of larval fishes The ontogeny of feeding behavior of larval fishes 1992 Cowen R.K Variation in the planktonic larval duration of the temperate wrasse Semicossyphus pulcher Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1991 69 Dilling L An ontogenetic study of the jaw mechanism and feeding modes in Amphiprion frenatus and A.polymnus An ontogenetic study of the jaw mechanism and feeding modes in Amphiprion frenatus and A.polymnus 1989 Hernandez-Leon S Accumulation of meso-zooplankton in a wake area as a causative mechanism of the "island mass effect " Mar.Biol 1991 109 Houde E.D Fish early life dynamics and recruitment variability Am.Fish.Soc.Symp 1987 2 Hunter J.R Lasker R Feeding ecology and predation of marine fish larvae Marine Fish Larvae Marine Fish Larvae 1981 ^eSeattle University of Washington Jackson G.A Strathmann R.R Larval mortality from offshore mixing as a link between precompetent and competent periods of development Am.Nat 1981 118 Kerrigan B.A Temporal patterns in size and condition at settlement in two tropical reef fishes (Pomacentridae: Pomacentrus amboinensis and P. nagasakiensis ) Mar.Ecol.Progr.Ser 1996 135 Kingsford M.J Linear oceanographic features: A focus for research on recruitment processes J.Ecol 1990 15 Leis J.M Coral reef fish larvae (Labridae)in the East Pacific barrier Copeia 1983 3 Leis J.M Sale P.F The pelagic stage of reef fishes The ecology of fishes on coral reefs The ecology of fishes on coral reefs 1991 ^eSan Diego Academic Liem K.F Schmidt-Kittler N Vogel K A functional approach to the development of the head of Teleosts: implications on constructional morphology and constraints Constructional Morphology and Evolution Constructional Morphology and Evolution 1991 Berlin Springer-Verlag McCormick M.I Molony B.W Effects of feeding history on the growth characteristics of a reef fish at settlement Mar.Biol 1992 114 Meeken M.G Fortier L Selection for fast growth during the larval life of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua on the Scotian shelf Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 1996 137 Nemeth R.S Ecological patterns during ontogeny of the bicolor damselfish,Stegastes partitus Poey Ecological patterns during ontogeny of the bicolor damselfish,Stegastes partitus Poey 1996 Nemeth R.S Spatial patterns of bicolor damselfish populations in Jamaica and St.Croix are determined by similar post-settlement processes Proc.8 th Int. Coral Reef Symp 1997 1 Nemeth R.S The effect of natural variation in substrate architecture on the survival of juvenile bicolor damselfish Environ. Biol.Fishes 1998 53 Otten E The development of a mouth-opening mechanism in a generalized Haplochromis species: H.elegans Trewavas,1933 (Pisces,Cichlidae) Neth. J.Zool 1982 32 Pannella G Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns Science 1971 173 Pechenik J.A Scheltema R.S Eyster L.S Growth stasis and limited shell calcification in larvae of Cymatium parthenopeum during trans-Atlantic transport Science 1984 224 Pitcher C.R Validation of a technique for reconstructing daily patterns in the recruitment of coral reef damselfish Coral Reefs 1988 7 Robertson D.R Green D.G Victor B.C Temporal coupling of production and recruitment of larvae of a Caribbean reef fish Ecology 1988 69 Robertson D.R Petersen C.W Brawn J.D Lunar reproductive cycles of benthic-brooding reef fishes: reflections of larval biology or adult biology? Ecol. Monogr 1990 60 Sale P.F The ecology of fishes on coral reefs Oceanogr.Mar.Biol.Ann.Rev 1980 18 Scheltema R.S Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water benthic marine gastropods Biol.Bull 1971 140 Searcy S.P Sponaugle S Variable larval growth in a coral reef fish Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 2000 206 Victor B.C Daily otolith increments and recruitment in two coral-reef wrasses,Thalassoma bifasciatum and Halichoeres bivittatus Mar.Biol 1982 71 Victor B.C Delayed metamorphosis with reduced larval growth in a coral reef fish (Thalassoma bifasciatum ) Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci 1986 43 Wellington G.M Victor B.C Planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic damselfishes (Pomacentridae) Mar.Biol 1989 101 Wilson D.T Meekan M.G Growth-related advantages for survival to the point of replenishment on the coral reef fish Stegastes partitus (Pomacentridae) Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser 2002 231
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300022 Determination of the distribution of shallow-water seagrass and drift algae communities with acoustic seafloor discrimination Riegl B Moyer R.P Morris L Virnstein R Dodge R.E ,Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center FL USA ,St.Johns River Water Management District FL 05 2005 2005 53 165 174

The spatial distribution of seagrass and algae communities can be difficult to determine in large,shallow lagoon systems where high turbidity prevents the use of optical methods like aerial photography or satellite imagery.Further complications can arise when algae are not permanently attached to the substratum and drift with tides and currents.A study using acoustic seafloor discrimination was conducted in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida,USA)to determine the extent of drift algae and seagrass.Acoustic surveys using the QTC View V system based on 50 and 200 kHz transducers were conducted near Sebastian Inlet.Results indicate that areas of seagrass can be identified,and are mixed with a high abundance of drift algae.Nearest-neighbor extrapolation was used to fill in spaces between survey lines and thus obtain spatially cohesive maps.These maps were then ground-truthed using data from towed video and compared using confusion matrices.The maps showed a high level of agreement (60%)with the actual distribution of algae,however some confusion existed between bare sand and algae as well as seagrass.

La distribución espacial de comunidades de pastos marinos y algas puede ser difícil de determinar en sistema lagunares grandes y someros donde la alta turbidez no permite el uso de métodos ópticos,como fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales. Complicaciones adicionales pueden surgir cuando las algas no están adheridas permanentemente al sustrato y derivan con las mareas y corrientes.Se realizó un estudio utilizando discriminación acústica del fondo marino en el Indian River Lagoon (Florida,EUA) para determinar la cantidad de algas y pastos que derivan. Se realizaron sondeos acústicos en el Sebastian Inlet con el sistema QTC View V y transductores de 50 y 200 kHz.Las áreas de pastos marinos pudieron ser identificadas,y están mezcladas con una gran cantidad de algas a la deriva.Se rellenó los espacios sin datos con extrapolaciones basadas en la técnica del "vecino más cercano ",produciendo un mapa espacialmente coherente.Comprobaciones de campo con video y "matrices de confusión "indican que los mapas tienen un alto nivel de concordancia (60%)con la distribución real de las algas;sin embargo,hubo cierta confusión entre arena y algas,y entre arena y pastos marinos.

 Acoustic ground discrimination remote sensing seagrass drift algae Indian River Lagoon Florida Discriminación acústica del fondo sensores remotos pastos marinos algas a la deriva Laguna Río Indio Florida QTC Impact User Manual QTC Impact User Manual 2000 Quester Tangent Corporation Bates C.R Whitehead E.J Echoplus measurements in Hopavagen Bay,Norway Sea Technol 2001 42 Chivers R.C Emerson N Burns D.R New acoustic processing for underway surveying Hydrographic J 1990 56 Collins W.T Lacroix P Operational philosophy of acoustic waveform data processing for seabed classification COSU 97,Oceanology International 1997 97 Singapore Collins W.T Gregory R Anderson J A digital approach to seabed classification Sea Technol 1996 37 Green E.P Mumby P.J Edwards A.J Clark C.D Remote sensing handbook for tropical coastal management. Coastal Management Sourcebooks 3 Remote sensing handbook for tropical coastal management. Coastal Management Sourcebooks 3 2000 Paris UNESCO Hamilton L.J Acoustic seabed classification systems Acoustic seabed classification systems 2001 Department of Defence,Defence Science and Technology Organization Hamilton L.J Mulhearn P.J Poeckert R Comparison of RoxAnn and QTC-View acoustic bottom classification system performance for the Cairns area,Great Barrier Reef,Australia Cont.Shelf Res 1999 19 Lawrence M.J Bates C.R Acoustic ground discrimination techniques for submerged archaeological site investigations MTS Journal 2001 35 Legendre P Acoustic seabed classification methodology: a user ’s statistical comparison Acoustic seabed classification methodology: a user ’s statistical comparison 2002 Departement de Sciences Biologiques,Universite de Montreal Legendre P Ellingsen K.E Bjornbom E Casgrain P Acoustic seabed classification: improved statistical methods Can. J. Fish.Aquat.Sci 2002 59 Morris L.J Hall L.M Estimating drift algae abundance in the Indian River Lagoon,FL.St.Johns River Water Management District Tech.Memo Estimating drift algae abundance in the Indian River Lagoon,FL.St.Johns River Water Management District Tech.Memo 2001 Morris L.J Virnstein R.W Miller J.D Hall L.M Bortone S.A Monitoring changes in Indian River Lagoon,Florida, using fixed transects Seagrass Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology and Management Seagrass Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology and Management 2000 Boca Raton CRC Press Morrison M.A Thrush S.F Budd R Detection of acoustic class boundaries in soft sediment systems using the seafloor acoustic discrimination system QTC VIEW J.Sea Res 2001 46 Mumby P.J Green E.P Green E.P Mumby P. J Edwards A.J Clark C.D Field survey: building the link between image and reality Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management 2000 3 Paris UNESCO Prager B.T Caughey D.A Poeckert R.H Bottom classification: operational results from QTC View.Oceans ’95,San Diego,October 1995 Bottom classification: operational results from QTC View.Oceans ’95,San Diego,October 1995 1995 Preston J.M Rosenberger A Collins W.T Bottom classification in very shallow water.Proc. Oceans 2000,Newport Bottom classification in very shallow water.Proc. Oceans 2000,Newport 2000 Preston J.M Collins W.T Mosher D.C Poeckert R.H Kuwahara R.H The strength of correlations between geotechnical variables and acoustic classifications.Proc.MTS/IEEE OCEANS ’99 Conf., September 1999 The strength of correlations between geotechnical variables and acoustic classifications.Proc.MTS/IEEE OCEANS ’99 Conf., September 1999 1999 Preston J.M Rosenberger A Collins W.T Bottom classification in very shallow water.Proc. Oceans 2000,Newport Bottom classification in very shallow water.Proc. Oceans 2000,Newport 2000 Preston J.M Christney A.C Beran L.S Collins W.T McConnaughey R.A Objective measures of acoustic diversity for benthic habitat characterization Objective measures of acoustic diversity for benthic habitat characterization 2002 Symp.Effects Fisheries Benthic Habitats:Linking Geology,Biology,Socioeconomy and Management 2002 Tampa Virnstein R.W Carbonara P.A Seasonal abundance and distribution of drift algae and seagrass in the mid-Indian River Lagoon,FL Aquat.Bot 1985 23 Virnstein R.W Howard R.K Motile epifauna of marine macrophytes in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida.II. Comparison between drift macroalgae and three species of seagrass Bull.Mar.Sci 1987 41
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300023 Assessing the accuracy of acoustic seabed classification for mapping coral reef environments in South Florida (Broward County,USA) Moyer Ryan P Riegl Bernhard Banks Kenneth Dodge Richard E ,University of Pennsylvania PA USA ,National Coral Reef Institute Florida USA ,Broward County Dept.of Planning and Environmental Protection Florida USA 05 2005 2005 53 175 184

The Atlantic coast of Broward County,Florida (USA)is paralleled by a series of progressively deeper, shore-parallel coral reef communities.Two of these reef systems are drowned early Holocene coral reefs of 5 ky and 7 ky uncorrected radiocarbon age.Despite the ease of access to these reefs,and their major contribution to the local economy,accurate benthic habitat maps of the area are not available.Ecological studies have shown that different benthic communities (i.e.communities composed of different biological taxa)exist along several spatial gradients on all reefs.Since these studies are limited by time and spatial extent,acoustic surveys with the QTCView V bottom classification system based on a 50 kHz transducer were used as an alternative method of producing habitat maps.From the acoustic data of a 3.1 km² survey area,spatial prediction maps were created for the area.These were compared with habitat maps interpreted from in situ data and Laser Airborne Depth Sounder (LADS)bathymetry,in order to ground-truth the remotely sensed data.An error matrix was used to quantitatively determine the accuracy of the acoustically derived spatial prediction model against the maps derived from the in situ and LADS data sets.Confusion analysis of 100 random points showed that the system was able to distinguish areas of reef from areas of rubble and sand with an overall accuracy of 61%.When asked to detect more subtle spatial differences,for example,those between distinct reef communities,the classification was only about 40%accurate.We discuss to what degree a synthesis of acoustic and in situ techniques can provide accurate habitat maps in coral reef environments,and conclude that acoustic methods were able to reflect the spatial extent and composition of at least three different biological communities.

La costa Atlántica del Condado de Broward,Florida (EEUU)es paralela a una serie de arrecifes coralinos lineales de creciente profundos.Dos de estos sistemas arrecifales del Holoceno Temprano (cinco mil y siete mil años) son arrecifes coralinos sumergidos.Aunque estos arrecifes son de fácil acceso y contribuyen en forma significativa a la economía local,no existen mapas detallados de los hábitats bentónicos.Los estudios ecológicos han demostrado que diferentes comunidades bentónicas (i.e.comunidades compuestas por diferentes táxones)existen a lo largo de gradientes espaciales de todos los arrecifes.Como estos estudios tienen limitaciones temporales y espaciales,hicimos sondeos acústicos con el sistema de clasificación béntica QTCView V basado en transductores de 50 kHz, como un método alternativo para producir mapas de hábitat.De la información acústica de una área de 3.1 km² ,se generaron mapas predictivos para el área.Posteriormente se compararon con mapas de hábitat hechos in situ y con batimetría generada con una Sonda de Batimetría Láser Aérea (Laser Airborne Depth Sounder:LADS),para comprobar la precisión de los datos del sensor remoto.Se usó una matriz de errores para determinar la fidelidad del modelo espacial predictivo, generado acústicamente,en comparación con los mapas derivados in situ y las bases de datos LADS. Un Análisis de Confusión (errores de predicción)de 100 puntos al azar mostró que el sistema podía diferenciar arrecifes de áreas cubiertas con escombros y arena,con una precisión del 61%.Al tratar de ver diferencias espaciales más sutiles,por ejemplo,entre diferentes comunidades arrecifales,la precisión bajó al 40%.Discutimos hasta que punto una síntesis de técnicas acústicas e in situ pueden proveer mapas de hábitat precisos en ambientes de arrecifes coralinos,y concluimos que los métodos acústicos pueden predecir la extensión espacial y la composición de al menos tres comunidades biológicas.

 Acoustic seabed classification Coral reef community Spatial prediction Broward County Florida Accuracy assessment Clasificación acústica de fondos arrecifes coralinos predicciones espaciales Condado Broward Florida análisis de fidelidad Anderson J.T Gregory R.S Collins W.T Acoustic classification of marine habitats in coastal Newfoundland ICES J.Mar.Sci 2002 59 Andrefouet S Berkelmans R Odriozola L Done T Oliver J Muller-Karger F Choosing the appropriate spatial resolution for monitoring coral bleaching events using remote sensing Coral Reefs 2002 21 Clark K.R Warwick R.M Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation 2001 2 Ed.Primer-E.Plymouth Dodge R.E Logan A Antonius A Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: A comparison of methods and preliminary results Bull.Mar.Sci 1982 32 Duane D.B Meisburger E.P Geomorphology and Sediments of the Nearshore Continental Shelf Miami to Palm Beach,Florida.U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Technical Memorandum No.29 Geomorphology and Sediments of the Nearshore Continental Shelf Miami to Palm Beach,Florida.U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Technical Memorandum No.29 1969 Goldberg W.M Shelf temperatures and reef growth on the south-east Florida coast Nature 1979 278 Green E.P Mumby P.J Edwards A.J Clark C.D Remote sensing handbook for tropical coastal mangement Remote sensing handbook for tropical coastal mangement 2000 UNESCO Hamilton L.J Mulhearn P.J Poeckert R Comparison of RoxAnn and QTC-View acoustic bottom classification system performance for the Cairns area,Great Barrier Reef, Australia Cont. Shelf. Res 1999 19 Hochberg E Atkinson M Spectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities Coral Reefs 2000 19 Holden H Ledrew E Hyperspectral identification of coral reef features Int.J.Rem.Sens 1999 20 Janssen L.L.F van der Wel F.J.M Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land-cover data: a review Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 1994 60 Johnston K Ver Hoef J.M Krivoruchko K Lucas N Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst 2001 ^eRedlands^eCA ESRI Press Legendre P Ellingsen K.E Bjørnbom E Casgrain P Acoustic seabed classification: Improved statistical method Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci 2002 59 Lighty R.G Relict shelf-edge Holocene coral reef: southeast coast of Florida Proc.3 rd Int.Coral Reef Symp 1977 2 Moyer, R.P Riegl B Bank K Dodge R.E Spatial patterns and ecology of benthic communities on a high-latitude South Florida (Broward County, USA)reef system Coral Reefs 2003 22 Mumby P.J Green E.P Edwards A.J Clark C.D Coral reef habitat mapping: How much detail can remote sensing provide? Mar.Biol 1997 130 Preston J.M Collins W.T Mosher D.C Poeckert R.H Kuwahara R.H The strength of correlations between geotechnical variables and acoustic classifications.Proc.MTS/IEEE OCEANS ’99 Conf The strength of correlations between geotechnical variables and acoustic classifications.Proc.MTS/IEEE OCEANS ’99 Conf 1999 Preston J.M Christney A.C Beran L.S Collins W.T McConnaughey R.A Objective measures of acoustic diversity for benthic habitat characterization Objective measures of acoustic diversity for benthic habitat characterization 2002 Symp.Effects of Fisheries on Benthic Habitats:Linking Geology, Biology, Socioeconomy and Management Tampa Florida QTC View Acoustic seabed classification.User Guide 1.00 QTC View Acoustic seabed classification.User Guide 1.00 2001 Sidney QTC Impact User Guide 3.00 QTC Impact User Guide 3.00 2002 Sidney Riegl B Piller W.E Possible refugia for reefs in times of environmental stress Int.J.Earth Sci 2003 92 Wellington M The laser airborne depth sounder (LADS): A broad range of applications, environmental conditions and commercial models Hydro Intl 2001 5 3
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300024 Summit-to-Sea mapping and change detection using satellite imagery: tools for conservation and management of coral reefs Shapiro A.C Rohmann S.O ,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring MD USA 05 2005 2005 53 185 193

Continuous summit-to-sea maps showing both land features and shallow-water coral reefs have been completed in Puerto Rico and the U.S.Virgin Islands,using circa 2000 Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+)Imagery.Continuous land/sea terrain was mapped by merging Digital Elevation Models (DEM)with satellite-derived bathymetry.Benthic habitat characterizations were created by unsupervised classifications of Landsat imagery clustered using field data,and produced maps with an estimated overall accuracy of >75%(Tau coefficient >0.65).These were merged with Geocover-LC (land use/land cover)data to create continuous land/ sea cover maps.Image pairs from different dates were analyzed using Principle Components Analysis (PCA)in order to detect areas of change in the marine environment over two different time intervals:2000 to 2001,and 1991 to 2003.This activity demonstrates the capabilities of Landsat imagery to produce continuous summit-to-sea maps,as well as detect certain changes in the shallow-water marine environment,providing a valuable tool for efficient coastal zone monitoring and effective management and conservation.

Se elaboraron mapas de Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses que muestran la cobertura del suelo y el fondo en arrecifes de coral ("mapas cima-mar) con imágenes del año 2000 del Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+)del satélite Landsat 7.Se fusionaron Modelos de Elevación Digital con batimetría satelital.Se caracterizaron hábitats bentónicos con clasificaciones "no supervisadas " de imágenes de Landsat,agrupando mediante datos de campo,y produciendo mapas con una precisión superior al 75%(coeficiente Tau >0.65).Estas caracterizaciones se combinaron con datos de Geocover-LC (uso /cobertura del suelo)para hacer los mapas.Comparando pares de imágenes mediante Análisis de Componentes Principales se logró identificar las zonas de cambios en los ambientes marinos en dos períodos:2000 a 2001 y 1991 a 2003.Se demostró la capacidad de las imágenes del satélite Landsat para producir mapas continuos cima-mar y para detectar cambios en los ambientes marinos someros,proveyendo así una valiosa herramienta para el monitoreo,el manejo y conservación efectiva de la zona costera.

 remote sensing benthic habitats change analysis Landsat coral reefs mapping Sensores remotos hábitat béntico análisis de cambios Landsat arrecifes coralinos mapeo Capolsini P Andréfouët S Rion C Payri C A comparison of Landsat ETM+,SPOT HRV,IKONOS, ASTER,and airborne MASTER data for coral reef habitat mapping in south Pacific islands Can.J. Remote Sens 2003 29 Legendre P Legendre L Numerical Ecology Numerical Ecology 1998 Amsterdam Elsevier Science Liceaga-Correa M.A Euan-Avila J.I Assessment of coral reef bathymetric mapping using visible Landsat Thematic Mapper data Int.J.Remote Sens 2002 23 Mumby P.J Edwards A.J Image classification and habitat mapping Remote Sens Remote Sens 2000 3 Paris UNESCO Mumby P.J Clark C Edwards A.J Radiometric correction of satellite and airborne imagery Remote Sens Remote Sens 2000 3 Paris UNESCO Mumby P.J Green E Edwards A.J Field survey: Building the link between image and reality Remote Sens Remote Sens 2000 3 Paris UNESCO Mumby P.J Harborne A.R Development of a systematic classification scheme of marine habitats to facilitate regional management and mapping of Caribbean coral reefs Biol.Cons 1999 88 Mumby P.J Green E.P Edwards A.J Clark C.D Coral reef habitat mapping:how much details can remote sensing provide? Mar.Biol 1997 130 Mumby P.J Green E.P Edwards A.J Clark C.D The cost-effectiveness of remote sensing for tropical coastal resources assessment and management J. Env.Manag 1999 55 Palandro D Andréfouët S Muller-Karger F.E Dustan P Hu C Hallock P Detection of changes in coral reef communities using Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+data Can.J.Remote Sens 2003 29 Caribbean rum study: Effects of distillery wastes on the marine environment and treatment options Caribbean rum study: Effects of distillery wastes on the marine environment and treatment options 1979 Congr. Conf. Office of Research and Development,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) Stumpf R.P Holdereid K Sinclair M Determination of water depth with high resolution satellite imager over variable bottom types Limnol. Oceanogr 2003 48 Tucker C.J Grant D Dykstra J NASA ’s global orthorectified Landsat data set Photogramm.Eng. Rem. Sens 2004 70 Kendall M.S Monaco M.E Buja K.R Christensen J.D Kruer C.R Finkbeiner M Warner R.A Methods Used to Map the Benthic Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S.Virgin Islands.National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring,Maryland,USA Methods Used to Map the Benthic Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S.Virgin Islands.National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring,Maryland,USA 2001
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300025 A Geographic Information System (GIS)analysis for trace metal assessment of sediments in the Gulf of Paria,Trinidad Ragbirsingh Yosha Norville Wendy ,Information Technology Department Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 05 2005 2005 53 195 206

The Gulf of Paria is a semi-enclosed shallow basin with increasing coastal development activities along Trinidad ’s west coast.Sediments present a host for trace metal pollutants from overlying waters,therefore determination of their content is critical in evaluating and detecting sources of marine pollution.This paper presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)analysis of geochemical assessment for trace metals in coastal sediments of the Gulf of Paria.This GIS approach facilitates interpretation of the spatial relationships among key environmental processes.The GIS development involves the integration of spatial and attribute data pertaining to bathymetry,current systems,topography,rivers,land use/land cover and coastal sediments.It employs spatial interpolation and retrieval operations to analyze the total trace metal concentrations of aluminum,copper and lead in the sediments and the clay-enriched sediments,to determine whether they are related to sediment type or are affected by the discharge from anthropogenic sources.Spatial distribution modeling of element concentrations are produced to indicate contamination plumes from possible anthropogenic sources such as rivers entering the Gulf of Paria,and to reveal potential hot spots and dispersion patterns.A direct spatial correlation between clay-enriched sediments and high concentrations of aluminum and lead is detected,however regions of high concentrations of copper and lead indicate a relationship to anthropogenic sources.The effectiveness of GIS for visualization, spatial query and overlay of geochemical analysis is demonstrated.

El Golfo de Paria es una cuenca semi-cerrada de creciente desarrollo en la costa occidental de Trinidad.Los sedimentos presentan una serie de metales contaminantes por lo que es importante la determinación de concentraciones y la detección de sus fuentes.Se presenta un análisis de metales traza en sus sedimentos costeros por Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG).El SIG facilita la interpretación de las relaciones espaciales de procesos ambientales claves.El SIG integra información espacial sobre batimetría,sistemas de corrientes,topografía,ríos,uso y cobertura del suelo,y los sedimentos costeros.Emplea interpolaciones espaciales y operaciones de búsqueda para analizar las concentraciones de aluminio,cobre y plomo en sedimentos y en los sedimentos ricos en arcillas,para determinar si están relacionados con el tipo de sedimento o afectados por las fuentes humanas de contaminación.Se producen modelos de la distribución espacial de los elementos para indicar "plumas " de sedimentos de posibles fuentes humanas tales como ríos que entran al Golfo de Paria,y para dilucidar potenciales "puntos álgidos " de contaminación y los patrones de dispersión.Se encontró una correlación espacial directa entre sedimentos ricos en arcillas y altas concentraciones de aluminio y plomo,mientras que las regiones con altas concentraciones de cobre y plomo indican una relación con fuentes antropogénicas.Se demostró la utilidad del SIG para visualizar, hacer consultas espaciales y sobreponer los resultados de análisis geoquímicos.

 Geographic Information System spatial interpolation geochemical analysis trace metal pollution Gulf of Paria Sistema de Información Geográfica interpolación espacial análisis geoquímico metales traza contaminación Golfo de Paria Agard J.B.R Boodoosingh M Gobin J Petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad Mar.Pollut.Bull 1988 19 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Summary Tables Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Summary Tables 1999 Bonham-Carter G.F Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS, Computer Methods in the Geosciences Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS, Computer Methods in the Geosciences 1994 13 Pergamon,Elseveir Science.Kidlington Burrough P McDonnell R.A Principles of Geographical Information Systems.Spatial Information System and Geostatistics Services Principles of Geographical Information Systems.Spatial Information System and Geostatistics Services 1997 Oxford Oxford University Chang-Yen I Hall L Metals in sediments off Trinidad,West Indies Mar.Poll.Bull 1986 17 Cheng Q Spatial and scaling modeling for geochemistry anomaly separation J.Geochem.Expl 1999 65 Erlenkeurser H Seuss E Willkomm H Industrial affects heavy metal and carbon isotope concentrations in Recent Baltic Sea sediments Geochim. 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Expl 2001 72 Goodchild M.F Parks B.O Steyaert L.T Environmental Modeling: Process and Research Issues Environmental Modeling: Process and Research Issues 1992 ^eNew York Oxford University Press Harris R.L Helz G.R Cory R.L Church T.M Processes affecting the vertical distribution of trace components in the Chesapeake Bay Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment 1975 Meet.Amer.Chem.Soc.,Philadelphia,Penn April 8-10,1975 Horne R.A Marine Chemistry the Structure of Water and the Chemistry Hydrosphere Marine Chemistry the Structure of Water and the Chemistry Hydrosphere 1969 ^eNew York Wiley Hu J Methods for generating surfaces in environmental GIS applications.Proc Methods for generating surfaces in environmental GIS applications.Proc 1995 1995 ESRI Conf May 22-26 Palm Springs Calfornia Kelly J Thornton I Simpson P.R Urban geochemistry: A study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditional industrial and non-industrial areas of Britain Appl.Geochem 1996 11 Krauskopf K.B Factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen rare metals in sea-water Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1956 9 Luoma S.N Bryan G.W A statistical assessment of the form of trace metals in oxidized estuarine sediments employing chemical extractants Sci.Total Environ 1981 17 Moussa A.A Trace elements in recent sediments of the delta continental shelf: Their accumulation and significance.6 th Workshop Pollut.Mediterranean. Cannes,2-4 Dec.1982 Trace elements in recent sediments of the delta continental shelf: Their accumulation and significance.6 th Workshop Pollut.Mediterranean. Cannes,2-4 Dec.1982 1983 Naidu A.S Blanchand A Kellet J.J Goering J.J Hameedi M.J Caskaran M Heavy metals in Chukchi Sea sediments as compared to selected Circum-Arctic shelves Mar.Pollut.Bull 1997 35 Nasr S El-Raey M Ibrahim A Geographic information system analysis for sediments,heavy metals and pesticides in Abu-Qir,Egypt J.Coast. Res 1997 13 Presley B.J A review of arctic trace metal data with implications for biological effects Mar.Pollut.Bull 1997 35 Rees J Williams M The land and ocean contamination study Earthwise,Brit.Geol.Surv 1996 9 Ridgway J Stevenson P Evaluation of contamination in estuarine and coastal sediments Earthwise, British Geol 1996 9 Schmidt H Reimers C.E The recent history of trace metal accumulation in the Santa Barbara Basin Southern California Borderland Estuar.Coast.Shelf Sci 1991 33 Selinus O.S Esbensen K Separating anthropogenic from natural anomalies in environment geochemistry J. Geochem. Expl 1995 55 Shepherd F.P Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios J.Sed.Petrol 1954 24 Szefer P Kusak A Szefer K Jankowska H Wolowicz M Ali A.A Distribution of selected metals in sediment cores of Puck Bay,Baltic Sea Mar.Pollut. 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S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300026 Biomass,litterfall and decomposition rates for the fringed Rhizophora mangle forest lining the Bon Accord Lagoon,Tobago Juman Rahanna A ,Institute of Marine Affairs Chaguaramas Trinidad and Tobago 05 2005 2005 53 207 217

The mangrove forest that fringes the Bon Accord Lagoon measures 0.8 km² and is dominated by red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle ).This forest forms the landward boundary of the Buccoo Reef Marine Park in Southwest Tobago,and is part of a mangrove-seagrass-coral reef continuum.Biomass and productivity,as indicated by litterfall rates,were measured in seven 0.01 ha monospecific plots from February 1998 to February 1999,and decomposition rates were determined. Red mangrove above-ground biomass ranged between 2.0 and 25.9 kg (dry wt.)m-2 .Mean biomass was 14.1 ±8.1 kg (dry wt.)m-2 yielding a standing crop of 11 318 ±6 488 t. Litterfall rate varied spatially and seasonally.It peaked from May to August (4.2-4.3 g dry wt.m-2 d-1 )and was lowest from October to December (2.3-2.8 g dry wt.m-2 d-1 ).Mean annual litterfall rate was 3.4 ±0.9 g dry wt.m-2 d-1 .Leaf degradation rates ranged from 0.3%loss d-1 in the upper intertidal zone to 1%loss d-1 at a lower intertidal site flooded by sewage effluent.Mean degradation rate was 0.4 ±1%loss d-1 .The swamp produces 2.8 t dry wt.of litterfall and 12 kg dry wt.of decomposed leaf material daily.Biomass and litterfall rates in Bon Accord Lagoon were compared to five similar sites that also participate in the Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Programme (CARICOMP).The Bon Accord Lagoon mangrove swamp is a highly productive fringed-forest that contributes to the overall productivity of the mangrove-seagrass-reef complex.

El manglar que bordea la laguna de Bon Accord mide 0.8 km² y predomina el mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle ).Este manglar es el límite terrestre del Parque Nacional Buccoo Reef en el suroeste de Tobago,y es parte de un continuo de mangles-pastos-arrecifes.En este trabajo se midió la biomasa y productividad,mediante la caída de hojas,y las tasas de descomposición en siete parcelas monoespecíficas de 0.01 ha,de febrero 1998 a febrero 1999.La biomasa sobre el suelo del mangle rojo se registró entre 2.0 y 25.9 kg (peso seco)m-2 .La biomasa promedio fue de 14.1 ±8.1 kg (peso seco)m-2 resultando en un recurso existente de 11 318 ±6488 t.La tasa de caída de hojas varió espacial y temporalmente.El máximo fue entre mayo y agosto (4.2-4.3 g peso seco m-2 d-1 )y el mínimo entre octubre y diciembre (2.3-2.8 g peso seco m-2 d-1 ).La tasa promedio de caída de hojas fue de 3.4 ±0.9 g peso seco m-2 d-1 .La tasa de degradación tuvo un ámbito de 0.3% pérdida d-1 ,en la parte superior de la zona intermareal a 1%pérdida d-1 en la parte inferior de sitios intermareales expuestos a aguas negras.La tasa de degradación promedio fue de 0.4 ±1%pérdida d-1 .Este manglar produjo 2.8 t peso seco de hojas y 12 kg peso seco de hojas descompuestas. La biomasa y las tasas de caída de hojas en Bon Accord fueron comparadas con otros cinco sitios que participan en el Programa del Caribe de Productividad Marino Costera (CARICOMP).El de la laguna de Bon Accord es un manglar marginal altamente productivo que contribuye a la productividad total del complejo mangles-pastos-arrecifes.

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S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300027 The structure and productivity of the Thalassia testudinum community in Bon Accord Lagoon,Tobago Juman Rahanna A ,Institute of Marine Affairs Chaguaramas Trinidad and Tobago 05 2005 2005 53 219 227

The Thalassia testudinum dominated seagrass community in the Buccoo Reef/Bon Accord Lagoon Marine Park,measures 0.5 km² and is part of a contiguous coral reef,seagrass bed and mangrove swamp system in southwest Tobago.T.testudinum coverage,productivity and percent turnover rates were measured from February 1998 to February 1999 at four sample locations,while total T.testudinum biomass was measured at two locations in the lagoon from 1992-2002.Productivity and turnover rates varied spatially and seasonally. They were higher in the back-reef area than in the mangrove-fringed lagoon,and were lowest at locations near to a sewage outfall.T.testudinum coverage ranged from 6.6%in the lagoon to 68.5%in the back-reef area while productivity ranged from 3.9 to 4.9 g dry wt m-2 d-1 .Productivity and percentage turnover rates were higher in the dry season (January -June)than in the wet season (July -December).Productivity ranged from 3.0 in the wet season to 5.0 g dry wt m-2 d-1 in the dry season while percentage turnover rates ranged from 4.2%to 5.6%.Total Thalassia biomass and productivity in Bon Accord Lagoon were compared to six similar sites in the Caribbean that also participate in the Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP).This seagrass community is being negatively impacted by nutrient-enriched conditions.

La comunidad de pastos marinos de Buccoo Reef/ Parque Nacional Bon Accord Lagoon,dominado por Thalassia testudinum,mide 0.5 km² y es parte de un complejo de arrecifes,lechos de pastos marinos y manglares en el suroeste de Tobago.La cobertura,productividad y tasa de recambio de T.testudinum fueron medidas de febrero 1998 a febrero 1999 en cuatro localidades,mientras que la biomasa total de T.testudinum fue medida en dos localidades en la laguna,entre 1992-2002.La productividad y la tasa de recambio variaron espacialmente y estacionalmente.Fueron mayores en la parte trasera del arrecife que en el manglar y la laguna del arrecife marginal,y fueron menores en localidades cerca de un emisario de aguas negras.La cobertura de T.testudinum tuvo un ámbito de 6.6%en la laguna a 68.5%en la parte trasera del arrecife, mientras que la productividad tuvo un ámbito de 3.9 a 4.9 g peso seco m-2 d-1.La productividad y las tasas de recambio fueron mayores en la época seca (enero a junio)que en la época lluviosa (julio-diciembre).La productividad tuvo un ámbito entre 3.0 en la época húmeda y 5.0 g peso seco m-2 d-1 en la época seca,mientras que las tasas de recambio variaron entre 4.2 y 5.6%.La biomasa total de Thalassia y la productividad en Bon Accord Lagoon fueron comparadas con seis sitios similares en el Caribe que también participan en el Programa de Productividad Marino-Costera del Caribe (CARICOMP).La comunidad de pastos de Bon Accord Lagoon está siendo afectada negativamente por enriquecimiento de nutrimentos.

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S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300028 Environmental education in Tobago ’s primary schools: a case study of coral reef education Armstrong Hyacinth G ,Buccoo Reef Trust Tobago 05 2005 2005 53 229 238

Environmental education is a relatively new area on the primary school curriculum of Trinidad and Tobago.Because of the close relationship between human activities and the degradation of the natural environment in Tobago,environmental education will become increasingly important to the preservation and conservation of the island ’s fragile natural resources.Current teaching methods rely heavily on text books and utilise a lecture style that does not promote student interaction. Unfortunately, these methods are not very conducive to environmental education.As such,this paper examines a pilot program in which staff from the Buccoo Reef Trust taught students from 15 primary schools about coral reefs using interactive tools and hands-on methods as described in People &Corals:an Education Package for Primary Schools (People &Corals ).The pilot program ran over an eight week period with prepared lessons being taught every two weeks and student evaluations taking place once before the first lesson and once after the last lesson.The lessons were supplemented with a field trip to a coral reef ecosystem.Despite several challenges that were faced in the implementation process,the overall outcome of the pilot program was successful.Teachers and students reacted positively to the information that was being shared,thereby reinforcing the effectiveness of using a dynamic,active method of teaching to advance environmental education.

La educación ambiental es un área relativamente nueva en los currículos de las escuelas primarias de Trinidad y Tobago.Debido a la relación entre las actividades humanas y la degradación del ambiente natural,la educación ambiental va a ser cada vez más importante para la preservación y conservación de los frágiles recursos naturales de la Isla de Tobago.Los métodos de enseñanza actuales se basan principalmente en libros de texto y utilizan un estilo de lectura que no promueve la interacción de los estudiantes.Desafortunadamente,éstos métodos no son ideales para la educación ambiental.Así,este artículo examina un programa piloto en el que trabajadores del "Buccoo Reef Trust "enseñaron a estudiantes de 15 escuelas primarias acerca de los arrecifes coralinos usando herramientas interactivas y métodos manuales.Este programa piloto tuvo una duración de ocho semanas,con lecciones cada dos semanas y dos evaluaciones para los estudiantes: antes de la primera lección y después de la última.Las lecciones se complementaron con una gira de campo a un ecosistema de coral.A pesar de algunas dificultades en el proceso de implementación,en general el programa fue un éxito.Los profesores y estudiantes reaccionaron positivamente a la información compartida,reforzando así la necesidad de usar métodos dinámicos y activos para mejorar la enseñanza en educación ambiental.

 environmental education Tobago coral primary school Ambiente educación Tobago corales escuelas primarias Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Forestry Policies in the Caribbean Volume 2: Reports of 28 Selected Countries and Territories Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Forestry Policies in the Caribbean Volume 2: Reports of 28 Selected Countries and Territories 1998 Rome Revised Primary Science Curriculum Revised Primary Science Curriculum 1999 John G.M Quantitative Characterisation of Land- Based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Vicinity of the Buccoo Reef Marine Park,Tobago Quantitative Characterisation of Land- Based Sources of Marine Pollution in the Vicinity of the Buccoo Reef Marine Park,Tobago 1996 Lapointe B.E Impacts of Land-Based Nutrient Pollution on Coral Reefs in Tobago.Buccoo,Tobago Impacts of Land-Based Nutrient Pollution on Coral Reefs in Tobago.Buccoo,Tobago 2003 Using Environment-based Education to Advance Learning Skills and Character Development Using Environment-based Education to Advance Learning Skills and Character Development 2001 ^eWashington,D.C North American Association for Environmental Education
S0034-774420050003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442005000300029 Beach dynamics and nest distribution of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea )at Grande Riviere Beach,Trinidad &Tobago Lee Lum Lori ,Institute of Marine Affairs Trinidad & Tobago 05 2005 2005 53 239 248

Grande Riviere Beach in Trinidad and Tobago is an important nesting site in the Caribbean for the Critically Endangered leatherback sea turtle,Dermochelys coriacea .Community members were concerned that beach erosion and seasonal river flooding were destroying many of the nests deposited annually and thought that a hatchery was a possible solution.Over the 2001 turtle nesting season,the Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA) assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of nests using the Global Positioning System recorded to reference points,and beach dynamics using permanent bench mark profile stations,to determine areas of high risk and more stable areas for nesting.A total of 1449 leatherback nests were positioned.It was evident that at the start of the season in March,the majority of leatherback nests were deposited at the eastern section of the beach. After May,there was a continuing westward shift in nest distribution as the season progressed until August and beach erosion in the eastern section became predominant.The backshore remained relatively stable along the entire beach throughout the nesting season,and erosion was predominant in the foreshore at the eastern section of the beach,from the middle to the end of the season.Similar trends in accretion and erosion were observed in 2000.River flooding did not occur during the study period or in the previous year.With both high risk and more stable regions for turtle nesting available at Grande Riviere Beach,there was no compelling evidence to justify the need for a hatchery.

La playa de Grande Riviere en Trinidad y Tobago es un sitio importante de anidación en el Caribe de la tortuga baula,Dermochelys coriacea ;una tortuga marina en peligro de extinción.Los residentes estaban preocupados de que la erosión de la playa y las inundaciones estacionales estaban destruyendo muchos de los nidos y pensaron que un criadero era una solución.Durante la temporada de anidación del 2001,el Instituto de Asuntos Marinos de Trinidad y Tobago (Institute of Marine Affairs:IMA) determinó la distribución espacial y temporal de los nidos referenciados con respecto a varios puntos fijados por satélite (Global Positioning System),y la dinámica de la playa usando marcas permanentes del perfil de la playa, para determinar áreas de alto riesgo y áreas estables para los nidos.Se ubicó 1449 nidos.Fue evidente que al inicio de la temporada (marzo),la mayoría de los nidos estaban ubicados en el sector oriental de la playa.De abril a agosto la anidación se fue desplazando hacia el oeste conforme avanzaba la temporada,mientras que la erosión de la playa aumentaba en el sector oriental.La parte trasera se mantiene estable a lo largo de toda la playa durante toda la temporada de anidación.La erosión es predominante en el frente de playa del sector oriental,desde mediados hasta finales de la época de anidación.Patrones similares de "acreción "y erosión fueron observados en el 2000.No hubo inundaciones durante el estudio o en el año anterior. Como hay zonas de alto riesgo y zonas estables,no hay evidencia contundente para hacer un criadero.

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