S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100001 Common polymorphisms and cardiovascular factors in patients with myocardial infarction of Costa Rica Salazar-Sánchez Lizbeth Chaves Lilliana Cartin Mayra Schuster Gudrun Wulff Karin Schröder Winnie Herrmann Falko H ,Hospital San Juan de Dios San José Costa Rica ,Hospital San Juan de Dios San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica ,Institut of Human Genetics Germany 03 2006 2006 54 1 11

Eight common polymorphisms of known myocardial infarction (MI)risk factors (factor V Leiden (FVL), factor V HR2 (FVHR2),factor II 20210G>A (FII),factor VII IVS7 (FVII IVS7),factor VII Arg353Gln (FVII), factor XIII Val34Leu (FXIII),Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR), Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE))and environmental risk factors were analyzed in a MI patients of Costa Rica.This case-control study included 186 MI subjects,95 of them <45 years and 201 age and sex matched controls.With the use of PCR method the polymorphisms were detected and through interviews additional information was collected.Hypercholesterolemia and smoking were associated with a significant risk in younger patients.High fibrinogen level was an important risk factor and interaction with smoking was detected.Mainly,the genotype 34LeuLeu of FXIII showed significant protective effect,(OR 0.32,95%CI 0.13-0.80)while the other polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the cases and the controls.Carriers of FVII (OR 2.75,95%CI 1.07-7.02)and FXIII (OR 4.20,95%CI 2.03-8.67)polymorphisms showed interaction with fibrinogen in the sta- tistical analysis.It was concluded that there was an important interaction between the common risk factors and the polymorphisms (FVII;FXIII)in the development of MI.This is one of the first reports in a Latin-American population dealing with these molecular markers and MI.Rev.Biol.Trop.54(1):1-11.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Se estudiaron ocho polimorfismos comunes asociados como factores de riesgo para el infarto al miocardio (IM):factor V Leiden (FVL),factor VHR2 (FVHR2), factor II 20210G>A (FII),factor VII IVS7 (FVII IVS7), factor VIIArg353Gln (FVII),factor XIIIVal34Leu (FXIII), metilentetrahidrofolato reductase C677T (MTHFR), enzima convertidora de la angiotensina (ACE) y factores ambientales de riesgo,en pacientes costarricenses.Este es un estudio de casos y controles,donde participan 186 pacientes,95 de ellos con edades <45 años y 201 sujetos controles.Se utilizó la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)y por medio de entrevistas personales se recolectó información epidemiológica adicional.Se encontró que la hipercolesterolemia y el fumado estan asociados como factores de riesgo en los pacientes jóvenes.Niveles elevados del fibrinógeno fueron detectados como un factor de riesgo importante y se observo interacción entre fumado y estos valores aumentados de fibrinógeno. El genotipo 34LeuLeu del FXIII presentó un efecto protector significante mientras que los otros polimorfimos estudiados no mostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los casos y controles. Los polimorfismos del FVII y FXIII demostraron interación con el fibrinógeno,según el análisis estadístico aplicado. Se evidencia, la interación entre factores de riesgo común y ciertos polimorfismos (FVII;FXIII)en la patogénesis del IM.Este es uno de los primeros informes sobre estos marcadores moleculares y su asociación con IM en una población latinoamericana.

 Arterial thrombosis myocardial infarction polymorphisms fibrinogen Latin-American Trombosis arterial infarto al miocardio infarction polimorfismos fibrinógeno Latinoamérica Ardissino D Mannucci P.M Merlini P.A Duca F Fetiveau R Tagliabue L Tubaro M Galvani M Ottani F Ferrario M Corral J Margaglione M Prothrombotic genetic risk factors in young survivors of myocardial infarction Blood 1999 94 Azofeifa J Hahn M Ruiz E Hummerich L Morales A.I Jiménez G Barrantes R The STR polymorphism (AAAAT)n within the intron 1 of the tumor protein 53 (TP53)locus in 17 populations of different ethnic groups of Africa,America,Asia and Europe Rev.Biol.Trop 2004 52 Bertina R.M Koeleman B.C Koster T Rosendaal R.F Dirven R.J de Ronde H van der Velden P.A Reitsma P.H Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C Nature 1994 369 Cambien F Poirier O Lecerf L Evans A Cambou J.P Arvelier D Luc G Bard J.M Bara L Ricard S Tiret L Amouyel P Alhenc-Gelas F Soubrier F Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction Nature 1992 359 Chaves-Villalobos M Jiménez-Arce G Sandí-Díaz M Polimorfismo del gen de la banda 3 eritrocítica en grupos étnicos de Costa Rica Rev.Biol.Trop 2004 52 Clauss A Gerinnungsphysiologische Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung des Fibrinogen Acta Haematol 1957 17 Doggen C.J Cats V.M Bertina R.M Rosendaal F.R Interaction of coagulation defects and cardiovascular risk factors: increased risk of myocardial infarction associated with factor V Leiden or prothrombin 20210A Circulation 1998 97 Fedder D.O Koror C.E L ’Italien G.J. 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Genet 2003 67 O ’Hara P.J F.J Grant The human factor VII gene is polymorphic due to variation in repeat copy num- ber in a minisatellite Gene 1988 66 Odawara M Matsunuma A Yamashita K Mistyping frequency of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and an improved method for its avoidance Hum.Genet 1997 100 Poort S.R Rosendaal F.R Reitsma P.H Bertina R.M A common genetic variation in the3 ´-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis Blood 1996 88 Rigat B Hubert C Corvol P Soubrier F PCR detection of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the human angiotensin converting enzyme gene (DCP 1)(dipeptidyl carboxypepetidase 1) Nucl.Acids. Res 1992 20 Schröder W Koesling M Wulff K Wehnert M Herrmann F.H Large-scale screening for factor V Leiden mutation in a North-Eastern German population Haemostasis 1996 26
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100002 Characterization of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection isolated from diverse Costa Rican natural ecosystems Arrieta Glen Espinoza Ana M ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica 03 2006 2006 54 13 27

Costa Rican natural ecosystems are among the most diverse in the world. For this reason, we isolated strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) to determine their diversity, distribution and abundance. A total of 146 Bt strains were obtained from environmental samples collected from diverse natural ecosystems and life zones of Costa Rica. We recovered Bt strains from 71%, 63%, 61% and 54% of soil samples, fresh leaves, other substrates and leaf litter respectively. Bt was isolated in 65%of the samples collected in the humid tropical forest in national parks (Braulio Carrillo, Gandoca Manzanillo, Sierpe, Hitoy Cerere, and Cahuita), and in 59% of the samples collected in the dry tropical forest (Parque Nacional Marino las Baulas, Palo Verde and Santa Rosa). In the very humid tropical forest (Tortuguero) Bt was isolated in 75% of the samples and in the very humid tropical forest transition perhumid (Carara)it was found in 69% of the samples. The strains exhibit a diverse number, size and morphology of parasporal inclusion bodies: irregular (47%),oval (20%), bipyramidal (3%), bipyramidal and cubic (1%), bipyramidal, oval and irregular (5%) and bipyramidal, oval and cubic crystals (2%). Strains isolated from Braulio Carrillo, Tortuguero and Cahuita, presented predominantly irregular crystals. On the other hand, more than 60% of the isolates from Térraba-Sierpe and Hitoy-Cerere had medium oval crystals. Strains from Gandoca-Manzanillo, Palo Verde and Carara presented mainly combinations of oval and irregular crystals. Nevertheless, the greatest diversity in crystal morphology was observed in those from Santa Rosa, Llanos del Río Medio Queso and Parque Marino las Baulas. Protein analyses of the crystal-spore preparations showed ä -endotoxin with diverse electrophoretic patterns, with molecular weights in the range of 20 to 160 kDa. Fifty six percent of the strains amplified with the cry2 primer, 54% with vip3, 20% with cry1, 9% with cry3-cry7 and 8% with cry8. The cry 11 and cyt genes were found in 8% and 7% of the strains, respectively. When analyzed with specific primers for the cry1 subfamily, 13 different genetic profiles were obtained. In addition, twenty-four strains did not amplify with any of the primers used, suggesting they contain novel cry genes. The diversity of Bt genes found in this collection indicates it could have great potential for the control of different species of insect pests. The toxicological characterization of the strains by bioassays against important insect pests will provide useful information about their potential use for the formulation of biological insecticides and their respective cry and vip genes for the transformation of crops to confer resistance to insects. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1):13-27.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Como los ecosistemas naturales de Costa Rica figuran entre los más diversos del mundo, se propuso aislar la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt ) con el fin de conformar una colección de cepas y caracterizarlas molecularmente. Se obtuvieron 146 cepas a partir de muestras ambientales de diversas áreas protegidas, que incluían 9 de las 12 zonas de vida de Costa Rica. Se recobraron cepas del 71%, 63%, 61%y 54% de las muestras de suelo, hojas frescas, otros sustratos y hojarasca respectivamente. Se aisló Bt del 65% de las muestras del bosque tropical húmedo, un 59% de las muestras del bosque tropical seco. Del bosque tropical muy húmedo se aisló Bt del 75% de las muestras y finalmente del bosque tropical muy húmedo transición perhúmedo se encontró en el 69% de las muestras. Las cepas se caracterizaron según la morfología de los cuerpos paraesporales de inclusión, el peso molecular de las ä -endotoxinas y de genes cry,cyt y vip que contenían. Las cepas exhibieron cristales de diferente morfología, tamaño y número: irregulares, ovales, bipiramidales, cúbicos o mezclas de uno u otro. No se encontró correlación al comparar la forma de los cristales con el sitio de origen de la cepa. El análisis proteico de las mezclas de esporas y cristales mostró que las cepas contenían ä -endotoxinas de 20 a 160 kDa.El 66 por ciento de las cepas amplificaron con los imprimadores específicos para el gen cry2,54% con vip3, 20% con el cry1, 9% con el cry3-cry7 y 8% con el gen cry8. Los genes cry11 y cyt se encontraron en el 8%y 7% de las cepas respectivamente. Veinticuato cepas no amplificaron con los imprimadores utilizados por lo que podrían contener genes novedosos. Las cepas que contenían el gen cry1 se amplificaron posteriormente con imprimadores específicos para la subfamilia de dicho gen, obteniéndose 13 perfiles diferentes. En síntesis, la diversidad genética de las cepas sugiere que la colección tiene un gran potencial para el control de diferentes especies de insectos de importancia económica en la agricultura y en salud pública. El análisis toxicológico de las cepas mediante bioensayos con insectos plaga proveerá información muy útil acerca del uso potencial de estas cepas para la formulación de bioinsecticida. Asimismo, lo genes cry y vip podrían utilizarse para, mediante ingeniería genética, conferir resistencia a los cultivos.

 Bacillus thuringiensis crystals cry vip genes ä -endotoxins national parks Costa Rica Bacillus thuringiensis cristales genes cry vip ä -endotoxinas parques nacionales Costa Rica Apoyolo C.I Drif L Vassal J.M Debarjac H Bossy J. P Leclant F Frutos R Isolation of multiple subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis from a population of the European sunflower moth, Homoeosoma nebulella Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1995 61 Aronson A. I Beckman W Dunn P Bacillus thuringiensis and related insect pathogens Microbiol. Rev 1986 50 Arrieta G Hernández A Espinoza A. M Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from coffee plantations infested with the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Rev. Biol. Trop 2004 52 Ben-Dov E Zaritsky A Dahan E Barak Z Sinai R Manasherob R Khamraev A Troitskaya E Dubitsky A Berezina N Margalith Y Extended screening by PCR for seven cry -group genes from field-collected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1997 63 Betz F Hammond B. G Fuchs R. L Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis protected plants to control insects pest Reg. Tox. Pharm 2000 32 Bravo A Sarabia S López L Ontiveros H Abarca C Ortiz A Ortiz M Lina L Villalobos J Peña G Noez V. G Soberon M Quintero R Characterization of cry genes in a Mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1998 64 Bull A. T Goodfellow M Slater J. H Biodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnology Ann. Rev. Microbiol 1992 46 Chen W Kuo T A simple and rapid method for the preparation of gram-negative bacterial genomic DNA Nucl. Acids Res 1993 21 Crickmore N Zeigler D. R Feitelson J Schnepf Van Rie E. J Lereclus D Baum J Dean D. H Revision of the nomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal proteins Microbiolol. Mol. Rev 1998 62 Estruch J. J Warren G. W Mullins G. J Nye G. C Craig J. A Koziel M. G Vip3A, a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectum of activities against lepidopteran insects Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1996 93 Ferrandis M. D Juárez-Pérez V. M Frutos R Bel Y Ferré J Distribution of cry1, cryII, and cryV genes within Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Spain System Appl. Microbiol 1999 22 Hofte H Whiteley H. R Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Microbiol. Rev 1989 53 Hongyu Z Ziniu Y Wangxi D Composition and ecological distribution of Cry proteins and their genotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from ware-houses in China J. Invertebr. Pathol 2000 76 Ibarra J. E Federici B. A Parasporal bodies of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.morrisoni (PG-14)and Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israeliensis are similar in protein composition and toxicity FEMS Microbiol. Lett 1986 34 James C Global review of commercialized transgenic crops: 2001 feature: Bt cotton Global review of commercialized transgenic crops: 2001 feature: Bt cotton 2002 International Service For The Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Application Martin P. A Travers R. S Worldwide abundance and distribution of Bacillus thurigniensis isolates Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1989 55 Martínez C Biological and genetic characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic against Helicoverpa armigera Biological and genetic characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic against Helicoverpa armigera 2002 UPNA.Pamplona Mora R Espinoza A. M Isolation and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from insects of the order Homoptera Rev. Biol. Trop 2005 Obando Biodiversity in Costa Rica: state of knowledge and management Biodiversity in Costa Rica: state of knowledge and management 2002 San José INBio-SINAC Porcar M Juárez-Pérez V PCR-based identification of Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal genes FEMS Microbiol. Rev 2003 26 Ross M. A Lembi C. A Applied Weed Science Applied Weed Science 1985 ^eNew York McMillanNew York Rukmini V Reddy Y. R Venkateswerlu G Bacillus thuringiensis crystal ä -endotoxin: Role of proteases in the convertion of protoxin to toxin Biochimie 2000 82 Samsonov P Padrón R. I Pardo C Cabrera J De la Riva G. A Bacillus thuringiensis from biodiversity to biotechnology J. Industri. Microbiol. Biotech 1997 19 Sanchis V Lereclus D Menou G Chaufaux J Lecadet M. M Multiplicity of ä -endotoxin genes with different specificities in Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai Mol. Microbiol 1988 2 Travers R. S Martin P. A. W Reichelderfer C. F Selective process for efficient isolation of soil Bacillus spp Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1987 53 Víquez A Búsqueda y caracterización de proteínas biopesticidas novedosas a partir de cepas de Bacillus thuringiensis aisladas de ecosistemas costarricenses Búsqueda y caracterización de proteínas biopesticidas novedosas a partir de cepas de Bacillus thuringiensis aisladas de ecosistemas costarricenses 2000
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100003 Genes that encode botulism neurotoxins A,B,E and F in Neotropical bee honey identified with the Polymerase Chain Reaction Fournier Ana Teresa Gamboa María del Mar Arias María Laura ,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica 03 2006 2006 54 29 34

Honey can be used for the treatment of wounds, sores and skin burns, but it might be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum spores. In order to evaluate Costa Rican raw honey samples, the detection of neurotoxin gene sequences (corresponding to the bacterium) C. botulinum A, B, E and F was done with the polymerase chain reaction. A total of 64 raw honey samples, coming from different Costa Rican sites were analyzed. Reference C. botulinum strains type A (ATCC 19397), type B (ATCC 7949), type E (ATCC 17786) and type F (ATCC 25764) were used as templates for testing the effectivity of the method. The process consisted in culturing the honey samples in prereduced triptose-peptone-glucose-yeast extract media (TGPY)for 5 days. After this, the bacteria lysate obtained was used for PCR. The amplicons,product of the reaction, were visualized using agarose gel 2%. From the 64 honey samples analyzed, none produced positive results in the PCR, since no amplicons were obtained. Even though, all the reference C. botulinum strains used as controls were visualized and showed the effectivity of the extraction method and of the PCR used. The results obtained show promising therapeutic uses for honey from Costa Rica, but further evaluations shall be done in order to be sure of the safety of the product. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 29-34. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

La miel de abeja es un producto que podría ser utilizado en el tratamiento de heridas, abrasiones y quemaduras de piel; no obstante, podría estar contaminada con esporas de C. botulinum. Con el fin de evaluar muestras de miel de origen costarricense, se detectó las secuencias de genes productores de neurotoxina correspondientes a C. botulinum tipos A, B, E y F utilizando la técnica de PCR (reacción de polimerasa en cadena). 64 diferentes muestras de miel, provenientes de diversos sitios costarricenses, fueron analizadas. Con el fin de evaluar la efectividad del método, se utilizó cepas de referencia tipos A (ATCC 19397), B (ATCC 7949),E (ATCC 17786)y F (ATCC 25764). El procedimiento consistió en cultivar las muestras de miel en caldo triptona peptona glucosa levadura prerreducido, por cinco días. Luego de esto, se obtuvo un lisado bacteriano, el cual fue utilizado para la técnica de PCR. Los amplicones producto de la reacción fueron visualizados utilizando geles de azarosa al 2%.De las 64 muestras de miel analizadas, ninguna produjo resultados positivos en el PCR. No obstante, todas las cepas de referencia usadas como controles produjeron bandas, que demuestran la efectividad del método de extracción utilizado y de la técnica en sí. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la ausencia de contaminación por C.botulinum de la miel de abeja de origen costarricense, no obstante,deben realizarse evaluaciones adicionales para garantizar la seguridad del producto.

 Honey Clostridium botulinum PCR toxin producing genes Miel Clostridium botulinum PCR de genes productores de toxina Aureli P Ferrini A. M Negri S Ricerca delle spore di C.botulinum nel miele Rev. Soc. Ital. Scie. Aliment 1983 12 6 Dahlenborg M Borch E Radstrom P Development of a combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure for Clostridium botulinum types B, E and F and its use to determinate prevalence in fecal samples from slaughtered pigs Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2001 67 Delmas C Vidon D. J Sebald M Survey of honey for Clostridium botulinum spores in eastern France Food Microbiol 1994 11 Estrada H Gamboa M Chaves C Arias M. L Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de la miel de abeja contra Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes y Aspergillus niger. Evaluación de su carga microbiológica Arch. Lat. Nut 2005 Fach P Perelle S Dilasser F Grout J Dargaignaratz C Botella L Gourreau J Carlin F Popoff M Broussolle V PCR and gene probe identification of botulinum neurotoxin A, B, E, F and G producing Clostridium spp.An evaluation in food samples Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1994 61 Gamboa M Rodríguez E Fernández B Primer aislamiento de Clostridium botulinum en Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Gamboa M Rodríguez E Fernández B Clostridium botulinum en suelos de Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1993 41 Hartgen H Untersuchungen 0vin Hinigoroben auf Botulinustoxin Archif fur Lebensmittelhygiene 1980 31 Hetland A Clostridium botulin/um sporr 1 nor-skproduser honing? Norsk. Veterinaertidsskrift 1986 98 Hielm S Hyytia E Ridell J Korkeala H Detection of Clostridium botulinum in fish and environmental sample using polymerase chain reaction Int. J. Food Microbiol 1996 31 Lindstrom M Keto R Markkula A Nevas M Hielm S Korkeala H Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F in food and fecal material Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2001 67 Martins H Martins L Bernardo F Bacillaceae spores, fungi and aflatoxins determination in honey Rev. Port. Cien. Vet 2003 98 Midura T. F Infant botulism: identification of Clostridium botulinum and its toxin in faeces Lancet 1996 II Molan P. C The role of honey in the management of wounds J. Wound Care 1999 8 Nakano H Okabe T Hashinmoto H Sakaguchi G Incidence of C.botulinum in honey of various origins Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol 1990 43 Clostridium botulinum: detection in foods and other test materials Clostridium botulinum: detection in foods and other test materials 1991 Espoo NCFA MethodVTT Biotechnology and Rood Research Nevas M Hielm S Lindstrom M Horn H Koivulehto K Korkeala H High prevalence of Clostridium botulinum types A and B in honey samples detected by polymerase chain reaction Int. J. Food Microbiol 2002 72 Silas J. C Carpenter J. A Hamdy M. K Harrison M. A Selective and differential medium for detecting Clostridium botulinum Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1985 50 Solomon H. M Lily T Clostridium botulinum Bacteriological Analytical Manual,(Chapter 17) Bacteriological Analytical Manual,(Chapter 17) 2001 ^eMaryland AOAC Szabo E Pemberton J Desmachelier P Detection of the genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin A to E by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1993 59 Ward B. Q Garrett E. S Reese G. B Further indication of Clostridium botulinum in Latin American Waters Appl. Microbiol 1967 15 Bogdanow S Antibacterial substances in honey Antibacterial substances in honey 1997 Swiss Bee Research Center Honey-Health andTherapeutic Qualities Honey-Health andTherapeutic Qualities 2005
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100004 Caraterización citogenética del pez tropical de agua dulce Parachromis managuensis (Pisces:Cichlidae) Arias-Rodriguez Lenin Páramo-Delgadillo Salomón Durán-González Alicia de la Luz ,Laboratorio de Acuacultura Villahermosa Tabasco México ,UNAM México, D. F México 03 2006 2006 54 35 42

Citogenetic characterization of the tropical freshwater fish Parachromis managuensis (Pisces: Cichlidae). To describe the cytogenetics of the jaguar cichlid fish Parachromis managuensis, we collected eight males and 13 females in Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. The specimens were processed with standard cytogenetic techniques (slightly modified), and high quality fields of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis were obtained; 14 of these fields were analyzed by meristics and statistics methods. The specimens presented a diploid modal number of 2n=48 chromosomes, which is similar to the number reported for others Central American cichlids; five pairs were submetacentric-metacentrics(biarmed)and 19 were subtelocentric-telocentric (uni-armed),giving a fundamental number (NF)of 58.The haploid number was confirmed by counting meiotic fields in metaphase I. There was not evidence of heteromorphism: sexual chromosomes were not identifiable. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 35-42. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Para contribuir con el ordenamiento de las especies de la familia Cichlidae, se realizó el estudio citogenético de la mojarra pinta Parachromis managuensis. Fueron utilizados veintiún organismos, ocho machos y trece hembras,colectados en Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Los especímenes se procesaron por técnicas citogenéticas convencionales (con ligeras modificaciones). Se obtuvieron campos mitóticos y meióticos de buena calidad, de los que fueron seleccionados catorce cariotipos para ser analizados merística y estadísticamente. Los especímenes presentaron número modal diploide de 2n=48 cromosomas, similar al reportado para otros cíclidos neotropicales. Cinco pares fueron cromosomas metacéntricos-submetacéntricos (birrámeos) y 19 pares cromosomas subtelocéntricos-telocéntricos (monorrámeos),con número fundamental (NF) de 58 brazos.El número haploide se ratificó por conteo de campos meióticos en metafase I. Los campos mitóticos observados y los cariotipos de machos y hembras no presentaron evidencias heteromórficas para identificar cromosomas sexuales.

 Parachromis managuensis cytogenetics chromosomes mojarra cichlid Parachromis managuensis citogenética cromosomas mojarra cíclido Arias-Rodríguez L Inactivación genética de esperma e inducción de ginogénesis y de triploidía en el botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns,1842) Inactivación genética de esperma e inducción de ginogénesis y de triploidía en el botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns,1842) 2001 Carrillo M. C. E Análisis de la pesca ribereña de 3 especies de cíclidos nativos: Cichlasoma synspilum, Cichlasoma urophthalmus y Cichlasoma motaguense de importancia comercial en el municipio de Jonuta,Tabasco,México Análisis de la pesca ribereña de 3 especies de cíclidos nativos: Cichlasoma synspilum, Cichlasoma urophthalmus y Cichlasoma motaguense de importancia comercial en el municipio de Jonuta,Tabasco,México 1991 Crosetti D Sola L Brunner P Cataudella S Pullin R.S.V Bhukaswan T Thonguthai K Maclean J.L Cytogenetical characterization of Oreochromis niloticus,O.mossambicus and their hybrid The Second Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture The Second Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture 1988 ICLARM.Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Filipinas Denton T.E Fish chromosome methodology Fish chromosome methodology 1973 Illinois^eChicago Charles C.Thomas Dunseth D.R Bayne D.R Recruitment control and production of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) with the predator Cichlasoma managuense (Günther) Aquaculture 1978 14 Gold J.R Hoar W.S Rahdall D.J Brett J.R Cytogenetics Fish physiology.Vol. VIII Fish physiology.Vol. VIII 1979 ^eNueva York Academic Gómez-Márquez J.L Peña-Mendoza B Salgado- Ugarte I.H Guzmán-Arroyo M Reproductive aspects of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Coatetelco lake,Morelos,Mexico Rev. Biol. Trop 2003 51 Guerrero R.D Shelton W.L An aceto-carmine squash method for sexing juvenile fishes Prog. Fish. Cult 1974 36 Günther A On the fishes of the states of Central America, founded upon specimens collected in fresh and marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs.Salvin and Godman and Capt J. M. Dow. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 1867 Gyldenholm A. O Scheel J. J Chromosome numbers of fishes I.J.Fish.Biol 1971 3 Halvorson H.O Quezada F Increasing public involvement in enriching our fish stocks through genetic enhancement Gen.Anal.Biomol.Eng 1999 15 Jiménez B.L Nepita R Espectro trófico de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) en la presa Infiernillo, Mich.-Gro.México Rev.Biol. Trop 2000 48 Jiménez-Badillo L Age-growth models for tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes,Cichlidae)of the Infiernillo reservoir,Mexico and reproductive behav- iour Rev.Biol.Trop 2005 54 Kligerman A.D Bloom S.E Rapid Chromosome preparations from solid tissues of fishes J. Fish. Res. Board Can 1977 34 Korth J. W Fitzsimons J. M Karyology of three species of eastern north American Atherinid fishes Copeia 1987 2 Kullander S. O Hartel K. E The systematic status of cichlid genera described by Louis Agassiz in 1859: Amphilophus ,Baiodon ,Hypsophrys and Parachromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 1997 7 Levan A Fredga K Sandberg A. A Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes Hereditas 1964 52 Lozano R Rejon C. R Ruiz Rejon M Espinosa de los Monteros Labarta U Manipulación cromosómica en organismos acuáticos Genética en Acuicultura Genética en Acuicultura 1987 Madrid Mundi-Prensa Mendoza A Páramo S Oseguera J. A Vázquez C. A Macias J Bravo G Efecto de la densidad de carga y el nivel de proteína sobre el crecimiento de Cichlasoma syspilum (Pisces: Cichlidae) bajo cultivo experimental en sistema cerrado Universidad Ciencia 1992 9 Mendoza E. A Mendoza A Galmiche A Mesenguer R Mendoza E.A Galmiche A Mesenguer R La acuicultura de peces nativos en México: Retos y perspectivas 1995 Seminario sobre peces nativos con uso potencial en acuicultura 23-26 de mayo de 1994 Cárdenas Tabasco Miller R.R Hurlbert S.H Villalobos-Figueroa A Pisces Aquatic biota of México, Central America and the West Indies Aquatic biota of México, Central America and the West Indies 1992 San Diego^eCalifornia Páramo-Delgadillo S Determinación del sexo en algunos cíclidos de Tabasco,Méx Universidad y Ciencia 1985 2 Pérez-Sánchez E Muir J.F Ross L.G Livelihood options for the coastal zone of Tabasco, Mexico Aquatic Resourc.Cult.Develop 2005 1 Salas E Boza J Citotaxonomía comparativa de tres especies de Cichlasoma (Pisces: Cichlidae) nativas de Costa Rica Rev.Biol.Trop 1991 39 Archivos de Pesquerías,Departamento de Pesca,Delegación Centro, Tabasco, México Archivos de Pesquerías,Departamento de Pesca,Delegación Centro, Tabasco, México 2003 Taniguchi N Han H.S Tsujimura A Main K.L Reynolds E Use of chromosome manipulation fish in aquaculture and related problems of conservation of wild stock Selective breeding of fishes in Asia and U.S.A.Proceedings of a workshop in Honolulu,Hawaii Selective breeding of fishes in Asia and U.S.A.Proceedings of a workshop in Honolulu,Hawaii 1993 Honolulu^eHawaii The Oceanic Institute Thompson K. W Cytotaxonomy of 41 species of neotropical cichlidae Copeia 1979 4 Thompson K. W Kariotypes of six species of African Cichlidae (pisces:Perciformes) Experientia 1981 37 Thorgaard G.H Disney J.E Schreck C.B Moyle P. B Chromosome preparation and analysis Methods for fish biology Methods for fish biology 1990 ^eMaryland American Fisheries Society Uribe-Alcocer M Arreguin-Espinoza J Los cromosomas de los peces Oreochromis urolepis hornorum y Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces:Cichlidae) An.Inst.Cienc.del Mar. Limnol. Univ. Nal. Autón 1989 16 Uribe-Alcocer M Náder-Garcia Blanca L Valdés- Morales N Karyotypes of two Cichlid fishes from México,Cichlasoma ellioti and Cichlasoma trimaculatum Jap.J.Ichthyol 1992 39 Uribe-Alcocer M Téllez-Vargas C Díaz-Jaimes P Chromosomes of C ichlasoma istlanum (Perciformes: Cichlidae)and karyotype comparison of two presumed subspecies Rev. Biol. Trop 1999 47 Uyeno T Miller R.R Chromosomes and the evolution of the plagopterin fishes (Cyprinidae)of the Colorado river system Copeia 1973 4
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100005 Flora bacteriana cloacal y nasal de Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en el pacífico norte de Costa Rica Santoro Mario Orrego Carlos Mario Hernández Gómez Giovanna ,Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica ,Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica ,Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica 03 2006 2006 54 43 48

Cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica.The aerobic cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of 45 apparently healthy female olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea )was studied at Nancite nesting beach,in Santa Rosa National Park (Costa Rican North Pacific)during July and August 2002.Bacterial samples were obtained by inserting sterile swabs directly into the cloaca and the nasal cavities of the turtles.Ninety-nine aerobic bacterial isolates, including 10 Gram-negative and 5 Gram-positive bacteria, were recovered.The most common bacteria cultured were Aeromonas spp. (13/45) and Citrobacter freundi (6/45)from cloacal samples and Bacillus spp.(32/45), Staphylococcus aureus (6/45)and Corynebacterium spp.(5/45)from nasal ducts.The results of the present study showed that the aerobic bacterial flora of nesting female olive ridleys was composed of several potential human and animal microbe pathogens.Rev.Biol.Trop.54(1):43-48.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Con el objetivo de determinar la flora normal aerobia, cloacal y nasal de la tortuga lora (Lepidochelys olivacea ), entre los meses de julio y agosto del 2002,se colectaron muestras bacteriológicas de 45 quelonios aparentemente sanos,durante el desove en Playa Nancite,Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, a través del uso de hisopos estériles que se introdujeron en la cloaca y en uno de los conductos nasales. De las muestras recolectadas se obtuvieron e identificaron un total de 99 aislamientos, incluyendo 10 grupos de Gram-negativos y 5 de Gram-positivos. De cada tortuga se obtuvo un promedio de 0.7 bacterias de la cloaca y 1.4 de las cavidades nasales. Las bacterias más frecuente halladas fueron Aeromonas spp.(13/45) y Citrobacter freundi (6/45) en la cloaca, y Bacillus spp. (32/45),Staphylococcus aureus (6/45)y Corynebacterium spp.(5/45)en las cavidades nasales. En este investigación, la flora microbiana de las tortugas lora resultó constituida por microorganismos potencialmente patógenos para el ser humano y las tortugas.

 Lepidochelys olivacea olive ridley sea turtle bacterial flora bacterial disease Nancite Costa Rica Lepidochelys olivacea tortuga lora flora bacteriana enfermedades bacterianas Nancite Costa Rica Acuña M. T Díaz G Bolaños H Barquero C Sánchez O Sánchez L. M Mora G Chávez A Campos E Source of Vibrio mimicus contamination of turtle eggs Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1999 65 Aguirre A. A Balazs G. H Zimmerman B Spraker T. R Evaluation of Hawaii green turtles (Chelonia mydas) for potential pathogens associated with fibropapillomas J. Wildl. Dis 1994 30 Bisping W Amtsberg G Colour Atlas for the diagnosis of bacterial pathogens in animals Colour Atlas for the diagnosis of bacterial pathogens in animals 1988 Berlin and Hamburg Paul Parey Scientific Publishers Campos E Bolaños H Acuña M. T Díaz G Matamoros M. C Raventós H Sánchez L. M Sánchez O Barquero C Vibrio mimicus diarrhea following ingestion of raw turtle eggs Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1996 62 Carnahan A. M Andrews G Mahon C. R Manuselis G Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Campylobacter species Textbook of diagnostic microbiology Textbook of diagnostic microbiology 2000 Philadelphia^ePennsylvania W. B. Saunders Co Dickinson V. M Duck T Schwalbe C. R Jarchow J. L Trueblood M. H Nasal and cloacal bacteria in free-ranging desert tortoises from the western United States J. Wildl. Dis 2001 37 George R. H Wolke R. E Keinath J. A Richardson J. I Richardson T. H A new reason why apparently healthy sea turtles strand in warm weather. Proc. 12th Annu. Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology N. M. F. S. Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFSC-361 N. M. F. S. Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFSC-361 1995 Miami^eFl Ghittino F Schwedler H De Kinkelin P De Kinkelin P The principal infectious diseases of fish and their general control measures Symposium on fish vaccination Symposium on fish vaccination 1984 Paris Publicacion Office Internationale des Epizootics Glazebrook J. S Campbell R. S. F Johnson R. H Fowler M.E Traumatic ulcerative dermatitis: A disease of captive sea turtle Chelonia mydas (L)in north-east Australia Wildlife diseases of the Pacific basin and other countries Wildlife diseases of the Pacific basin and other countries 1981 Sacramento^eCalifornia Fruitridge Printing Glazebrook J. S Campbell R. S. F A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. I. Farmed turtles Dis. Aquat. Org 1990 a 9 Glazebrook J. S Campbell R. S. F A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. II. Oceanarium-reared and wild turtles Dis. Aquat. Org 1990 b 9 Glazebrook J. S Campbell R. S. F Thomas A. T Studies on an ulcerative stomatitis -obstructive rhinitis-pneumonia disease complex in hatchling and juvenile sea turtles, Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta Dis. Aquat. Org 1993 16 Gulland F. M. D Fowler M. E Miller R. E Leptospirosis in Marine Mammals Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4 Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4 1999 Philadelphia^ePennsylvania Saunders Hoff G. L Frye F. L Jacobson E. R Diseases of amphibians and reptiles Diseases of amphibians and reptiles 1984 ^eNew York Plenum Jacobson E. R Behler J. L Jarchow J. L Fowler M. E Miller R. E Health assessment of chelonians and release into the wild Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4 Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4 1998 Philadelphia^ePennsylvania W. B. Saunders Co Jacobson E. R Gaskin J. M Brown M. B Harris R. K Gardiner C. H La Pointe J. L Adams H. P Reggiardo C Chronic upper respiratory tract disease of free-ranging desert tortoises (Xerobates agassizii ) J. Wildl. Dis 1991 27 Johnson-Delaney C. A Mader D. R Reptile Zoonoses and threats to public health Reptile Medicine and Surgery Reptile Medicine and Surgery 1996 Philadelphia Saunders Keymer I. F Ridealgh D Fretwell G Salmonella regent: a new species associated with colitis in a Pacific hawksbill turtle (E. Imbricata bissa ) J. Path. Bact 1968 96 Keymer I. F Diseases of chelonians: (2)Necropsy survey of terrapin and turtles Vet. Rec 1978 103 Lauckner G Kinne O Diseases of Reptilia Diseases of marine animals, Vol. IV, part. 2 Diseases of marine animals, Vol. IV, part. 2 1985 Hamburg Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Lawrence K Needdham J. R Rhinitis in long term captive Mediterranean tortoises (Testudo graecae and Testudo hermanni) Vet. Rec 1985 21 Medway W Some bacterial and mycotic diseases of marine mammals J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1980 177 Mermin J Hoar B Angulo F. J Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States Pediatrics 1997 99 Decline of the sea turtles: causes and prevention Decline of the sea turtles: causes and prevention 1990 ^eWashington, D. C National Academy Press Obendorf D. L Carson J Mcmanus T. J Vibrio damsela infection in a Stranded Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea ) J. Wildl. Dis 1987 23 O ’Grady K. A Krause V An outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public. Health 1999 30 Quinn P. J Carter M. E Markey B Carter G. R Mosby Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Vibrio Species Clinical Veterinary Microbiology Clinical Veterinary Microbiology 1999 London Raidal S. R Ohara M Hobbs R. P Prince R. I Gram-negative bacterial infections and cardiovascular parasitism in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas ) Aust. Vet. J 1998 76 Snipes K. P Biberstein E. L Fowler M. E A Pasteurella spp. Associated with respiratory disease in captive desert tortoises J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc 1980 177
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100006 Distribution of bacteria and fungi in the earthworm Libyodrillus violaceous (Annelida: Oligochaeta), a native earthworm from Nigeria Idowu A. B Edema M. O Adeyi A. O ,University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria 03 2006 2006 54 49 58

Earthworms are soil invertebrates that play a key role in recycling organic matter in soils.In Nigeria, earthworms include Libyodrillus violaceous. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts, as well as fungal counts of viable microorganisms in soils and gut sections, were made on twenty L. violaceous collected from different sites on the campus of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The samples were collected between April and November, 2002. Numbers of microorganisms were higher in castings and gut sections than in uningested soil samples. The guts and their contents also had higher moisture and total nitrogen contents than the uningested soils. Bacteria and fungi isolated from the samples were identified by standard microbiological procedures on the bases of their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Isolated bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium, Spirocheata spp., Azotobacter spp., Micrococcus lylae, Acinetobacter spp., Halobacterium for bacteria. Yeast isolates were identified as Candida spp., Zygosaccharomyces spp., Pichia spp., and Saccharomyces spp while molds were identified as, Aspergillus spp., Pytium spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp and Rhizopus spp. Of the five locations examined, the refuse dump area had the highest numbers of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms, followed by the arboretum while the cultivated land area recorded the lowest counts. The higher numbers of microorganisms observed in the gut sections and casts of the earthworms examined in this work reinforce the general concept that the gut and casts of earthworms show higher microbial diversity and activity than the surrounding soil. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 49-58. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

 Total microbial counts Bacteria Fungi Earthworm casts Gut contents Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990 ^eWashington D.C Barnett H. L Hunter B. B Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi 1972 Saint Paul^eMinnesota APS Barnett J. A Payne R. W Yarrow D Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification 1990 London Cambridge Universit Black C. A Methods of soils analysis. Agronomy No. 9 part 2 Methods of soils analysis. Agronomy No. 9 part 2 1965 Madison^eWisconsin Amer. Soc. Agronomy Brown G. G How do earthworms affect microflora and fauna community diversity? Plant Soil 1995 170 Claus D A standardized gram-staining procedure Wor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol 1992 8 Daniel O Anderson J. M Microbial biomass and activity in contrasting soil materials after passage through the gut of earthworms Lumbricus rubellus . (Hoffmeister) Biol. Fertil Soils 1992 24 Edwards C. A Lofty J. R Biology of Earthworms Biology of Earthworms 1972 London Chapman and Hall Harrigan W. F McCance M. E Laboratory methods in food and diary microbiology Laboratory methods in food and diary microbiology 1976 London Academic Hornor S. G Mitchell M. J Effect of earthworm E. Felida (Oligocheata)on fluxes of volatile Carbon and Sulfur compounds from sewage sludge Soil Biol. Biochem 1981 13 Idowu A. B Edema M. O Kolawole A. Z A comparative analysis of fauna populations in the soil of University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria ASSET 2 2 Jackson M. L Soil chemical analysis Soil chemical analysis 1962 ^eNew York Prentice Hall Kreger van Rig N. J. W The yeasts-a taxonomic study Amsterdam The yeasts-a taxonomic study Amsterdam 1984 Amsterdam Elsevier Science Karsten G. R Drake H. L Comparative assessment of the aerobic and anaerobic microfloras of earthworm and forest soils Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1995 61 3 Lee K. E Earthworms: Their Ecology and relationship with soil and land use Earthworms: Their Ecology and relationship with soil and land use 1985 Sydney Academic Onions A. H. S Allsopp D Eggins H. O. W Smith ’s Introduction to Industrial Mycology Smith ’s Introduction to Industrial Mycology 1981 London Edward Arnold Perdesen J. C Hendriksen N. B Effects of passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms (Lumbricus spp) on the number of selected gram-negative and total bacteria Biol. Fertil. Soils 1993 16 Sandra A. M Trenor G. P John M Fate of some fungal spores associated with wheat straw decomposition on passage through the guts of Lumbrious terrestries and Aponrechoclea longa Soil Biol. Biochem 1996 28 Satchell J. E Burges A Raw F Lumbricidae Soil biology Soil biology 1967 London Academic Savin C. M Jose A. A Burrowing a better future: Earthworm and the Soil RINHEWS 2000 7 1 Scheu S Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm cast (Lumbricidae) Biol. Fertil. Soils 1987 5 Seeley H. W Van Demark P. J Microbes in action-a laboratory manual of Microbiology Microbes in action-a laboratory manual of Microbiology 1972 ^eSan Francisco Freeman Segun A. O Owa S. O Two new Keffia species (Eudrilinae:Oligochaeta) from Nigeria J. Nat. Hist 1990 24 Sharon L. L Paul F. H Interaction of the earthworm Diptocardia mississippiensis with microbial and nutrient dynamics in a subtropical spodosol Soil Biol. Biochem 2002 33 Sneath P. H. A Mair N. S Sharpe M. E Holt J. G Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2 Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2 1986 Baltimore^eOhio Williams and Wilkins Tiwari S. C Mishra R. R F ungal abundance and diversity on earthworm casts and in undigested soil Biol. Fertil. Soils 1993 16 Winding A Ronn R Hendrisken N. B Bacteria and protozoa in soil microhabitat as affected by earthworms Biol. Fertil. Soils 1997 24 Biology of worms Biology of worms 2001 Los Angeles County^eCalifornia Department of Public Works, Environmental Programs Division Earthworms: The benefits Earthworms: The benefits 1994
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100007 Microbial degradation of palm (Elaeis guineensis )biodiesel Lutz Giselle Chavarría Max Arias María Laura Mata-Segreda Julio F ,University of Costa Rica Costa Rica ,University of Costa Rica Costa Rica 03 2006 2006 54 59 63

The kinetics of biodegradation of palm-derived fatty methyl and ethyl esters (Elaeis guineensis biodiesel) by a wild-type aerobic bacterial population was measured at 20 °C, as the rate of oxygen uptake by a manometric technique. The methyl and ethyl biodiesels were obtained by potassium-hydroxide catalysed transesterification of palm oil, respectively. The bacterial flora included the genera Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Enterobacter. The rate of oxygen uptake for palm biodiesel is similar to the quantity observed in the biodegradation of 1.0 mM solutions of simple substrates such as carbohydrates or amino acids.Palm methyl or ethyl biodiesel is subjected to facile aerobic biodegradation by wild-type bacteria commonly present in natural open environments. This result should lessen any environmental concern for its use as alternative fuel, solvent or lubricant. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 59-63.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

La cinética de la biodegradación de los ésteres metílicos y etílicos derivados de palma (biodiesel) por una población silvestre de bacterias aeróbicas fue medida a 20 °C, como medición manométrica del consumo de oxígeno. Los ésteres metílicos y etílicos se obtuvieron por transesterificación del aceite de palma con metanol y etanol,respectivamente. La flora bacteriana incluyó a los géneros Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter y Enterobacter. Las velocidades de consumo de oxígeno para las muestras de biodiesel fueron similares a lo observado en la biodegradación de disoluciones 1.0 mM de sustratos sencillos solubles en agua, tales como carbohidratos, aminoácidos y albúmina de huevo.

 Palm biodiesel fatty esters Elaeis guineensis wild-type bacterial degradation kinetics Çetinkaya M Karaosmanolu F Optimization of base-catalyzed transesterification reaction of used cooking oil Energy Fuels 2004 18 Cogan E. J Norman R. Z Thompson G. L Calculus of functions of one argument Calculus of functions of one argument 1960 ^eNew Jersey Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Lengeler J. W Drews G Schlegel H. G The biology off the prokaryotes The biology off the prokaryotes 1999 Stuttgart Thieme Maachi R Abousseoud M Chaabane T Kinetics of biodegradation of petroleum by Pseudomonas sp Desalination 2001 139 Marchal R Penet S Solano-Serena F Vandecasteele J. P Gasoline and diesel oil biodegradation Oil & Gas Science and Technol.-Rev. IFP 2003 58 Mihelcic J. R Fundamentos de ingeniería ambiental Fundamentos de ingeniería ambiental 2001 ^eMéxico, D. F Limusa Wiley Mittelbach M Remschmidt C Biodiesel. The comprehensive handbook Biodiesel. The comprehensive handbook 2004 Boersedruck Ges. M. B. H Obire O Nwaubeta O Effects of refined petroleum hydrocarbons on soil physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag 2002 6 Plohl K Leskovšek H Bricelj M Biological degradation of motor oil in water Acta Chim. Slov 2002 49 Riis V Kleinsteuber S Babel W Influence of high salinities on the degradation of diesel fuel bacterial consortia Can. J. Microbiol 2003 49 Tashtoush G. M Al-Widyan M. I Al-Jarrah M. M Experimental study on evaluation and optimization of conversion of waste animal fat into biodiesel Energy Conversion Manag 2004 45 Vanderzant C Splittstoesser D. F Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food 1992 ^eWashington, D. C APWA Williams D. L Kriel K. D Stewart G. A Hulse R. C Holsomback, Jr J. E Stewart J. R Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils by stimulating indigenous microbes Environ. Geosci 1998 5 Zhang X Peterson C. L Reese D Möller G Haws R Biodegradability of biodiesel in the aquatic environment Biodegradability of biodiesel in the aquatic environment 1995 Moscow^eIdaho Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100008 Establishment of Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius (Arecaceae): effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae Ramos-Zapata José A Orellana Roger Allen Edith B ,Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A. C. Mérida Yucatán México ,University of California 03 2006 2006 54 65 72

Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has often promoted increased growth of plants but very little work has been done in the tropics to evaluate the effects of inoculation on the establishment and development of seedlings in forests. Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius is a scandent palm present both in early and late succession, and consequently can be used in restoration processes. A test was conducted to determine the effect of AM on the establishment of Desmoncus orthacanthos in tropical forest in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Thirty inoculated and 30 non-inoculated seedlings were introduced in two sites of different successional age, a mature forest and an eight-year old abandoned cornfield (acahual).Survival and growth parameters were evaluated after 12 months. Leaf area and phosphorus, but not height, were greater in inoculated than non-inoculated plants in the forest but not in the acahual. However, mycorrhizae had a clear effect on plant survival in both sites, with a threefold increase in survival of inoculated compared with non-inoculated plants bassed on an odds ratio. The results suggest that inoculation will be important to increase the establishment of this commercially important palm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 65-72. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

La inoculación con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (AM)promueve un incremento en el crecimiento de las plantas, sin embargo poco trabajo se ha realizado en los trópicos para evaluar el efecto de la inoculación en el proceso de establecimiento de plántulas. Desmoncus orthacanthos Martius es una palmera trepadora que se distribuye tanto en etapas tempranas y tardías de la sucesión, por lo tanto puede ser empleada en procesos de restauración. Se realizó una prueba de establecimiento de D. orthacanthos en una selva tropical de la península de Yucatán, México. Treinta plántulas inoculadas y 30 no inoculadas se establecieron en dos sitios con diferentes etapas sucesionales: selva madura y un campo abandonado de maíz (acahual). Después de 12 meses el valor de área foliar y contenido de fósforo fue mayor en el tratamiento con micorrizas en la selva pero no en el acahual, sin embargo, el tratamiento con micorrizas mostró un claro efecto en la supervivencia de las palmeras en ambos sitios con un incremento tres veces mayor en la probabilidad de supervivencia de palmeras inoculadas comparadas con las no inoculadas de acuerdo al análisis de razón de disparidad (odds ratio). La inoculación podría ser importante para incrementar el establecimiento de esta palmera.

 Arbuscular mycorrhizae tropical palm seedlings establishment tropical forest abandoned cornfield acahual Micorriza arbuscular palmera tropical establecimiento de plántulas selva tropical cultivo de maíz abandonado acahual Al-Karaki G. N Benefit, cost, and phosphorus use efficency of mycorrhizal field-grown garlic at different soil phosphorus levels J. Plant Nutr 2002 25 Allen E. B Allen M. F Egerton-Warburton L Corkidi L Gomez-Pompa A Impacts of early and late seral mycorrhizae during restoration in seasonal tropical forest, Mexico Ecol. Appl 2003 13 Allen M. F Allen E. B Gomez-Pompa A Effects of mycorrhizae and nontarget organisms on restoration of a seasonal tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico: factors limiting tree establishment Restor. Ecol 2005 13 Augé R. M Water relations, drought and vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis Mycorrhiza 2001 11 Azcón-Aguilar C Palenzuela J Roldán A Bautista S Vallejo R Barea J. 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S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100009 A Comparison of Sap Flow Measurements and Potometry in Two Tropical Lowland Tree Species with Contrasting Wood Properties Gutiérrez Marco V Santiago Louis S ,Universidad de Costa Rica Alajuela Costa Rica ,University of Hawaii Honolulu USA 03 2006 2006 54 73 81

We evaluated the performance of the Heat Dissipation Technique (HDT) to measure sap flow in whole trees by comparison with potometric water uptake. Two tropical lowland species, Ochroma lagopus (balsa), a pioneer species with light wood and Hyeronima alchorneoides (pilón), a late-successional species with hard wood were examined. Diurnal courses of sap flow measured with the HDT showed good agreement with potometry. At the low sap flow rates (below 1 Kg h-1) occurring during nocturnal recharge HDT consistently underestimated sap flow rates. This resulted in the failure of the current version of the HDT to measure nocturnal water uptake, an important component of the water budget of at least one of the two species examined. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 73-81. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

 heat dissipation technique nocturnal uptake potometer tropical trees sap flow stomatal conductance wood density Becker P Limitations of a compensation heat pulse velocity system at low sap flow: implications for measurements at night and in shaded trees Tree Physiol 1998 18 Cabibel B Isbérie C Horoyan J Flux de seve et alimentation hydrique de cerisiers irrigués ou non en localisation Agronomie 1997 17 Cerma k, J Deml M Penka M A new method of sap flow determination in trees Biologia Plantarum 1973 15 Chudnoff M Tropical Timbers of the World Tropical Timbers of the World 1984 USDA., Forest Service Closs R. L The heat pulse method for measuring rate of sap flow in plant stems New Zealand J. Sci 1958 1 Goldstein G Andrade J. L Meinzer F. C Holbrook N. M Jackson P Cavelier J Celis A Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest trees Plant, Cell & Environ 1997 21 Granier A Une novelle methode pour la mesure du flux de seve brute dans le tronc des arbres Ann. Sci. Forest 1985 42 Granier A Huc R Colin F Transpiration and stomatal conductance of two rainforest species growing in plantations (Simarouba amara and Goupia glabra ) in French Guyana Ann. Sci. Forest 1992 49 Green S. R McNaughton K. G Clotier B. E Observations of night-time water use in kiwifruit vines and apple trees Agri. Forest Meteorol 1989 48 Gutiérrez M. V Harrington R. A Meinzer F. C Fownes J. H The effect of environmentally induced stem temperature gradients on transpiration estimates from the heat balance method in two tropical woody species Tree Physiol 1994 B Haggar J. P Ewel J. J Establishment, resource acquisition and early productivity as determined by biomass allocation patterns of three tropical tree species Forest Sci 1995 41 Herzog K. M Thum R Zweifel R Hasler R Heat balance measurements -to quantify sap flow in thin stems only? Agri. and Forest Meteorol 1997 83 Knight D. H Fahey T. J Running S. W Harrison A. T Wallace L. L Transpiration from 100-yr-old lodgepole pine forests estimated with whole-tree potometers Ecology 1981 62 Marshall D. C Measurement of sap flow in conifers by heat transport Plant Physiol 1958 33 Phillips N Oren R Zimmerman R Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non-,diffuse-and ring-porous tree species Plant, Cell & Environ 1996 19 Pickard W. F How might a tracheary element that is embolized by day be healed by night? J. Theoretical Biol 1989 141 Ritchie G. A Hinckley T. M The pressure chamber as an instrument for ecological research Advance Bot. Res 1975 9 Sakuratani T A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stems of intact plants J. Agri. Meteorol 1981 37 Sperry J. S Donnelly R. J Tyree M. T A method for measuring hydraulic conductivity and embolism in xylem Plant, Cell & Environ 1988 11 Vertessy R. A Hatton T. J Reece P O ’Sullivan S. K Benyon R. G Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique Tree Physiol 1997 17 Waring R. H Running S. W Sapwood water storage: its contribution to transpiration and effect upon water conductance through the stems of old growth Douglas fir Plant, Cell & Environ 1978 1 Whitmore J. L Janzen D. H Ochroma lagopus (Balsa) Costa Rican Natural History Costa Rican Natural History 1983 ^eChicago University of Chicago Wullschleger S. D Meinzer F. C Vertessy R. A A critique of whole-plant water use studies in trees Tree Physiol 1998 18
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100010 El alga marina Sargassum (Sargassaceae): una alternativa tropical para la alimentación de ganado caprino Casas-Valdez M Hernández-Contreras H Marín-Álvarez A Aguila-Ramírez R.N Hernández-Guerrero C.J Sánchez-Rodríguez I Carrillo-Domínguez S ,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN) La Paz Baja California Sur México ,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur La Paz México ,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán México D.F 03 2006 2006 54 83 92

The seaweed Sargassum (Sargassaceae) as tropical alternative for goats’ feeding. The nutritive value of seaweed (Sargassum spp.) was studied in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Twenty female Nubian goats (43-weeks old) were randomly distributed into two groups of 10 goats each and were housed in individual pens. One group was fed with a control diet and the other with a diet supplemented with 25% of Sargassum spp. Feed and water intake were recorded daily and individually for 60 days. The weight of each goat was recorded every 15 days. The nutritional content of Sargassum spp. was 89% dry mater, 8% crude protein, 31% ash, 2% ether extract, and 39% carbohydrates. Fiber fractions, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and antinutritional factors were also determined. There were no significant differences in body weight (8.6 kg control and 9 kg experimental), feed intake (1.3 kg control and 1.6 kg experimental), and feed conversion rate (11.1 control and 12.6 experimental). Water consumption was greater in the goats that ate the Sargassum diet (5.3 l). From these results,Sargassum spp.can be considered as an alternative feedstuff for goats. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 83-92.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Se estudió el valor nutricional de varias algas del género Sargassum. Veinte cabras hembras (Nubia) en crecimiento (43 semanas)se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 10 cabras y se alojaron en corraletas individuales. Un grupo fue alimentado con una dieta testigo elaborada con insumos regionales y el otro con una dieta que incluyó el 25% de Sargassum spp. Durante 60 días se midieron diariamente y en forma individual, el alimento y agua consumidos, el peso corporal se cuantificó cada 15 días. La composición química proximal de Sargassum fue de: 89% materia seca, 7.7% proteína, 31% cenizas, 2% extracto etéreo y 39% de carbohidratos. También se determinaron las fracciones de fibra, minerales, vitaminas, ácidos grasos y factores antinutricios. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso corporal (8.6 kg grupo control y 9 kg experimental), alimento consumido (1.31 kg grupo control y 1.6 experimental)y tasa de conversión alimenticia (11.1 grupo control y 12.6 experimental) entre los tratamientos. El consumo de agua fue mayor en el grupo alimentado con la dieta que incluyó Sargassum spp (5.1 l). De los resultados se deduce que las algas marinas de este género pueden ser utilizadas como un forraje alternativo de mediana calidad para el ganado caprino.

 marine algae Sargassum spp. goats animal feeding chemical composition alga marina Sargassum spp. cabras alimento para ganado composición química The Nutrition of Goat. AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, Report No. 10 The Nutrition of Goat. AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, Report No. 10 1998 Grand London CAB International Al-Shorepy S. A Alhadrami G. A Jamali I. A Effect of feeding diet containing seaweed on weight gain and carcass characteristics of indigenous lambs in the United Arab Emirates Small Rum. Res 2001 41 Official Methods of Analysis Official Methods of Analysis 1990 ^eWashington, D. C Association of Analytical Chemists Official Methods of Analysis Official Methods of Analysis 1999 16 ^eWashington, D. C Association of Analytical Chemists Banskalieva V Sahlu T Goetsch A. L Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots: a review Small Rum. Res 2000 37 Carrillo S Castro M. I Pérez-Gil F Rosales E Manzano R. E The seaweed (Sargassum sinicola Setchell &Gardner) as an alternative for animal feeding Cuban J. Agric. Sci 1992 26 Carrillo S Casas M Ramos F Pérez-Gil F Sánchez I Algas marinas de Baja California Sur, México: Valor nutrimental Arch. Latinoamer. Nutr 2002 52 4 Casas M Sánchez I Hernández G Evaluación de Sargassum spp .en la costa oeste de Bahía Concepción, B. C. S., México Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 1993 8 2 Chapman V. J Chapman D. J Seaweeds and their uses Seaweeds and their uses 1980 Londres Chapman and Hall Cruz M Casas M Ortega S Temporal and Spatial Variation of Frondose Benthic Seaweeds in La Paz Bay, B. C. S., Mexico Bot. Mar 1998 41 Domínguez X Método de investigación fitoquímica Método de investigación fitoquímica 1979 ^eMéxico, D. F Limusa Folch J Less M Stanley G A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues J. Biol. Chem 1957 226 Ganzon-Fortes E. T Campos R. R Udarbe J The use of Philippine seaweeds in agriculture Appl. Phycol. Forum 1993 10 Genin D Pijoan A. P Seasonality of goat diet and plant acceptabilities in the coastal scrub of Baja California, México Small Rum. Res 1993 10 1 Hernández G Casas M Fajardo C Sánchez I Rodríguez E Evaluación de Sargassum spp. en la Bahía de la Paz, B. C. S., México Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 1990 5 1 Manual de técnicas de laboratorio para el análisis de alimentos Manual de técnicas de laboratorio para el análisis de alimentos 1984 ^eMéxico D. F Depto. de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Jiménez-Escrig A Goñi I Evaluación nutricional y efectos fisiológicos de macroalgas marinas comestibles Arch. Latinoamer. Nutr 1999 49 2 Keller H. E Analytical Methods for Vitamins and Carotenoids in Feed Analytical Methods for Vitamins and Carotenoids in Feed 1988 Basilea Roche Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Division, Roche Edition 2101. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Makkar H. P. S Effects and fatty of tannins in ruminants animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds Small Rum. Res 2003 49 Marín A Casas M Carrillo S Hernández H Monroy A Performance of sheep fed rations with Sargassum spp. sea algae Cuban J. Agric. Sci 2003 37 2 Meza A. M. I Impacto sobre la calidad del huevo al incluir algas marinas en raciones para gallinas ponedoras Impacto sobre la calidad del huevo al incluir algas marinas en raciones para gallinas ponedoras 1998 Nutrient requirements of goats National Academy Nutrient requirements of goats National Academy 1981 ^eWashington, D. C Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 2001 ^eWashington, D. C National Academy Manual de Operación Nutrion 5 Básico. Version 2002 Manual de Operación Nutrion 5 Básico. Version 2002 2002 ^eMéxico, D. F Comercializadora de Software S. A. de C. V Pacheco R. I Zertuche J Chee B Blanco R Distribution and quantification of Sargassum beds along the west coast of the Gulf of California, México Bot. Mar 1998 41 Simopoulos A. P The Return of w3 Fatty Acids into the Food Supply. I. Land-based Animal Food Products and Their Health Effects The Return of w3 Fatty Acids into the Food Supply. I. Land-based Animal Food Products and Their Health Effects 1998 Basel Karger Ed Steel R. G Torrie J. H Bioestadística: Principios y procedimientos Bioestadística: Principios y procedimientos 1988 ^eMéxico, D. F McGraw-Hill Tejada H. I Manual de laboratorio para análisis de ingredientes en la alimentación animal Manual de laboratorio para análisis de ingredientes en la alimentación animal 1985 ^eMéxico, D.F Patronato de Apoyo a la Investigación y Experimentación Pecuaria en México. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (INIFAP), Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos (SARH) Tierney A. J Atema J Behavioral responses of cryfish (Orconectes virilis and Orconectes rusticus) to chemical feeding stimulants J. Chem. Ecol 1988 14 1 Underwood E. J Suttle N. F The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock 1999 Wallinford^eOxon CAB International Ventura M. R Castañón I The nutritive value of seaweed (Ulva lactuca )for goats Small Rum. Res 1998 29
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100011 Helminth Parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae) in Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria Akinsanya B Otubanjo O. A ,University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria 03 2006 2006 54 93 99

A total of 360 randomly selected specimens of Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae) recovered from Lekki Lagoon were examined for intestinal helminth parasites. Parasite prevalence and worm burden were low; 17 (4.72%) of the specimens examined were infected with gastrointestinal helminths. The helminth worms recovered include, three cestodes Polyonchobothrium clarias, S tocksia pujehuni and Wenyonia acuminata and a nematode, Paracamallanus cyathopharynx. There was no statistically significant difference in the infection of the male and female Clarias gariepinus; the infection rates in male and female samples were 5.75% and 3.76% respectively. Parasite prevalence was related to the length and weight of the specimens. The fish samples were observed to show negative allometric growth and smaller samples recorded higher helminth infection. Rev.Biol. Trop. 54(1): 93-99. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

 Helminth parasites Clarias gariepinus Lagos Banhawy M. A Saoud M. F. A Anwar I. M El-Naffar M. K The histopathological effects of the parasitic tapeworm Wenyonia virilis on the ileum and liver of the silurid fish Synodontis schall Ann. Zool 1975 11 Bruton M. N The breeding biology and early development of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces claridae ) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with a review of breeding species of the subgenus Clarias (clarices ) Trans. Zool. Soc. London 1979 a 35 Bruton M. N The food and feeding behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (pisces, claridae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with its emphasis on its role as a predator of cochleds Trans. Zool. Soc. London 1979 b 35 Clay D Population biology, growth and feeding of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus ,with special reference to juveniles and their importance in fish culture Arch. Hydrobiol 1979 87 4 Euzet L Researches Sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens cotes de France Researches Sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens cotes de France 1959 Imam E. A Morphological and biological studies on the enteric helminths infecting some of the Egyptian Nile fishes particularly Polyonchobothrim clarias of Karmot clarias lazera and Clarias anguillaris Morphological and biological studies on the enteric helminths infecting some of the Egyptian Nile fishes particularly Polyonchobothrim clarias of Karmot clarias lazera and Clarias anguillaris 1971 Khalil L. F Polling L Checklist of the helminth parasites of African freshwater fishes Checklist of the helminth parasites of African freshwater fishes 1997 University of the North Republic of South Africa Kusemiju K The hydrobiology and fishes of the Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria Nig. J. Nat. Sci 1981 3 1-2 Lagler K. F Bardach J. E Miller R. R Ichthyology Ichthyology 1997 ^eNew York John Wiley Micha J. C Etude des populations piscicoles de l ’ubangui et tentative de selection et d’ adaptation de quelques especes a l’etang de pisceculture Etude des populations piscicoles de l ’ubangui et tentative de selection et d’ adaptation de quelques especes a l’etang de pisceculture 1973 Centre Technique Forestiere Tropical, Nogent Sur Marne Moravec F The development of Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (Baylis,1923) Nematoda: Camallanidae Folia Parasit 1974 21 Oniye S. J Adebote D. A Ayanda O. I Helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Zaria, Nigeria J. Aquatic Sci 2004 19 2 Sahlab A Studies on the enteric helminth parasites of fish from Lake Manzalla Studies on the enteric helminth parasites of fish from Lake Manzalla 1982 Yakubu D. P Omoregie E Wade J. W A comparative study of gut helminths of Tilapia Zilli and Clarias gariepinus from river uke, plateau state, Nigeria J. Aquatic Sci 2002 17 2 Williams H. H Some observations on Parabothrium gadipollachii (Rudolphi,1810) and Abothrium gadi van Beneden, 1870 (Cestoda:Pseudophyllidae) including an account of their mode of attachment and variation in the two species Parasitology 1969
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100012 Non-colonial coral macro-borers as indicators of coral reef status in the south Pacific of Costa Rica Fonseca E A.C Dean H. K Cortés J ,Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica ,Harvard University 03 2006 2006 54 101 115

Coral reef status was surveyed in three south Pacific coral reefs of Costa Rica, one in Caño Island and two in Golfo Dulce, and the density, richness and distribution of non-colonial macro borers (>1 mm)was determined in dead and live coral fragments from these reefs. Based upon traditional indicators of degradation such as high particulate suspended matter and low live coral cover, the reefs at Caño Island are in better condition than those at Golfo Dulce. Reef degradation in Golfo Dulce is mainly due to high loads of terrestrial sediments as a consequence of watersheds deforestation. In this study, 36 coral boring species are reported for the eastern Pacific. At the family level, there is high endemism (10%) and greater affinity with the Indo-Pacific (34%), as compared with the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (29%) and western Atlantic and Caribbean (27%). The dominant non-colonial macro boring families at the study reefs are mytilid bivalves, eunicid polychaetes and aspidosiphonid sipunculans, with the bivalves considered the main internal bioeroders due to their greater body size and abundances. The level of mortality of the coral colonies and the general level of reef degradation influenced the composition of non-colonial macro-borers. Diversity and total macro-borer density, especially aspidosiphonid density, is higher in corals with greates dead than live cover. In the healthiest coral colonies (less than 50% of partial mortality), mytilids domination, macro-borer diversity and total density, is higher in Golfo Dulce, where reefs are more degraded. In the most affected coral colonies (more than 50% dead), macro-borers total density, especially aspidosiphonids density, is higher, of the healthiest reef of this study, Platanillo. Bivalve relative abundance increases and sipunculan relative abundance decreases with increasing site degradation. In conclusion bioeroder variables can also be used as reef health indicators. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 101-115. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Se diagnosticó el estado de salud de tres arrecifes del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica, uno en Isla del Caño y dos en Golfo Dulce, y se determinó la densidad, la riqueza y la distribución de los macroperforadores no coloniales (>1 mm) en fragmentos de coral vivos y muertos. Basándose en los indicadores tradicionales de degradación como alta materia particulada en suspensión y baja cobertura de coral, los arrecifes de Isla del Caño están en mejor condición que los de Golfo Dulce. La degradación en Golfo Dulce se debe principalmente a la gran cantidad de sedimentos terrestres generados por la deforestación de las cuencas de los ríos. En total se han reportado 36 especies de macroperforadores de coral, incluyendo este estudio, para el Pacífico oriental. A nivel de familia hay algo de endemismo (10%), y una mayor afinidad con el Indo-Pacífico (34%) que con el Atlántico oriental y el Mediterráneo (29%) y el Atlántico occidental y el Caribe (27%). Las familias de macroperforadores no coloniales más dominantes en los arrecifes estudiados son los bivalvos mitílidos, los poliquetos eunícidos y los sipuncúlidos aspidosifónidos. Los bivalvos son considerados los principales bioerosionadores internos debido a su gran tamaño y abundancia. El grado de mortalidad de las colonias coralinas y el nivel general de degradación arrecifal están relacionados con la composición de los macroperforadores no coloniales. La diversidad y la densidad total de macroperforadores, especialmente la densidad de aspidosifónidos es mayor en corales con una superficie muerta mayor que la viva. En colonias de coral con una superficie viva de más de 50%, la dominancia de mitílidos, la diversidad de los macroperforadores y la densidad total, son mayores en los arrecifes de Golfo Dulce que están más degradados. En colonias con más del 50% de mortalidad, la densidad total de macro-perforadores, especialmente aspidosifónidos, es mayor en el arrecife Platanillo de Isla del Caño, el arrecife más saludable de este estudio. La abundancia relativa de los bivalvos aumenta y la de los sipuncúlidos disminuye conforme aumenta la degradación arrecifal. En conclusión, la bioerosión interna se puede utilizar como un indicador de salud arrecifal.

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S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100013 Dynamics and ecology of an Indo-Pacific conch,Conomurex persicus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in southeastern Turkey Mutlu Erhan Betil Ergev Mehmet ,Middle East Technical University Turkey ,Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey 03 2006 2006 54 117 129

Conomurex persicus, one of the tropical conchs, has been introduced to one of the subtropical regions, the northeastern Mediterranean Sea, and invaded sandy bottoms between 1 and 10 m deep. Population dynamics were studied from specimens collected with a standard dredge (60 x 15 cm mouth opening, 0.5 x 0.5 cm eye opening of net). Samples of C. persicus were collected monthly along the 5 and 10 m depth contours off Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey, in February and May 2000. Intra-annual density depended on salinity levels, while inter-annual density was correlated with bottom water temperature. Specimens underwent spring emergences and winter burial and sheltering (disappearance). Emergence took place in March when temperatures rose and the disappearance occurred in October-November when temperatures dropped. Adults live at 10 m, juveniles are recruited at a 5 m depth. Recruitment began in April and continued for the next 6 months. In contrast to shell width or shell lip thickness, shell length was not a convenient index for estimation of growth parameters. Annual production and mortality were calculated to be 7.86 g m-2 and 3.80 g m-2, respectively, in April-November. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 117-129. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

El gastrópodo tropical Conomurex persicurs, ha sido introducido a una región subtropical, el noreste del Mar Mediterráneo, y ha invadido los fondos arenosos en un rango de profundidad de 1 a 10 m. Se estudiarion las dinámicas poblacionales a partir de especímenes recolectados mediante un dragado estándard (60 x 15 cm de apertura de entrada y 0.5 x 0.5 cm de tramado). Muestras de C. persicus fueron recolectadas mensualmente a produndidades de 5 y 10 m en las cercanías de Erdemil, Mersin, Turkey, en los meses de febrero y mayo del año 2000. La densidad dentro de un mismo año depende de los niveles de salinidad, mientras que al comparar años distintos está correlacionada con la temperatura del agua.

 Conch distribution ecology population dynamics Mediterranean Sea Gastrópodos distribución ecología dinámica de población Mar Mediterráneo Lecture notes prepared for the training workshop on the statistical treatment and interpretation of marine community data Lecture notes prepared for the training workshop on the statistical treatment and interpretation of marine community data 1991 Alexandria FAO/IOC/UNEP Training Workshop Appeldoorn R. S Age determination, growth, mortality and age of first reproduction in adult queen conch, Strombus gigas, off Puerto Rico Fish. Res 1988 6 Catterall C. P Poiner I. R O’Brien C. J Long-term population dynamics of a coral reef gastropod and responses to disturbance Austral. Ecology 2001 26 Ergev M. B A baseline study for determination of macrobenthic epi/infaunal species in the northeastern Mediterranean A baseline study for determination of macrobenthic epi/infaunal species in the northeastern Mediterranean 2002 Galil B. S The sea under siege-alien species in the Mediterranean Biol. Invasions 2000 2 Gayanilo F. C Pauly D FAO-ICLARM fish Stock Assessment Tools (FISAT II ver. 0.4.1) FAO-ICLARM fish Stock Assessment Tools (FISAT II ver. 0.4.1) 2001 FAO Gofas S Zenetos A Exotic molluscs in the Mediterranean basin: Current status and perspectives Oceanogr. Mar. Biol 2003 41 Gucu A. C Uysal Z Mutlu E Kideys A Tugrul S Bingel F Identification of marine fauna and flora of a petroleum terminal in the skenderun Bay Identification of marine fauna and flora of a petroleum terminal in the skenderun Bay 2001 Erdemli^eMersin Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences Holme N. A McIntyre A. D Methods for the study of Marine Benthos Methods for the study of Marine Benthos 1971 Oxford Blackwell Scientific Manzano N. B Aranda R. A Brule T Effects of photoperiod on development, growth and survival of larvae of the fighting conch Strombus pugilis in the laboratory Aquaculture 1998 167 Mora D. A Mena L Population structure of the conch Strombus galeatus (Gastropoda: Strombidae) at Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1998 46 Mora D. A Growth and reproduction of Strombus galeatus (Gastropoda: Stombidae) along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1998 46 Mutlu E Seasonal distribution of macrobenthos in coastal region (Erdemli-Kumkuyu) of Levantine Basin in Mediterranean Sea Seasonal distribution of macrobenthos in coastal region (Erdemli-Kumkuyu) of Levantine Basin in Mediterranean Sea 2002 Ankara Mutlu E Sexual dimorphisms in radula of Conomurex persicus (Gastropoda:Strombidae) in the Mediterranean Sea Mar. Biol 2004 145 Nicolay K Manoja E. R Strombus (Conomurex) decorus raybaudii n. spp La Conchiglia-The Shell 1983 176-177 Perez M. P Aranda D. A Distribution, abundance, density and morphometry of Strombus gigas (Mesogasteropoda: Strombidae) in Alacranes reef, Yucatan, Mexico Rev. Biol. Trop 2000 48 Peterson C. H Black R Density-dependent mortality caused by physical stress interacting with biotic history Am. Nat 1988 131 Reed S. E Reproductive seasonality, periodicity, and associated behavior in a colony of Strombus pugilis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Peurto-Rico Am. Malacol. Bull 1995 11 Stoner A. W Sandt V. J Population structure, seasonal movements and feeding of queen conch, Stombus gigas, in deep-water habitats of the Bahamas Bull. Mar. Sci 1992 51 Stoner A. W Pitts P. A Armstrong R. A Interaction of physical and biological factors in the large-scale distribution of juvenile queen conch in seagrass meadows Bull. Mar. Sci 1996 58 Wiedemeyer W. L Contributions to the larval biology of the red-lipped conch, Strombus luhuanus L 1758, with respect to seed production for mariculture Aquac. Res 1998 29 Report on queen conch stock assessment and management workshop,(Belize City, Belize, 15-22. March 1999, CFMC CFRAMP). Report on queen conch stock assessment and management workshop,(Belize City, Belize, 15-22. March 1999, CFMC CFRAMP). 1999
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100014 Diversity and abundance of littoral cladocerans and copepods in nine Ecuadorian highland lakes Torres Leticia E Rylander Kent ,Texas Tech University Texas ,Texas Tech University Texas 03 2006 2006 54 131 137

The diversity and abundance of littoral cladocerans and copepods were studied in nine lakes at Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca (Páramo de Guamaní), Ecuador. Six samples were taken in the littoral zone of each lake using a 500 µm mesh plankton conic net. One species of cladocerans (Ephemeroporus acanthoides) is reported for the first time in Ecuador. The diversity (H’) and evenness (E) of the lakes were determined and correlated with PCA axes based on their environmental variables. The principal parameters that distinguished these lakes were altitude and pH, an unexpected finding considering that the altitudinal range was very small. Lake size is of secondary importance for this group of lakes. None of the environmental axes correlated with H’ or E; nevertheless, a larger than expected species richness was found in a small oligotrophic lake with a high level of DO. Based on our results, we hypothesize that altitude and pH are important factors determining the zooplankton diversity (directly or indirectly) in highland lakes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 131-137. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

La diversidad y abundancia de cladóceros y copépodos de la zona litoral de nueve lagos fue estudiada en la Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca (Páramo de Guamaní), Ecuador. Seis muestras fueron tomadas en la zona litoral de cada lago utilizando una red conica para plancton de 500 µm de apertura. Una especie de cladócero (Ephemeroporus acanthoides ) es informada por primera vez en Ecuador. La diversidad (H’) y equitatividad (E) fueron determinadas y correlacionadas con los ejes del PCA basado en variables ambientales de los lagos. Los principales parámetros que distinguen estos lagos fueron la altitud y el pH, hallazgo inesperado dado el estrecho ámbito altitudinal. El tamaño parece ser secundario en importancia para este grupo de lagos. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre ninguno de los ejes ambientales y los indices H’ o E; sin embargo, la riqueza de especies fue mayor en un pequeño lago oligotrófico con altos niveles de DO.

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S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100015 Aquatic Coleoptera and Heteroptera inhabiting waterbodies from Berisso, Buenos Aires province, Argentina Fernández Liliana A López Ruf Mónica L ,Museo de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina 03 2006 2006 54 139 148

Coleoptera and Heteroptera associated with aquatic environments were studied at Berisso, near Río de La Plata estuary (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Four waterbodies were characterized and compared: artificial pond, shallow pool, stream and artificial channel. Sampling was done twice a month, with a round sieve, for 12 months (April 1999 to April 2000). Sampling was quantified using a discrete unit of time (one hour/worker).Where floating vegetation was present, four 25 cm diameter samples were extracted and placed in a Berlese-Tullgren funnel for 48 hours. Temperature, pH and conductivity were measured. Specimens were preserved in 70° ethanol. Similarities in taxonomic composition among sampling stations were quantified using Jaccard’s index based on a presence/absence matrix for the insect fauna of each sampling station. A total of 68 species belonging to 8 families of Coleoptera and 11 families of Heteroptera were collected. The highest number of species (41)was recorded in the shallow pool (stream 34 species; artificial pond 29; artificial channel 25). The highest specific diversity values were observed during spring in all sampling stations. The highest frequency of Coleoptera was shown by Helochares talarum Fernández and Suphisellus nigrinus (Aubé)(?). In the Heteroptera it was shown by Lipostemmata humeralis Berg, Lipogomphus lacuniferus Berg and Rheumatobates bonariensis (Berg). The most abundant species were not necessarily the most frequent ones. Coleoptera is the most important group in species richness. Each environment had a taxocoenosis of Coleoptera and Heteroptera with inherent characteristics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 139-148. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

 Aquatic insects Coleoptera Heteroptera species richness biodiversity Argentina Cabrera A. L Willink A Biogeografía de América Latina Biogeografía de América Latina 1980 ^eWashington D.C Secretaría General de la O. E. A Domizi E. A Estévez A. L Schnack J. A Spinelli G. R Ecología y estrategia de una población de una población de Belostoma oxyurum (Dufour)(Hemiptera, Belostomatidae) Ecosur 1978 5 10 Estévez A. L Balseiro E Schnack J. A Spinelli G. R Ciclo anual, aspecto de la ecología reproductiva y disposición espacial de una población de Lipostemmata humeralis Berg (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae) Limnobios 1987 2 Eyre M. D Foster G. N A comparation of aquatic Heteroptera and Coleoptera communities as a basis for environmental and conservation assessment in static watersites J. Appl. Entomol 1989 108 Fernández L. A Helochares (Sindolus) talarum sp. nov., y redescripción de Helochares (Helochares) pallipes (Brullé), con descripción de los estados preimaginales (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Limnobios 1983 2 Fernández L. A Aspectos sobre la ecología poblacional de Helochares talarum Fernández Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent 1990 48 1-4 González S. C Valladares L. F The community of Odonata and aquatic Heteroptera (Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha) in a rehabilitated wetland: the Laguna de la Nava (Palencia, Spain) Arch. Hydrobiol 1996 136 1 La Salle J Gauld I. D Parasitic Hymenoptera and the Biodiversity Crisis Redia 1991 76 3 López Ruf M. L Bachmann A. O Pérez Goodwyn P. J Descripción de las larvas de Curicta bonaerensis (Heteroptera: Nepidae) Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent 2000 59 1-4 López Ruf M. L Kehr A. I Estimación y análisis de la frecuencia de ninfas por estadio, en una población de Pelocoris (P.) binotulatus nigriculus Berg (Hemiptera:Limnocoridae) Rev. Bras. Biol 1995 54 1 López Ruf M. L Pérez Goodwyn P. J Description of the eggs of Curicta bonaerensis (Berg) (Heteroptera: Nepidae) Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent 2001 60 1-4 Merritt R. W Cummins K. W An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America 1996 ^eIowa Kendall/Hunt Millán A Moreno J. L Velasco J Estudio faunístico y ecológico de los coleópteros y heterópteros acuáticos de las lagunas de Albacete Rev. Estudios Albacetences 2001 1 1 Millán A Velasco J Suárez M., L Vidal Abarca M. R Ramírez-Díaz L Distribución espacial de los Adephaga acuáticos (Coleoptera) en la cuenca del río Segura (SE de la Península Ibérica) Limnetica 1996 12 2 Ribera I Foster G. N Uso de los coleópteros acuáticos como indicadores biológicos (Coleoptera) Elytron 1993 6 1992 Ringuelet R. A Panorama zoogeográfico de la provincia de Buenos Aires Notas Museo La Plata 1955 18 156 Samways M. J Insect conservation biology Insect conservation biology 1994 London Chapman & Hall Sanchez-Fernández D Avellán P Velasco J Millán A Areas prioritarias de conservación en la cuenca del río Segura utilizando los coleópteros acuáticos como indicadores Limnetica 2004 23 3-4 Schnack J. A Domizi E. A Estévez A. L Spinelli G. R Determinantes ecológicos de la competencia sexual en Belostomatinae. Consideraciones sobre una población de Belostoma oxyurum (Dufour) (Hemiptera, Belostomatidae) Ecosur 1980 7 13 Schnack J. A Domizi E. A Estévez A. L Spinelli G. R Ecología del comportamiento reproductivo de Belostomatinae. I. Sistemas de apareamiento en poblaciones del área platense de Belostoma oxyurum, B. elegans y B. micantulum (Hemiptera, Belostomatidae) Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent 1989 45 1- 4 Schnack J. A Spinelli G. R Estévez A. L Domizi E. A Aspectos de la ecología reproductiva de poblaciones bonaerenses de Belostoma elegans (Mayr)y B. micantulum (Stål) (Hemiptera, Belostomatidae) Rev. Asoc. Cienc. Nat. Litor. St. Tome 1986 17 1 Shanonn C. E Weaver W The mathematical theory of comunication The mathematical theory of comunication 1963 Urbana^eIllinois University of Illinois Sneath P. H Sokal R. R Numerical Taxonomy Numerical Taxonomy 1973 San Francisco^eCalifornia Freeman Velasco J Millán A Ramírez-Díaz L Colonización y sucesión de nuevos medios acuáticos I. Composición y estructura de las comunidades de insectos Limnetica 1993 9 von Ellenrieder N Fernández L. A Aquatic coleoptera in the subtropical-pampasic ecotone (Argentina, Buenos Aires): species composition and temporal changes Coleopt. Bull 2000 54 1 von Ellenrieder N Pérez Goodwyn P Species composition and temporal variation of aquatic Heteroptera (Insecta) in the Subtropical-Pampasic ecotone in Argentina Rev. Bras. Entomol 2000 44 1-2
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100016 Influence of land crabs Gecarcinus quadratus (Gecarcinidae) on distributions of organic carbon and roots in a Costa Rican rain forest Sherman Peter M ,Deep Springs College Nevada California USA 03 2006 2006 54 149 161

In Costa Rica’s Corcovado National Park,the fossorial land crab, Gecarcinus quadratus (Gecarcinidae), densely populates (1-6 m-2) a region of forest extending from the Park’s Pacific coastline inland to ca.600 m. Throughout this coastal forest (‘crabzone’), crabs selectively forage for fallen leaves and relocate them to subterranean burrow chambers. Comparisons between surface soils (0 -15 cm) sampled from the crabzone and forest lying immediately inland that is naturally devoid of crabs (‘crabless zone’) suggest that crabzone top soils contained less organic carbon and fewer fine and very fine roots. In contrast, soils sampled from 70 -100 cm depths in the crabzone contained twice the carbon of the crabless zone during the dry season but similar values during the wet season. Two years of experimental crab exclusion from 25 m² replicates established in the crabzone resulted in 16% more organic carbon content in surface soils relative to baseline conditions (n.s.) and 22% more carbon than final control values (P <0.05).Excavations of burrow chambers, with an average (±SD) depth of 48 ±12 cm, indicated localized, subterranean pockets of elevated (+60 %) organic carbon and increased densities of fine and very fine roots relative to same-depth samples from the crabzone unassociated with burrows chambers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 149-161. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

El cangrejo Gecarcinus quadratus (Gecarcinidae) habita madrigueras terrestres y afecta el retorno de carbón orgánico a los suelos de los bosques lluviosos al reducir la acumulación de hojarasca y alterar su proceso de descomposición. En el Parque Nacional Corcovado en Costa Rica, G. quadratus vive en altas densidades (de 1-6 cangrejos m-2) en una franja boscosa que se extiende desde la costa del Océano Pacífico hasta 600 m tierra adentro. En esta región de bosque costero (‘zona cangrejera’), los cangrejos buscan alimento selectivamente en la hojarasca, trasladando lo que recolectan a sus cuevas de más de 1 m de profundidad. Comparaciones entre la superficie de los suelos de la zona cangrejera y los de la región inmediata pero más lejana a la costa y sin cangrejos (‘zona no-cangrejera’), revelan que la capa superficial del suelo (a 10 cm) en la zona cangrejera contiene 39% menos carbono orgánico, 72% menos raíces finas y 50% menos raíces muy finas. Estos resultados contrastan con muestreos similares realizados en ambas zonas en suelos de 75-100 cm de profundidad, donde se encontraron similares concentraciones de carbono orgánico, pero la zona cangrejera tenía el doble de raíces finas y más del cuádruple de raíces muy finas que en la zona no-cangrejera. Encierros experimentales de 25 m² realizados durante 2 a no revelaron ningún efecto de manipulación en los perfiles verticales de carbono orgánico. Sin embargo, los suelos superficiales de los encierros presentaron 18 ± 8% más carbono que los valores de control. En contraste, excavaciones en los agujeros de los cangrejos de un promedio (± SD) de profundidad de 48 ± 12 centímetros revelaron concentraciones subterráneas elevadas (+60%) de carbono orgánico con densidades elevadas de raíces finas (+1500%) y de raíces muy finas (+200%), en relación con muestras tomadas a la misma profundidad en la zona cangrejera (pero no asociadas a cuevas de cangrejos).

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S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100017 Estado de conservación de los peces de la familia Goodeidae (Cyprinodontiformes) en la mesa central de México De la Vega-Salazar Marina Y ,Instituto de Ecología UNAM Jalisco México 03 2006 2006 54 163 177

Conservation status of Goodeidae familiy fishes (Cyprinodontiformes) from the Mexican Central Plateau. To establish the conservation status and threats for Goodeidae fishes in the high plateau of Mexico, I assessed limnological descriptions,and the reduction in range and in number of localities where they are found, in 53 localities (58.8% of historically reported localities). This assessment included the comparison of current collections with historical records. A principal component analysis of limnological variables showed that most remnant Goodeid species inhabit localities characterised by low environmental degradation: few appear to have a high tolerance to environmental degradation. Overall, 65% of species suffered a reduction in number of localities where they are found. Almost all species face some conservation threat,considering the criteria and categories established by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Data suggest that one species is extinct (Allotoca catarinae), one more is extinct in the wild (Skiffia francesae), eight are critically endangered (Allodontichthys hubbsi, Allotoca goslinei, Allotoca regalis, Allotoca zacapuensi, Ameca splendens, Characodon audax,Hubbsina turneri,and Zoogoneticus tequila), eleven are endangered, eight can be regarded as vulnerable, four are "near threatened" and only two appear to under "least concern". Habitat loss, introduction of exotic fish, and being species with restricted physiographic range or ecologically specialised, are the main factors leading to the threat of extinction of the Goodeidae family. Recovery actions are needed for the conservation of this fish group. Rev. Biol.Trop. 54(1): 163-177. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Se estableció el estado de conservación y se identificaron los riesgos que presentan los peces de la familia Goodeidae en la Mesa Central de México. Para ello se evaluó la disminución en el número de localidades y el área de distribución, y se incorporó una descripción limnológica en 53 localidades. Esta evaluación incluyó una comparación de las colecciones actuales con registros históricos de la distribución de la familia. Un análisis de componentes principales de las variables limnológicas indicó que la mayoría de las especies de goodeidos habitan localidades caracterizadas por tener poca degradación ambiental, y sólo pocas especies parecen tener elevada tolerancia a dicho estado de contaminación. Los resultados de la disminución histórica de localidades y del área de distribución sugieren que el estado de conservación de las especies (de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN) es el siguiente: una especie está extinta (Allotoca catarinae), una especie está extinta en la naturaleza (Skiffia francesae, ya que existen ejemplares en cautiverio, ocho están en peligro crítico (Allotoca goslinei, Allotoca regalis, Allotoca zacapuensis, Allodontichthys hubbsi, Ameca splendens, Characodon audax, Hubbsina turneri y Zoogoneticus tequila, once están en peligro, ocho se consideran como vulnerables, cuatro se pueden considerar en riesgo próximo y sólo dos parecen no enfrentar ningún riesgo. En conclusión, la pérdida de hábitat, la introducción de especies exóticas de peces, el ámbito geográfico restringido y la especialización ecológica de las especies son los principales factores de riesgo para las especies estudiadas de la familia Goodeidae. La supervivencia de este grupo requiere acciones para su conservación.

 Goodeidae Mexican endemic fish threat of extinction conservation Goodeidae fauna endémica mexicana peligro de extinción conservación Alvarez J., M Cortés T Ictiología Michoacana I. -Claves y catálogos de las especies conocidas Anal. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol 1962 XI Bean B. A Notes on a collection of fishes from Mexico, with description of a new species of Platypoecilus Proc. U. S. Nat. Muse 1899 XXI 1159 Ceballos G Especies en peligro de extinción Rev. Dif. Ciencias D. F. México 1993 7 No especial Estrategia Nacional Sobre Biodivrsidad de México Estrategia Nacional Sobre Biodivrsidad de México 2000 ^eD. F. México Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad De Buen F Un nuevo género de la familia Goodeidae perteneciente a la fauna ictiológica Mexicana Anal. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol 1941 2 De Buen F Investigaciones sobre la ictiología mexicana An. Inst. Biol. Mex 1947 XVIII De la Vega-Salazar M. Y Situación de los peces dulceacuícolas de México Rev. Dif. Ciencias D. F. México 2003 78 De la Vega-Salazar M. Y Avila-Luna E Macías-García C Ecological evaluation of local extinction: The case of two genera of endemic fish, Zoogoneticus and Skiffia Biod. & Conserv 12 De la Vega-Salazar M. Y Avila-Luna E Macías-García C Threatened fishes of the word: Zoogoneticus tequila Environ. Biol. Fish 2003 b 68 De la Vega-Salazar M. Y Martínez-Tabche L Macías-García C Bioaccumulation of Methyl Parathion and its Toxicology in Several Species of the Freshwater Community in Ignacio Ramirez dam in Mexico Ecotox. Environ. Safety 1997 38 Díaz-Prado E Godines-Rodriguez M. A López-López E Soto-Galera E Ecología de los peces de la cuenca del río Lerma, México Anal. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol 1993 39 Hubbs C. L Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. V. Notes on species of Goodea and Skiffia Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. V. Notes on species of Goodea and Skiffia 1924 Occ. Pap. Muse. Zool., University of Michigan Hubbs C. L Turner C. L Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. XVI. A revision of the Goodeidae Studies of the fishes of the order Cyprinodontes. XVI. A revision of the Goodeidae 1939 University of Michigan IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Versión 3.1 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Versión 3.1 2001 Gland IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN Kingston D. I Skiffia francesae, a new species of goodeid fish from Western Mexico Copeia 1978 1978 López-López E Díaz-Pardo E Cambios distribucionales en los peces del río de La Laja (Cuenca Río Lerma), por efecto de disturbios ecológicos Anal. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol 1991 35 López-López E Paulo-Maya J Changes in the fish assemblage in the upper Río Ameca México J. Freshw. Ecol 2001 16 Lydeard C Mayden R. L A Diverse and Endangered Aquatic Ecosystem of the Southeast United States Conserv. Biol 1995 9 Lyons J. S Navarro-Pérez P Cochran-Santana E Guzmán Arroyo M Index of biotic integrity based on fish assembleges for the conservation of streams and river in West-Central Mexico Conserv. Biol 1995 9 Meek S. E A contribution to the ichthyology of Mexico Field Col. Muse. Publ. 65 Zool. Series 1902 3 6 Meek S. E The fresh water fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Field Col. Muse. Publ. Zool. Series 1904 V Miller R. R Composition and derivation of the fresh- water fish fauna of Mexico An. Es. Nac. Cienc. Biol 1986 30 Miller R. R Williams D Williams J. E Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century Fisheries 1989 14 Mittermeier R. A Mittermeier C Sarukkán J Dirzo R La Importancia de la Diversidad Biológica de México México Frente a los Retos de la Biodiversidad México Frente a los Retos de la Biodiversidad 1992 CONABIO Quarmby C Allen S. E Allen S. E Organic Constituents Chemical analysis of ecological materials Chemical analysis of ecological materials 1989 Oxford Blakwel Scientific Radda A. C Synopsis der Goodeiden Mexikos Synopsis der Goodeiden Mexikos 1984 Vienna Otto Hofmann Rzedowski J Diversidad y Orígenes de la Flora Fanerogámica de México Acta Bot. Méx 1991 14 Soto-Galera E Paulo-Maya J Lopez-Lopez E Serna-Hernández J. A Lyon J Changes of fish fauna as indicator of aquatic ecosystem condition in Río Grande de Morelia-Lago de Cuitzeo basin, Mexico Environ. Management 1999 24 Turner C. L A contribution to the taxonomy and zoogeography of the goodeid fishes A contribution to the taxonomy and zoogeography of the goodeid fishes 1946 Occ. Pap. Muse. Zool., University of Michigan Vázquez-Gutiérrez F Desarrollo industrial de las cuencas en México. Curso de Limnología Aplicada Desarrollo industrial de las cuencas en México. Curso de Limnología Aplicada 1993 ^eD. F. México Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Webb S. A Miller R. R Zoogoneticus tequila a new goodeid fish (Cyprinodontiformes) from the Ameca drainage of Mexico, and rediagnosis of the genus Occ. Pap. Museum of Zool 1998 725 University of Michigan
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100018 Efecto de la pluviosidad y el brillo solar sobre la producción y características del semen en el pez Brycon henni (Pisces:Characidae) Tabares C.J Montoya A.F Arboleda L Echeverri A Restrepo L.F Olivera-Angel M ,Reproducción-Fisiología y Biotecnología ,Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia ,Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias PJIC Medellín Colombia 03 2006 2006 54 179 187

Effect of pluviosity and sun shine on sperm production and seminal characteristics of the fish Brycon henni (Pisces:Characidae). In Colombia the fish Brycon henni is a protected endemic species. It inhabits water bodies in coffee producing areas (700-1900 ma.s.l.; 4º35’56’’ N -74º04’51’’ W; 18-28°C). Insufficient knowledge of its basic biology and behavior prevent the commercial culture of this promising fish. We studied the production and sperm physiology of captive males. Along a year 20 samples were taken from each of 10 males. The sample was obtained by abdominal cefalo-caudal massage and transported to the laboratory at 4°C. Except for September and October (maximum rainfall),sperm was always obtained in at least 50% of the males. Color, osmolality and pH were similar in all the samples. Volume, concentration, viability, motility and activation time were variable: sunshine had a positive effect on volume (Spearman p<0.05) and on sperm concentration (Spearman p<0.05) while pluviosity had a negative effect on volume and viability. The proportion of ions (Na,K,Mg,Ca)was constant along the year; Na being 10-fold higher than K and 100-fold higher than Mg and Ca; however the absolute concentration of all ions was slightly higher in April and in July (with no apparent relation with the other variables analyzed).Rev.Biol.Trop.54(1):179-187. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

El pez Brycon henni es una especie endémica protegida por la legislación colombiana, que habita cuerpos de agua de zonas cafeteras (700-1900 m. s. n. m),comprendidas entre los 4º35’56’’ N y 74º04’51’’ W, con temperaturas que oscilan entre los 18 y los 28ºC. A pesar de las características promisorias de esta especie, su reproducción en cautiverio a nivel comercial no ha sido posible por falta de conocimientos básicos de su biología y comportamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la producción y la fisiología espermática de machos en cautiverio. A lo largo de un año se tomaron 20 muestras de cada uno de 10 ejemplares. El semen se obtuvo mediante masaje abdominal cráneo-caudal y se transportó a 4ºC para su análisis en el laboratorio. Con excepción de septiembre y octubre que fueron los meses más lluviosos, siempre se obtuvo semen de al menos el 50% de los animales. El color, la osmolalidad y el pH fueron similares en todas las muestras a lo largo del año. El volumen, la concentración, la viabilidad, la movilidad y el tiempo de activación fueron variables: El efecto del brillo solar fue positivo sobre el volumen (Spearman p<0.05) y sobre la concentración espermática (Spearman p<0.05), mientras que la pluviosidad tuvo un efecto negativo sobre el volumen y la viabilidad. La proporción entre los iones (Na, K, Mg, Ca) se mantuvo constante durante todo el año: el sodio fue el mayor, seguido por el potasio, y por el magnesio y el calcio, 10 y 100 veces menos, respectivamente; sin embargo la concentración absoluta de estos iones aumentó durante los meses de abril y julio sin una relación aparente con las otras variables analizadas.

 Spermiology ion concentration environmental conditions Espermiología concentración iónica condiciones ambientales Andrade-Talmelli E. F Kavamoto E. T Fenerich-Verani N Características seminais da piabanha, Brycon insignis (Steindachner, 1876), após estimulação hormonal Bol. Inst. Pesca 2000 1 27 2 São Paulo Blázquez M Zanuy S Carrillo M Piferrer F Effects of rearing temperatures on sex differentiation in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) J. Exp. Zool 1998 281 Baroiller J. F Guiguen Y Fostier A Endocrine and environmental aspects of sex differentiation in fish Cell. Mol. Life Sci 1999 55 Builes J Uran A Estudio del ciclo sexual de la Sabaleta (B. henni) su comportamiento y fecundacion artificial Rev. Act. Biol 1974 3 Caleño O Pruebas de fertilidad con semen de Cachama Blanca (Piaractus brachypomus, Cuvier, 1818) criopreservado mediante dos extendidos diferentes Pruebas de fertilidad con semen de Cachama Blanca (Piaractus brachypomus, Cuvier, 1818) criopreservado mediante dos extendidos diferentes 1995 Carrillo M Rodríguez J Rodriquez H Daza P. V Carrillo M Bases fisiológicas de la reproducción de peces tropicales Fundamentos de Acuicultura Continental Fundamentos de Acuicultura Continental 2001 Bogotá Grafimpresos Quintero Cruz P VIII Jornada de Acuicultura VIII Jornada de Acuicultura 2001 Villavicencio Universidad de los Llanos Devlin R. H Nagahama Y Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences Aquaculture 2002 208 Florez P Estudio biológico-pesquero preliminar de tres especies ícticas del Alto Río Cauca Embalse de Salvajina Cespedecia 1999 23 Fresneda A Lenis G Agudelo E Olivera-Angel M Espermiación inducida y crioconservación de semen de Cachama Blanca (Piaractus brachypomus ) Rev. Col. Cienc. Pec. Vol 2004 17 Geffen A. J Evans J. P Sperm traits and fertilization success of male and sex-reversed female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Aquaculture 2000 182 Glogowski J Kwasnik M Dabrowski K Goryczjo K Dobosz S Kuzmininski H Ciereszko A Characterization of Rainbow trout milt collected with a catheter: semen parameters and cryopreservation success Aquac. Res 2000 31 Iigo M Aida K Effects of season, temperature and photoperiod on plasma melatonin rhythms in the goldfish (Carassius auratus ) J. Pineal Res 1995 18 Krasznai Z Marian T Izumi H Damjanovich S Balkay L Tron L Morisawa M Membrane hyperpolarization removes inactivation of Ca2+ channels, leading to Ca2+ influx and subsequent initiation of sperm motility in the common carp PNAS 2000 97 Morisawa M Initiation mechanism of sperm motility at spawning in teleosts Zool. Sci 1985 2 Nash J. P Knobil E Neíl J. D Seasonal reproduction in fish, Vol. 4 Encyclopaedia of Reproduction Encyclopaedia of Reproduction 1999 ^eNueva York Academic Ohta H Unuma T Tsuji M Yoshioka M Kashiwagi M Effects of bicarbonate ions and pH on acquisition and maintenance of potential for motility in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck et Schlegel (Osmeridae), spermatozoa Aquac. Res 2001 32 Ohta H Tsuji M Ionic environment necessary for maintenance of potential motility in the common carp spermatozoa during in vitro storage Fish Sci 1998 64 Otero F Solano J Gonzalez A Zapata F Migraciones de peces del río Sinú, Proyecto hidroelectrico alto Sinú Migraciones de peces del río Sinú, Proyecto hidroelectrico alto Sinú 1986 Monteria Universidad de Cordoba Paniagua R Fraiie B Sáez J Effects of photoperiod and temperature on testicular function in amphibians Hist. Histopat 1990 5 Perdomo J La sabaleta: observaciones biológicas y su importancia como especie de cultivo Rev. Div. Pesq 1978 11 1 Rurangwa E Kime D Ollevier F Nash J The measurement of sperm motility and factors affecting sperm quality in cultured fish Aquaculture 2004 234 Strüssmann C. A Moriyama S Hanke E. F Cota J. C. C Takashima F Evidence of thermo labile sex differentiation in pejerrey J. Fish Biol 1996 48 Taphorn D The Characiforms fishes of the Apure river drainage, Venezuela The Characiforms fishes of the Apure river drainage, Venezuela 1992 Biollania Zanuy S Carrillo M 1997 Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura Cartagena Murcia
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100019 Peces ligados a Thalassia testudinum en el arrecife Lobos, Veracruz, México: diversidad y abundancia González-Gándara Carlos Trinidad-Martínez Silvia del Carmen Chávez-Morales Víctor Manuel ,Laboratorio de Arrecifes Coralinos Tuxpan Veracruz México 03 2006 2006 54 189 194

Ichthyofauna associated to Thalassia testudinum at Lobos Reef, Veracruz, Mexico: diversity and abundance. The diversity and abundance of ichthyofauna associated with Thalassia testudinum in the Lobos coral reef, Veracruz, Mexico, were studied in September and October 2002. Thirty six visual censuses in four sample sites were made using a 50 x 2 m transect belt. On each census, fish species, abundance and size were recorded. Leaf size and cover of T. testudinum were estimated. The similarity of fish groups was calculated with the Gower coefficient. The most abundant coral reef fishes were: Scarus iseri, Halichoeres bivittatus, Sparisoma radians, Stegastes adustus and Stegastes leucostictus. The highest density (0.04078 ind/m²) and biomass (0.72408 g/m²) of fish species were recorded in site II, where leaf size was greater (30.8 cm). The analysis of variance showed significant differences between sites in leaf size (F=18.30856; p=0.00001) and cover (H=33.8119; p=0.00001). These differences suggest a relationship between fish diversity and abundance, and T. testudinum leaf size and cover. The Gower similarity index produced two groups of fishes; one of them (site II) showed the highest abundance. In this reef, the fishes associated to sea grasses seem to reflect the characteristics of T. testudinum. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 189-194. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

El presente trabajo aporta información sobre diversidad y abundancia de la comunidad de peces, ligada a la zona de Thalassia testudinum en el arrecife Lobos, Veracruz, México. Para esto, en septiembre y octubre de 2002, fueron escogidas cuatro estaciones de muestreo y en cada una, se realizaron nueve censos visuales de peces utilizando bandas de 50 x 2 m. Durante los censos se identificaron las especies de peces, además de calcular su abundancia y talla. También se estimó la talla y la cobertura de T. testudinum por estación, con el fin de relacionarla con la diversidad y la abundancia ictiológica. Las especies de peces más relevantes por su abundancia fueron: Scarus iseri, Halichoeres bivittatus, Sparisoma radians, Stegastes adustus y Stegastes leucostictus. La mayor densidad (0.04078 ind/m²) y biomasa ictiológica (0.72408 g/m²) se presentaron en la estación II, donde la talla de los pastos marinos (30.8 cm) fue mayor. El análisis de varianza para la talla de las hojas de T. testudinum indica diferencias significativas (F=18.30856; p=0.00001) entre estaciones, al igual que para la cobertura (H=33.8119;p=0.00001). Estas diferencias sugieren una relación con la abundancia ictiológica, especialmente con la talla de las hojas de T. testudinum. El análisis de similitud de Gower, muestra la formación de dos grupos de peces, donde la estación II se diferencia del resto por su mayor riqueza y abundancia. La comunidad de peces ligada a T. testudinum parece variar en función de las características de los pastos marinos.

 Diversity abundance fishes Thalassia testudinum Veracruz Mexico Diversidad abundancia peces Thalassia testudinum Veracruz México Abdelrhman M. A Effect of eelgrass Zostera marina canopies on flow and transport Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2003 248 Alevizon W. S Richardson R Pitts P Serviss G Coral zonation and patterns of community structure in Bahamian Reef Fishes Bull. Mar. Sci 1985 36 2 Aliaume C Lasserre G Louis M Organisation spatiale des peuplements ichtyologiques des herbies á Thalassia du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin en Guadeloupe Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop 1990 23 3 Bell J. D Galzin R Influence of live coral cover on coral reef fish communities Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1984 15 Bouchon -Navaro Y Les peuplements ichtyologiques récifaux des antilles.Distribution spatiale et dynamique temporelle Les peuplements ichtyologiques récifaux des antilles.Distribution spatiale et dynamique temporelle 1997 Carpenter K. E Miclat R. I Albaladejo V. D Corpuz V. T The influence of substrate structure on the local abundance and diversity of Philippine reef fishes Proc. 4 th .Int. Coral Reef Symp. Manila 1981 2 Claro R García-Arteaga J. P Claro R Crecimiento Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba 1994 Chetumal CIQRO Claro R García-Arteaga J. P Valdés-Muñoz E Sierra L. M Claro R Características de las comunidades de peces en los arrecifes del Golfo de Batabanó Asociaciones de peces en el Golfo de Batabanó Asociaciones de peces en el Golfo de Batabanó 1990 La Habana Academia Castro-Aguirre J. L Márquez-Espinoza A Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de la Isla Lobos y zonas adyacentes, Veracruz, México Dir. Gral. Inv. Nal. Pesca. Ser. Cient 1981 22 Chávez E Hidalgo E Sevilla M Datos acerca de las comunidades bentónicas del arrecife Lobos, Veracruz Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat 1970 31 González-Gándara C Las Comunidades de peces del Arrecife Alacranes, Yucatán, México: Variaciones espacio-temporales Las Comunidades de peces del Arrecife Alacranes, Yucatán, México: Variaciones espacio-temporales 2001 González-Gándara C Ictiofauna de los arrecifes coralinos del norte de Veracruz. México An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Autón. Méx. Ser. Zool 2003 74 2 González-Gándara C González-Sansón G composición y abundancia de la ictiofauna del arrecife Tuxpam, Veracruz. México Rev. Inv. Mar 1997 18 González-Gándara C Pérez-Díaz E Santos-Rodríguez L Arias-González J. E Length -weight relationships of coral reef fishes from the Alacran Reef, Yucatan, Mexico Naga, Worldfish Center Quart 2003 26 1 Lirman D Reef Fish Communities Associated with Acropora palmata: relationships to benthic attributes Bull. Mar. Sci 1999 65 Lozano-Vilano M García-Ramírez M Contreras- Balderas S Salazar-Vallejo S. I González N. E Peces Costeros y Marinos del Estado de Veracruz Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México Biodiversidad Marina y Costera de México 1993 Chetumal Com. Nal. Biodiversidad CIQRO Ludwig J. A Reynolds J. F Statistical ecology Statistical ecology 1988 ^eNew York John Wiley Malpica C. A Distribución de los constructores primarios en el arrecife Lobos, Ver Distribución de los constructores primarios en el arrecife Lobos, Ver 2000 McCormick M. I Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1994 112 Moreno P. C Manual de métodos para medir la biodiversidad. Textos Universitarios Manual de métodos para medir la biodiversidad. Textos Universitarios 2001 Xalapa Universidad Veracruzana Multivariate Statistical Package. Version 3.12b. Multivariate Statistical Package. Version 3.12b. 1985 -2 Kovach Computing Services Peterson C. H Luettich Jr R. A Micheli F Skilleter G. A Attenuation of water flow inside seagrass canopies of differing structure Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2004 268 Saito Y Atobe S Phytosociological study of intertidal marine algae. I. Usujiri Benten-Jima, Hokkaido Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries 1970 21 Hokkaido University STATISTICA for Windows [Computer program manual]. Vers. 5. 5 STATISTICA for Windows [Computer program manual]. Vers. 5. 5 1999 Tulsa^eOklahoma
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100020 Composición por tallas y ciclo reproductivo de Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Pisces: Mullidae) en el Pacífico central Mexicano Lucano-Ramírez G Ruiz-Ramírez S Rojo-Vázquez J. A ,Universidad de Guadalajara Jalisco México 03 2006 2006 54 195 207

Size composition and reproductive cycle of Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Pisces: Mullidae) in the Central Mexican Pacific. From June 1995 to December 1998 we used shrimp trawl nets to capture 492 Pseudupeneus grandisquamis in soft-bottom grounds off the central Mexican Pacific (Jalisco and Colima). The ength-weight ratio indicates allometric growth (p =0.0035 L3.46 y r² =0.97). The total sex ratio was 1:1.15 (females: males). Mean total length was 153.8 mm (range 77-236 mm). A progression in length was found: the highest means were observed at the end of 1996 and during 1997. The mean length of females (162 mm) was longer than in males (150 mm). Four gonadic maturity stages were observed in both sexes; in females the most frequently stage was stage IV (mature gonads, 48.6%), while in males it was stage III (gonads in maturation, 45.0 %). Seven microscopic oocyte development stages were identified. Oocyte development seems to be asynchronous. The mature testicle showed sperm inside the lobular lumen and in the duct. The highest values of the gonadosomatic index, as well as the largest percentages of individuals with mature gonads (at macroscopic and microscopic levels), were observed during winter and summer, suggesting that this species has two reproduction peaks by year. The length at which 50% of the individuals show gonads in maturation (L50) was 183 mm for the females and 181 mm for the males. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (1): 195-207. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

De junio de 1995 a diciembre de 1998 se realizaron muestreos mensuales y se colectaron en total 492 Pseudupeneus grandisquamis utilizando redes de arrastre sobre fondos blandos en el Pacífico central mexicano (Jalisco y Colima). La relación talla-peso indica que el crecimiento es alométrico (p = 0.0035 L3.46 y r² =0.97). La proporción sexual fue de 1:1.15 (hembras:machos). La talla total promedio fue de 153.8 mm. Se observó una progresión en las tallas de los organismos, esto es, las tallas máximas promedios se capturaron a finales de 1996 y durante 1997. La talla promedio de las hembras (162 mm) fue mayor a la de los machos (150 mm). En ambos sexos se observaron los primeros cuatro estadios de madurez gonádica; el estadio mas frecuente en las hembras fue el IV (gónadas maduras, 48.6 %) y en los machos fue el III (gónadas en maduración, 45.0%). Se identificaron siete etapas microscópicas de desarrollo de los ovocitos, para los cuales se registró un desarrollo de tipo asincrónico. Los testículos maduros presentaron espermatozoides dentro del lumen lobular y en el conducto. Los valores máximos del índice gonadosomático, así como los mayores porcentajes de individuos con gónadas maduras (a nivel macroscópico y microscópico), fueron observados en invierno y verano, sugiriendo que esta especie tiene dos picos de reproducción por año. La longitud en la que el 50% de los individuos presento gónadas en maduración (L50)fue de 183 mm para las hembras y 181 mm para los machos.

 Pseudupeneus grandisquamis Mullidae fish reproduction Jalisco Colima Mexico Pseudupeneus grandisquamis Mullidae reproducción de peces Jalisco Colima México Aguilar-Palomino B Mariscal-Romero J González-Sansón G Rodríguez-Ibarra L. E Ictiofauna demersal de fondos blandos de la plataforma continental de Jalisco y Colima, México, en la primavera de 1995 Cien. Mar 1996 22 Allen G. R Robertson D. R Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific 1994 Honolulu^eHawaii University of Hawaii Amezcua-Linares F Peces demersales de la plataforma continental del Pacífico Central de México Peces demersales de la plataforma continental del Pacífico Central de México 1996 ^eMéxico, D. F Instituto de Ciencias de Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad Cole K. S Gonad morphology, sexual development, and colony composition in the obligate coral-dwelling damselfish Dascyllus aruanus Mar. 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S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100021 Una nueva especie de pez del género Hemibrycon (Characiformes:Characidae) Román-Valencia César Ruiz C Raquel I Barriga Ramiro ,Universidad del Quindío Armenia Quindío Colombia ,Museo de Zoología Quito Ecuador 03 2006 2006 54 209 217

Una nueva especie de pez del género Hemibrycon (Characiformes: Characidae). Hemibrycon pautensis (Characiformes, Characidae), a new fish species from Paute River, eastern Ecuador is described. Diagnostic characteristics: eight to nine branched rays in the dorsal fin (vs.six to seven), and 27 -28 in the anal fin (vs.16 -26, except in H. dariensis which presents 22 -27, in H. metae 26 -31 and H. jabonero 23 -28); a no occurrence of dorsal pharyngeal plate (vs. occurrence); a cartilaginous and divided-in-two basihial (vs. an osseous base and a cartilaginous upper part). Hemibrycon pautensis resembles H. metae by its oblique external edge of the pelvic fins. They can be distinguished by the position of the pectoral fins in relation to the snout (38.24-41.6% in H. pautensis vs. 21. 21-25.87) and by the position of the pectoral fins in relation to the origin of the dorsal fin (20.95-24.30 in Hemibrycon pautensis vs. 35. 89-42.63), and by the number of proximate radials in the pectoral girdle (five in Hemibrycon pautensis vs. three to four). In addition, the geographic distribution of H. metae is restricted to the upper part of the Meta River in Colombia and can be distinguished of H. boquiae by: the number of scales between the lateral-line and the origin of the dorsal fin (eight in H. pautensis vs. 5-7); the distance between the snout and the pelvic fins (38.00-42.90% in H. pautensis vs. 42.9-46.19%); the pelvic fins length (13.77-17.96% in H. pautensis vs. 10.72-13.21%); and the snout length (21.34-27.88 in H.pautensis vs.26.92-33.66%).Rev.Biol.Trop.54(1):209-217.Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Se describe Hemibrycon pautensis (Characiformes: Characidae), una especie nueva de pez del río Paute al oriente de Ecuador. El nuevo taxón se distingue de las demás especies por las siguientes caracteristicas: ocho a nueve radios ramificados enaleta dorsal (vs. seis a siete), y 27 -28 en la aleta anal (vs.16 -26, excepto en H. dariensis la cual presenta 22 -27, en H. metae 26 -31 y H. jabonero 23 -28); no presenta placa faringea dorsal (vs. presenta); basihial dividido en dos y cartilaginoso (vs. óseo y cartilaginoso en la parte superior). Hemibrycon pautensis es parecida a H. metae es parecida a H. metae por el borde externo de las aletas pélvicas oblicuo. Se distinguen por la posición de las aletas pectorales con relación al extremo del hocico (38.24- 41.6 en H. pautensis vs. 21.21-25.87) y por la posición de las aletas pectorales con relación al origen de la aleta dorsal (20.95-24.30 en Hemibrycon pautensis vs. 35.89-42.63), y por el número de radiales proximales en la cintura pectoral (cinco en Hemibrycon pautensis vs. tres a cuatro). Además, la distribución geográfica de H. metae está restringida a la cuenca alta del río Meta en Colombia. Se distingue de H. boquiae por el número de escamas entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta dorsal (ocho en H. pautensis vs. 5-7), por la distancia entre el hocico y el origen de las aletas pélvicas (38.00-42.90% en H. pautensis vs.42.9-46.19%), por la longitud de las aletas pélvicas (13.77-17.96% en H. pautensis vs. 10.72-13.21%), y por la longitud del hocico (21.34-27.88 en H. pautensis vs. 26.92-33.66%).

 Hemibrycon sp. nov. characid fish Amazonian Ecuador South America Hemibrycon sp. nov. Pez caracido Amazonia Ecuador Suramérica Eigenmann C. H The American Characidae Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool 1927 XLIII 4 Eschmeyer W CAS. Ichthyology-Catalog of fishes CAS. Ichthyology-Catalog of fishes 2005 San Francisco^eCA California Academy of Sciences Fowler W. H A collection of fresh-water fishes from Colombia, obtained chiefly by Brother Niceforo Maria Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil 1943 XCV Géry J Characoids of the world Characoids of the world 1977 Neptune City^eNueva Jersey T. F. H Lucena C. A. S Estudo filogenético da família Characidae com uma discussâo dos grupos naturais propostos (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes) Estudo filogenético da família Characidae com uma discussâo dos grupos naturais propostos (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes) 1993 Lucena C. A. S New characid fish, Hyphessobrycon scutulatus, from the rio Teles Pires drainage, upper rio Tapajós system (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) Neotrop. Ichthyol 2003 1 Malabarba L. R Weitzman S. H Description of a new genus with six new species from Southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, Sér Zool 2003 16 Porto Alegre Román-Valencia C Redescripción de Hemibrycon boquiae (Pisces:Characidae), especie endémica de la quebrada Boquía, cuenca Río Quindío, alto Cauca, Colombia. Dahlia Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiol 2001 4 Román-Valencia C Sistemática de las especies Colombianas de Bryconamericus (Characifomes, Characidae) Dahlia (Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiol.) 2003 6 Román-Valencia C Redescripción de Bryconamericus tolimae (Pisces:Characidae), especie endémica del Río Combeima, cuenca del Río Magdalena, Colombia Dahlia. Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiol 2004 7 Román-Valencia C Hans-Joachim P Pantoja F Una especie nueva de Grundulus (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characidae) para Colombia y redescripción de Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt y Valenciennes, 1833) Mem. Fund. La Salle de Cienc. Nat 2003 155 Caracas Román-Valencia C Ruiz R. I López L. M Sometido1. Osteología comparada de Hemibrycon boquiae y Bryconamericus caucanus (Characiformes: Characidae) Rev. Mus. Arg. Cienc. Nat Román-Valencia C Ruiz C R. I López M. B Sometido2. Osteología comparada de Bryconamericus hypopterus y B. orteguasae (Characiformes: Characidae) Rev. Mus. Arg. Cienc. Nat Ruiz R. I Román-Valencia C Sometido. Sobre la validez de Astyanax aurocaudatus Eigenmann, 1913 (Pisces: Characidae) en Alto Cauca, Colombia Sometido. Sobre la validez de Astyanax aurocaudatus Eigenmann, 1913 (Pisces: Characidae) en Alto Cauca, Colombia Animal Biodiversity and Conservation Song J Parenti L. R Clearing and staining whole fish specimens for simultaneous demostration of bone, cartilage and nerves Copeia 1995 1995 Taylor W. R Van Dyke G. C Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study Cybium 1985 9 Vari R. P The neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study Smith. Contr. Zool 1995 564 Weitzman S. H The osteology of Brycon meeki ,a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family Stanford Icthyol. Bull 1962 8 Weitzman S. H Malabarba L. R Malabarba L. R Reis R. E Vari R. P Lucena Z. M. S Lucena C. A. S Perspective about the phylogeny and classification of the characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes) Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes 1998 Porto Alegre^eEdipucrs Weitzman S. H Malabarba L. R Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil Icthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 1999 10
S0034-774420060001 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000100022 Diversidad,historia natural y conservación de los mamíferos de San Vito de Coto Brus, Costa Rica Pacheco Jesús Ceballos Gerardo Daily Gretchen C Ehrlich Paul R Suzán Gerardo Rodríguez-Herrera Bernal Marcé Erika ,Universidad Autónoma de México México D. F México ,Stanford University Stanford CA USA ,Museo Nacional de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica 03 2006 2006 54 219 240

Diversity, natural history and conservation of mammals from San Vito de Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Although Costa Rica has been biologically well studied,few areas have complete mammal inventories, which are essential for ecological studies and conservation. The San Vito region is considered among the most important for scientific research in the country because of the presence of the Wilson Botanical Garden and Las Cruces. However, the knowledge of its mammalian fauna is incomplete. We extensively studied the mammals of San Vito, compiled a checklist, and evaluated its composition, relative abundance, habitat distribution, and conservation status. We recorded 105 species, representing 85 genera, 29 families, and 10 orders. Non-volant mammals represented 62 species, 59 genera, 23 families, and 9 orders. Bats belonged to 6 families, 26 genera and 43 species. The extensive deforestation and hunting have caused the extinction of seven species, but the region still supports, surprisingly, a relatively high number of species, most of which are rare. Few species are common and abundant. Species richness was higher in forest, and forest fragments; fewer species were found in coffee plantations,induced grasslands, and secondary vegetation. Around 21% (13 species) are included in the IUCN red book. Three species are considered endangered (Saimiri oerstedii, Tapirus bairdii, and Sylvilagus dicei), and two threatened (Myrmecophaga trydactila and Caluromys derbianus), of which two (T. bairdii and M. trydactila) are locally extinct. The other species in IUCN are either of low risk (i. e. Chironectes minimus ) or data deficient (Lontra longicaudis). Additionally, 24 species (39%) are included in CITES. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 219-240. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Aunque Costa Rica ha sido biológicamente bien estudiada, pocas áreas tiene inventarios de mamíferos completos y actualizados,lo que es para llevar a cabo estudios ecológicos y de conservación. La región de San Vito es considerada entre las mas importantes para la investigación científica en el país, debido a la presencia del Jardín Botánico Wilson y la Estación Biológica Las Cruces. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la mastofauna es incompleto. Por lo tanto se evaluó intensamente los mamíferos de San Vito, y se compiló una lista de especies, con una evaluación de su composición, abundancia relativa, distribución en los habitats, y su estado de conservación. Se registraron 105 especies, que representaron a 85 géneros, 29 familias y 10 órdenes. Los mamíferos no voladores representaron 62 especies, 59 géneros, 23 familias y 9 órdenes. Los murciélagos pertenecieron a 6 familias, 26 géneros y 43 especies. La extensa deforestación y cacería son factores que han causado la extinción local de 7especies, pero la región todavía mantiene un número relativamente alto de su diversidad original, incluyendo a especie raras. Pocas especies fueron comunes o abundantes. La riqueza de especies fue alta en el bosque y los fragmentos de bosque, y más baja en las plantaciones de café, pastizales inducidos y vegetación secundaria. Alrededor del 21% (13) de las espcies estan incluidad en el libro rojo de la UICN. Tres especies (Saimiri oerstedii, Tapirus bairdii y Sylvilagus dicei ) son consideradas en peligro y dos (Myrmecophaga trydactila y Caluromys derbianus ) como amenazadas:de estas, dos especies (T. bairdii and M. trydactila ) se encuentran localmente extintas. Las otras especies son consideradas de bajo riesgo (i. e. Chironectes minimus) o con poca información (i. e. Lontra longicaudis ). Adicionalmente, 24 especies (39%) están incluidas en CITES.

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