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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Edema induced by Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) snake venom and its inhibition by Costa Rican plant extracts</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Badilla</surname>
<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chaves</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora</surname>
<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Poveda</surname>
<given-names>Luis J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Farmacia INIFAR</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Instituto Clodomiro Picado</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica CIPRONA </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>245</fpage>
<lpage>252</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We tested the capacity of leaf (Urera baccifera, Loasa speciosa, Urtica leptuphylla, Chaptalia nutans, and Satureja viminea) and root (Uncaria tomentosa) extracts to inhibit edema induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Edema-forming activity was studied plethysmographically in the rat hind paw model. Groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with various doses of each extract and, one hour later, venom was injected subcutaneously in the right hind paw. Edema was assessed at various time intervals. The edematogenic activity was inhibited in those animals that received an injection U. tomentosa, C. nutans or L. speciosa extract. The extract of U. baccifera showed a slight inhibition of the venom effect. Extract from S. viminea and, to a lesser extent that of U. leptuphylla, induced a pro-inflammatory effect, increasing the edema at doses of 250 mg/kg at one and two hours. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 245-252. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigó la capacidad de los extractos de las hojas de Urera baccifera, Loasa speciosa, Urtica leptuphylla, Chaptalia nutans, Satureja viminea y de la raíz de Uncaria tomentosa para inhibir el edema inducido por el veneno de Bothrops asper por métodos pletismométricos. Los grupos de ratas fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente con varias dosis de cada extracto y una hora mas tarde se inyectó veneno por vía subcutánea en la pata trasera derecha de la rata. Se evaluó el edema en distintos intervalos de tiempo. Los resultados muestran que la actividad edematogénica fue inhibida en los animales que recibieron los extractos de raíz de U. tomentosa, hojas de C. nutans y L. speciosa. Los extractos de hojas de U. baccifera mostraron leve inhibición del efecto del veneno. El extracto de hojas de S. viminea y en menor grado el de U. leptuphylla indujeron un efecto pro inflamatorio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anti-edematogenic activity</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>snake venom</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops asper</kwd>
<kwd>actividad anti-edematogénica</kwd>
<kwd>extractos de plantas</kwd>
<kwd>venenos</kwd>
<kwd>serpientes</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops asper</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cadmium citotoxicity in mice hepatocytes and impications on tropical environments. We analyzed phenotypic, structural and ultrastructural alterations induced by Cd+2 in hepatocytes extracted from Swiss Albino mice. Cadmium was given orally in watery solution of CdCl2 during 100 days at concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. In controls, distilled water alone was used. The samples were processed with the paraffin inclusion and hematoxilin-eosin coloration techniques for light microscopy. For transmission electron microscopy we used the conventional technique. We found phenotypic (size and weight differences) and physiologic changes (muscular weakness, unrest); at the structural level we noticed loss of trabecular disposition and of lobulillar architecture, lymphocyte agglomeration, vacuolization, dilatation of sinusoid and central vein, among others. The ultrastructural study evidenced alterations coincident with those seen with light microscopy, which were accentuated with the increase of metal concentration: nucleolus with a high number of fibrillar centers (50 ppm); voluminous lipidic drops in the cytoplasm, loose endoplasmic rough reticulum, citoplasmatic vacuolization, altered lisosomes and peroxisomes (100 ppm); contracted nuclei with condensed cromatine, dilatation of intracellular space and mitochondria, and loss of fibrillar areas (150 ppm). Cadmium produces a toxic effect in the hepatic cells; the effect is more severe at higher concentration, leading to cellular necrosis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 257-263. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un análisis de las alteraciones fenotípicas, estructurales y ultraestructurales inducidas por Cd+2 en hepatocitos de ratón albino suizo. El metal fue suministrado vía oral en solución acuosa de CdCl2 durante 100 días a concentraciones de 50 ppm, 100 ppm y 150 ppm, en los controles la solución de cadmio fue sustituida por agua destilada. Las muestras fueron procesadas utilizando la técnica de inclusión en parafina y teñidas con hematoxilina- eosina para microscopía óptica y por la técnica convencional para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Identificamos cambios fenotípicos (diferencias entre talla y peso) y fisiológicos (debilidad muscular e intranquilidad); a nivel histológico, pérdida de la disposición trabecular y de la arquitectura lobulillar, focos de aglomerados linfocíticos, vacuolización, dilatación de sinosoides y de la vena central. El estudio ultraestructural señala diversas alteraciones tales como: nucléolo con un elevado número de centros fibrilares (50 ppm); voluminosas gotas de lípidos en el citoplasma, retículo endoplasmático rugoso distendido, vacuolización citoplasmática, lisosomas y peroxisomas alterados (100 ppm); núcleos contraídos con cromatina condensada, dilatación en el espacio intracelular y áreas de pérdida mitocondrial y fibrilar (150 ppm). Sugerimos que el cadmio ejerce un efecto tóxico en las células hepáticas el cual se hace más severo con el aumento de la concentración, llevando a la necrosis celular.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>cadmium</kwd>
<kwd>citotoxity</kwd>
<kwd>hepatocytes</kwd>
<kwd>histology</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>cadmio</kwd>
<kwd>citotoxicidad</kwd>
<kwd>hepatocitos</kwd>
<kwd>histología</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) synthesizes crystalline inclusions that are toxic to caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and other orders of invertebrates. Materials associated with 37 caterpillars from 16 species, collected while feeding on 15 different species of host plants in dry, cloud and rain forests located in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica, were examined for the presence of Bt. From a total of 101 derived samples, 25 Bt isolates were cultured: 56% from host plant leaves, 8% from caterpillar guts and 36% from caterpillar fecal pellets. Bt was isolated from at least one sample in 38% of the systems constituted by the food plant, gut and fecal pellets corresponding to a single caterpillar. Four different morphologies of crystalline inclusions were observed, with bipyramidal and irregular crystal morphologies being the most prevalent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 265-271. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sintetiza inclusiones cristalinas que resultan tóxicas para algunas larvas de lepidópteros y otros órdenes de invertebrados. Su presencia fue examinada en materiales asociados a 37 orugas de mariposas de 16 especies, las cuales fueron colectadas mientras se alimentaban en 15 especies diferentes de plantas hospederas en bosques secos, nubosos y húmedos localizados dentro del Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) en el noroeste de Costa Rica. A partir de un total de 101 muestras se obtuvo 25 aislamientos de Bt: 56% a partir de material foliar de las plantas hospederas, 8% a partir del contenido intestinal de las larvas y 36% a partir de sus excrementos. Esta bacteria fue cultivada a partir de al menos uno de los 3 diferentes tipos de muestra asociados a una oruga particular (planta hospedera, intestino, excremento) en 38% de los casos posibles. En la colección de aislamientos obtenida se observaron cuatro morfologías de inclusiones cristalinas, siendo aquellas bipiramidales e irregulares las más prevalentes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacillus thuringiensis</kwd>
<kwd>caterpillars</kwd>
<kwd>food plants</kwd>
<kwd>insect guts</kwd>
<kwd>fecal pellets</kwd>
<kwd>conserved wildlands</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillus thuringiensis</kwd>
<kwd>larvas de mariposa</kwd>
<kwd>plantas hospederas</kwd>
<kwd>tractos intestinales de insectos</kwd>
<kwd>material fecal</kwd>
<kwd>áreas protegidas</kwd>
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<institution>,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Microbial activity in Eastern Venezuelan savannas turned into grasslands. We studied the effects of season and management practices on chemical properties and biochemical parameters in a typical Ultisol soil of native and introduced pastures of the Eastern savannas of Venezuela. Sseason, soil management, and their interaction, significantly affected chemical properties and biochemical parameters. The total carbon and the water soluble carbon experienced a significant decrease during the wet pereiod. The basal respiration, the arginine ammonification (AA) and the fluoriscein diacetate hydrolysis showed showed a relatively low microbial activity. The transformation of native savannas to pastures systems of B. brizantha and S. capitata increased the organic matter content in soil. The AA and the basal respiration were sensible indicators to estimate changes in soil quality and also reflected the interaction of temporal changes and management practices. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 273-285. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>arginine ammonification</kwd>
<kwd>basal respiration</kwd>
<kwd>fluoriscein diacetate</kwd>
<kwd>management practices</kwd>
<kwd>savannas</kwd>
<kwd>temporal variability</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>amonificación</kwd>
<kwd>arginina</kwd>
<kwd>respiración basal</kwd>
<kwd>fluoresceína</kwd>
<kwd>prácticas de manejo</kwd>
<kwd>sabanas</kwd>
<kwd>variabilidad temporal</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The first floristic inventory of benthic diatoms is provided for the Bahía Magdalena- Bahía Almejas lagoon system. Samplings were carried out during November of 1999. The oxydized samples were mounted permanently. Eighty six diatom taxa were identified, out of which 59 are new records for the Bahía Magdalena area, and 12 taxa are new for the Baja California peninsula. Taxa recorded previously as rare in other substrata are common or abundant on the epiphytic macroalgae of mangrove prop roots. Other species are mainly epipelic forms, while 24 are commonly found as tychoplankton in the area. Certain taxa appear to be characteristic of mangrove systems in general. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 287-297. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta el primer inventario florístico de diatomeas bénticas para el Sistema Lagunar Bahía Magdalena-Bahía Almejas. Se hicieron muestreos en noviembre de 1999. En las muestras oxidadas y montadas permanentemente, se identificaron 86 táxones, de los cuales 59 son nuevos registros para el área de Bahía Magdalena, y 12 son nuevos para la península de Baja California. Táxones previamente registrados como escasos en otros sustratos son comunes o abundantes sobre macroalgas epífitas de raíces primarias de mangle. Otras species son principalmente formas epipélicas, mientras que 24 son constituyentes comunes del ticoplancton del área. Ciertos táxones parecen ser característicos de sistemas de manglar en general.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>macroalgae</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epiphytic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera in the northwestern coast of Cuba</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras  </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro Nacional de Termalismo  </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de la Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar Calle Marina </institution>
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<country>Venezuela;</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>299</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The spatial and temporal abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera was studied over two annual cycles (March 1999 to March 2000 and March 2001 to March 2002) in the northwestern coast of Cuba. From 14 species of macroalgae (Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta), 1340 samples were obtained identifying seven species as potentially noxious; five of them are new reports for Cuba’s phytobenthos: Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust, P. concavum Fukuyo, P. mexicanum Tafall, Coolia monotis Meunier, and Ostreopsis lenticularis Fukuyo. ANOVA/MANOVA analysis showed significant spatial differences: lower cell abundance near the shoreline adjacent to a river inlet and higher cell abundance in the deepest area. Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge 1975 was found mainly on Phaeophyta followed by Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. Gambierdiscus toxicus was found mainly on Phaeophyta followed by Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. All the species reported in the study area were mainly on Padina spp. (Phaeophyta). Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta) did not host dinoflagellate species. Environmental conditions in summer (higher temperature, more nutrients, greater water transparency, and low wind intensity) are suitable for macroalgae development, which serves as a substrate for potentially harmful dinoflagellates, and possibly the main vector for spreading ciguatera along the coast of Cuba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 299-310. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la abundancia espacial y temporal de dinoflagelados epífitos asociados a la ciguatera durante dos ciclos anuales (marzo 1999 a marzo 2000, y marzo 2001 a marzo 2002) en la costa del noroeste de Cuba. Recolectamos 14 especies de macroalgas (Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta y Rhodophyta) y obtuvimos 1340 muestras. Identificamos siete especies de dinoflagelados potencialmente nocivas, cinco de ellas nuevos registros para el fitobentos cubano: Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust, P. concavum Fukuyo, P. mexicanum Tafall, Coolia monotis Meunier, y Ostreopsis lenticulares Fukuyo. El análisis de ANOVA/MANOVA mostró diferencias espaciales significativas: la abundancia celular más baja se encontró cerca de la desembocadura del río y la más alta en el área más profunda. Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, se encontró principalmente sobre las Phaeophyta seguido de las Chlorophyta y Rhodophyta. Gambierdiscus toxicus se encontró principalmente sobre las Phaeophyta seguido de las Rhodophyta y Chlorophyta. Todas las especies halladas en el área del estudio estaban sobre Padina spp. (Phaeophyta). No se encontró ninguna especie de dinoflagelado sobre Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta). Las condiciones ambientales en verano (temperatura, nutrientes, transparencia de agua y la baja velocidad del viento) favorecen el desarrollo de las macroalgas, siendo un substrato adecuado para el desarrollo de dinoflagelados potencialmente nocivos, y posiblemente el vector principal para la extensión de la ciguatera en la costa noroeste cubana.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>benthic dinoflagellates</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>ciguatera</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagelados bentónicos</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>ciguatera</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pathogenic fungi of insects from Argentina (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Three species of Entomophthorales entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycotina: Zygomycetes) have been identified from insects in agricultural crops (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina): Zoophthora radicans Batko (Brefeld); Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu and Pandora gammae (Weiser) Humber. Fungal structure measurements are reported. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 311-315. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Algas epífitas de Bajo Pepito, Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Quan-Young</surname>
<given-names>L.I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Díaz-Martín</surname>
<given-names>M.A</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Espinoza-Avalos</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,ECOSUR Unidad Chetumal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>328</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Epiphytic algae from Bajo Pepito, Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, México. A total of 96 epiphytic algae species were identified from Bajo Pepito, Quintana Roo, México. 60.4% (58) belonged to the Rhodophyta, 19.79% (19) to the Phaeophyta, 16.6% (16) to the Chlorophyta and 3.1% (3) to the Cyanophyta; 49 species (50.5%) were found only in one month, while Heterosiphonia crispella was found in all of the sampled months. That species provided the largest contribution to the biomass of epiphytes. During January we registered the greater biommass and richness of epiphytes species, coincidently with high values of host species cover and rainfall. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 317-328. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Se identificó un total de 96 especies de algas epífitas de Bajo Pepito, Quintana Roo, México; el 60.4% (58) pertenecieron a la división Rhodophyta, 19.79% (19) a la división Phaeophyta, 16.6% (16) a la división Chlorophyta y 3.1% (3) a la división Cyanophyta; 49 especies (51%) se presentaron solamente en un mes de muestreo. Heterosiphonia crispella se presentó en todos los meses de muestreo, y fue la que tuvo mayor contribución en la biomasa de epífitas. En enero se registró la mayor biomasa y riqueza de algas epífitas, lo cual coincidió con valores altos de cobertura de especies hospederas y precipitación pluvial.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>epiphytic algae</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
<kwd>algas epífitas</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Temporal variation of biomass and productivity of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) in Venezuela, Southern Caribbean</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Daisy</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Guevara</surname>
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</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Bone</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
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</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolivar Departamento de Biología de Organismos Instituto de Tecnológía y Ciencias Marinas</institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>329</fpage>
<lpage>339</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Annual biomass and productivity of Thalassia testudinum were determined during a year at a seagrass bed located in the Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Leaf, rhizome and root biomass were determined monthly, together with short-shoot density, from February 1992 to January 1993, from nine replicated core samples. Productivity was measured using the methodology by Zieman (1974) with minor modifications, and leaf turnover rate was calculated. Leaf biomass values ranged between 101.73 dry g m-2 in February and 178.11 dry g m-2 in August. Productivity ranged from 1.69 dry g m-2 d-1 in April and October to 3.30 dry g m-2 d-1 in July, showing two annual peaks: one in July and one in March. The leaf turnover rate showed the highest value in June (2.41% d-1) and the lowest in May (1.23% d-1). Sampling time differences in leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate were statistically significant. Short- shoot density values varied between 811.10 shoots m-2 in April and 1226.08 shoots m-2 in December, but the differences were not significant along the year. These results indicated seasonal trends for leaf biomass, productivity and turnover rate of T. testudinum in the Southern Caribbean (latitude 10&amp;#61616;N). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 329-339. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante un año se determinaron mensualmente la productividad foliar, la densidad de tallos cortos y la biomasa de hojas, tallos cortos, rizomas y raíces de Thalassia testudinum, en una &quot;pradera&quot; localizada en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela. Los valores de biomasa foliar estuvieron entre 101.73 g/m² en febrero y 178.11 g/m² en agosto, los de productividad foliar se ubicaron entre 1.69 g/m²/d en abril y octubre y 3.30 g/m²/d en julio, mostrando dos picos anuales, uno en julio y otro en marzo. La tasa de recambio foliar mostró el mayor valor en junio (2.41%/d) y el menor en mayo (1.23%/d). Tales diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas durante el año para todas estas variables. La densidad de tallos cortos fluctuó entre 811.10 tallos/m² en abril y 1 226.08 tallos/m² en diciembre, pero las diferencias no fueron significativas a lo largo del año. Estos resultados indicaron una tendencia estacional para la biomasa foliar, la productividad foliar y la tasa de recambio de las hojas de T. testudinum en el Caribe Sur, a 10º N de latitud.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>tropical seagrasses</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>temporal variations</kwd>
<kwd>productivity</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
<kwd>algas marinas tropicales</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>variaciones temporales</kwd>
<kwd>productividad</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Flora béntica y reproducción de las algas Batophora spp. (Chlorophyta: Dasycladaceae) de una laguna costera contaminada (Bahía de Chetumal, México)</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Benthic flora and reproduction of Batophora spp. algae (Chlorophyta: Dasycladaceae) in a polluted coastal lagoon (Chetumal Bay, Mexico). The benthic flora, and the vegetative and reproductive characters of the algae Batophora oerstedii and B. occidentalis (Chlorophyta) were recorded from five sites of Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. A sewage gradient has been reported along those sites. Plants were sampled in May and October 1999, which corresponded to dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Forty taxa were found, 11 are new records for the Chetumal Bay, and 6 are new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Enteromorpha species were present in sites known as rich in organic matter (both from anthropogenic and natural sources). Batophora spp. is the dominant algae in all Chetumal Bay. However, it was absent next to sewage outfalls. The morphological characters of B. oerstedii and B. occidentalis did not change significantly along the sites reported as polluted. The length and width of gametophores, as well as the diameter of the gametangia were clearly different for both species. Different reproductive strategies may help B. oerstedii and B. ccidentalis to closely coexist in the Chetumal Bay. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 341-355. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los componentes de la flora béntica, y mediciones de partes vegetativas y reproductivas de Batophora oerstedii y B. occidentalis (Chlorophyta) se registraron en cinco sitios de la costa Oeste de la Bahía de Chetumal, donde se ha registrado la existencia de un gradiente de contaminación orgánica. La colecta de flora se realizó en mayo y Octubre de 1999, meses incluidos en las épocas climáticas de secas y lluvias, respectivamente. Se registraron 40 taxa de vegetación béntica, de los cuales 11 representan nuevos registros para la Bahía de Chetumal, y 6 para el Caribe Mexicano. Especies de Enteromorpha estuvieron presentes en ambientes ricos en materia orgánica, tanto de origen urbano, como natural. En los desagües de la Bahía de Chetumal existen especies indicadoras de contaminación, pero la ausencia de Batophora spp., dominante en esta laguna costera. Los caracteres morfológicos de B. occidentalis y B. oerstedii a lo largo de los cinco sitios de muestreo no reflejaron la presencia de contaminantes. Ambas especies presentaron diferencias significativas en su largo y ancho de gametóforos, y en el diámetro de gametangios. Las diferencias en estrategias reproductivas probablemente ayudan a que B. oerstedii y B. occidentalis puedan coexistir cercanamente en la Bahía de Chetumal.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Enteromorpha</kwd>
<kwd>benthic flora</kwd>
<kwd>pollution</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatan Peninsula</kwd>
<kwd>coexistence</kwd>
<kwd>Enteromorpha</kwd>
<kwd>flora béntica</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>coexistencia</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>Península de Yucatán</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Leaf and soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability in a neotropical rain forest of nutrient-rich soil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Martínez-Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>357</fpage>
<lpage>361</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The nitrogen and phosphorus supply in a lowland rain forest with a nutrient-rich soil was investigated by means of the leaf N/P quotient. It was hypothesised a high N and P supply to the forest ecosystem with a N and P rich soil. Total N and extractable P were determined in the surface (10 cm) soil of three plots of the forest. Total N was analysed by the Kjeldahl method, and P was extracted with HCl and NH4F. The leaf N/P quotient was evaluated from the senesced leaves of 11 dominant tree species from the mature forest. Samples of 5 g of freshly fallen leaves were collected from three trees of each species. Nitrogen was analysed by microkjeldahl digestion with sulphuric acid and distilled with boric acid, and phosphorus was analysed by digestion with nitric acid and perchloric acid, and determined by photometry. Concentrations of total N (0.50%, n = 30) and extractable P (4.11 &amp;#956;g g-1, n = 30) in the soil were high. As expected, P supply was sufficient, but contrary to expected, N supply was low (N/P = 11.8, n = 11). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 357-361. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A través del cociente foliar N/P, se investigó la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo en una selva húmeda tropical con suelo fértil. Como hipótesis se esperaba encontrar una alta disponibilidad de N y P en el ecosistema debido a un suelo rico en N y P. Se determinó el N total y el P extraible en el suelo superficial (10 cm) en tres sitios de la selva. El N total se analizó por el método Kjeldahl y el P por extracción con HCl y NH4F. El cociente foliar N/P se evaluó a partir de hojas seniles de 11 especies arbóreas dominantes de la selva madura. Se recolectaron muestras de 5 g de hojas recién caídas de tres árboles de cada especie. El nitrógeno se analizó por digestión microkjeldahl con ácido sulfúrico y destilación con ácido bórico, y el fósforo por digestión con ácido nítrico y ácido perclórico, y determinación con fotometría. Las concetraciones de N total (0.50%, n = 30) y P extraible (4.11 &amp;#956;g g-1, n = 30) en el suelo fueron altas. Tal como se esperaba, la disponibilidad de P fue suficiente, pero contrariamente a lo esperado, la disponibilidad de N fue baja (N/P = 11.8, n = 11).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
<kwd>lowland forest</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>N/P ratio</kwd>
<kwd>senescent leaves</kwd>
<kwd>cociente N/P</kwd>
<kwd>hojas seniles</kwd>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>selva húmeda tropical</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200013</article-id>
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<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
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<year>2006</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Environment and seedling community under isolated trees in pastures are different from those in the open pasture. The effect of the pasture trees on the soil nutrients and on the seedling growth were investigated. Seven isolated trees and eight plots were selected in two pastures of 12-yr and 32-yr old derived from a lowland rain forest with nutrient-rich soil at Los Tuxtlas, México. The soil concentrations of total N, P Bray, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, plus others physical and chemical characteristics, were compared between the pasture trees and the open -pasture. An experiment was done to test the hypothesis that soil from under the pasture trees was better for seedling growth than soil from the open pasture. Seedlings of two native tree species and two domesticated species were grown in soil from the two different sites in a shade-house. The dry weight of the shoot and root/ shoot ratio were compared. Only total N, P and Na+ differed slightly in concentrations between the sites, but did not promote more seedling biomass. It seems that the soil at this location is sufficiently nutrient-rich even in the open pastures and over-ride any effect of the pasture trees on nutrient availability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 363-370. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los árboles aislados de los pastizales presentan un micro ambiente y comunidad de plántulas diferente a los del pastizal abierto. Se investigó el efecto de los árboles aislados en los nutrientes del suelo y en el crecimiento de plántulas. Se seleccionaron siete árboles aislados y ocho parcelas en dos pastizales de 12 y 32 años de edad, originados del cambio de uso de suelo de selva húmeda tropical con un suelo fértil, en Los Tuxtlas, México. Se compararon varias características físicas y químicas del suelo de los árboles y el pastizal abierto, así como las concentraciones de N total, P Bray, K+, Na+, Ca2+ y Mg2+. Se realizó un experimento para probar la hipótesis de que el suelo bajo los árboles aislados era mejor para el crecimiento de plántulas que el suelo del pastizal abierto. En un invernadero con suelo de los dos sitios diferentes, se pusieron a crecer plántulas de dos especies de árboles nativos y dos especies domesticadas. Se comparó el peso seco de la porción aérea de las plántulas y del cociente raíz/porción aérea. Solo difirieron ligeramente las concentraciones en suelo de N total, P y Na+ entre los sitios, pero estas no produjeron una mayor biomasa en las plántulas. Aparentemente el suelo en esta localidad es lo suficientemente rico en nutrientes aún en el pastizal abierto y opaca cualquier efecto de los árboles aislados del pastizal en la disponibilidad de nutrientes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>isolated trees</kwd>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
<kwd>remnant trees</kwd>
<kwd>tropical rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>árboles aislados</kwd>
<kwd>remanentes</kwd>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Differential leaf gas exchange responses to salinity and drought in the mangrove tree Avicecennia germinans (Avicenniaceae)</article-title>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>371</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Leaf gas exchange was assessed in Avicennia germinans L. grown under different NaCl concentrations (0-40‰), after salt-relief, and then during drought. Stomatal conductance (g s) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased with increasing NaCl concentration, and intrinsic water use efficiency (Pn / g s) increased. Under desalinization Pn / g s declined. Thus, g s did not change in plants grown at low NaCl concentration (10‰), but increased up to 30-32% at higher NaCl concentration (20 - 40‰). However, Pn was only slightly enhanced (10- 15%). Under drought, Pn decreased by as much as 46% in plants grown at low NaCl concentration (10‰) and by 22% at high NaCl concentration (40‰). Thus, Pn / g s decreased and water use efficiency was lower during drought compared to estimates prior to salt-relief. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 371-375. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el intercambio de gases en las hojas de Avicennia germinans L. en varias concentraciones de NaCl (0-40‰), después de la desalinización y durante la desecación. La conductancia de los estomas (g s) y la tasa de fotosíntesis (Pn) decrecieron con el incremento en la concentración de NaCl, y se incrementó la eficiencia en el uso intrínseco de agua (Pn / g s). Bajo desalinización Pn / g s declinó. Así, g s no cambia en el crecimiento de las plantas a bajas concentraciones de NaCl (10‰), pero se incrementó hasta 30-32% a las concentraciones de NaCl más altas (20 - 40‰). Sin embargo, Pn aumentó ligeramente (10-15%). En desecación Pn fue reducido hasta un 46% a bajas concentaciones (10‰) de NaCl, y a un 22% a altas concentraciones (40‰) de NaCl. Así, Pn / g s decrecieron y la eficiencia en el uso de agua fue menor durante desecación en comparación con los evalolres stimados previos a la desalinización.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Avicennia germinans</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>NaCl</kwd>
<kwd>stomatal conductance</kwd>
<kwd>water use efficiency</kwd>
<kwd>Avicennia germinans</kwd>
<kwd>manglar</kwd>
<kwd>NaCl</kwd>
<kwd>conductancia</kwd>
<kwd>estomas</kwd>
<kwd>eficiencia de uso de agua</kwd>
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</article-meta>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas </institution>
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<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Oryza grandiglumis is a wild species of rice endemic to tropical America. This species was first found in 1998 in the wetlands of Caño Negro, located in the northern part of Costa Rica. Twenty five plants of O. grandiglumis were processed for scanning electron microscope. An ultrastructural description of the leaf blade, ligule, auricles, spikelet and caryopsis, with an emphasis on structures of taxonomic value. The leaf blade has a characteristic cuticular wax pattern, composed of dense rod-like structures, and is surrounded by papillae, zipper- like silica cells, abundant bulky prickle trichomes, and hooked trichomes. The blade’s edge has three rows of hooked prickle trichomes of various sizes. The auricles wrapped the culm, with long attenuated trichomes at the edges; the base was surrounded by oblong cells. The ligule is a blunt membrane covered by short prickle trichomes. Spikelet morphology is characteristic of the Poaceae family, but the sterile lemmas were nearly as long as the fertile lemmas, and they have an unique crown-like structure of lignified spines between the rachilla and the fertile lemmas. Comparison with Brazilian specimens of O. grandiglumis revealed little differences in the ultrastructural characteristics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 377-385. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El arroz silvestre Oryza grandiglumis es endémico de América. Se localiza en la zona norte de Costa Rica, principalmente en el humedal de Caño Negro y del Río Medio Queso. Es una planta vigorosa y grande. Su nombre deriva del gran tamaño de las lemas estériles (glumas). Presentamos una descripción ultraestructural de la lámina foliar, lígula, aurículas, espiguilla y cariópside, con énfasis en las estructuras de valor taxonómico, usando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La lámina foliar se caracteriza por presentar un patrón de cera cuticular en forma de densos bastoncillos. Presenta estomas rodeados de papilas, células de sílice en forma crenada, varias formas de papilas de cera, distribuidas en forma muy regular, y tricomas espinosos abultados en la base y tricomas ganchudos. En el borde de la lámina hay tres hileras de tricomas espinosos ganchudos de diferente tamaño. Las aurículas son envolventes y los bordes presentan tricomas atenuados largos cubiertos en la base por células alargadas. La lígula es truncada y cubierta de tricomas espinosos pequeños. La morfología de la espiguilla es algo similar a las de las otras especies de la familia Poaceae, pero las lemas estériles son casi del mismo tamaño que las fértiles. Además se observó entre la raquilla y las lemas fértiles una corona de espinas lignificadas. Ultraestructuralmente, esta población es similar a las brasileñas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>wild rice</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropical endemic</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza grandiglumis</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>arroz silvestre</kwd>
<kwd>endémico</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>Oryza grandiglumis</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Neuroetología </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Genética Forestal </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Germination of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) seeds from toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus) and spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) feces. To test the null hypothesis that two vertebrate fructivores, toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), are equally specialized in germinating Ficus insipida seeds after these have passed through their digestive tracts, we fed fruits to captive individuals. We extracted seeds from feces and placed them on filter paper in petri dishes under controled light, temperature and humidity. Control seeds had not passed through a digestive tract. We found that a greater proportion of seeds from A. geofroyi (65% ) germinated (R. sulfuratus: 4%). The germinative value was also greater in seeds from monkey feces (rate=13.76; toucan 0.046; control group 0.172). If, despite individual variability of seeds and dispersers, future studies continue to show that A. geoffroyi favors germination more (maybe because of a longer digestion time), this would indicate that diet specialization is not necessarily related to dispersal efficiency. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 387-394. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el efecto que tiene el paso de las semillas del higo Ficus insipida Willd (Moraceae), por el tracto digestivo de dos especies de vertebrados frugívoros, se ofrecieron frutos a individuos cautivos de tucán (Ramphastos sulfuratus: Ramphastidae) y de mono araña (Ateles geoffroyi: Cebidae), en la hipótesis de que siendo ambos frugívoros especialistas deberían favorecer de manera similar a la germinación de semillas de esta especie arbórea. De las heces se separaron las semillas y se pusieron a germinar en cajas petri en condiciones controladas de luz, temperatura y humedad, con una muestra de semillas testigo que no pasaron por el tracto digestivo de ningún animal. Se calculó la latencia, la capacidad y velocidad de geminación, y el valor germinativo de las semillas de cada grupo experimental. El 65% de las semillas de frutos de F. insipida consumidos por A. geofroyi germinaron con éxito, mientras que de las obtenidas de las heces de tucán, apenas el 4% logró germinar. El valor germinativo fue mayor en las semillas extraídas de excretas de mono (índice=13.76), en comparación con las de tucán (0.046) y las del grupo testigo (0.172). A. geoffroyi fue la especie que favoreció más la germinación de semillas de F. insipida, siendo probable que esta condición se relacione con el mayor tiempo de digestión de este primate. Deberá considerarse también la dificultad de establecer siempre concordancia con estos resultados, debido a la gran variabilidad en la capacidad germinativa de las semillas de individuos arbóreos, a la diferencia entre las cosechas y periodos de fructificación, así como en la madurez y estado fisiológico de los animales utilizados en las pruebas. Se concluye que la especialización alimentaria no necesariamente se relaciona con la efectividad de la calidad de la dispersión.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ramphastos sulfuratus</kwd>
<kwd>Ateles geoffroyi</kwd>
<kwd>Ficus</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>dispersal</kwd>
<kwd>frugivor</kwd>
<kwd>Ramphastos sulfuratus</kwd>
<kwd>Ateles geoffroyi Ficus</kwd>
<kwd>germinación</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión</kwd>
<kwd>frugivoría</kwd>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>395</fpage>
<lpage>402</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied seed germination and seedling growth of the Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia in Nigeria. This involved the usage of some dormancy-releasing methods and the effect of some concentrations of three herbicide formulations on the young seedlings. Initial germination tests on fresh and stored seeds revealed a low percentage germination of less than 30%. The seeds of the weed exhibit dormancy. Subjecting the seeds to wet heat at 80 and 100oC and light treatment terminated dormancy both in the fresh and stored seeds. Light greatly enhanced the germination percentage of seeds by about 70%. There was gradual increase in germination percentage with increase in storage period in dormancy-released seeds. The mean LAR (Leaf Area Ratio), NAR (Net Assimilation Rate) and RGR (Relative Growth Rate) are comparatively high in young seedlings. Concentrations of 0.5-2.0% of Gramoxone, Primextra and Galex are toxic to 1 month old seedlings. For eradication, the seedlings should be attacked at one month stage. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 385-402. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas del girasol mexicano Tithonia diversifolia. Se usaron métodos de periodo de latencia y germinación, y el efecto de varias concentraciones de tres herbicidas sobre las plántulas jóvenes. Las pruebas iniciales de germinación con semillas frescas y almacenadas revelaron un bajo porcentaje de germinación (30%). Las semillas de malezas permanecieron latentes. Al someter las semillas a tratamientos de calor húmedo de 80 y 100oC y luz se terminó con el periodo de latencia en las semillas frescas y en las almacenadas. La luz aumentó el porcentaje de germinación a cerca del 70%. Hubo un incremento gradual en el porcentaje de germinación en el periodo de almacenamiento en las semillas salidas de la latencia. Los promedios de cociente de área foliar, tasa neta de asimilación y tasa de crecimiento relativo son comparativamente altos en las plántulas jóvenes. Las concentraciones de 0.5-2.0% de Gramoxone, Primextra y Galex son tóxicas para las plántulas de un mes de edad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tithonia diversifolia</kwd>
<kwd>Mexican sunflower</kwd>
<kwd>germination</kwd>
<kwd>weed</kwd>
<kwd>dormancy</kwd>
<kwd>herbicide</kwd>
<kwd>seedlings growth</kwd>
<kwd>Tithonia diversifolia</kwd>
<kwd>girasol mexicano</kwd>
<kwd>germinación</kwd>
<kwd>malezas</kwd>
<kwd>periodo de latencia</kwd>
<kwd>herbicidas</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento de plántulas</kwd>
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<kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200019</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of the invasive plant Syzigium jambos (Myrtaceae) on patterns of understory seedling abundance in a Tropical Premontane Forest, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Center for Sustainable Development Studies The School for Field Studies </institution>
<addr-line> Massachusetts</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Center for Environmental  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,University of Southern California School of International Relations </institution>
<addr-line> Los Angeles</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Santa Clara University Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Santa Clara </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>415</fpage>
<lpage>421</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Habitat fragmentation, along with other human-induced disturbances, increase the vulnerability of native habitats to be invaded by aggressive, ecologically released, exotic species. Syzigium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae, Rose Apple) is an important invader still spreading throughout Hawaii, the Antilles, Central and South America. This study examines the effects of S. jambos on plant understory diversity in a 25 ha Tropical Premontane Moist Forest in Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica, a protected watershed that supplies drinking water for several human communities. Our final objective is to develop a management strategy combining water protection with the preservation of a representative sample of the original plant diversity in the area. Thirty 2 X 2 m plots were distributed throughout the Municipal Forest maintaining a minimum of 10 m between plots, and 2 m from trails, to sample all understory seedlings and saplings of S. jambos, Coffea arabica (coffee) and tree seedlings. We found a clear dominance of S. jambos over all other understory plants. Of the total 1 285 sampled plants, S. jambos comprised 51%, coffee seedlings represented 14,78%, being the rest tree seedlings. Syzigium jambos had the highest density (5.46 plants/m2, S.D. = 6.44) compared to tree (3.67 plants/ m2, S.D. = 3.44) and coffee seedlings (1.58 plants/ m2, S.D. = 2.13). There was a highly significant negative relationship between the relative abundance of S. jambos and tree (r2 = 0.52, p &lt; 0.00001) and coffee seedlings (r2 = 0.28, p &lt; 0.002). The abundance of coffee seedlings did not affect the abundance of tree seedlings (r2 = 0.01, p &lt; 0.58). Since the canopy of the Municipal Forest is relatively closed and composed of a monolayer of trees with almost no overlapping crowns, we found no relationship between canopy cover and the abundance of S. jambos. The height distribution indicated that the majority of S. jambos individuals were seedlings and saplings (height &amp;#8804; 1.5 m), with only 4.6% classified as adults, (height &amp;#8805; 2 m). The results show a clear role of S. jambos as an aggressive, invasive species within the Municipal Forest. This invasion is enhanced by both the ecological characteristics of the species and the fragmentation of the forest by coffee farming around the site. Among a variety of management possibilities, an ecosystem-level approach of manually removing S. jambos over time while replanting native species appears to be the preferred strategy, given the intended continued use of the Municipal Forest as a source of drinking water and as a representative sample of the original vegetation of the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 415-421. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La fragmentación del hábitat, junto con otros disturbios antropogénicos, aumentan la vulnerabilidad de los ambientes nativos a la invasión por especies exóticas, agresivas y sin controles ecológicos. Syzigium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae, Manzana Rosa) es una invasora importante que todavía está extendiendose en Hawaii, Las Antillas, Centro y Suramérica. Este estudio examina los efectos de S. jambos sobre la diversidad de plantas del sotobosque en un Bosque Húmedo Premontano de 25 ha en Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica, una microcuenca protegida que suple de agua potable a varias comunidades. Nuestro objetivo final es desarrollar una estrategia de manejo que combine la protección del agua con la conservación de una muestra representativa de la diversidad de plantas original del área. Distribuimos 30 parcelas de 2 X 2 m en el Bosque Municipal manteniendo una distancia mínima de 10 m entre parcelas y 2 m lejos de los senderos, para muestrear las plántulas y brinzales de S. jambos, Coffea arabica (café) y árboles. Encontramos una clara dominancia de S. jambos sobre las demás plantas de sotobosque. De 1 285 plantas muestreadas S. jambos representó 51%, el café abarcó 14,78%, siendo el resto plántulas de árboles. Syzigium jambos tuvo la mayor densidad (5.46 plantas/m², D.E. = 6.44) en comparación a plántulas de árboles (3.67 plantas/ m², D.E. = 3.44) y de café (1.58 plantas/ m², S.D. = 2.13). Hubo una relación negativa entre la abundancia relativa de S. jambos y las plántulas de árboles (r² = 0.52, p &lt; 0.00001) y café (r² = 0.28, p &lt; 0.002). La abundancia de las plántulas de café no afectó la abundancia de las plántulas de árboles (r² = 0.01, p &lt; 0.58). Ya que el dosel del Bosque Municipal es relativamente denso y se compone de una monocapa de árboles casi sin traslape entre copas, no encontramos relación entre la cobertura del dosel y la abundancia de S. jambos. La distribución de altura indicó que la mayoría de los individuos de S. jambos eran plántulas y brinzales (altura &amp;#8804; 1.5 m), con solamente 4.6% clasificados como adultos, (altura &amp;#8805; 2 m). Los resultados muestran un claro papel de S. jambos como especie invasora muy agresiva en el Bosque Municipal. Esta invasión es favorecida tanto por las características ecológicas de la especie así como por la fragmentación del bosque causada por plantaciones de café alrededor del sitio de estudio. Entre las diversas alternativas de manejo, consideramos que debe usarse una estrategia a nivel de ecosistema, y remover manualmente S. jambos a la largo del tiempo y a la vez sembrar especies nativas, considerando que el uso programado para el Bosque Municipal es ser fuente de agua potable y proteger una muestra representativa de la vegetación original del área.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Syzigium jambos</kwd>
<kwd>invasive species</kwd>
<kwd>forest management</kwd>
<kwd>water quality anagement</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Syzigium jambos</kwd>
<kwd>especies invasoras</kwd>
<kwd>manejo forestal</kwd>
<kwd>manejo de la calidad del agua</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Diversidad y abundancia relativa de corales, octocorales y esponjas en el Parque Nacional Jaragua, República Dominicana</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity and relative abundance of corals, octocorals and sponges at Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic. The Jaragua National Park is located in a remote area to the SW coast of the Dominican Republic. Fishing and mining are the major human activities. The main reef formations of the Park include: (a) long bank reefs (spur and groove) growing as bands over the platform and running in a SW-NW direction at 12-25 m depth, (b) well developed, deep, fringing reefs at the platform edge (drop-off) areas which could extend from 10 to 45 m depth, and (c) small patch reefs and poorly developed coral-octocoral-sponge-algal communities in shallow platforms near shore, rocky bottoms, and over the submerged walls of the uplifted reef. Nine reef localities were surveyed between Cabo Beata and Bahia Honda using Scuba diving to inventory the diversity and relative abundance of scleractinian corals, octocorals and sponges. Fringing reefs were surveyed starting at the bottom (30 m) and swimming in a zig-zag pattern (50 m on each side) to shallower areas. Bank reefs were surveyed by swimming in zig-zag across the spur-groove formation along 500 m. Sponges were the most diverse group with 83 species in 50 genera followed by the scleractinian corals with 56 species in 26 genera and the octocorals with 47 species in 15 genera. New records included eight coral species, 29 octocoral species and 59 sponges. The diversity, species composition and abundance of particular groups varied across the different localities. Northern reefs within the park and the Los Frailes Island offshore had the highest live cover, relative abundance and diversity for the three groups. In general, the Jaragua National Park had the highest diversity of corals, octocorals and sponges reported for the Dominican Republic and rank amongst the highest reported for the northern Caribbean. It is recommended that the area be protected and that fishing activities be regulated or eliminated altogether. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 423-443. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El Parque Nacional Jaragua está localizado en un área remota al SW de la República Dominicana. La actividad humana se limita a pesquerías y minería. Las principales formaciones arrecifales incluyen (a) arrecifes de banco (montículo) creciendo sobre la plataforma en bandas paralelas, separadas por canales de arena y en dirección SE - NW, entre 12 y 25 m de profundidad, (b) arrecifes de franja profundos que se desarrollan en los bordes de la plataforma entre 10 y 45 m de profundidad, y (c) parches arrecifales y comunidades coralinas con poca o ninguna estructura arrecifal en áreas cercanas a la costa y plataformas someras. Nueve localidades fueron muestreadas intensivamente entre Cabo Beata y Bahía Honda mediante buceo autónomo. Se nadó en un patrón de zig-zag (50 m a cada lado) desde el fondo (30 m) hasta la zona somera en los arrecifes frangeantes. Se uso el mismo patrón pero a lo largo (por 500 m) cubriendo el ancho de las bandas en los arrecifes de montículo. Las abundancias relativas y la diversidad de corales escleractínidos, octocorales y esponjas se estimaron en estas bandas. Las esponjas presentaron la mayor diversidad con 83 especies en 50 géneros, seguidas por los corales escleractínidos con 56 especies en 26 géneros y los octocorales con 47 especies en 15 géneros. Nuevos registros para el área incluyen ocho especies de corales, 21 de octocorales y 59 de esponjas. La diversidad, abundancia y distribución de especies de cada grupo varió entre localidades. En general, las localidades del norte y la isla de Los Frailes mar afuera, mostraron las mayores diversidades y abundancias de los tres grupos. En general, el Parque Nacional Jaragua presenta las diversidades más altas de corales, octocorales y esponjas registradas para la República Dominicana y están entre las más diversas para el norte del Caribe. Se recomienda una protección integral del área que incluya una regulación substancial (o prohibición) de las actividades pesqueras.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>relative abundance</kwd>
<kwd>coral reefs</kwd>
<kwd>coral</kwd>
<kwd>octocorals</kwd>
<kwd>sponges</kwd>
<kwd>Jaragua National Park</kwd>
<kwd>Dominican Republic</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia relativa</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes</kwd>
<kwd>octocorales</kwd>
<kwd>esponjas</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional Jaragua</kwd>
<kwd>República Dominicana</kwd>
<kwd>Mar Caribe</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,Intituto de Historia Natural y Ecología del Estado de Chiapas  </institution>
<addr-line>Chiapas </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Policlínica y Diagnóstico Veterinario  </institution>
<addr-line>Chiapas </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto de Biología de la UNAM Laboratorio de Helmintología Departamento de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>México D.F </addr-line>
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<institution>,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la UNAM Departamento de Parasitología </institution>
<addr-line>México D.F </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>445</fpage>
<lpage>450</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Parasites of the Central American tapir Tapirus bairdii (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) in Chiapas, Mexico. We analyzed 19 samples of Baird´s tapir feces from La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, collected between March and July 1999. We also took samples directly from a male tapir captured at the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve. Both reserves are in Chiapas, Mexico. We used five techniques: flotation, MacMaster, micrometric, Ritchie’s sedimentation and Ferreira´s quantitative. In addition, we collected ectoparasites from animals captured in both reserves and from a captive couple from Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas. These nematodes and protozoans were found: Agriostomun sp., Lacandoria sp., Neomurshidia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Strongylus sp., Brachylumus sp, and an unidentified species of ancilostomaide. We also found Eimeria sp. and Balantidium coli, as well as the mites Dermacentor halli, Dermacentor latus, Amblyomma cajannense, Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma ovale, Anocentor nitens and Ixodes bicornis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 445-450. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se recolectaron 19 muestras de excretas del tapir centroamericano (Tapirus bairdii) en la Reserva &quot;La Sepultura&quot; (marzo a julio de 1999), así como un muestreo directo a un tapir macho de la Reserva &quot;Montes Azules&quot; (Chiapas, México). Se analizaron con cinco técnicas (flotación, MacMaster, micrometría, sedimentación de Ritchie y cuantitativa de Ferreira). Además se recolectaron muestras en piel de animales capturados en en las dos reservas y en una pareja de zoológico proveniente de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Se hallaron nematodos y protozoarios: Agriostomun sp., Lacandoria sp., Neomurshidia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Strongylus sp., Brachylumus sp., y un ancilostomaideo aun por identificar. Además se informa la presencia de Eimeria sp., y Balantidium coli. Los ácaros hallados fueron; Dermacentor halli, Dermacentor latus, Amblyomma cajannense, Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma ovale, Anocentor nitens e Ixodes bicornis.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tapirus bairdii</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparasite</kwd>
<kwd>endoparasite</kwd>
<kwd>La Sepultura</kwd>
<kwd>Montes Azules</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Tapirus bairdii</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparásitos</kwd>
<kwd>endoparásitos</kwd>
<kwd>La Sepultura</kwd>
<kwd>Montes Azules</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de sedimentos naturales enriquecidos con zinc, en modelos aislados y en microcosmos, sobre tres especies de invertebrados bentónicos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<surname>Galar Martínez</surname>
<given-names>Marcela</given-names>
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<surname>Martínez-Tabche</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sánchez-Hidalgo</surname>
<given-names>Eugenia</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>López López</surname>
<given-names>Eugenia</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>451</fpage>
<lpage>460</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Effect of zinc-enriched sediments, in open and isolated systems, on three species of benthonic invertebrates. Availability of toxics in aquatic bodies is limited by the physicochemical characteristics of sediments and water, as well as by the interactions between the different xenobiotics and inhabits species. The aim of this work was to relate the effect produced by zinc (Zn) spiked in sediments of the Ignacio Ramírez dam (PIR), in isolated and microcosms models, on ATP concentration of three benthic organisms with the metal biodisponibility. The selected species were a crustacean, an annelid and a mollusk: Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae), Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) and Stagnicola attenuata (Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae), species that are found at high proportions in the reservoir and use different spaces in the benthos. Samples of sediments and organisms were collected from the PIR during the dry season (February of 1999). Metal concentration (Zn, Fe, Cu and Ni), pH, texture, particle size, total nitrogen and organic matter were determined in sediments. Sublethal studies were carried out using two types of static systems (organisms isolated and in microcosms). Both models contained PIR sediments enriched with Zn (nominal concentration of 0.8129 mg/kg) and synthetic water in a proportion of 1:4. The test organisms were added to the systems once the equilibrium was reached (2 hr) considering the biomass quantity with respect to volume (1.0 g of organism by each 100 ml of water:sediment). After 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr of exposure, samples of sediment and hydrobionts were taken, and Zn content was quantified by atomic absorption. ATP concentration was also determined in organisms. The effect produced by natural sediments spiked with Zn is increased by the presence of more than one specie in the system (microcosm). With respect to Zn levels, two of the organisms tend to lose this metal in isolated and microcosm models, probably as a regulation strategy in its accumulation, as well as Fe presence in the reservoir sediments. Therefore, H. azteca maintained a constant Zn levels during the whole experiment. It is possible that the caption rate is so low in this organism that it does not need another regulatory mechanism. A decrement in ATP in worms and amphipods was observed in both systems at all exposure times. Possibly Zn and other metals present in the sediments interfere with the energy production enzymes by binding to SH groups. Nevertheless this biomolecule increased in snails in microcosms at all exposure times and in isolated systems at the end of the experiment, probably due to compensatory mechanisms and reduction in energy consumption present in mollusks during heavy metals exposure. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 451-460. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los cuerpos acuáticos la disponibilidad de los tóxicos es limitada por las características fisicoquímicas de los sedimentos y agua, así como por las interacciones entre los diversos xenobióticos y entre las especies que los habitan. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue relacionar el efecto producido por el zinc (Zn) sembrado en sedimentos del embalse Ignacio Ramírez (PIR), en modelos aislados y en microcosmos, sobre el ATP de tres organismos bentónicos con la biodisponibilidad del metal. Las especies seleccionadas fueron: Hyalella azteca, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri y Stagnicola attenuata, dado que se encuentran en altas proporciones en el embalse y ocupan espacios diferentes en el bentos. Las muestras de sedimentos y organismos se colectaron en la estación de sequía (febrero de 1999). A los primeros se les determinó el pH, textura, tamaño de partícula, nitrógeno total, materia orgánica y concentración de metales (Zn, Fe, Cu y Ni). Posteriormente se realizó un estudio de toxicidad subletal utilizando dos tipos de sistemas estáticos (organismos aislados y en microcosmos). Ambos modelos contenían sedimentos de la PIR enriquecidos con Zn (concentración nominal de 0.8129 mg/kg) y agua sintética en una proporción de 1:4. Los organismos de prueba fueron adicionados una vez alcanzado el equilibrio (2 hr) considerando la cantidad de biomasa con respecto al volumen (1.0 g de organismo por cada 100 ml de agua:sedimento). Después de 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 hr de exposición se tomaron muestras del sedimento y de los hidrobiontes, a los cuales se les cuantificó el contenido de Zn por absorción atómica. A los organismos también se les determinó la concentración de ATP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el efecto producido por los sedimentos naturales enriquecidos se ve potenciado por la presencia de más de una especie en el sistema (microcosmos). Con respecto a los niveles de Zn, dos de los organismos (L. hoffmeisteri y S. attenuata) tienden a perder este metal tanto en sistemas aislados como en microcosmos, probablemente como estrategia de regulación en la acumulación del mismo, así como debido a la presencia de Fe en los sedimentos del embalse. Sin embargo, H. azteca mantiene sus niveles de Zn constantes durante todo el experimento, ya que es posible que la tasa de captación sea tan baja que no requiera otro tipo de mecanismo de regulación. Por otra parte se observó una disminución de ATP tanto en gusanos como en anfípodos expuestos a ambos sistemas a todos los tiempos de exposición; posiblemente los metales que se encuentran en los sedimentos interfieren con las enzimas encargadas de la producción energética por unión a grupos SH. Esta biomolécula se incrementó en el caracol en microcosmos a todos los tiempos de exposición y en sistemas aislados al final del experimento, probablemente debido a mecanismos compensatorios y al consumo reducido de energía que muestran los moluscos frente al estrés generado por la presencia de metales pesados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>ATP</kwd>
<kwd>Zn</kwd>
<kwd>sediments</kwd>
<kwd>Hyallela azteca</kwd>
<kwd>Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri</kwd>
<kwd>Stagnicola attenuata</kwd>
<kwd>ATP</kwd>
<kwd>Zn</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentos</kwd>
<kwd>Hyalella azteca</kwd>
<kwd>Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri</kwd>
<kwd>Stagnicola attenuata</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200023</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Museo de Zoología</institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica: Crustacea: Infraorder Anomura. The anomuran crabs are among the best known crustacean groups from the Pacific coast. However, this group is poorly known from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. In this compilation based on the literature and the collection at the Zoology Museum, Biology School, University of Costa Rica, we report the presence of 114 species of the Infraorder Anomura for Costa Rica, 20 species from the Caribbean, 96 species from the Pacific (two are present on both coasts). Twenty-nine species are new reports for Costa Rica, 15 from the Caribbean coast (74% of the total of species from that coast) and 14 from the Pacific (15% of the total from the Pacific). The range of ten species is extended to Costa Rica, siete from the Caribbean and three from the Pacific. Six species are reported for the first time from Cocos Island, where there are also four endemic species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 461-488. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El grupo de los cangrejos anomuros es uno de los mejor conocidos de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica, pero muy poco conocidos de la costa Caribe. En esta recopilación, basada en la literatura y en las colecciones del Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, informamos de la presencia de 114 especies del Infraorden Anomura en Costa Rica, 20 especies del Caribe, 96 especies del Pacífico, y dos especies presentes en ambas costa. Veintinueve especies son informes nuevos para Costa Rica, 15 del Caribe (75% del total de especies informadas para esa costa) y 14 del Pacífica (15% del total de esa costa). La distribución de diez especies es ampliada hasta Costa Rica, siete en el Caribe y tres en el Pacífico. Seis especies son informadas por primera vez para la Isla del Coco, donde además hay cuatro especies endémicas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anomura</kwd>
<kwd>Crustacea</kwd>
<kwd>crabs</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Anomura</kwd>
<kwd>Crustacea</kwd>
<kwd>cangrejos</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Medicina Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud</institution>
<addr-line> Anzoátegui</addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Agronomía Insituto de Zoología Agrícola</institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Medicina Laboratorio de Alacranología</institution>
<addr-line> Bolívar</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of Tityus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turimiquire, Venezuela. We describe a new species of Buthid scorpion, Tityus quirogae, from the Turimiquire mountains, eastern side of the La Costa range, Monagas and Sucre States, Venezuela. It is morphologically similar to T. nematochirus and T. meridanus. It differs from these species in the distribution of the dorsal femoral trichobothria and in the following combination of characters: (1) I caudal segment with two parallel ventral keels. Caudal segments II to IV with ventral keels that are double in the extremes of the segments and single in the middle, (2) noticeable sexual dimorphism, especially in pedipalp shape; the male chelae are markedly thin and long, (3) number of pectineous teeth (male: 18 in each pecten; female: 18 in the right pecten and 19 in the left one), and (4) number of denticle rows in the movable finger of the right chela (16 in both sexes). T. quirogae is the first species of this genus, in the Northeastern region of Venezuela, with thin and elongated pedipalps. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 489-504. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe una nueva especie de la familia Buthidae, Tityus quirogae, del Macizo del Turimiquire en el tramo oriental de la Cordillera de La Costa en los Estados Monagas y Sucre, Venezuela. Es similar, morfológicamente, a T. nematochirus y T. meridanus. Se distingue de estas especies por la disposición de las tricobotrias dorsales del fémur y por presentar la siguiente combinación de características: (1) I Segmento caudal con dos carenas ventrales paralelas. Segmentos caudales II al IV con carenas ventrales dobles hacia el área proximal que convergen y se hacen únicas, para finalmente ser divergentes hacia la región distal, (2) marcado dimorfismo sexual, especialmente en la forma de los pedipalpos; las quelas en los machos son marcadamente delgadas y largas, (3) número de dientes pectíneos (macho: 18 derechos y 18 izquierdos y hembra: 18 derechos y 19 izquierdos), (4) número de hileras de dentículos del dedo móvil de la mano derecha (macho 16 y hembra 16). T. quirogae es la primera especie del género con pedipalpos delgados y alargados para la región nororiental de Venezuela.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>scorpion</kwd>
<kwd>Buthidae</kwd>
<kwd>Tityus</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Turimiquire</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>escorpión</kwd>
<kwd>Buthidae</kwd>
<kwd>Tityus</kwd>
<kwd>nueva especie</kwd>
<kwd>Turimiquire</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Preferencia alimentaria de arañas Misumenops pallidus (Araneae: Thomisidae) sobre potenciales insectos presa de cultivos de alfalfa</article-title>
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<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
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<given-names>Alda</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CEPAVE CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo</institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>505</fpage>
<lpage>513</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding preferences of the spider Misumenops pallidus (Araneae: Thomisidae) on potential prey insects from alfalfa crops. The spider Misumenops pallidus (Thomisidae) is commonly found in alfalfa crops. We studied its predatory preferences on potential insect prey, particularly regarding agroecosystems pests. Two kinds of tests were done under normal laboratory conditions: simultaneous presentation of prey (n= 215) and alternative prey test (n= 45). The spiders preferred insects that were mobile, small, without defensive glands and with thin exoskeletons. According to the amount of prey consumed, we established four predation levels: high (&gt; 55%, on adult Drosophila melanogaster flies); intermediate (30% -55% on the defoliator larvae of Rachiplusia nu and adult heteropterans: Horciasinus argentinus and Halticus spegazzinii); and low (10%- 30% on the chrysomelids Colapsis sp. and Diabrotica speciosa). The pentatomid Piezodorus guildinii, the curculionid Naupactus sp. and the aphid Acyrthosiphom pisum were not accepted as food. Once the spider captured a prey item it did not accept another, independently of prey item species (82% of trials). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 505- 513. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la preferencia alimentaria de la araña Misumenops pallidus frente a diferentes potenciales insectos presas, algunos de los cuales son plaga en cultivos agrícolas. Se efectuaron pruebas de presentación simultánea de presas (n= 215) y de presa alternativa (n= 45), en condiciones normales de laboratorio. M. pallidus mostró predilección por insectos móviles, pequeños, de exoesqueleto delgado y sin glándulas repelentes. Se establecieron cuatro niveles de depredación. El grado máximo (&gt; 55%) correspondió a las moscas adultas Drosophila melanogaster. Hubo depredación intermedia (30%-55%) de larvas desfoliadoras (Rachiplusia nu) y heterópteros adultos (Horciasinus argentinus y Halticus spegazzinii); y depredación mínima (10%-30%) de los crisomélidos Colaspis sp. y Diabrotica speciosa. Los pentatómidos Piezodorus guildinii, los curculiónidos Naupactus sp. y los áfidos Acyrthosiphom pisum, no fueron depredados. En el 82% de los casos, una vez que M. pallidus logra cazar su presa, no la cambia por otra (independientemente del tipo de presa considerada).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>araneae</kwd>
<kwd>Thomisidae</kwd>
<kwd>Misumenops pallidus</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>prey preference</kwd>
<kwd>alfalfa</kwd>
<kwd>araneae</kwd>
<kwd>Thomisidae</kwd>
<kwd>Misumenops pallidus</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
<kwd>preferencia de presas</kwd>
<kwd>alfalfa</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200026</article-id>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Within Belostomatinae water bug species (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) it has been hitherto believed that the completion of embryonic development is successful only if eggs are incubated on male hemelytra. Nevertheless, we found egg successful hatching from a back- brooding Belostoma elegans (Mayr) and B. micantulum (Stål) females, as well as from fertilized eggs kicked off from four back-brooder B. elegans males. One &quot;encumbered&quot; B. elongatum Montandon female was also recorded, but eggs did not hatch after she removed them. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 515-517. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se considera que el desarrollo embrionario y la emergencia de las ninfas de las especies de Belostomatinae (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) se cumplen con éxito si los huevos son incubados sobre el espacio dorsal de machos adultos. No obstante, hemos registrado eclosiones exitosas a partir de dos hembras grávidas portando huevos sobre su dorso; una de ellas de la especie Belostoma elegans (Mayr), la otra de B. micantulum (Stål). Se registra la eclosión de huevos, previamente removidos del área de postura por los propios machos incubantes de B. elegans (N=4) y la presencia de una hembra de B. elongatum Montandon, portando huevos sobre sus hemiélitros, los cuales no eclosionaron después de haber sido removidos por la propia hembra.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>belostomatinae</kwd>
<kwd>incubación</kwd>
<kwd>inversión parental</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las hormigas Ecitoninae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Morelos, México</article-title>
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<surname>Quiroz-Robledo</surname>
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<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<aff id="A">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>531</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Ecitoninae ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Morelos, México. To produce an inventory of the Ecitoninae ants from Morelos State (south central Mexico), we used direct capture and pit-fall traps. Occasionally, males were also collected near artificial light sources. Fifteen species were found: Labidus coecus, L. praedator s. str., Neivamyrmex agilis, N. cornutus, N. fallax, N. graciellae, N. impudens, N. macropterus, N. melanocephalus, N. nigrescens, N. opacithorax, N. pauxilus, N. sumichrasti, N. swainsoni and Nomamyrmex esenbecki mordax. Twelve of these species are new records for the state. The most abundant species were L. coecus, N. melanocephalus, N. nigrescens and N. esenbecki mordax. The distribution of the species in the state, flight dates of males for some species, and a key for the identification of workers and males are included. One additional species (N. fuscipennis), collected by other authors in Morelos but not by us, is also included in the key. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 531-552. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un inventario de las hormigas ecitoninas del estado de Morelos, ubicado en la región centro-sur de la república mexicana. Los muestreos fueron realizados por medio de colectas directas y del uso de trampas de intercepción; ocasionalmente se capturaron también machos atraidos a la luz. Se encontraron 15 especies de hormigas ecitoninas: Labidus coecus (Latreille, 1802); L. praedator s. str. (Fr. Smith, 1858); Neivamyrmex agilis Borgmeier, 1953; N. cornutus (Watkins, 1975); N. fallax Borgmeier, 1953; N. graciellae (Mann, 1926); N. impudens (Mann, 1922); N. macropterus Borgmeier, 1953; N. melanocephalus (Emery, 1985); N. nigrescens (Cresson, 1872); N. opacithorax (Emery, 1894); N. pauxilus (Wheeler, 1903); N. sumichrasti (Norton, 1868); N. swainsoni (Shuckard, 1840) y Nomamyrmex esenbecki mordax (Santschi, 1928). Doce de estos registros son nuevos para la entidad. Las especies más abundantes fueron L. coecus, N. melanocephalus, N. nigrescens y N. esenbecki. Se proporciona también alguna información sobre la distribución de estas especies en el estado y las fechas de vuelo de los machos que fueron recolectados. Por último, se anexa una clave para la identificación de obreras y machos en la cual se incluye una especie adicional (N. fuscipennis), que no fue recolectada por nosotros pero ha sido informada por otro autor para la entidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>formicidae</kwd>
<kwd>army ants</kwd>
<kwd>Ecitoninae</kwd>
<kwd>Morelos</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>formicidae</kwd>
<kwd>hormigas</kwd>
<kwd>Ecitoninae</kwd>
<kwd>Morelos</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200029</article-id>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal de Vicosa Departamento de Biologia Animal/BIOAGRO </institution>
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<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Federal de Vicosa Departamento de Fitotecnia </institution>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<aff id="A03">
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<fpage>553</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Lepidoptera species were monitored in a plantation of Eucalyptus grandis in the Municipality of Bom Despacho, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil from March 1987 to February 1992. A total of 547 species were collected and divided in: primary pests: 13; secondary pests: 20; species without defined importance to eucalyptus: 79; and non-identified species: 435. These four groups had a mean of 5231.29; 338.18; 438.16 and 2222.87 individuals with a total of 8229.87 individuals collected per trap. The number of species without defined importance to eucalyptus, and non-identified species, increased during the collecting period of five years while those of primary and secondary pests showed similar numbers in all years. The most collected primary pests Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll and Stenalcidia sp. (Geometridae) showed higher frequencies during the driest and coldest periods of the year, whereas Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Notodontidae) was most frequent during periods of higher rainfall. Species of groups III and IV increased in diversity with eucalyptus age. This area has a high probability of outbreaks of eucalyptus defoliating caterpillars, especially T. arnobia. For this reason, lepidopteran pests should be monitored in this plantation during the driest and coldest periods of the year, when they can reach population peaks. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 553-560. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De marzo de 1987 a febrero de 1992 se realizó un monitoreo con trampas luminosas en plantaciones de Eucalyptus grandis en Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se recolectaron 547 especies del orden Lepidoptera: plagas primarias: 13; plagas secundarias: 20; especies sin importancia definida para el cultivo de eucalipto: 79; y especies no identificadas: 435. Estos cuatro grupos tuvieron medias de 5231.29; 338,18; 438.16 y 2222.87 individuos por trampa respectivamente, para un total de 8229.87 lepidopteros recolectados por trampa. Durante los cinco años hubo un aumento del número de especies de los grupos III y IV. Las plagas primarias con mayor número de individuos fueron Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll y Stenalcidia sp. (Geometridae), con las mayores frecuencias para los meses más secos y fríos del año. Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Notodontidae) fue más abundante en los periodos más lluviosos. La probabilidad de brotes de larvas desfoliadoras de eucalipto, principalmente T. arnobia, es alta en la región. Se recomienda hacer el monitoreo de lepidópteros plaga en los periodos más secos y fríos del año, cuando pueden presentar picos poblacionales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Eucalyptus sp</kwd>
<kwd>primary pests</kwd>
<kwd>Thyrinteina arnobia</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>Eucalyptus sp</kwd>
<kwd>plagas primarias</kwd>
<kwd>Thyrinteina arnobia</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Desarrollo larvario de algunas especies del género Bregmaceros (Pisces: Bregmacerotidae) del sureste del Golfo de México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Departamento de Zoología Laboratorio de Ecología</institution>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>561</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Larval development of some Bregmaceros species (Pisces: Bregmacerotidae) from the southeast Gulf of Mexico. We redescribe the larval development of Bregmaceros cantori based on 925 specimens ranging from 1.1 to 20.2 mm in standard length (SL), and describe the larvae of B. atlanticus (27 larvae, 1.7-7.5 mm), B. houdei (six, 1.5-1.9 mm) and B. macclellandi (three, 2.4, 3.4 and 5.4 mm). All specimens were collected in the southern Gulf of Mexico from November 27 through December 6, 1998. Larvae were identified to species, and descriptions were made based on pigmentation, and morphometric and meristic characteristics. We defined five development stages: preflexion, flexion, postflexion, transformation and juvenile. In the preflexion stage B. cantori displayed a greater growth in mouth size and head length relative to SL (positive allometry); there was negative allometry from the flexion to juvenile stage. B. cantori have the shortest body height and head length, thus being the thinnest; whereas B. macclellandi larvae are the most robust ones. From the four species reported from the southern Gulf of Mexico, B. atlanticus larvae are the most pigmented in both head and body, with an homogeneous pattern; B. macclellandi presents a different pigmentation pattern consisting in large melanophore groups with a body arrangement that changes from one stage to the next; additionally, from the preflexion stage it develops both the occipital radius and pelvic fins. B. houdei larvae measuring 1.5 to 1.9 mm have melanophores at the tip of the lower jaw and the head, as well as at the pectoral fin base. Larval development was more pronounced in this B. cantori and B. atlanticus than in specimens from higher latitudes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 561-575. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se redescribe el desarrollo larvario de Bregmaceros cantori con 925 organismos en tallas de 1.1 a 20.2 mm de longitud patrón (LP) y se describen algunos ejemplares de B. atlanticus (27 larvas de 1.7 a 7.5 mm), de B. houdei (seis organismos de 1.5 a 1.9 mm) y de B. macclellandi (tres larvas de 2.4, 3.4 y 5.4 mm) del sur del Golfo de México (27 noviembre - 6 diciembre 1998). Las larvas se identificaron a nivel específico y se describieron con base en pigmentación, y características morfométricas y merísticas. En la etapa de preflexión B. cantori presentó un mayor crecimiento del tamaño de la boca y de la longitud de la cabeza en relación con la longitud patrón (alometría positiva); en cambio de la etapa de flexión a la etapa de juvenil decrecen (alometría negativa). B. cantori es la especie con la menor altura del cuerpo y longitud de la cabeza, siendo así la más delgada. Las larvas de B. macclellandi son las más robustas. De las cuatro especies que se reportan en el sur del Golfo de México, las larvas de B. atlanticus son las que tienen la mayor pigmentación tanto en la cabeza como en el cuerpo, de manera uniforme; los ejemplares de B. macclellandi muestran un patrón de pigmentación diferente: grandes grupos de melanóforos cuya ubicación cambia con la etapa; además ya en la etapa de preflexión tiene desarrollo del radio occipital y las aletas pélvicas. Las larvas de B. houdei con tallas de 1.5 a 1.9 mm tienen melanóforos en la punta de la mandíbula inferior, en la cabez y en la base de las aletas pectorales. Se observó un mayor desarrollo larvario de B. cantori y B. atlanticus que en especímenes de latitudes mayores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>bregmacerotidae</kwd>
<kwd>Bregmaceros</kwd>
<kwd>fish larvae</kwd>
<kwd>larval development</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>bregmacerotidae</kwd>
<kwd>Bregmaceros</kwd>
<kwd>larvas de peces</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo larvario</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Age-growth models for tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) of the Infiernillo reservoir, Mexico and reproductive behaviour</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>577</fpage>
<lpage>588</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In presence of a decrease in the catch from Infiernillo reservoir, Michoacán-Guerrero, México, age and growth of tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner 1864) were estimated, as indispensable attributes for fishery management. Evaluations included scales and opercular bones readings and length frequency analysis. The population structure was determined too. Due to the great variation of tilapia individual growth and with the objective to have reliable growth estimations, linearized, non-parametric and non-linear methods were used and their applicability discussed. Comparison of ages determined from these methods revealed that opercular bones readings had advantages over scales. Reproduction and competition for space and food were considered as responsible factors for ring-formation on tilapia hard structures. The non-linear method was considered the best for modelling populations highly variable, which is characteristic of tilapia and tropical fish with multiple spawns. The growth parameters estimated were L&amp;#8734; = 479 mm, K = 0.46/yr, t o = -0.055 yr. The tilapia population in Infiernillo reservoir is dominated by juveniles less than 1.5 years old. The fishery activity is affecting the tilapia population growth because are caught when they have not yet spawned. Therefore, this fishery is in urgent need of regulation. Increasing the mesh size of the gill nets might contribute to protect the reproductive potential of the stock. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 577-588. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Ante el continuo decremento en las capturas de tilapia de la presa Infiernillo, Michoacán- Guerrero, México, se estimó la edad y crecimiento de Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner 1864) que son atributos indispensables que deben conocerse para realizar el manejo de la pesquería. La evaluación incluyó la lectura de marcas de crecimiento en escamas y opérculos, y el análisis de frecuencia de tallas. También se estimó la estructura de edad de la población. Debido a la alta variabilidad individual en el crecimiento que presentan las tilapias y a fin de obtener estimaciones fidedignas de crecimiento, diferentes métodos lineales, noparamétricos y no-lineales fueron usados y su aplicación discutida. Los opérculos presentaron ventajas sobre las escamas en la determinación de edad. La reproducción y la competencia por espacio y alimento fueron consideradas factores responsables de la formación de marcas en las estructuras duras de tilapia. El modelo no-lineal fue considerado el mejor para modelar el crecimiento de poblaciones altamente variables como la de tilapia y otros peces tropicales que presentan múltiples desoves. Los parámetros de crecimiento estimados fueron: L&amp;#8734; = 479 mm, K = 0.46/yr, t o = -0.055 yr. La población de tilapia en la presa Infiernillo está dominada por juveniles menores de año y medio de edad. La actividad pesquera está afectando el crecimiento de la población de tilapia, puesto que éstas son capturadas antes de que desoven. La pesquería requiere urgentemente una regulación. Un incremento en la abertura de malla de las redes agalleras con que es capturada, podría contribuir a proteger el potencial reproductivo del stock.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>age growth models</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive behaviour</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis aureus</kwd>
<kwd>scales</kwd>
<kwd>opercular bones</kwd>
<kwd>age growth models</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive behaviour</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis aureus</kwd>
<kwd>scales</kwd>
<kwd>opercular bones</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The catfish, Eremophilus mutisii, was cultured under different densities in artificial rainfall reservoirs at Caldas, Boyacá, Colombia. At capture, the average total length of the animals was 10 cm and the weight ranged between 9 and 10 g. These fish were in initial stages of sexual development. After a year in the reservoirs, they had increased in length and weight as follows (densities in parentheses): 5.22 cm and 27.23 g (0.5 individuals/m²)); 1.98 cm and 8.79 g (1 individual/m²), and 2.45 cm and 0.82 g (2 individuals/m²). They were at the early stages of sexual maturity, and their condition factor fluctuated between 0.61 and 0.96. They preferably ingested insect larvae that were found in benthic and littoral communities of the reservoirs. The benthos was dominated by ephippia of Daphnia, lumbriculids, and chironomid larvae. The biomass of benthic organisms ranged between 0.1126 and 1.3847 g/m². In the littoral community aquatic insects were the most important component, especially the hemipterans. The biomass of the littoral fauna ranged between 0.14 and 4.05 g/m². Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 589-597. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura de tallas, madurez gonádica y alimentación del pez Diapterus rhombeus (Gerreidae) en el sistema fluvio-deltaico Pom-Atasta, Campeche, México</article-title>
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<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
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<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autonóma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autonóma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa Departamento de Hidrobiología </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>599</fpage>
<lpage>611</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Size structure, gonadic development and diet of the fish Diapterus rhombeus (Gerreidae) in the Pom-Atasta fluvial-deltaic system, Campeche, Mexico. The fish Diapterus rhombeus was studied during an annual cycle from 1992 to 1993 in the fluvial-deltaic Pom-Atasta system associated with Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, Mexico. It is a dominant species in the system, based on its numeric abundance, weight, high frequency and wide distribution. A total of 745 individuals were obtained, with a weigth of 2 890.2 g and length ranging from 3.0 to 16.7 cm. The annual variation of the allometric coefficient b was from 2.71 to 3.345. The condition factor varied from 0.711 to 0.934. The statistical analysis shows significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) between the seasons of the year and the habitats of the system for the weight, the longitude and the condition factor K, which reflects the space-temporal utilization of the system for the species. The population present at Pom-Atasta, consists mainly by juvenile and few preadults individuals in gonadal stages I, II, and III, and more females than males were recorded. This species utilizes the system as a nursery area, growth and feeding area. It has a varied trophic spectrum, and consumes at least eight different groups. Its principal food items are undetermined organic matter, foraminifers, ostracods and tanaidaceans. It is a first order consumer. The Pom-Atasta system is located in a zone of intense fishing and oil activity, so it is important to advance in the knowledge of its fishing resources. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 599-611. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el pez D. rhombeus en el sistema fluviodeltaico Pom-Atasta, asociado a la Laguna de Términos Campeche, en un ciclo anual de 1992 a 1993. Esta especie es dominante en el sistema por su abundancia numérica, peso, frecuencia y amplia distribución. Se obtuvieron 745 individuos con un peso total de 2 890.2 g y un intervalo de longitud total de 3.0 a 16.7 cm. La variación anual del coeficiente alométrico b fue de 2.71 a 3.45. El factor de condición varió de 0.711 a 0.934. Fueron obtenidas diferencias significativas (p&lt; 0.05) entre las épocas del año y los hábitats del sistema para el peso, la longitud y el factor de condición K, lo cual refleja la utilización espacio-temporal del sistema por la especie. La población contenida en Pom-Atasta, está constituida principalmente por individuos juveniles, y escasos preadultos, en estadios gonádicos I, II y III, registrándose más hembras que machos. La especie utiliza el sistema como área de crianza, crecimiento y alimentación. Tiene un espectro trófico variado, consume al menos ocho grupos diferentes, siendo su alimento principal materia orgánica no determinada, foraminíferos, ostrácodos y tanaidáceos. Es un consumidor de primer orden. El sistema Pom-Atasta se ubica en una zona de intensa actividad pesquera y petrolera, por lo cual es importante avanzar en el conocimiento de sus recursos pesqueros.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diapterus rhombeus</kwd>
<kwd>biology</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>Pom-Atasta</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Diapterus rhombeus</kwd>
<kwd>biología</kwd>
<kwd>ecología</kwd>
<kwd>Pom-Atasta</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Comunidad y Biodiversidad  </institution>
<addr-line>Sonora </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>613</fpage>
<lpage>622</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The feeding habits of four species of mesopelagic fishes from northern Chile are described: Triphoturus mexicanus, Diogenichtys atlanticus, Vinciguerria lucetia and Cyclothone acclinidens. Samples were captured in September 1988 between 18°25’ and 19°09’S in the South West Pacific. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the stomach content showed that the species have a zooplanktophagous opportunistic behavior, mainly predating on Crustaceans, especially on Copepods. The evaluation of the trophic spectrum and diversity of T. mexicanus and C. acclinidens suggests that these are nictoepipelagic species, while D. atlanticus and V. lucetia would be typical mesopelagic. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 613-622. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen los hábitos alimenticios de cuatro especies de peces mesopelágicos del norte de Chile: Triphoturus mexicanus, Diogenichtys atlanticus, Vinciguerria lucetia and Cyclothone acclinidens. Las muestras fueron capturadas en setiembre de 1988 entre 18°25’ y 19°09’ S en el Pacífico suroeste. El análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo del contenido estomacal mostró que las especies tienen un comportamiento zooplantofago oportunista, depredando principalmente crustáceos, especialmente copépodos. La evaluación del espectro trófico y diversidad de T. mexicanus y C. acclinidens sugiere que estas son especies nictoepipelágicas, mientras que D. alanticus y V. lucetia serían mesopelágicas típicas.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>peces mesopelágicos</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In conservation biology there is a basic need to determine habitat suitability and availability. Astroblepus ubidiai (Siluriforms), the only native fish in the highlands of Imbabura province in the Ecuadorian Andes, was abundant in the past in the Imbakucha watershed and adjacent drainages, but currently it is restricted to a few isolated refuges. Conservation actions are needed if this unique fish is to persist. A Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) for the species has been developed in order to aid management decisions. In this HIS model biomass density (B) was selected as a better indicator of habitat quality than either abundance or density. A population well-being index (PI) was constructed with the combination of B and an indicator of fish health (proportion of fish in the population with parasites and deformities). Based in other models of benthic fish the habitat variables current velocity, flow, depth, width, cover, invertebrate composition, vegetation type, terrestrial vegetation, land use, substrate, temperature, pH, TDS, oxygen, altitude, and slope were included in the analysis. An anthropogenic perturbation index (H) and a fragment isolation index (FII) were developed and included as habitat variables as well. The HSI model was applied to refuges and a sample of 15 aquatic bodies without fish populations within the study region. From the sampled sites without A. ubidiai 26.6% presented low quality, and the remaining 73.3% had medium quality according to the HSI estimated. Good quality habitat for dispersal, escape or translocations is rare in the region. The low HSIs estimated in some of the refuges suggests that current populations are not settled in the most favorable habitat but in the habitat least favorable to the agents of decline. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 623-638. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Astroblepus ubidiai (Siluriformes), el único pez nativo de las alturas de Imbabura, en los Andes Ecuatorianos, era un recurso abundante en el pasado. Actualmente su distribución está limitada a unos cuantos refugios aislados. Se necesitan acciones de conservación para que esta especie perdure. Se desarrolló un modelo para estimar el índice de calidad de hábitat (ICH) que ayude en futuras decisiones de manejo. En este ICH la densidad de biomasa (B) fue seleccionada como un mejor indicador de calidad de hábitat, comparada con el uso común de abundancia o densidad incorporado en otros modelos. Se generó un índice de bienestar poblacional (IP) basado en B y en un indicador de salud poblacional (SP) derivado de la proporción de peces en la población con parásitos y malformaciones. Diecinueve variables físicas, biológicas y geográficas fueron evaluadas dentro del modelo, el cual fue aplicado a una muestra de 15 sitios sin poblaciones de A. ubidiai dentro del área de estudio. De esta muestra, 26.6% de los sitios presentó baja calidad de hábitat, y el restante 73.3% presentó calidad media de acuerdo a la evaluación con el modelo. En la región hay escasos hábitats de buena calidad para dispersión, escape y reubicación de este pez.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Astroblepus ubidiai</kwd>
<kwd>preñadilla</kwd>
<kwd>habitat suitability</kwd>
<kwd>habitat inventory</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentation</kwd>
<kwd>Astroblepus ubidiai</kwd>
<kwd>preñadilla</kwd>
<kwd>calidad del hábitat</kwd>
<kwd>inventario del habitat</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentación</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Composición de especies y diversidad de peces en un cuerpo de agua temporal en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<name>
<surname>Sáenz Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Idania</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Protti Quesada</surname>
<given-names>Maurizio</given-names>
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<surname>Cabrera Peña</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>639</fpage>
<lpage>645</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Species richness and diversity of a fish community in a temporal water body at Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. We evaluated fish community, species richness and diversity in a temporal water body of Río Frío, Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge. These evaluations were done for three categories of water levels: low (below 1.5 m), intermediate (between 1.5 and 3.0 m) and high (deeper than 3 m). A total of 10 264 individuals were collected (nine families, 18 genera and 21 species). The most abundant species were Poecilia gillii (37%) and Astyanax aeneus (19%) and the least abundant were Ophisternon aenigmaticum (0.06%) and Rhamdia nicaraguensis (0.05%). The highest values in diversity (H’= 2.07), in the inverse of the Simpson index (1/D=6.2) and of the Berger-Parker (1/d= 4.2), were recorded in the deepest water category. Diversity differed clearly among water levels (p&lt;0.001). The high and intermediate categories were the most similar (conglomerate analysis: 72.9%). Out of the 21 species captured, only O. aenigmaticum constitutes a new record for the ichthyofauna of Río Frío in the Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge. The temporal water body of the Río Frío, considered in this study in the Playuela sector of Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge is a nonhomogeneous ichthyological system. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 639-645. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la diversidad, el dominio y la equidad de la ictiofauna en un cuerpo de agua temporal en el río Frío, sector Playuela, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, según tres categorías del nivel de agua (baja [menor a 1.5 m], media [entre 1.5 y 3.0 m] y alta [mayor de 3.0 m]). Se recolectaron 10 264 individuos, pertenecientes a nueve familias, 18 géneros y 21 especies. Las especies que aportaron el mayor número de individuos fueron Poecilia gillii (37%) y Astyanax aeneus (19%); mientras que las menos abundantes fueron Ophisternon aenigmaticum (0.06%) y Rhamdia nicaraguensis (0.05%). El valor más alto en la diversidad de especies se registró en la categoría alta (H’=2.07); coincidiendo con los valores más altos en el inverso del índice de Simpson (1/D=6.2) y de Berger- Parker (1/d=4.2). De acuerdo con su diversidad, todas las categorías consideradas para el nivel de agua, mostraron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas entre sí (p&lt;0.001). El análisis de conglomerados reconoció a las categorías alta y media como las más similares (72.9%). De las 21 especies capturadas, solamente O. aenigmaticum constituye un nuevo registro para la ictiofauna de Caño Negro. Este cuerpo de agua estacional es un sistema cuya ictiofauna fluctúa temporalmente.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>temporal water body</kwd>
<kwd>Río Frío</kwd>
<kwd>Caño Negro National Wildlife Refuge</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>composición de especies</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>dominancia</kwd>
<kwd>lagunas estacionales</kwd>
<kwd>río Frío</kwd>
<kwd>Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Field observations of mating behavior in the neck-banded snake Scaphiodontophis annulatus (Serpentes: Colubridae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sasa</surname>
<given-names>Mahmood</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Curtis</surname>
<given-names>Sierra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Organization for Tropical Studies Undergraduate Abroad Program </institution>
<addr-line>San Jose </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>650</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We observed the mating behavior of the neck-banded snake Scaphiodontophis annulatus (a common species of colubrid in the South Pacific of Costa Rica) in the pre-montane wet forest of Las Cruces Biological Station (San Vito de Java, Costa Rica). Three S. annulatus were observed during courtship between 10-12 AM in a patch of primary forest. The two males were observed to interact with the female, but not signs of male-male agonistic interactions were observed. Their behavior includes grabbing and holding the female, copula, and biting during the copula. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 647-650. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El comportamiento de apareamiento es descrito para la serpiente Scaphiodontophis annulatus, una especie de colúbrido común en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. El comportamiento incluye capturar y sujetar a la hembra, mordiscos durante la cópula y coito. Dos machos fueron observados al interactuar con una sola hembra, pero no se detectó señales de interacciones antagónicas macho-macho.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>snake</kwd>
<kwd>Colubridae</kwd>
<kwd>Scaphiodontophis annulatus</kwd>
<kwd>mating behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>serpientes</kwd>
<kwd>Colubridae</kwd>
<kwd>Scaphiodontophis nnulatus</kwd>
<kwd>comportamiento de cortejo</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200038</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Population dynamics of the rat Microryzomys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae) in the Venezuelan Andes</article-title>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>651</fpage>
<lpage>655</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The population dynamics of the small forest rice rat Microryzomys minutus, a murid rodent that occurs in the high altitudes of the northern and central Andes, was studied in disturbed and primary environments in a cloud forest of the Venezuelan Andes (Juan Pablo Peñaloza National Park, 8º11’N, 71º49’W). We collected 121 animals (66&amp;#9792;&amp;#9792; and 55&amp;#9794;&amp;#9794; ) between 1995 and 1998, using pitfall traps with formalin. Adult males were heavier than adult females. Relative abundance was much greater in the disturbed environments (over 10 individuals in some periods) than in the primary cloud forest: 4-8 individuals. In the disturbed environments, the rats were extremely abundant in the first sampling period, and less frequent afterwards. In the cropland, abundance showed some fluctuations during the study and displayed two small abundance peaks in March-June 1997 and 1998. In the mined area, the rats had irregular fluctuations until March-June 1997 and were not recorded in July-October 1997. The occurrence of this rat in both disturbed and natural habitats confirms the wide ecological tolerance of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 651-. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la dinámica poblacional de las pequeñas ratas silvestres del arroz Microryzomys minutus en ambientes alterados y primarios, en un bosque nublado de los Andes venezolanos. El estudio fue basado en 121 animales (66&amp;#9792;&amp;#9792; y 55&amp;#9794;&amp;#9794; ) recolectados entre 1995 y 1998, usando trampas que contenían formalina. Esta especie está presente en ambos hábitats lo que confirma su amplia tolerancia ecológica. La abundancia poblacional fue mayor en ambientes alterados que en los no alterados. M. minutus presenta dimorfismo sexual en el peso: los machos son más pesados que las hembras.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Microryzomys minutus</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>roedores</kwd>
<kwd>neotrópico</kwd>
<kwd>Muridae</kwd>
<kwd>bosque nublado</kwd>
<kwd>Microryzomys minutus</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The bird species distribution along a dry forest-oak woodland vegetation gradient was studied in autumn and spring in two consecutive years. Intra-seasonal comparisons showed that bird species had similar distributions in each of the two years. Inter-seasonal changes were mainly due to compositional differences even though resident species generally used similar habitats in both seasons. Ordination analyses, based on the first year bird species abundances, showed a clearly segregated distribution between forest and woodland birds. Within these two vegetation types, the distribution tended to be more individualistic. Nevertheless further habitats could be identified according to groups of birds having similar distributions. These habitats did not correspond to the plant associations which resulted from a previous classification of the vegetation. Observations of the plant use by the birds during the study period showed that, in most cases, the plant variables associated with ordination analyses are unlikely to be very important for the bird species life cycles. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 657-672. Epub 2005 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000200040</article-id>
<title-group>
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<fpage>673</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>I studied the relationship between sex and infestation with ectoparasites in the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus from La Plata river marshland, Argentina. The Relative Density’s Index (RDI) for males was 3.90% (females 3.60%). A total of 2653 ectoparasites were collected on 33 male hosts, and 1945 on 31 females. Ectoparasite specific richness (S) and diversity (H) were S = 14, H = 1.17 on males, and S = 10, H = 1.52 on females. The similarity between male and female rodents according to their ectoparasites was 75.00%. Although no ectoparasite species showed significant mean abundance (MA) differences between host sexes (p&lt;0.05), and only Laelaps manguinhosi prevalence was significantly higher on male hosts (N= 2.01, p&lt;0.05) in this study, there are reasons to think that the sex of the water rat affects ectoparasite burden and specific richness. This information has epidemiological potential because the closely relatedScapteromys tumidus is involved in the transmission of Rickettsia coronii, which causes Marsella fever in humans. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 673-679. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la interrelación entre el sexo de la rata de agua Scapteromys aquaticus y su infestación por ectoparásitos en la ribera del Río de la Plata, Argentina. El índice de densidad relativa de los machos fue 3.90 % y el de las hembras 3.60%. Se recolectó 2653 ectoparásitos de 33 machos y 1945 de 31 hembras. La riqueza (S) y diversidad específicas (H) de los ectoparásitos fueron S = 14, H = 1.17 en los machos y S = 10, H = 1.52 en las hembras. La similitud entre sexos fue del 75.00%. Si bien ningún ectoparásito en este estudio mostró diferencias significativas en su abundancia media entre los hospedadores de diferente sexo (p&lt;0.05) y sólo la prevalencia de Laelaps manguinhosi fue significativamente mayor en los machos (N = 2.01, p&lt;0.05), otros datos sugieren que sí existe un patrón de diferencias sexuales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>ectoparasites</kwd>
<kwd>host sex</kwd>
<kwd>Scapteromys aquaticus</kwd>
<kwd>water rat</kwd>
<kwd>La Plata river marshland</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparasitos</kwd>
<kwd>hospedero</kwd>
<kwd>Scapteromys aquaticus</kwd>
<kwd>rata de agua</kwd>
<kwd>río La Plata</kwd>
<kwd>humedal</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Hábitos alimenticios de la ardilla Sciurus variegatoides (Rodentia: Sciuridae) en la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hilje</surname>
<given-names>Luko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Protección de Cultivos </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Unidad de Fitoprotección </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>681</fpage>
<lpage>686</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding habits of the squirrel Sciurus variegatoides (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. Food items consumed by the squirrel Sciurus variegatoides atrirufus were determined in an agricultural setting in the Nicoya Península (9º47’ N, 84º56’ W), Costa Rica, where two life zones (Premontane Moist Forest Basal Belt Transition, and Tropical Dry Forest) predominate. By analyzing the gut contents of 120 squirrels, from February 1987 through January 1988, it was determined that coconut (Cocos nucifera), indian almond (Terminalia catappa) and flamboyant (Delonix regia) were the most common dietary items. There were differences in food consumption according to age: adults preferred coconut, whereas young individuals preferred almond. This finding can be explained in terms of fruit characteristics, as well as tree architecture and accessibility for squirrels; almendro trees provide higher protection and a more accessible food resource, so that it was better used by young individuals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 681-686. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinaron los componentes de la dieta de la ardilla Sciurus variegatoides atrirufus en un área agrícola de la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica (9º47’ N, 84º56’ W), correspondiente a las zonas de vida Bosque Húmedo Premontano Transición a Basal y Bosque Seco Tropical. Al analizar el contenido estomacal de 120 ardillas, entre febrero de 1987 y enero de 1988, se determinó que los alimentos más importantes fueron el coco (Cocos nucifera), el almendro (Terminalia catappa) y el malinche (Delonix regia). Hubo diferencias en el tipo de alimento según la edad. Los adultos consumieron más el coco y los jóvenes el almendro, lo cual se explica por las características del fruto, así como por la arquitectura y acceso al árbol; el almendro aporta mejores condiciones de protección y un recurso alimenticio más accesible, por lo que fue mejor aprovechado por los individuos jóvenes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>squirrel</kwd>
<kwd>Sciurus variegatoides atrirufus</kwd>
<kwd>food habits</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>ardilla</kwd>
<kwd>Sciurus variegatoides atrirufus</kwd>
<kwd>hábitos alimenticios</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000200042</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Valor nutricional de los alimentos de Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
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<given-names>Marco Tulio</given-names>
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<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Massachusetts Boston Departament of Biology </institution>
<addr-line> Boston</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Arizona School of Renewable Natural Resources </institution>
<addr-line> Arizona</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica de Forrajes</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>687</fpage>
<lpage>700</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000200042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nutritional values in the diet of white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. We determined the potential nutritional levels in 25 species of plants, and in earthworms, that constitute part of the diet of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, from January 1998 to March 1999. The highest content of fat and energy was found in seeds of the Myristicacea family. The highest content of calcium was found in vegetative parts of Dieffenbachia spp. Nutritious contents differed among plant parts (seeds, fruits, stems and leaves). Fat and energy content were larger in seeds and fruits, whereas the largest content of protein was found in fruits and leaves. Mineral content also differed among plant parts. Calcium, potassium and magnesium were higher in leaves whereas copper and zinc were higher in seeds. Differences of diet between white-lipped peccaries in Corcovado and in other tropical regions of Latin America could be partially explained by our results. We found several species with higher fat and energy content than palms, which can explain the low consumption of palm seeds in Corcovado. It is possible that the regular consumption of stems and leaves of some species is related to their high mineral content. Seasonality of reproduction in Corcovado seems to be related not only to fruit availability but also to the nutritional quality of food. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 687-700. Epub 2006 Jun 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó el valor nutritivo y mineral de 25 especies vegetales y una especie animal (lombriz de tierra) que forman parte de la dieta del chancho cariblanco (Tayassu pecari) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica, desde enero de 1998 hasta marzo de 1999. Los mayores contenidos de grasa y energía bruta se encontraron en semillas de la familia Myristicaceae. El mayor contenido de calcio se encontró en partes vegetativas de Dieffenbachia spp. Los contenidos nutritivos fueron diferentes entre las diferentes partes vegetativas analizadas (semillas, frutos, tallos y hojas). El contenido de grasa y energía bruta fue mayor en semillas y frutos, mientras que el mayor contenido de proteina cruda se encontró en frutos y hojas. El contenido de minerales tambien fue diferente entre las partes vegetativas analizadas. Los contenidos de calcio, potasio y magnesio fueron mayores en hojas mientras que los de cobre y zinc fueron mayores en semillas. Diferencias en la dieta de los chanchos cariblancos de Corcovado con los de otras regiones tropicales de Latinoamérica pueden ser parcialmente explicadas con los resultados nutritivos de este estudio. Se encontraron varias especies con mayor contenido de grasa y energía bruta que las palmas, lo que puede explicar el bajo consumo de semillas de palmas en Corcovado. Es posible que el consumo regular de partes vegetativas (hojas y tallos) de algunas especies se deba al alto contenido mineral de estas. La estacionalidad de la reproducción parece estar relacionada no solo a la disponibilidad de alimentos sino tambien a la calidad nutritiva de los mismos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>nutrition</kwd>
<kwd>rain forest</kwd>
<kwd>Tayassu pecari</kwd>
<kwd>white-lipped peccary</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>nutrición</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Tayassu pecari</kwd>
<kwd>chancho cariblanco</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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