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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aquacultural importance of the integumental pore pattern in postlarval whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cabrera-Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>Jorge Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto de Biología UNAM  </institution>
<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>707</fpage>
<lpage>709</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The analysis of integumental pore pattern has identified two intraspecific groups of postlarval shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), a species of which three to five natural populations or groups are expected to be found from Mexico to Peru. Natural distribution and man-made redistributions have not been typified on a population basis in any penaeid, but it is important to do so in this commercially significant group. Important factors to be defined on a geographic population or group basis include differences in domesticity (eg resistance to pathological agents); food conversion indexes and food preferences; growth indices; tolerance to stress of various origins and other attributes useful in aquaculture. This consideration is valid not only for L. vannamei but also for any other shrimp species that has been the object of artificial redistribution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 707-709. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Mediante el análisis del patrón de poros tegumentarios ha sido posible caracterizar a dos grupos intraespecíficos en dos estadios postlarvales del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei. Se estima que se podrán encontrar entre tres y cinco grupos o poblaciones naturales en el área de distribución natural desde México hasta Perú. En ningún peneido se ha tipificado a los grupos o poblaciones naturales, lo cual es muy importante no solamente en relación con las poblaciones en su medio natural, sino también en relación a las redistribuciones hechas por el ser humano. Esto se debe a las implicaciones acuiculturales y a las diferencias en domesticidad, como la resistencia o sensibilidad a enfermedades virales y a otros agentes patógenos, el factor de conversión y las preferencias alimenticias, el índice de crecimiento, la tolerancia al estrés de diversos orígenes y otros atributos útiles en la acuicultura, todos los cuales no están definidos aún sobre la base de grupos o poblaciones geográficas. Esta consideración es válida no solamente para L. vannamei sino para cualesquier otra especie de peneido que haya sido objeto de redistribución artificial.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>postlarval shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>aquaculture</kwd>
<kwd>penaeid shrimp populations</kwd>
<kwd>integumental pore pattern</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>opinion article</kwd>
<kwd>poslarvas de camarón</kwd>
<kwd>acuacultura</kwd>
<kwd>población de camarón penaeido</kwd>
<kwd>patrón de perforación</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>artículo de opinión</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Microcistina en plantas de tratamiento de agua para consumo humano en un ambiente tropical: el Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Avendaño Lopez</surname>
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<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>711</fpage>
<lpage>716</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Microcystin in plants that treat water for human consumption in a tropical environment: the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. We measured microcystin levels in water of the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica by competitive inhibition ELISA and we quantified total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli (by a Most Probable Number method) and aerobic count. We wanted to identify any cyanotoxin correlation with these parameters, as a public health risk. We sampled in the rainy season of 2003 (April-October) and in the dry season of 2004 (February-March) (30 samples/season). We sampled pre-treated, semi-treated and treated water. Microcystin levels &lt; 0.5 ppb were found in the rainy season (and &gt; 0.5 ppb in the dry season). Dry season levels exceeded World Health Organization limits (1.0 ppb). Cyanotoxins occurred in the Tres Ríos plant. We did not find a correlation between these microbiologic parameters of water quality and microcystin levels in water. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 711-716. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se midió la presencia de microcistina en el Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica por la técnica de ELISA de inhibición competitiva y se cuantificó coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli (por medio de la técnica Numero Más Probable) y recuento total aerobio. Se realizaron dos etapas de muestreo, una durante la estación lluviosa del 2003 (abril-octubre) y otra durante la estación seca del 2004 (febrero-marzo), cada una con 30 muestras de agua. Se muestreó agua pretratada, semitratada y tratada. Se determinaron niveles de microcistina &lt; 0.5&amp;#8200;ppb durante la estación lluviosa del 2003, mientras que durante la estación seca, se detectaron concentraciones de microcistina &gt; 0.5&amp;#8200;ppb. Se informó la presencia de cianotoxinas en la Planta de Tratamiento de Tres Ríos. No se establece correlación entre los parámetros microbiológicos de calidad del agua y las concentraciones de microcistina en el agua. Los estudios deberían considerar la diversidad y toxicidad de cianobacterias en estas plantas, los efectos del tratamiento, y presencia de otros microorganismos y sustancias (dióxido de carbono, fósforo, Nitrógeno), sobre la presencia, estructura y efecto de estas toxinas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Microcystin</kwd>
<kwd>cyanotoxin</kwd>
<kwd>treated water</kwd>
<kwd>fecal coliforms</kwd>
<kwd>Metropolitan Area Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>microcistina</kwd>
<kwd>cianotoxina</kwd>
<kwd>agua tratada</kwd>
<kwd>coliformes fecales</kwd>
<kwd>Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Flora bacteriana aeróbica del tracto digestivo del vampiro común, Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Boston University  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aerobic bacterial flora from the digestive tract of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). This study addresses the composition of microbial flora in the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) primarily because all available data are outdated, and because of the economical significance of this bat species. Twenty-one bats were collected and their aerobic bacteria documented separately for stomach and intestine. Bacteria were identified through the Analytical Profile Index (API), and results analyzed with the APILAB software. A total of thirty bacterial species were isolated from sixteen females and five males. The most common species were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, although other bacteria, such as Acinetobacter johnsonii, Enterobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. hyicus and S. xylosus were also common. The number of species found in the stomach and intestine was significantly different, and the intestine presented a higher diversity compared to the stomach. This has previously been found in other mammals and it is attributed to a reduction of acidity. Most of the species found in this study are considered normal components of the digestive tract of mammals, although other bacteria common in the skin of mammals and from aquatic environments were found. Bacteria from the skin may invade the vampire’s stomach and/or intestine when the bat has contact with its prey, and may suggest that the vampire’s feeding habit facilitates the invasion of other microbes not common in its digestive tract. The fact that bacteria from aquatic environments were also found suggests that D. rotundus, as previously found by other researchers, drinks free water when available, and water may be another source of microbial invasion. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 717-724. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la flora bacteriana del vampiro común (Desmodus rotundus) primordialmente debido a que los datos al respecto están desactualizados, y además por la gran importancia económica de esta especie de murciélago. Veintiún murciélagos fueron recolectados y su flora bacteriana identificada separadamente a nivel de estómago e intestino. Las bacterias fueron identificadas con el Analytical Profile Index (API), y los resultados analizados con el paquete APILAB. Un total de treinta especies fueron aisladas en 16 hembras y cinco machos. Las especies más comunes fueron Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus, aunque otras especies, como Acinetobacter johnsonii, Enterobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus chromogenes, S. hyicus y S. xylosus también se aislaron con frecuencia. El número de especies identificadas en el estómago y el intestino fue significativamente diferente, siendo el intestino más diverso. Esto ha sido encontrado anteriormente en otros mamíferos, y se atribuye probablemente a la reducción en acidez. Asimismo, la mayoría de las especies identificadas en este estudio forman parte de la flora bacteriana normal del tracto digestivo de mamíferos, aunque también se encontraron otras bacterias comunes en la piel de mamíferos y en ambientes acuáticos Las bacterias de la piel podrían estar colonizando el estómago y/o intestino del vampiro cuando éste tiene contacto con sus presas, lo que sugiere que el hábito alimentario de esta especie facilita su colonización por microorganismos que no se encontrarían comúnmente en su tracto digestivo. Ya que también se identificaron bacterias comunes en ambientes acuáticos, es probable que D. rotundus consuma agua cuando esté disponible, lo que respalda los resultados de otros investigadores, y sugiere que esta podría ser una fuente adicional de invasión microbiana.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>aerobic bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>vampire</kwd>
<kwd>bat</kwd>
<kwd>stomach</kwd>
<kwd>intestine</kwd>
<kwd>digestive tract</kwd>
<kwd>bacterias aeróbicas</kwd>
<kwd>vampiro</kwd>
<kwd>murciélago</kwd>
<kwd>estómago</kwd>
<kwd>intestino</kwd>
<kwd>tracto digestivo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid  </institution>
<addr-line>Madrid </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Syllids (Syllidae: Polychaeta) from Coiba National Park (Pacific of Panama). During a study carried out on soft bottoms from Coiba National Park (Panama), 218 specimens of syllids (Annelida: Polychaeta) belonging to 19 interstitial species have been identified. Two species are new reports for the Pacific Ocean, Exogone (Exogone) arenosa Perkins, 1981 and Streptosyllis websteri Southern, 1914; five are new for Panama, E. (E.) dispar (Webster, 1879); E. (E.) longicornis Westheide, 1974; Salvatoria mediodentata (Westheide, 1974); Pionosyllis heterocirrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1959) and Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974). A characteristic not mentioned in the original description is herein reported for E. (E.) longicornis: the presence of triangular subterminal processes in the spiniger-like compound chaetae of chaetiger one. Specimens of the species Syllis botosaneanui Hartmann-Schröder, 1973 harboring inside embryos of various stages of development have been found; this is the first report for this species as viviparous. Lastly, one specimen of the genus Syllis has been found that is mainly characterized by its long pharynx, two dorsal prostomial lobes, and compound chaetae with short blades and long spinulation. Because we consider that one specimen is not sufficient to describe a new species we refer it as Syllis sp. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 725-743. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante un estudio sobre la fauna marina del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panamá) se identificaron 281 ejemplares de sílidos (Annelida: Polychaeta) intersticiales pertenecientes a 19 especies. Dos son nuevas citas para el Pacífico, Exogone (Exogone) arenosa Perkins, 1981 y Streptosyllis websteri Southern, 1914; cinco son nuevas citas para Panamá, E. (E.) dispar (Webster, 1879), E. (E.) longicornis Westheide, 1974, Salvatoria mediodentata (Westheide, 1974); Pionosyllis heterocirrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1959) y Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974). Se describe un caracter no presente en la descripción original de E. Longicornis, la presencia de procesos triangulares subterminales en la primera pseudospinígera. Se describen ejemplares de la especie Syllis botosaneanui Hartmann-Schröder, 1973 con embriones en diverso estado de desarrollo en su interior, por lo que se trata de la primera referencia de esta especie como vivípara. Por último, se describe un ejemplar de Syllis sp., que se caracteriza fundamentalmente por la posesión de una larga faringe, dos lóbulos prostomiales dorsales y por sus sedas compuestas de artejos cortos y larga espinulación. Estas características diferencian a Syllis sp. de cualquier especie del género pero no se describe como especie nueva por disponerse únicamente de un solo ejemplar.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Syllidae</kwd>
<kwd>Coiba</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>viviparity</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>Syllidae</kwd>
<kwd>Coiba</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico</kwd>
<kwd>Panamá</kwd>
<kwd>viviparismo</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Osmoregulatory capacity of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at different temperatures and salinities, and optimal culture environment</article-title>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>745</fpage>
<lpage>753</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Osmoregulation in Litopenaeus vannamei was studied in a factorial experiment at four temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 °C) and six salinities (10, 16, 22, 28, 34 and 40 ‰). The isosmotic related points for 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C were 754, 711, 822, and 763 mmol/kg, respectively. This species hyperregulates between at salinities of 10 and 20 ‰ and hyporegulates between 20 and 40 ‰. The isosmotic point in L. vannamei exposed to constant salinities changed in relation to temperature from 717 to 823 mmol/kg. For these experimental conditions, the T-S combination of 32 °C and 28 ‰ produced the best growth. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 745-753. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La respuesta osmorreguladora de Litopenaeus vannamei se estudió en un experimento factorial con cuatro temperaturas (20, 24, 28 y 32 ºC) y seis salinidades (10, 16, 22, 28, 34 y 40 ‰). Los puntos isosmóticos relacionados para 20, 24, 28, y 32 ºC fueron 754, 711, 822, y 763 mmol/kg, respectivamente. Esta especie hiperregula dentro del intervalo de 10 y 20 ‰ e hiporegula entre 20 y 40 ‰. El punto isosmótico de L. vannamei expuesto a salinidades constantes cambia en relación a la temperatura desde 717 a 823 mmol/kg. Para estas condiciones experimentales, la combinación T-S de 32 ºC y 28 ‰ produjo el mejor crecimiento.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Physiology</kwd>
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<kwd>salinidad-temperatura</kwd>
<kwd>cultivo de camarón</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Monitoring of the Meager Shoal coral reef, Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site). The coral reefs at Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, specifically at the CARICOMP site Meager Shoal, have been monitored since 1999. Complete data sets from 2000 and 2004 have shown that live coral cover has increased less than 3 % (from 15 to 17 %), but non-coralline algae cover has increased much (63 to 74 %) and coralline algae cover has decreased (17 to 5&amp;#8200;%) significantly. The proportion of affected colonies by diseases, injuries and bleaching decreased from 24 % in 2000 to 10 % in 2004, but the difference was not statistically significant. Densities of the urchin Diadema antillarum increased, and are probably help to maintain the macroalgae biomass low, while those of Echinometra viridis decreased significantly. The coral reef at Cahuita National Park continues to be impacted by chronic terrigenous sediments and does not show a significant recovery since the late 1970’s. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 755-763. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>arrecife de coral</kwd>
<kwd>monitoreo</kwd>
<kwd>CARICOMP</kwd>
<kwd>Cahuita</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) epibiont on Spondylus americanus (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) from Mochima National Park, Venezuela. The polychaetes epibiontic on the mollusk Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781 were extracted from mollusks hand-collected at a depth of 10-30 m in Mochima National Park, Venezuela (10º21’00&quot; N - 63º23’36&quot; W), using scuba diving gear. Forty-three polychaete species were identified on the 32 bivalve specimens analyzed. The Serpulidae included 17 especies, Eunicidae six and Terebellidae four species. The most abundant species were Hydroides dirampha Mörch, 1863, Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1868 (Serpulidae), and Notaulax nudicollis Krøyer, 1856 (Sabellidae). Their geographic affinitie were: 51.3% Atlantic, 28.2% widely distributed, 17.9% Amphiamericans, and 2.6% have a disjunct distribution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 765-772. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Deep-water polychaetes (Annelida) from the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico</article-title>
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<surname>Méndez</surname>
<given-names>Nuria</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM  </institution>
<addr-line>Sinaloa </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>773</fpage>
<lpage>785</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Polychaetes inhabiting deep-sea soft bottoms from the southeastern Gulf of California were collected during four oceanographic cruises during 2000 and 2001. Sampling of benthic organisms was performed with a benthic sledge to collect epifauna and a Karling dredge for epifauna and infauna, in a depth range from 732 to 2 250 m. A list of the polychaetes that were collected and their distribution are presented here. A total of 73 species (distributed among 33 families) were identified. Moreover, 11 species were identified only to genus level and 20 species only to family level. With the exception of Ancistrosyllis hartmanae and Melinnampharete eoa, all identified species have been previously reported in soft bottoms of the Gulf of California or in adjacent areas. Additional previously unreported information is provided herein regarding depth ranges, geographical distribution, morphology and tubes inhabited by the organisms. The morphology of the ampharetids Amage sp. and Samytha sp. does not coincide with that of other species in these genera reported for the Gulf of California, which suggests that they are probably undescribed species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 773-785. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se recolectaron anélidos poliquetos de fondos profundos del SE del golfo de California durante cuatro campañas oceanográficas entre 2000 y 2001. El muestreo de organismos bentónicos se llevó a cabo mediante una draga de arrastre bentónica para recolectar epifauna y una draga tipo Karling para epifauna y endofauna, en un intervalo de profundidad de 732 a 2 250 m. Se presenta un listado de poliquetos con su distribución dentro del área de estudio. En total se identificaron 73 especies (distribuidas en 33 familias). Además, 11 especies fueron identificadas a nivel genérico y 20 a nivel de familia. Con excepción de Ancistrosyllis hartmanae y Melinnampharete eoa, todas las especies habían sido registradas en fondos blandos del golfo de California o zonas adyacentes. Se proporciona nueva información sobre los intervalos de profundidad, la distribución geográfica, la morfología y la descripción de tubos donde los organismos fueron encontrados. Las características morfológicas de Amage sp. y Samytha sp. no coinciden con las especies de estos géneros registradas en el golfo de California, lo que sugiere que podría tratarse de especies no descritas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>deep-sea</kwd>
<kwd>tubes of polychaetes</kwd>
<kwd>bathymetric distribution</kwd>
<kwd>southeastern Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>poliquetos</kwd>
<kwd>océano profundo</kwd>
<kwd>tubos de poliquetos</kwd>
<kwd>distribución batimétrica</kwd>
<kwd>sureste del Golfo de California</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Filtration and clearance rates of Anadara grandis juveniles (Pelecypoda, Arcidae) with different temperatures and suspended matter concentrations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Miranda-Baeza</surname>
<given-names>Anselmo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Voltolina</surname>
<given-names>Domenico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cordero-Esquivel</surname>
<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Estudios Superiores del Estado de Sonora  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>787</fpage>
<lpage>792</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The mangrove cockle Anadara grandis (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) is a potential candidate for aquaculture and for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents in the tropical and subtropical coastal areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Laboratory-produced spat are available, but there is no information on their responses to the range of environmental conditions to which they might be subject during the growth cycle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the filtration and clearance rates of A. grandis spat (shell length 9.50±0.37 mm) with a food concentration (7.5 mg&amp;#8729;l-1) at four different temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31 ºC, with pH = 7.5±0.2 and O2 concentration of 6.4±0.5 mg·l-1; experiment one); and with a temperature (25 °C) and five concentrations of suspended matter (from 7.5 to 29 mg·l-1 and pH and O2 values of 7.9±0.2 and 6.8± 0.4 mg·l-1; experiment two). Filtration and clearance rates were highest at 25 ºC and significantly different (p&lt;.05) from those obtained at 22, 28 and 31 ºC; the clearance rates had the same tendency but the differences were not significant (p &gt;.05). In the second experiment filtration increased according to the amount of food available, but there were no significant differences (p&gt;.05) between 7.5 and 11 mg·l-1 and from 22.4 to 29 mg·l-1. The trend was similar for clearance, and in this case significant differences were found (p&lt;.05) between 7.5, 22.4 and 29 mg·l-1. Filtration at 31 °C was close to 80% at the optimum temperature of 25 °C, which indicates that A. grandis is a good candidate for tropical aquaculture. Clearance increased with high concentrations of suspended solids, but the production of biodeposits could be a source of environmental concern. Therefore, the possibility of using this species for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents should be studied with larger specimens and at higher seston concentrations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 787-792. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La almeja Anadara grandis (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) es un candidato potencial para la acuicultura y la biorremediación de efluentes acuícolas en las áreas costeras tropicales y subtropicales del océano Pacífico oriental. Se dispone de semilla producida en laboratorio, sin embargo no hay información sobre sus respuestas a los intervalos de las condiciones ambientales a las cuales puede estar sujeta durante el periodo de crecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las tasas de filtración y de clarificación de semilla de A. grandis (largo de la concha= 9.50±0.37 mm) con una concentración de alimento (7.5 mg&amp;#8729;l-1) y cuatro diferentes temperaturas (22, 25, 28 y 31 °C con pH= 7.5±0.2, concentración de O2 de 6.4±0.5 mg&amp;#8729;l-1; experimento uno); y con una temperatura (25 °C) y cinco concentraciones de material suspendido (de 7.5 a 29 mg&amp;#8729;l-1 y niveles de pH y O2 de 7.9±0.2 y 6.8±0.4 mg&amp;#8729;l-1, experimento dos). Las tasas de filtración y de clarificación fueron máximas a 25 °C y significativamente diferentes (p&lt;.05) de las obtenidas a 22, 28 y 31 ºC; la tasa de clarificación presentó la misma tendencia, pero las diferencias no fueron significativas (p&gt;.05). En el segundo experimento, se registró un incremento de la filtración, de acuerdo a la concentración de alimento, pero sin diferencias significativas (p&gt;.05) en los intervalos 7.5 a 11 mg·l-1 y 22.4 a 29 mg·l-1. La clarificación mostró la misma tendencia y en este caso se encontraron diferencias significativas (p&lt;.05) entre 7.5, 22.4 y 29 mg·l-1. La cantidad de sólidos ingeridos a 31 °C representó más del 80% de la filtración a 25 °C, que indica que A. grandis es un buen candidato para la acuicultura tropical. Con altas concentraciones de sólidos la clarificación aumentó, pero se notó una producción de pseudoheces que pudieran ser fuente de problemas ambientales, por lo cual se sugiere que la posibilidad de utilizar esta especie para la biorremediación de efluentes debería ser investigada con especímenes de mayores dimensiones y con concentraciones de seston más altas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anadara grandis</kwd>
<kwd>filtration rate</kwd>
<kwd>clearance rate</kwd>
<kwd>temperature</kwd>
<kwd>suspended matter</kwd>
<kwd>Anadara grandis</kwd>
<kwd>tasas de filtración</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de clarificación</kwd>
<kwd>temperatura</kwd>
<kwd>sólidos suspendidos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Abundancia de Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) en las costas de Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Noriega</surname>
<given-names>Nicida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pauls</surname>
<given-names>Sheila M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>del Mónaco</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>793</fpage>
<lpage>802</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Abundance of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the coasts of Venezuela. Diadema antillarum is a shallow-water sea-urchin from the tropical Atlantic whose populations almost disappeared in 1983-84 because of widespread mortalities which reached 87-100 %. In Venezuela, urchin population densities before the mortality event were comparable to those of other Caribbean regions; however, later abundancies remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the recent densities of certain D. antillarum populations along the Venezuelan coasts and compare the densities at the Parque Nacional Mochima before and after the mortality. At each location urchin densities were determined by means of transects using 1m²-quadrats as sampling units. The highest mean densities were observed at the sites on the central coast: Ensenada de Oricao, 0.28 ind/m² (2002) and 1.05 ind/m² (2003), and Chichiriviche de la Costa, 0.84 ind/m² (2002) and 0.74 ind/m² (2003). In Mochima, the mean density before the mortality for D. antillarum oscillated between 0.28 and 4 ind/m², after the mortality event the mean density varied between 0.15 ind/m² (2000) and 0.47 ind/m² (2000). The populations of D. antillarum studied at Parque Nacional Morrocoy and Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Cuare showed highest densities at Playuela (0.43 ind/m²) and Cayo Sur (0.95 ind/m²) respectively, whereas other sites showed densities below 0.1 ind/m². The density registered at Playuela in 2003 is lower than that reported before the mortality event (0.58-3.64 ind/m²). The density for Parque Nacional Archipiélago de Los Roques, specifically for the Arrecife de Herradura remained constant between 2002 and 2003 with values between 0.22-0.23 ind/m² respectively. To conclude, the sea urchin abundancies observed at most of the Venezuelan coastal sites that we studied were higher than those reported for other areas of the northern Caribbean, even though the values have not yet returned to those preceding the 1984 mass-mortality event, due to the slow recovery of the populations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 793-802. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Diadema antillarum es un erizo de aguas someras del Atlántico tropical cuyas poblaciones fueron diezmadas entre los años 1983-1984 con mortandades de hasta 87-100 %. En Venezuela, las densidades registradas antes de la mortalidad presentaban valores similares a los de otras regiones del Caribe, sin embargo se desconoce las abundancias posteriores al evento. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar las densidades recientes de algunas poblaciones de D. antillarum a lo largo de las costas de Venezuela y comparar las densidades de la Bahía de Mochima antes y después de la mortandad. Se utilizaron transectos, y cuadrantes de 1m² como unidad muestreal. Se registraron las mayores densidades promedio en las localidades del litoral central: Ensenada de Oricao con 0.28 ind/m² (2002) y 1.05 ind/m² (2003), y Chichiriviche de la Costa con 0.84 ind/m² (2002) y 0.74 ind/m² (2003). En la Bahía de Mochima, la densidad promedio antes de la mortandad de D. antillarum osciló entre 0.28 y 4 ind/m², luego del evento de mortandad la densidad promedio varió entre 0.15 ind/m² (2000) y 0.47 ind/m² (2002). Las poblaciones de D. antillarum estudiadas en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy y Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Cuare presentaron las densidades promedio más altas en Playuela (0.43 ind/m²) y Cayo Sur (0.95 ind/m²), mientras que las demás áreas presentaron densidades inferiores a 0.1 ind/m². La densidad registrada en Playuela en el 2003 es menor a la informada antes del evento de mortandad (0.58-3.64 ind/m²). La densidad del Parque Nacional Archipiélago Los Roques, específicamente en el Arrecife de Herradura, se mantuvo constante durante 2002-2003, con valores entre 0.22 y 0.23 ind/m² respectivamente. En conclusión, las abundancias registradas en la mayoría de las localidades evaluadas en Venezuela son superiores a las informadas para áreas al norte del Caribe, aunque todavía no se ha alcanzado los niveles anteriores a la mortalidad de 1984 por el lento incremento de las poblaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sea urchin</kwd>
<kwd>Diadema antillarum</kwd>
<kwd>population density</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>erizo de mar</kwd>
<kwd>Diadema antillarum</kwd>
<kwd>densidad de población</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of joint application of heavy metals on level of each metal accumulated in the periwinkle Tympanotonus fuscatus (Gastropoda: Potamididae)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<surname>Don-Pedro</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Lagos  </institution>
<addr-line>Akoka Lagos</addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>803</fpage>
<lpage>814</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Most laboratory assessments of toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals have been concentrated on the accumulation of these metal ions when exposed singly to the test organisms. However, under the natural environmental settings, the metals are never present in isolation and may interact with each other, therefore justifying the need to study the influence of joint application of metals on accumulated levels in exposed animals. In this study, exposure of the periwinkle Tympanotonus fuscatus to sublethal concentrations (equivalent to 0.1 and 0.01 of 96 h LC50) of heavy metals revealed that they were bioaccumulative varying amounts, depending on the type of metal, exposure period and concentration in the test media. While Zn and Pb ion accumulation increased steadily with exposure time, the amounts of Cu accumulated fluctuated regularly over the 30-day experimental period. The levels of Zn, Cu and Cd bioaccumulated over the 30-day experimental period were reduced by over 2-6 folds (with bioaccumulation ratio values ranging from 0.15 to 0.81) when compared to concentrations of the respective metals accumulated during single bioaccumulation studies. However, Pb concentrations accumulated during the joint action studies increased nearly 2-fold (bioaccumulation ratio range 1.36 to 2.0-fold). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 803-814. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La mayoría de los análisis de laboratorio sobre toxicidad y bioacumulación de metales pesados se han concentrado en la acumulación individual de los iones metálicos en los organismos de prueba expuestos a ellos. Sin embargo, bajo condiciones naturales del ambiente, los metales nunca se presentan en forma aislada y deben interactuar unos con otros, justificando así la necesidad de estudiar el efecto de la aplicación conjunta de metales en animales de prueba. En este estudio la exposición de Tympanotonus fuscatus a concentraciones subletales (0.1-0.01 de 96 h LC50) de metales pesados reveló que la bioacumulación varía según el tipo de metal, el período de exposición y la concentración en el medio de prueba. Mientras los iones de Zn y Pb incrementaron gradualmente su acumulación al pasar el tiempo, las cantidades de Cu fluctuaron regularmente durante los 30 días del experimento. Los niveles de Zn, Cu y Cd bioacumulados durante los 30 días del experimento son de dos a seis veces menores (con un rango de bioacumulación de 0.15-0.81) que los que se obtienen por la exposición a los metales en forma individual. Por el contrario, la acumulación de Pb aumentó al doble (rango de bioacumulación 1.36-2.0).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>bioaccumulation</kwd>
<kwd>joint action</kwd>
<kwd>metals</kwd>
<kwd>antagonism</kwd>
<kwd>synergism</kwd>
<kwd>bioacumulación</kwd>
<kwd>acción conjunta</kwd>
<kwd>metales</kwd>
<kwd>antagonismo</kwd>
<kwd>sinergismo</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The morphology of the cibarial armature and sensilla of Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator and Limatus durhamii (Diptera: Culicidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica  </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>815</fpage>
<lpage>820</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A detailed description of the cibarial armature of the Neotropical mosquitoes Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator and Limatus durhamii, is presented. A sample of 15 specimens of each species was taken from the collections of two mosquito ecological projects located at Santa Clara, San Carlos, Alajuela and from La Selva, Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica. Each specimen, preserved in alcohol, was cleared, put into a mounting medium, head separated from body and eyes pinched to expose the cibarial armature and sense organs; finally a coverslip was added for a permanent slide. The bodies of all the mosquitoes were also mounted onto slides. The descriptions of the cibarial armatures were based on the characteristics of the dome, body, transversal bar, lateral flanges and cibarial teeth. Also the number, distribution and type of the sense organs are given. From the analysis, and comparison with known descriptions of other neotropical species, we conclude that the five species studied show enough characteristics for species recognition purposes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 815-820. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta una detallada descripción de la armadura cibarial y órganos sensoriales de hembras de mosquitos de cinco especies neotropicales, Mansonia titillans, Psorophora cingulata, Coquillettidia arribalzagae, Culex coronator y Limatus durhamii. Se tomó una muestra de 15 especimenes de cada especie de las colecciones de mosquitos de dos proyectos ecológicos localizados en Santa Clara, San Carlos, Alajuela y de La Selva, Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica. Los especimenes, preservados en alcohol de 85°, se aclararon en solución de Nesbitt, se disecaron las cabezas y se punzó los ojos compuestos para exponer la armadura cibarial y sus órganos sensoriales. Se utilizó el medio de Hoyer para hacer las preparaciones fijas. Asimismo los cuerpos de los especimenes fueron colocados en el medio de montaje. A todas las preparaciones se les colocó un cubreobjeto. Se utilizó la microscopia de contraste de fases para lograr una mejor apreciación de las estructuras. La descripción de las armaduras cibariales se basó en las características del domo, cuerpo, barra transversal y barras laterales, y dientes cibariales. También se informa el número, distribución y tipo de los órganos sensoriales. Hay diferencias estructurales suficientes para distinguir las cinco especies estudiadas entre sí y de otras especies de la culicidofauna neotropical.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Neotropics</kwd>
<kwd>mosquitoes</kwd>
<kwd>cibarial armature</kwd>
<kwd>sense organs</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>Neotrópico</kwd>
<kwd>mosquitos</kwd>
<kwd>armadura cibarial</kwd>
<kwd>órganos sensoriales</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Central de Las Villas  </institution>
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<year>2006</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Current understanding of Cuban ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) is analysed. A new Subfamily (Tersilochinae) including 13 genera and two species are first reports for Cuba. In contrast with Braconidae, the sister group, the ichneumonids are poorly known because of the lack of local taxonomists and bacause nets, rather than interception, light and yellow pan traps have been used. Using Ophioninae as a reference, and comparing the percentage of ophionines in the fauna of Costa Rican ichneumonids, the ratio of species of Costa Rican to Cuban Ophioninae and the increase in the number of described Cuban ophionines, we suggest that actual Cuban biodiversity in this group may be between 400 and 600 species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 821-827. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analiza el conocimiento actual acerca de los icneumónidos de Cuba (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea); y se informan por primera vez para el país una subfamilia (Tersilochinae), 13 géneros y dos especies. El grupo es poco conocido por la carencia de taxónomos locales y el uso frecuente de métodos de recolección entomológica que no están dirigidos a este grupo. Usando los Ophioninae como referencia y comparando tanto con Costa Rica como con la cantidad de especies descritas a lo largo del tiempo, estimamos que el total de especies de Ichneumonidae en Cuba puede estar entre las 400 y 600 especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ichneumonidae</kwd>
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<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>Ichneumonidae</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Fitting together: copulatory linking in some Neotropical Chrysomeloidea</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wills Flowers</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
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<given-names>William G</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Florida AM University  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>829</fpage>
<lpage>842</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Copulatory linking of male and female genitalic structures in 11 Neotropical species of Chrysomelidae and one species of Megalopodidae was studied by freezing and then dissecting pairs of beetles in copula. In Megalopus armatus (Megalopodidae) the male has a long endophallus with complex membranous protuberances and a terminal flagellum that probably reaches the spermatheca. In the subfamily Eumolpinae the females have telescoping ovipositors through which the male endophalli pass, reaching to or near the mouth of the spermathecal duct. A long thin flagellum is probably inserted into the spermathecal duct. The male endophalli are braced inside the female using various structures, including two pairs of lateral appendages and apical appendages (both lateral pairs sclerotized in Colaspis sanjoseana and only the basal pair in Brachypnoea irazuensis), a pair of membranous swellings (in Metaxyonycha amasia), and apical microspicules on the endophallus (in Xanthonia). In the subfamily Galerucinae, males of Metrioidea and Diabrotica (tribe Galerucini) have relatively short endophalli ornamented with sclerotized hooks, spines and needles. In Metrioidea elongata the long needle-like endophallic spines of the male were erected inside the female and penetrated the wall of her bursa. In the tribe Alticini, the male endophallus is very short and does not enter the female in two species, Alagoasa gemmata and Walterianella sp. Instead, the apical parts of the female bursae were everted, and were clamped by sclerites of the male median lobe. The male genitalia of Plectrotetra hirsuta reached deep into the female, to the median oviduct, far beyond the mouth of the spermathecal duct. Both rigid and membranous structures meshed in complex ways. When these observations are combined with published descriptions of mating in other Chrysomelidae, the great diversity of copulatory morphology in these families comes into sharper focus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 829-842. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen los coajustes mecánicos entre las estructuras genitales de machos y hembras de 11 especies neotropicales de Chrysomelidae y una especie de Megalopodidae. Las parejas fueron congeladas durante la cópula y después disectadas. En Megalopus armatus (Megalopodidae) el macho tiene un endofalo largo, con protuberancias membranosas complejas, y un flagelo terminal que probablemente penetra el largo del ducto de la espermateca hasta el lumen de la espermateca. En la subfamilia Eumolpinae, las hembras tienen ovipositores telescópicos, a través de los cuales los endofali de los machos pasan para llegar hasta o cerca a la boca del ducto de la espermateca. Es probable que el largo y delgado flagelo se inserta en el ducto de la espermateca. El endofalo del macho se apoya dentro de la hembra por varias estructuras, las cuales incluyen dos pares de apéndices laterales y apéndices apicales (ambos pares laterales son esclerotizados en Colaspis sanjoseana, únicamente el par basal en Brachypnoea irazuensis), un par de hinchamientos membranosos (en Metaxyonycha amasia), y espículas apicales sobre el endofalo (en Xanthonia). En la subfamilia Galerucinae, los machos de Metrioidea y Diabrotica (tribu Galerucini) tienen endofalos relativamente cortos, pero adornados con varios ganchos, espinas y agujas. En Metrioidea elongata las largas espinas endofálicas se abrieron dentro de la hembra, y penetraron las paredes de su bursa. En la tribu Alticini, el endofalo del macho de dos especies, Alagoasa gemmata y Walterianella sp., es muy corto y no entró al cuerpo de la hembra. En su lugar, la parte apical de la bursa de la hembra fue evertida, y fue agarrada por escleritos del lóbulo mediano del macho. Los genitales de Plectrotetra hirsuta penetraron profundamente en la hembra, llegando probablemente hasta el oviducto mediano, más profundo que la boca del ducto de la espermateca. Estructuras de ambos sexos, tanto membranosas como rígidas, se entrelazaron en forma compleja. Al combinar estas observaciones con otras descripciones publicadas previamente, se revela una gran diversidad en la morfología copulatoria de Chrysomeloidea.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>sexual selection</kwd>
<kwd>copulation</kwd>
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<kwd>Megalopodidae</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease, whose main biological vector is Aedes aegypti. This mosquito colonizes tropical areas where the disease is endemic. The most obvious action against dengue is attacking its vector. Biological control appears to be an alternative approach, using natural enemies of the mosquitoes, such as predatory copepods. Thus, the morphological study of the damage caused by copepods is important to understand its predatory capacity. Twenty-five A. aegypti larvae were exposed to the copepod Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides and the damage caused by the copepods was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The larvae showed damage mainly at the anal segment, the siphon and the abdomen; only three attacks to the head were observed. The size of the siphon might be of importance in determining whether or not a copepod will attack a mosquito larva. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 843-846. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por mosquitos, cuyo principal vector es Aedes aegypti. Este mosquito coloniza muchas áreas tropicales donde la enfermedad es endémica. La acción más obvia contra el dengue es el ataque a su vector. El control biológico parece una buena alternativa, empleando enemigos naturales de los mosquitos, como los copépodos. Por lo tanto, es importante el estudio morfológico del daño causado por los copépodos para comprender su capacidad depredadora. Veinticinco larvas de A. aegypti fueron expuestas a la actividad depredadora del copépodo Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. Mediante microscopia electrónica de rastreo se evaluó el daño causado por los copépodos. Éstos atacaron principalmente el segmento anal, el sifón y el abdomen de las larvas; sólo vimos tres ataques a la cabeza. El tamaño del sifón podría ser de importancia para predecir si los copépodos pudiesen atacar larvas de determinado mosquito.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>larval damage</kwd>
<kwd>Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
<kwd>daño larval</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Scanning electron microscopy of the four larval instars of the Dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schaper</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<name>
<surname>Hernández-Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Germany and Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>847</fpage>
<lpage>852</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Aedes aegypti is the main insect vector of Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome and represents the only vulnerable element in the control of this disease. Therefore, the identification and quantification of this mosquito is an important task; however, the majority of taxonomic keys are based on the 4th larval instar. For that reason, this study describes the four larval instars of A. aegypti using scanning electron microscopy. Morphological changes during larval development were observed at the pecten, comb scales and the ventral brush of the abdominal segment X; however, the 3rd and 4th instars showed similar structures with only a slight variation. The structures described in this study will be helpful in the identification of the four instars of A. aegypti, a fundamental task for comprehending the natural history of dengue mainly in new territories affected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 847-852. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Aedes aegypti es el principal insecto vector de la fiebre del dengue y del dengue hemorrágico/síndrome del choque por dengue y es el único elemento atacable para el control de esta virosis. La identificación y cuantificación de éste es una tarea importante; no obstante, la mayoría de las llaves taxonómicas se basan en el cuarto estadio larval. Por esta razón, en este trabajo se describen los cuatro estadios larvales de A. aegypti los cuales fueron examinados mediante microscopia electrónica de rastreo. Los cambios morfológicos ocurridos durante el desarrollo larval fueron observados en el pecten, las escamas del peine, el cepillo ventral del décimo segmento. El 3ero y 4to estadios larvales mostraron estructuras similares con sólo ligeras variaciones. Las estructuras descritas en este artículo permiten identificar cualquiera de los cuatro estadios larvales de A. aegypti, lo cual representa una tarea importante en la comprensión de la historia natural del dengue en los nuevos territorios afectados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>larval development</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>scanning electron microscopy</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo larval</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
<kwd>microscopia electrónica de rastreo</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Alimentación y reproducción de las principales especies ícticas del río Mesay durante el período de &quot;aguas altas&quot;</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Puerto Rico Departamento de Ciencias Marinas </institution>
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<month>09</month>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>853</fpage>
<lpage>859</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diet and reproduction of the main fish species from the Mesay river (Colombian Amazon region) during the flooding season. The diet and reproduction of fish communities in three biotopes (river, stream, and lake) of the Mesay floodplain-river complex (Puerto Abeja, Serranía de Chiribiquete National Natural Park, Caquetá, Colombia) were sampled during the &quot;high water&quot; level or flooding period. A total of 79 species of fishes from 15 families and four orders were collected between July and September 2000. The most important items in their diet were fruits and seeds. Approximately 46&amp;#8200;% of captured fish were near maturity, and 35&amp;#8200;% were mature. The feeding and reproductive behavior of these fish were consistent with other studies on migratory Amazonian species during the high water period, when the floodplain plays an important role in the availability of food and refuge. During this period the fish make use of the vast food availability to accumulate fat reserves that later produce the energy needed for gonadal maturation and breeding migrations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 853-859. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen aspectos alimentarios y reproductivos de la comunidad íctica presente durante el período de &quot;aguas altas&quot;, en tres biotopos (río, quebrada y lago) del río Mesay, en el Parque Natural Nacional Serranía de Chiribiquete, Caquetá, Colombia. Se identificaron un total de 79 especies, pertenecientes a 15 familias y cuatro órdenes, recolectados entre julio y septiembre de 2000. El ítem más importante en la dieta de los peces analizados fue el de frutos y semillas. Un 46 % de los peces estaban en etapa de maduración y el 35 % eran maduros. El comportamiento alimentario y reproductivo de la ictiofauna capturada es el típico encontrado en otros estudios para especies amazónicas migratorias durante el período de inundación, cuando la planicie de inundación cumple un papel fundamental en cuanto a la oferta de alimento y refugio; los peces aprovechan la gran disponibilidad de alimento para acumular reservas de grasa que posteriormente les aportarán la energía necesaria para la maduración de las gónadas y las migraciones reproductivas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Fish</kwd>
<kwd>feeding</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Mesay river</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonia</kwd>
<kwd>Peces</kwd>
<kwd>alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>río Mesay</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction and feeding habits of Mustelus dorsalis (Pisces: Triakidae) in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica: Elements for a sustainable management. A total of 311 sharptooth smooth-hound Mustelus dorsalis were collected in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica from March 1999 to May 2000 to determine reproduction and feeding habits. The fishes were collected using hook and line. 250 females and 61 males were identified. The females are bigger (550-660 mm) and heavier (400-1 000 g) than males (500-585 mm and 200-300 g, respectively). All samples collected were mature and the minimum length to first maturity observed is 500 and 541 mm for females and males, respectively. From September to March individuals were mature, while samples caught during April and August were immature. A total of 1 259 embryos were analyzed. Number of embryos per liter ranged from two to six, the total length is from 130 to 205 mm and the weight from 6 to 35 g. This shark is a polyphagous opportunistic carnivore that preys on crustaceans (Squilla hancocki, S. parva, Litopenaeus sp.), fishes (Anchoa sp., Caranx sp., Lutjanus sp., Engraulis sp.) and mollusks (Loligo sp. and Octopus sp.). Main prey item was S. hancocki. The presence of mature sharks of both sexes along the year and the consumption of food items associated to shallow coastal rocky waters suggest that this sector of Nicoya Gulf is a nursery ground and an essential habitat. Based on these results the establishment of an integral management plan is proposed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 861-871. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinaron aspectos reproductivos y alimentarios del tiburón enano Mustelus dorsalis, a partir de 311 ejemplares capturados con línea y anzuelo en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, durante marzo de 1999 y mayo de 2000. Se reconocieron 250 hembras y 61 machos. Las hembras son más grandes (550 a 660 mm) vs. (500-585 mm) y más pesadas (400-1 000 g) vs. (200-300 g) que los machos. Todos los ejemplares estaban maduros, la talla mínima de especimenes maduros fue de 500 y 541 mm para hembras y machos respectivamente. Entre septiembre y marzo todas las hembras y machos estaban maduras, e inmaduras entre abril y agosto. Se estudiaron 1 259 embriones, con una variación entre dos y seis embriones por litera. La longitud total de los embriones es entre 130 y 205 mm y el peso entre 6 y 35 g. Este tiburón es carnívoro polífago oportunista que consume crustáceos (Squilla hancocki, S. parva, Farfantepenaeus sp.), peces (Anchoa sp. Caranx, sp, Lujanus sp., Engraulis y Ophistonema sp.), y moluscos (Loligo sp. y Octopus sp.). Squilla hancocki es el ítem alimentario mas importante. La presencia de tiburones maduros de ambos sexos a lo largo del año en aguas poco profundas, y el consumo de presas bentónicas que viven en fondos rocosos costeros, sugiere la posibilidad de que este sector del Golfo de Nicoya esté funcionando como una zona de crianza y hábitat esencial. Con base en estos resultados se propone el establecimiento de un plan de manejo integral.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mustelus dorsalis</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>stomach content analysis</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Mustelus dorsalis</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>análisis de contenido estomacal</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Time-activity budgets and behaviour of the Amazilia hummingbird, Amazilia amazilia (Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in an urban environment</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Vigo  </institution>
<addr-line>Pontevedra </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>873</fpage>
<lpage>878</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This study deals with the time-activity budgets of Amazilia amazilia, a territorial hummingbird, and its preferences for different flower species and perches in the gardens of Lima (Peru) in September 2001. A. amazilia spent an important part of its time resting on perches (ca. 80%) and only 15.5% for foraging, devoted essentially to flower visitation and only 0.3% for hunting and drinking water. Territorial defence accounted for 2% of total time, mostly against Coereba flaveola, an introduced nectarivorous species that seem to be an important competitor of A. amazilia. Flower use is not directly related to flower abundance (&amp;#967;29 = 1 546, p&lt;0.0001), with Justicia brandegeana and red-flowered Salvia splendens being selected and Impatiens balsamina being rejected. The large amount of time spent on the perches makes them an important element of the habitat. The perches selected are typically on trees, close to the flowers visited, and in a low vertical and middle horizontal position, surrounded by low foliage density, probably to minimize heat loss. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 873-878. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la distribución del tiempo en las actividades de Amazilia amazilia, un colibrí territorial, y sus preferencias por diferentes flores y perchas en los jardines de Lima (Perú), en septiembre de 2001. A. amazilia pasa una parte importante de su tiempo descansando en las perchas (ca. 80%) y sólo un 15.5% alimentándose, dedicado fundamentalmente a visitar flores y sólo un 0.3% a cazar y a beber agua. La defensa del territorio ocupó un 2% del tiempo total, la mayor parte frente a Coereba flaveola, una especie nectarívora introducida que parece constituir un importante competidor de A. amazilia. El uso de las distintas especies de flores no se relaciona con su abundancia (X²9 = 1546, p&lt;0.0001), siendo Justicia brandegeana y Salvia splendens de flores rojas seleccionadas e Impatiens balsamina rechazada. La gran cantidad de tiempo que pasa en las perchas las convierte en un elemento importante del hábitat. Las perchas seleccionadas se encuentran típicamente en árboles, cercanas a las flores que visita y, se sitúan en posición baja y central rodeadas de baja densidad de follaje, probablemente para minimizar la pérdida de calor.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>time-activity budgets</kwd>
<kwd>urban gardens</kwd>
<kwd>habitat use</kwd>
<kwd>Amazilia amazilia</kwd>
<kwd>distribución de tiempo</kwd>
<kwd>jardines urbanos</kwd>
<kwd>uso del hábitat</kwd>
<kwd>Amazilia amazilia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación estacional de la riqueza y abundancia de especies de mamíferos en la Reserva Biológica Municipal &quot;Mário Viana&quot;, Mato Grosso, Brasil</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Federal de Viçosa  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Federal de Vinosa  </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Federal de Vinosa  </institution>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>879</fpage>
<lpage>888</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seasonal evaluation of mammal species richness and abundance in the &quot;Mário Viana&quot; municipal reserve, Mato Grosso, Brasil. We evaluated seasonal species presence and richness, and abundance of medium and large sized mammalian terrestrial fauna in the &quot;Mário Viana&quot; Municipal Biological Reserve, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. During 2001, two monthly visits were made to an established transect, 2 820 m in length. Records of 22 mammal species were obtained and individual footprint sequences quantified for seasonal calculation of species richness and relative abundance index (x footprints/km traveled). All 22 species occurred during the rainy season, but only 18 during the dry season. Pseudalopex vetulus (Lund, 1842) (hoary fox), Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) (tayra), Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (cougar) and Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (capybara) were only registered during the rainy season. The species diversity estimated using the Jackknife procedure in the dry season (19.83, CI= 2.73) was smaller than in the rainy season (25.67, CI= 3.43). Among the 18 species common in the two seasons, only four presented significantly different abundance indexes: Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (nine-banded armadillo), Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) (six-banded armadillo), Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein, 1823 (Azara’s Agouti) and Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (tapir). On the other hand, Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) (giant armadillo) and Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (ocelot) had identical abundance index over the two seasons. Distribution of species abundance in the sampled area followed the expected pattern for communities in equilibrium, especially in the rainy season, suggesting that the environment still maintains good characteristics for mammal conservation. The present study shows that the reserve, although only 470 ha in size, plays an important role for conservation of mastofauna of the area as a refuge in an environment full of anthropic influence (mainly cattle breeding in exotic pasture). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 879-888. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la fauna de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes, tomando en cuenta la riqueza y abundancia de las especies y la cantidad de individuos, en la Reserva Biológica Municipal &quot;Mário Viana&quot;, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Hicimos dos visitas mensuales durante todo el año 2001 en un transecto de 2 820 m de extensión, previamente preparado para la identificación de huellas. Identificamos 22 especies en la estación lluviosa y 18 de ellas también en la seca. Registramos Pseudalopex vetulus (Lund, 1842) (zorro), Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) (hurón), Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (puma) e Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (capiguara) durante la estación de lluvias. Según el procedimiento Jackknife, la riqueza de especies durante la estación seca (19.83, con intervalo de confianza (IC) = 2.73) fue menor que durante la estación lluviosa (25.67, con IC= 3.43). Solamente cuatro mostraron índices de abundancia significativamente diferentes entre estaciones: Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (armadillo de nueve bandas), Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) (armadillo de seis bandas), Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein, 1823 (agutí) y Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (tapir). Por otro lado, Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) (armadillo gigante) y Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (ocelote) se destacaron por presentar un índice de abundancia idéntico entre las estaciones. La distribución de la abundancia de las especies en el área de muestreo, siguió más o menos el patrón esperado para las comunidades en equilibrio, especialmente en la estación lluviosa, evidenciando que el ambiente aún mantiene una buena calidad para la conservación de los mamíferos. El presente estudio mostró que la RBMMV, a pesar de ser pequeña (con aproximadamente 470 ha), desempeña un papel importante para la conservación de la mastofauna de la región, siendo un área de refugio en un ambiente con mucha influencia antrópica, principalmente por la cría de ganado con pasto exótico.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mammals</kwd>
<kwd>seasonal evaluation</kwd>
<kwd>footprints</kwd>
<kwd>abundance and species richness</kwd>
<kwd>mamíferos</kwd>
<kwd>evaluación estacional</kwd>
<kwd>huellas</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia y riqueza de especies</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán  </institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
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<institution>,Instituto Bioclón S.A. de C.V  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<institution>,Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V  </institution>
<addr-line> México DF</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<institution>,Centro Zootoxicológico de Misiones  </institution>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>889</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biological and immunological characteristics of the poison of Bothrops cotiara (Serpentes: Viperidae). Bothrops cotiara is a venomous snake sporadically found in the province of Misiones in Argentina, South of Brazil and Paraguay. Data on the clinics of the envenomation produced by its bite and on its venom are scarce. There is no information on the neutralizing capacity of the antivenoms available. In this study, the lethal potency, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, coagulant and thrombin-like, defibrinogenating, indirect hemolytic and fibrinolytic activities of the venom of B. cotiara specimens from the province of Misiones were determined. The toxic activities were within the range of those described for the other Bothrops species from Argentina, and the electrophoretic and chromatographic studies showed similarities with those described for the other bothropic venoms. The immunochemical reactivity of six South American anti Viper antivenoms (ELISA) have a strong reactivity with all the antivenoms studied. The neutralizing capacity of three of these therapeutic antivenoms against the lethal potency and hemorrhagic, necrotizing, coagulant, thrombin-like and hemolytic activities showed a very close neutralizing capacity. Our data strongly suggest that the antivenoms for therapeutic use available in this area of South America are useful to neutralize the toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom of this uncommon specie of Bothrops. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 889-901. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Bothrops cotiara es una serpiente que se encuentra en la provincia de Misiones (Argentina), el Sur de Brasil y Paraguay. La información sobre las características clínicas de los accidentes por esta serpiente es muy escasa y existen pocos datos sobre su veneno y la capacidad neutralizante de las actividades tóxicas del mismo por antivenenos terapéuticos. En este trabajo se estudiaron características bioquímicas, actividades tóxicas y la reactividad inmunoquímica del veneno de B. cotiara. Seis antivenenos anti Viperinos Sudamericanos fueron estudiados frente a este veneno por el método ELISA y se probó la capacidad neutralizante de tres de estos frente a las actividades hemorrágica, necrotizante, procoagulante, trombina-símil, hemolítica indirecta y la potencia letal de veneno de ejemplares de B. cotiara de la provincia de Misiones. Los patrones cromatográficos y electroforéticos mostraron características similares a los de otros venenos de Bothrops. Las actividades tóxicas estuvieron dentro de los ámbitos descritos para los venenos botrópicos. Los seis antivenenos mostraron gran reactividad inmunoquímica por ELISA y las potencias neutralizantes de los tres estudiados fueron muy próximas para las actividades letal, hemorrágica, necrotizante, hemolítica indirecta, coagulante y trombina-símil. Los resultados de los estudios de neutralización indicarían que ante la mordedura de esta poco común especie de Bothrops, pueden usarse los diferentes tipos de antivenenos botrópicos o botrópico-crotálicos para uso terapéutico disponibles en esa región.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Snakes</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops cotiara</kwd>
<kwd>toxicity</kwd>
<kwd>antivenom</kwd>
<kwd>neutralization</kwd>
<kwd>víboras</kwd>
<kwd>Bothrops cotiara</kwd>
<kwd>toxicidad</kwd>
<kwd>antiveneno</kwd>
<kwd>neutralización</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300022</article-id>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Ovarian activity of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) under captivity. The ovarian activity of Agouti paca was characterized by hormonal profiles and ovarian structures. Samples of blood were taken from eight females (seven adults and one juvenile) at the breeding grounds of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia in Yucatán, México. Sampling lasted approximately two months and was done every three and six days. Blood was collected from anesthetized animals, and the levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 &amp;#946; estradiol (E2) were analized by radioimmunoassay technique. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were carried out in ovaries of dead animals. The estrous cycle lasted 29±8.4 days, levels of 1.61±0.65 ng/ml for P4 and 39±24 pg/ml for E2 were observed for a follicular phase, 6.18±3.70 ng/ml and 29±16 pg/ml for P4 and E2 respectively in the luteal phase. Statistically significant differences were found between phases for P4 but not for E2. The presence of extragonadal steroids with levels of P4 of 1.9±0.77 ng/ml and E2 of 22±17 pg/ml were observed, which are not produced by the effects of managing stress. The changes in the levels of P4 during the cycle are indicators of luteal activity, with the intersticial tissue acting probably as active steroids-producing gland.Follicular growth was observed during the entire cycle. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 903-912. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se caracterizó la actividad ovárica de A. paca por medio de perfiles hormonales y estructuras ováricas. Se muestrearon ocho hembras (siete adultas y una juvenil) en el criadero de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en el estado de Yucatán, México, durante aproximadamente dos meses. Se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas cada 3 y 6 días en animales anestesiados. Se estimaron los niveles de progesterona (P4) y 17 &amp;#946; estradiol (E2) sangu&amp;#957;neos por radioinmunoan&amp;#945;lisis. Las estructuras ováricas de animales muertos durante el periodo de muestreo fueron analizadas macro y microscópicamente. El ciclo ovárico duró 29±8.4 días, con niveles de 1.61±0.65 ng/ml para P4 y de 39±24 pg/ml para E2 durante la fase folicular, y de 6.18±3.70 ng/ml y 29±16 pg/ml para P4 y E2 respectivamente, en la fase luteal. Hubo diferencias (p&lt;0.05) en los niveles de P4 entre las fases folicular y luteal, no así para E2. Se detectó la presencia de esteroides extragonadales, con niveles de 1.9±0.77 ng/ ml para P4 y de 22±17 pg/ml para E2, los cuales no son secretados por efecto del estrés por manejo. Los cambios en los niveles de P4 durante el ciclo son indicadores de actividad luteal, funcionando el tejido intersticial probablemente como una glándula productora de esteroides. De igual forma se observó que el crecimiento folicular ocurre durante todo el ciclo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Agouti paca</kwd>
<kwd>steroids</kwd>
<kwd>estrous cycle</kwd>
<kwd>progesterone</kwd>
<kwd>estradiol</kwd>
<kwd>ovarian activity</kwd>
<kwd>hystricomorph</kwd>
<kwd>Agouti paca</kwd>
<kwd>esteroides</kwd>
<kwd>ciclo estral</kwd>
<kwd>progesterona</kwd>
<kwd>estradiol</kwd>
<kwd>actividad ovárica</kwd>
<kwd>histricomorfo</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variaciones nucleotídicas de dos grupos de tepezcuintles, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae), en cautiverio provenientes de dos localidades de Yucatán, México</article-title>
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<given-names>Militza G</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán  </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi  </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>911</fpage>
<lpage>917</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nucleotidic variations of two captive groups of tepezcuintle, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae), from two sites in Yucatan, Mexico. The objective of this work was to estimate the nucleotidic variation between two groups of tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) from the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo, Mexico and within members of each group. Blood samples were collected from eleven A. paca kept in captivity. DNA from leukocytic cells was used for Ramdom Amplification of DNA Polimorphism (RAPD). The primers three 5’-d(GTAGACCCGT)- 3’ and six 5’-d(CCCGTCAGCA)- 3’ were selected from de Amersham kit (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), because they produced an adequate number of bands. The electrophoretic pattern of bands obtained was analyzed using software for phylogenetic analysis based on the UPGMA method, to estimate the units of nucleotidic variation. The phylogenetic tree obtained with primer three reveals a dicotomic grouping between the animals from both states in the Yucatan Peninsula showing a divergent value of 1.983 nucleotides per hundred. Animals from Quintana Roo show a grouping with primer six; an additional grouping was observed with animals from Campeche. Nucleotidic variation between both groups was 2.118 nucleotides per hundred. The nucleotidic variation for the two primers within the groups from both states, showed fluctuating values from 0.46 to 1.68 nucleotides per hundred, which indicates that nucleotidic variation between the two groups of animals is around two nucleotides per hundred and, within the groups, less than 1.7 nucleotides per hundred. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 911-917. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estimamos las variaciones nucleotídicas entre dos grupos de tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) provenientes de los estados de Campeche y Quintana Roo, México y, dentro de cada grupo. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas de once A. paca mantenidos en cautiverio. El ADN de leucocitos se utilizó para efectuar la amplificación aleatoria de polimorfismos de ADN (RAPD). Se seleccionaron los iniciadores número tres 5’ -d(GTAGACCCGT)-3’ y seis 5’ -d(CCCGTCAGCA)-3’ del estuche (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), porque produjeron un adecuado número de bandas. Los patrones electroforéticos de bandas fueron procesados con el software para análisis filogenético basado en el método de UPGMA para estimar la variación nucleotídica. El árbol filogenético obtenido con el iniciador tres reveló una agrupación dicotómica entre los animales de ambos estados de la Península de Yucatán, con un valor de divergencia de 1.983 nucleótidos de cada cien. Los animales de Quintana Roo mostraron un agrupamiento con el iniciador seis y, otro grupo más con animales procedentes de Campeche. La variación nucleotídica entre estos dos grupos fue de 2.118 nucleótidos por cada cien. Las variaciones nucleotídicas dentro de los grupos procedentes de ambos estados, para los dos iniciadores, mostraron valores que fluctuaron entre 0.46 y 1.68 nucleótidos de cada cien, lo cual indica que la variación nucleotídica entre los dos grupos de animales es alrededor de dos nucleótidos por cada cien y, dentro de grupos es menor a 1.7 nucleótidos por cada cien.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>tepezcuintle</kwd>
<kwd>Agouti paca</kwd>
<kwd>RAPD</kwd>
<kwd>nucleotidical variation</kwd>
<kwd>phylogenetic tree</kwd>
<kwd>nucleotides</kwd>
<kwd>tepezcuintle</kwd>
<kwd>Agouti paca</kwd>
<kwd>RAPD</kwd>
<kwd>variación nucleotídica</kwd>
<kwd>árbol filogenético</kwd>
<kwd>nucleótidos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao, (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) diet in Central Pacific Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Colorado State University  </institution>
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<country>USA</country>
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<year>2006</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From 1993 to 1997, we observed Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) feeding behavior in Central Pacific Costa Rica. Feeding data acquired in this study were not collected systematically, but opportunistically whenever macaws were observed feeding. To supplement feeding observations, we conducted interviews with local residents. Scarlet Macaws fed on seeds, fruits, leaves, flowers and/or bark of 43 plant species. Various plant parts eaten by macaws from several tree species contain secondary compounds toxic to humans, and additional species included in their diet are nonnative, introduced for agricultural purposes. Important macaw feeding tree species are Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, and Hura crepitans; these species are also crucial to this macaw population because of nest cavities they provide. The results of this study contribute to the conservation of Scarlet Macaws in Central Pacific Costa Rica through promoting protection of individual trees, and through local elementary school reforestation programs focusing on tree species that macaws use for feeding and/or nesting. Scarlet Macaw conservation is extremely important, as numerous population pressures have caused significant declines in macaw numbers in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 919-926. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre 1993-97, observamos el comportamiento de alimentación de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. La lapa roja se alimentó de semillas, frutas, hojas, flores y corteza de 43 especies de plantas. Varias partes de las plantas comidas por las lapas contienen compuestos secundarios tóxicos al ser humano, y especies adicionales incluidas en la dieta son exóticas; introducidas por razones agrícolas, forestales o estéticas. Especies de árboles importantes como alimento de la lapa roja incluyen: Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, y Hura crepitans; también son criticas para la población de la lapa roja debido a proveen cavidades para anidación. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la conservación de la lapa roja en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica a través de la promoción de la protección de árboles individuales y programas de reforestación a nivel de escuela primaria que se enfocan en especies de árboles que la lapa utiliza para alimentación o anidación. La conservación de la lapa roja es importante, debido al declive de sus números en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>feeding</kwd>
<kwd>Scarlet Macaws</kwd>
<kwd>Ara macao</kwd>
<kwd>alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>Ara macao</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>lapa roja</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Secondary embryonary root associated with seed germination in Garcinia intermedia (Clusiaceae) and its possible role in seedling survival. Germination tests on Garcinia intermedia (Clusiaceae) seeds showed the growth of two types of roots: additionally to the primary root, a secondary root crosses the seed lengthwise. To determine its possible role on the survival and growth of this species, 90 seedlings at least six months old (collected in Central Costa Rica) were planted in plastic bags with organic soil, and placed in a greenhouse. The seedlings were treated as follows: treatments in which the primary or secondary root was cut off, and a control group with both roots intact (30 replicates each). After three months 10 seedlings/month/treatment were extracted to measure their height, basal diameter, root length (main and secondary root), and biomass of the stem, roots and seed (without its coat). Control seedlings had the highest growth, followed by those without secondary roots. Nonetheless, more than 90% of the seedlings whose primary roots were cut off, survived after five months of the excision treatment, in part due to the capacity of this species to regenerate its radical system through the seed reserves, sprouting of a primary-like root, and/or the growth stimulus of the secondary root (60% of the total: 20% with sprouts from the primary root stump, 13.3% with a growth stimulus of the secondary root, and 26.7% with both conditions). The length of the sprouted roots was significantly different only on those plants that were extracted during the first two monthly measurements, when compared with the control (F6= 18.6, F7=16.0, p&lt;0.01). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(3): 927-934. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En pruebas preliminares de germinación con semillas de Garcinia intermedia (Clusiaceae) se observó que ésta producía dos tipos de raíces: la primaria y una secundaria embrional que atraviesa longitudinalmente la semilla. Para determinar su posible papel en la supervivencia y crecimiento de esta especie, se analizaron 90 plántulas con al menos seis meses de germinadas en bolsas plásticas con suelo orgánico ubicadas en un invernadero, a las que se les aplicó uno de los siguientes tratamientos: corte de la raíz primaria o la secundaria embrional, además de un grupo control con ambas raíces (30 repeticiones de cada uno). Luego de tres meses se empezaron a extraer 10 plántulas/mes/tratamiento a los que se les midió la altura total, diámetro basal, longitud de la raíz primaria y secundaria, y la biomasa del vástago, raíz y semilla sin la cubierta seminal. Las plántulas que obtuvieron el mayor crecimiento fueron las del control, seguidas por aquéllas sin la raíz secundaria. Sin embargo, más del 90% de las plántulas a las que se les cortó la raíz primaria, sobrevivieron después de cinco meses de haberse aplicado el tratamiento, en parte debido a una muy alta capacidad de recuperación de su sistema radical, ya sea produciendo rebrotes de la principal (20%), aumentando el crecimiento de la raíz secundaria (13.3%), o ambos (26.7%), y a las reservas de la semilla. La longitud de los rebrotes de la raíz principal fue estadísticamente significativa en las primeras dos extracciones mensuales de plantas, comparado con las del control (F6= 18.6, F7= 16.0, p&lt;0.01), pero no en la tercera medición. Bajo las condiciones de invernadero, la biomasa total de las plántulas cuya raíz primaria fue cortada, alcanzó valores semejantes a la de los otros tratamientos cinco meses después de haberse aplicado el tratamiento.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>primary root</kwd>
<kwd>secondary root</kwd>
<kwd>root sprouting</kwd>
<kwd>hypogeous germination</kwd>
<kwd>Premontane humid tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>raíz primaria</kwd>
<kwd>raíz secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>germinación hipogenia</kwd>
<kwd>bosque premontano húmedo tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A 3 000 m² area of seasonally inundated forest on the island of Ilha do Mel (25º30&quot; S 48º23&quot; W) in Paraná, Brazil, was sampled by collecting plants from all strata, using climbing equipment when necessary. The area harbors 103 species of epiphytes, in 49 genera and 20 families, of which 28 species are pteridophytes and 75 magnoliophytes (64 Liliopsida, 11 Magnoliopsida). The most common families are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae and Araceae, and frequent genera are Vriesea, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Pleurothallis and Prosthechea. Eight families were represented by one species each. Most species were classified as obligatory holoepiphytes (62 %), followed by the relatively more rare preferential holoepiphytes (13 %), facultative epiphytes (11 %), hemiepiphytes (9 %) and accidental epiphytes (6 %). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 935-942. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se muestreó plantas de todos los estratos en una área de 3 000 m² de selva estacionalmente inundada en Ilha do Mel (25º30 &quot;S 48º23’ W), Paraná, Brazil. El área tiene 103 especies de epífitas en 49 géneros y 20 familias, de las cuales 28 especies son pteridófitas y 75 magnoliófitas (64 Liliopsida, 11 Magnoliopsida). Las familias más comunes son Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae y Araceae, y los géneros más frecuentes Vriesea, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Encyclia y Pleurothallis. Ocho familias solamente están representadas por una especie cada una. La mayoría de las especies son loepífitas obligadas (62 %), seguidas de las relativamente escasas holoepífitas preferenciales (13 %), epífitas facultativas (11 %), hemiepífitas (9 %) y epífitas accidentales (6 %).</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
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<kwd>coastal plain forest</kwd>
<kwd>floristic composition</kwd>
<kwd>Orchidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Restinga</kwd>
<kwd>vascular epiphytes</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>selva lluviosa atlántica</kwd>
<kwd>selva de planicie costera</kwd>
<kwd>composición florística</kwd>
<kwd>Orchidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Restinga</kwd>
<kwd>epifitas vasculares</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ontogenesis, structure and ultrastructure of Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) colleters</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  </institution>
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<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho  </institution>
<addr-line> Sao Pablo</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus Hymenaea is characterized by a great diversity of secretory structures, but there are no reports of colleters yet. The objectives of this study are to report the occurrence and describe the origin and structure of colleters in Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne. Shoot apex samples were collected, fixed, and processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy as per usual methods. Colleters occur predominantly on the stipule’s adaxial side. These structures are found at the base on a narrow strip, corresponding to the median vein up to half the length of the stipule. When present on the abaxial side, they are concentrated at the base and restricted to the margins. Colleters develop from the protoderm; they are elongate and club-shaped. Their body has no stratification; their surface cells differ from the inner cells only in position and presence of cuticle. Colleter cells have thin walls, dense cytoplasm, large nuclei, many mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and abundant dictyosomes. Histochemical tests with Ruthenium red showed pectic compounds in the cytosol. In H. stigonocarpa, colleter arrangement is compatible with the hypothesis that they protect shoot apex. In this species, protection is reinforced by the sheath formed by the stipule pairs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 943-950. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Hymenaea se caracteriza por una gran diversidad de estructuras secretoras, pero no hay informes de coléteres. El objetivo de este estudio es informar de su existencia en el género, y describir el origen y estructura de los coléteres en Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne. Procesamos muestras del ápice de brotes según los métodos generales para microscopio óptico, microscopio electrónico de barrido y microscopio electrónico de transmisión. Los coléteres están predominantemente en la parte adaxial de las estípulas, ocupando la base en una estrecha franja desde la vena media hasta mitad de la longitud de la estípula. En la parte abaxial, se concentran en la base y se restringen a los márgenes. Los coléteres surgen del protoderma; son alargados y en forma de bastoncillo. Sus cuerpos no poseen estratificación; sus células superficiales difieren de las internas solamente por la posición y la presencia de cutícula. Las células de los coléteres poseen paredes delgadas, citoplasma denso, núcleos grandes, muchas mitocondrias, retículo endoplasmático rugoso, y abundantes dictiosomas. Las pruebas histoquímicas con rojo ruteno mostraron compuestos pécticos en el citosol. En H. stigonocarpa, la distribución de los coléteres es compatible con la hipótesis de que protegen el ápice del brote. En esta especie, la protección es reforzada por la envoltura formada por los pares de la estípula.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>&quot;Cerrado&quot; vegetation</kwd>
<kwd>colleter</kwd>
<kwd>secretion</kwd>
<kwd>stipule</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>vegetación de &quot;Cerrado&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>coléter</kwd>
<kwd>segregación</kwd>
<kwd>estípula</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Is the inverse leafing phenology of the dry forest understory shrub Jacquinia nervosa (Theophrastaceae) a strategy to escape herbivory?</article-title>
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<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Center for Sustainable Development Studies  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>951</fpage>
<lpage>963</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the dry forest of Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, the understory shrub Jacquinia nervosa presents an inverse pattern of phenology that concentrates vegetative growth and reproduction during the dry season. In this study, we tested the &quot;escape from herbivory&quot; hypothesis as a potential explanation for the inverse phenological pattern of J. nervosa. We monitored leaf, flower and fruit production in 36 adult plants from October 2000 to August 2001. Leaves of six randomly selected branches per plant were marked and monitored every two weeks to measure the cumulative loss in leaf area. To analyze pre-dispersal seed predation we collected 15 fruits per plant and counted the total number of healthy and damaged seeds, as well as the number and type of seed predators found within the fruits. Leaf, flower, and fruit production occurred during the first part of the dry season (end of November to February). The cumulative herbivory levels were similar to those observed in other tropical dry forest tree species that concentrate leaf production during the wet season, and were concentrated on young leaves, which lost an average of 36.77 % of their area (SD= 34.35 %, N= 195). Chewing beetles of the genus Epicauta (Meloidae) were the most important herbivores. In mature leaves, most of the damage was caused by the beetle Coptocycla rufonotata (Chrysomelidae). Fruits took 4 months to develop during the dry season (January-March 2001) but continue increasing in size well into the first 3 months of the wet season (May-July). Average seed number per ripe fruit was 9 (SD = 5, N = 500). Seed predation in mature fruits was 42&amp;#8200;% (SD = 47&amp;#8200;%, N = 122). Most seeds were damaged by moth larvae of the family Tortricidae. Only 3&amp;#8200;% of the flowers became fruits. This was influenced by the low level of flower synchrony (0.38±0.26, N = 36 plants), but neither leaf synchrony (0.88±0.06, N = 36 plants) nor plant size influenced fruit numbers. The significant damaged produced by insect herbivores in young leaves, fruits, and seeds, as well as the low reproductive index observed in J. nervosa, shows that the inverse leafing phenology of this species is not consistent with the &quot;escape hypothesis&quot; since J. nervosa was considerably attacked during the dry season. Considering the strong seasonality of the tropical dry forest and the heliophyte character of J. nervosa, it is more likely that this phenological strategy evolved in response to seasonal fluctuations in light availability, light quality, and daylength. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 951-963. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Analizamos la hipótesis de &quot;escape de la herbivoría&quot; como explicación para la fenología foliar inversa del arbusto de sotobosque del bosque seco Jacquinia nervosa, el cual produce sus hojas durante la estación seca y se mantiene sin ellas durante la estación lluviosa. Medimos la producción de hojas, flores y frutos, el daño por herbivoría en hojas y semillas, y la fauna de herbívoros en 36 plantas adultas de octubre del 2000 a agosto del 2001 en Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. La herbivoría foliar acumulada durante la estación seca fue similar a la herbivoría de otras especies que concentran la producción foliar en la estación lluviosa. En las hojas maduras la mayor parte del daño fue causado por el escarabajo Coptocycla rufonotata (Chrysomelidae). La depredación de semillas predispersión fue de 42&amp;#8200;% (DE= 47&amp;#8200;%, N= 122) y es causada por larvas de polilla de la familia Tortricidae. Los niveles de daño indican que la fenología foliar de J. nervosa no coincide con la hipótesis de &quot;escape&quot;. Considerando la fuerte estacionalidad del bosque seco y el carácter heliófito de J. nervosa, es probable que esta estrategia fenológica evolucionara en respuesta a cambios estacionales en la disponibilidad y calidad de la luz, y duración del fotoperíodo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>escape hypothesis</kwd>
<kwd>Jacquinia nervosa</kwd>
<kwd>inverse phenology</kwd>
<kwd>insect herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>tropical dry forest</kwd>
<kwd>escape hypothesis</kwd>
<kwd>Jacquinia nervosa</kwd>
<kwd>inverse phenology</kwd>
<kwd>insect herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>tropical dry forest</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300029</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Orchid bees as bio-indicators for organic coffee farms in Costa Rica: Does farm size affect their abundance?</article-title>
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<institution>,Boston University  </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The potential of Euglossini bees, especially Euglossa, as biological indicators of organic vs non-organic coffee farms was studied in Atenas and San Isidro, Alajuela, Costa Rica using 1.8-cineole as lure. Observations were made for three days at each of four farms and complemented with data from a year of observations. Orchid bees were in greater abundance in the organic farms (t-Student test). However, lower abundances suggest that an organic farm may be negatively affected by the proximity of non-organic farms, depending on its size and distance. Orchid bees may be indicators of organic coffee farms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 965-969. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Por un año estudiamos las abejas de la tribu Euglossini (abejas de las orquídeas, especialmente el género Euglossa) en Atenas y San Isidro, Alajuela, Costa Rica, para identificar su potencial como bioindicadoras de fincas orgánicas y fincas &quot;convencionales&quot; de café. Usamos como atrayente aceite de eucalipto (1.8-cineole). Las abejas son más abundantes en las fincas de café orgánico (t-Student). Sin embargo, el relativamente bajo número de abejas en la menor de las dos fincas orgánicas sugiere que el tamaño de una finca orgánica y la proximidad a las fincas convencionales, podrían tener efectos negativos en la orgánica. Estas abejas podrían servir como bioindicadores de fincas orgánicas.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>organic agriculture</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Euglossinae</kwd>
<kwd>Euglossa</kwd>
<kwd>abejas de las orquídeas</kwd>
<kwd>bioindicadores</kwd>
<kwd>agricultura orgánica</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<year>2006</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Seasonal variations of polychaetes in a Thalassia testudinum bed were studied from June 2000 to April 2001 in Chacopata, northeastern Venezuela. Eight replicate samples were taken monthly with a 15 cm diameter core and the sediment was passed through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve. A total of 1 013 specimens, belonging to 35 species, was collected. The monthly density ranged from 387 ind/m² (September) to 1 735 ind/m² in May (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11&gt; = 989±449 ind/m²). Species richness was lowest in August and September (8) and highest (25) in April (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11&gt; = 18.00±5.29). The shoot density of Thalassia showed an average of 284±77.60 shoots/m², with extreme values in February (164) and May (422). Species diversity ranged from 1.25 in August and 3.33 bits/ind in December (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11&gt; = 2.47±0.64). Significant positive correlations were detected among the number of Thalassia shoots, polychaete abundance and species richness, as well as among species richness, polychaete abundance and species diversity. Species number and average density were found within the intervals of mean values reported in similar studies. The higher number of species and organisms obtained in March-April and June-July can be attributed to the recruitment correlated with the regional up-welling. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 971-978. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Desde junio 2000 hasta abril 2001 se estudió la variación temporal de los poliquetos en una pradera de Thalassia testudinum en Chacopata, costa nororiental de Venezuela. Se recolectó un total de 1 013 especímenes pertenecientes a 35 especies. La densidad mensual estuvo comprendida entre 387 ind/m² (septiembre) y 1 735 ind/m² en mayo (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11 &gt; o =  989±449 ind/m²). La riqueza específica mensual fue mínima en agosto y septiembre (8) y máxima (25) en abril (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11 &gt; o =  18.00±5.29). La densidad promedio de tallos de Thalassia fue de 284±77.60 tallos/m², con valores extremos en febrero (164) y mayo (422). La diversidad de especies presentó valores comprendidos entre 1.25 en agosto y 3.33 bits/ind en diciembre (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;Image223.jpg&quot; WIDTH=11 HEIGHT=11 &gt; o =  2.47±0.64). Se apreciaron correlaciones positivas entre el número de tallos de Thalassia, la abundancia de poliquetos y la riqueza específica, así como de la riqueza específica con la abundancia de poliquetos y con la diversidad de especies. El número de especies recolectadas y la densidad promedio se encuentran en la zona media de los intervalos respectivos registrados en estudios similares. El elevado número de especies y organismos recolectados en marzo-abril y junio-julio puede ser atribuido a reclutamientos relacionados con el fenómeno de surgencia que se presenta en la costa oriental de Venezuela.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>macrofauna</kwd>
<kwd>benthos</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>Annelida</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>macrofauna</kwd>
<kwd>bentos</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>Annelida</kwd>
<kwd>Polychaeta</kwd>
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<country>Argentina</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population dynamics of the immature stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of dengue: a longitudinal study (1996-2000). A four year study was conducted on a natural population of immature stages of Aedes aegypti after the re-invasion of Argentina by this vector in 1987. Thirty six plastic containers with 700 ml of dechlorinated water were placed in the La Plata Zoological Garden, La Plata, Argentina. A strip of filter paper around each container was added to facilitate egg counting. Eggs, larvae and pupae were counted weekly in each container from September, 1996 to August, 2000. After egg counting, papers were submerged to facilitate egg hatching and a new paper was placed in each container. Presence of A. aegypti immature stages was recorded from December-January to June during each of the four years of this study. In 1997, 13 105 eggs, 7 978 larvae and 1 476 pupae were registered with 54.7 % positive containers; during 1998, 8 194 eggs, 668 larvae and 142 pupae were recorded with 28.3 % positive containers; 13 510 eggs, 3 690 larvae and 743 pupae were registered during 1999 with 56.7 % positive containers; and 16 327 eggs, 4 669 larvae and 715 pupae during 2000 with 59.3 % of containers with presence of A. aegypti. Egg number and hatching rate were drastically reduced in 1998 when temperatures from December to May were 1 to 2.5 ºC lower than the other years of this study. These colder than usual temperatures in the summer of 1998 were a consequence of the El Niño event. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 979-983. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio de la variación estacional de una población de estadios inmaduros de A. aegypti en La Plata, Argentina, durante cuatro años. Se colocaron 36 recipientes plásticos con 700 ml de agua declorinada y se agregó, en cada uno, una tira de papel de filtro rodeando el perímetro interno como sitio para la ovipostura. Los huevos, larvas y pupas se cuantificaron semanalmente desde septiembre de 1996 hasta agosto de 2000. Tras cuantificar el número de huevos, los papeles fueron sumergidos en cada recipiente para facilitar la eclosión y se agregó un nuevo papel. La presencia de estados inmaduros de A. aegypti fue registrada desde diciembre-enero hasta junio durante los cuatro años de estudio. En 1997 se registraron 13 105 huevos, 7 978 larvas y 1 476 pupas con un 54.7 % de recipientes positivos; en 1998, 8 194 huevos, 668 larvas y 142 pupas y un 28.3 % de recipientes positivos para este mosquito. En 1999 se obtuvieron 13 510 huevos, 3 690 larvas y 743 pupas y un 56.7 % de recipientes con A. aegypti. Para el año 2000 se registraron 16 327 huevos, 4 669 larvas y 715 pupas y un porcentaje de recipientes positivos de 59.3 %. El número de huevos y el porcentaje de eclosión se redujo drásticamente en 1998 donde las temperaturas durante el período diciembre-mayo fueron entre uno y 2.5 ºC más bajas que durante los otros tres años de estudio. Estas temperaturas menores fueron consecuencia del fenómeno climático corriente El Niño.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>immature population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>climatic change</kwd>
<kwd>ovitraps</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica de poblaciones inmaduras</kwd>
<kwd>cambio climático</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300032</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras  </institution>
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<institution>,Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática  </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de la Habana </addr-line>
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<lpage>995</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Temporal spatial distribution of benthic meiofauna in four beaches of the northern Havana shore. The temporal-spatial distribution of benthic meiofauna was evaluated in four beaches at the north coast of Havana, Cuba, from March 2003 to February 2004. We studied two urban beaches (Santa Fe and La Concha) and two tourist beaches (Mar Azul and Canasí). Monthly meiofauna samplings were taken by scuba-diving using with a syringe (inner diameter 2.5 cm), and physico-chemical parameters (grain size, interstitial salinity and water column salinity were recorded with standard equipment). Statistical analysis (MDS and ANOSIM) were performed. Depth and biotope kind were the same in the four beaches. Highest densities were obtained in Santa Fe ( 7 133.48 ind/10 cm²) while the lowest mean densities were found in Canasí (892.12 ind/10 cm²). We recorded 13 taxa; the dominant organisms in Santa Fe and Mar Azul were free-living marine nematodes. Copepods were the dominant organisms in La Concha and Canasí. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(3): 985-995. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el objetivo de evaluar la distribución espacio-temporal de la meiofauna béntica en la zona sublitoral del norte de la Habana, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en cuatro playas, dos al W de la ciudad (Santa Fe y La Concha) y dos al E (Mar Azul y Canasí), desde marzo del 2003 hasta febrero del 2004. Se mantuvo constante la profundidad de muestreo, biotopo y tipo de sedimento, observándose la relación con la salinidad en la columna de agua e intersticial. Para determinar la afinidad entre estaciones se realizó un análisis MDS y para establecer diferencias significativas entre éstas a nivel espacial ó temporal se realizó un análisis de similitud ANOSIM. Las densidades medias más altas se obtuvieron en Santa Fe (7 133. 48 ind/10 cm²) y las más bajas en Canasí (892.12 ind/10 cm²). Se registraron un total de 13 táxones en todas las áreas estudiadas, siendo los nemátodos de vida libre los organismos dominantes en las estaciones de Santa Fe y Mar Azul, y los copépodos los dominantes en La Concha y Canasí. Se detectaron dos picos de abundancia para los nemátodos y los copépodos durante el período de estudio, así como diferencias significativas entre las estaciones muestreadas, agrupándose así: Santa Fe - La Concha y Mar Azul - Canasí.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>benthic meiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>tropical beaches</kwd>
<kwd>free-living marine nematodes</kwd>
<kwd>copepods</kwd>
<kwd>temporal-spatial distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Havana northern sub-littoral region</kwd>
<kwd>meiofauna béntica</kwd>
<kwd>sublitoral norte de la Habana</kwd>
<kwd>nemátodos marinos de vida libre</kwd>
<kwd>copépodos</kwd>
<kwd>distribución espacio-temporal</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Veracruzana  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Little is known about the ecology and demography of the genus Magnolia. Magnolia dealbata Zucc. is an endangered species endemic to Mexico. Two contrasting populations of M. dealbata (one from the grasslands and other from a secondary cloud forest) were studied. We asked the following questions: (a) Are size structure (diameter at breast height, DBH) and infrutescence production significantly different between the two populations? (b) What are the populations’ growth rates (&amp;#955;) based on an initial 1987 study? (c) Are the associated species diversity indices of these M. dealbata populations significantly different? The results show no significant differences between the population size structure (p=.094); the growth rates of the populations were 0.992 in grassland and 1.053 in secondary cloud forest. The number of infrutescences produced in year 2001 and DBH relationship were significantly linear (p&lt;.001) in both populations, and there was no significant difference (p&gt;.01) between their slopes. The diversity indices were not significantly different (p&gt;.05), and only 54% of the species were common to both sites. Our study suggests that both populations are relatively stable and that the management history could impact more on the species composition than on the diversity indices. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 997-1002. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La ecología y demografía del género Magnolia han sido poco estudiadas. Magnolia dealbata Zucc. es una especie endémica de México y es considerada en peligro de extinción. Se estudiaron dos poblaciones contrastantes de M. dealbata (una dentro de un pastizal y la otra dentro de vegetación secundaria del bosque mesófilo de montaña -bosque de niebla-). Buscamos respuestas a las siguientes preguntas: (a) ¿La estructura de tamaños y la producción de frutos de ambas poblaciones son significativamente diferentes? (b) ¿Cuáles son las tasas de crecimiento poblacional (&amp;#955;), tomando como población inicial un estudio de 1987? (c) ¿Son significativamente diferentes los valores de diversidad de especies de ambas poblaciones? No hallamos diferencias significativas entre la estructura de tamaños de ambas poblaciones (p=.094). Las tasas de crecimiento poblacional de las poblaciones en pastizal y en el bosque secundario de neblina fueron 0.992 y 1.053, respectivamente. El número de infrutescencias por individuo producidas en 2001 y su relación con el diámetro a la altura del pecho fueron significativamente lineales, y no hubo diferencias significativas entre sus pendientes (p&gt;.1). Los índices de diversidad no fueron significativamente diferentes (p&gt;.05) y sólo el 54 % de las especies fueron comunes entre sitios. Las poblaciones parecen relativamente estables y el historial de manejo en ambas comunidades podría afectar más a la composición de especies que a los índices de diversidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>cloud forest</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>endangered species</kwd>
<kwd>infrutescences</kwd>
<kwd>Magnolia dealbata</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>population</kwd>
<kwd>bosque nuboso</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>especie en peligro de extinción</kwd>
<kwd>infrutescencia</kwd>
<kwd>Magnolia dealbata</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>población</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The population dynamics of an intertidal population of Megapitaria squalida was studied from September 2002 to February 2003 in Bahía Magdalena, Mexico. To obtain information about the artisanal and recreational fishery of M. squalida, local fishermen at different parts of the bay were interviewed. Clam densities were determined at one unexploited and two exploited sites along perpendicular transects from the shore line. Average clam density was 2.01±1.41 ind/m², densities did not differ significantly between the three sampling sites. The length-total mass relation was Mtot = 0.0001*SL3.1644 (r2 = 0.9804, n = 92) and the length-tissue mass relation was Mtis = 0.0002*SL2.7144 (r² = 0.945, n = 92). Von Bertalanffy-growth parameters were determined using marked individuals. Strong interindividual and also seasonal differences in growth were observed. Average annual values were: K = 0.655, L&amp;#8734; = 83 mm. Since M. squalida can reach a shell length of more than 135 mm in deeper waters, it is necessary to consider intertidal and subtidal populations separately. Average total mortality (Z) was 1.61 y-1. No fishing mortality was calculated because total mortality Z at the unexploited control site was higher than Z at the exploited sites. It appears that M. squalida migrates into deeper water with increasing shell length, as average shell length increased at lower tidal levels and marked specimens showed a clear migration towards deeper waters. As yet no overexploitation could be found in the study area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1003-1017. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la dinámica poblacional de la almeja Megapitaria squalida de setiembre 2002 a febrero 2003 en Bahía Magdalena, México. La densidad se determinó en un sitio no explotado y dos sitios explotados utilizando transectos perpendiculares desde la línea costera. También se entrevistó a pescadores locales de diferentes partes de la bahía para obtener información acerca de la pesquería artesanal y recreacional de M. Squalida. La densidad promedio estimada fue de 2.01±1.41 ind/m², sin diferencias significativas entre sitios. La relación de masa y longitud total fue de Mtot = 0.0001*SL3.1644 (r² = 0.9804, n = 92) y la relación de masa y longitud de tejido fue de Mtis = 0.0002*SL2.7144 (r² = 0.945, n = 92). Los parámetros de crecimiento Von Bertalanffy se determinaron utilizando marcadores individuales. Hay grandes diferencias en crecimiento tanto interindividuales como estacionales. Los valores anuales promedio fueron: K = 0.655, L&amp;#8734; = 83 mm. Debido a que la longitud de la concha puede superar los 135 mm en aguas profundas, es necesario considerar las poblaciones intermareal e inframareal de manera separada. La mortalidad promedio total (Z) fue de 1.61 y-1. No se calculó la mortalidad de pesca porque la mortalidad total (Z) del sitio no explotado fue mayor que la de sitios explotados. Aparentemente M. squalida migra hacia aguas más profundas al crecer. No se encontró evidencia de que estas poblaciones estén sobreexplotadas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Megapitaria squalida</kwd>
<kwd>Veneridae</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>intertidal</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Magdalena</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Megapitaria squalida</kwd>
<kwd>Veneridae</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>intermareal</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Magdalena</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
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<fpage>1019</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population structure of the tree Peltogyne purpurea (Cesalpinaceae) in an altered forest at Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. The regeneration of the rain forest tree Peltogyne purpurea Pittier after selective logging was studied in Mogos, Osa Península, Costa Rica. The distribution of all adult trees of P. purpurea according to diameter at breath height (dbh) categories revealed that the distribution of the adult trees followed a bell-shaped curve. The largest number of individuals was found in the 70 to 80 cm dbh category. We did not find any significant differences in the distribution of saplings around seed-producing trees. There were similar numbers of saplings in the four transects established around each reproductive tree following the four cardinal directions. Overall, the majority of the saplings were found in the first meters around each seed-producing tree. There was another peak in the number of saplings at the distance where the crown of the tree ended. Logging can negatively affect the regeneration of P. purpurea. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1019-1029. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la regeneración de una población del árbol Peltogyne purpurea Pittier después de una corta selectiva de madera en el bosque lluvioso tropical de Mogos, Península de Osa, Costa Rica. La distribución de los árboles adultos de P. purpurea según el diámetro del tallo a la altura del pecho tiene forma de campana. La categoría con la mayor cantidad de individuos correspondió a los árboles con tallos con diámetros entre 70 y 80&amp;#8200;cm. No hubo diferencia significativa en el número de brinzales encontrados en los transectos establecidos siguiendo los cuatro puntos cardinales alrededor de los árboles reproductivos (madre). En general, la mayoría de los brinzales se encontraban en los primeros metros alrededor del árbol madre. Se observó otro pico de abundancia de brinzales a la distancia correspondiente con el final de la copa del árbol. La extracción de madera puede tener un efecto negativo en la regeneración de P. purpurea.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Peltogyne purpurea</kwd>
<kwd>tropical trees</kwd>
<kwd>population structure</kwd>
<kwd>forest regeneration</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>sapling survival</kwd>
<kwd>Peltogyne purpurea</kwd>
<kwd>árbol tropical</kwd>
<kwd>estructura poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>regeneración de bosques</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica poblacional</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two new species of the genus Squatina (Chondrichthyes: Squatinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. Two undescribed species of the genus Squatina, caught by bottom-trawl during the OGMEX VIII, IX and PROBEMEX II oceanographic cruises were compared with S. dumeril Lesueur, 1818, the only well known species from the northern Gulf of Mexico. The collections were made off Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Tabasco. The descriptions of the new species refer to morphology, coloration pattern and dorsal fin shape and size. An English description of each species is included. Some specimens erroneously assigned to S. dumeril are deposited in Mexican collections. With these two new species, besides S. californica Ayres, 1859 and S. dumeril , the number of documented species of this genus in Mexico ascends to four, and a total of five are known from the western Atlantic. A key is provided for their identification. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1031-1040. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudio de varios individuos pertenecientes al género Squatina, capturados con red de arrastre durante las campañas oceanográficas OGMEX VIII, IX y PROBEMEX II, a bordo del Buque Oceanográfico de la UNAM &quot;Justo Sierra&quot; frente a las costas de Tamaulipas, Veracruz y Tabasco, permitió detectar la existencia de dos especies no descritas, que fueron comparadas con S. Dumeril Lesueur, 1818, única especie en el norte del Golfo de México. Las descripciones de las nuevas especies hacen referencia a su morfología, patrón de coloración, forma y tamaño de las aletas dorsales principalmente. Algunos ejemplares, erróneamente asignados como S. dumeril, se encuentran depositados en colecciones de México. Con estas dos nuevas especies, además de S. dumeril y S. Californica Ayres, 1859, son cuatro las que se detectan dentro del territorio mexicano y cinco las que existen en el Atlántico Occidental. Se incluye una clave para su identificación.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Squatina</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Redescription and systematic reclassification of the trematode Topsiturvitrema verticalia (Trematoda: Digenea) in a new family. The trematode species Topsiturvitrema verticalia Vélez and Thatcher 1990 is redescribed based on two paratype samples and new material from the small intestine of the bat Myotis levis (Geoffroy), from Bahía Samborombón, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This species is characterized by the presence of a &quot;rhynchus&quot;, that is, an anterior sucker-like attachment organ, by the position of the mouth on the ventral surface (surrounded by the ventral sucker), by two blind digestive structures, by the presence of two false saccular caeca located anteriorly and behind the anterior attachment organ, by the presence of the genital pore in the marginal anterior position of the body, and by the mid-dorsal position of the excretory pore. T. verticalia was originally described as a member of the family Lecithodendriidae (Lühe 1901), however, the presence of &quot;rhynchus&quot; and the position of the mouth opening in the ventral sucker constitute morphological features that preclude its inclusion in this family. On account of this, it is considered necessary to create a new family for the genus Topsiturvitrema Vélez and Thatcher 1990, which is included in a new family, Topsiturvitrematidae fam. nov. Furthermore, the geographic range of the species is expanded from Colombia to Argentina and M. levis is added to the species’ host list. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1041-1045. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se redescribe el trematodo Topsiturvitrema verticalia Vélez y Thatcher 1990 con base en dos paratipos y material nuevo del intestino delgado del murciélago Myotis levis (Geoffroy), de Bahía Samborombón, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Esta especie es caracterizada por la presencia de un &quot;rhynchus&quot; u órgano de fijación anterior parecido a una ventosa terminal, la boca abierta en la superficie ventral (rodeada por la ventosa ventral), dos ciegos cortos, dos falsas bolsas del cirro localizadas anteriormente y detrás del órgano de fijación anterior, un poro genital sobre el margen anterior del cuerpo y el poro excretorio en posición dorsal. T. verticalia fue descrito como un miembro de la familia Lecithodendriidae (Lühe 1901); sin embargo, la presencia de &quot;rhynchus&quot; y la posición de la boca abierta en la ventosa ventral constituyen características morfológicas que imposibilitan su inclusión en esta familia. El género Topsiturvitrema Vélez y Thatcher 1990 se incluye en una familia nueva, Topsiturvitrematidae fam. nov., se amplía el ámbito geográfico de Colombia a Argentina y se agrega M. levis a la lista de hospederos de la especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Topsiturvitrema verticalia</kwd>
<kwd>Digenea</kwd>
<kwd>Carollia perspicillata</kwd>
<kwd>Myotis levis</kwd>
<kwd>Chiroptera</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Topsiturvitrema verticalia</kwd>
<kwd>digenea</kwd>
<kwd>Carollia perspicillata</kwd>
<kwd>Myotis levis</kwd>
<kwd>Chiroptera</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300038</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dos nuevas especies de cangrejos de agua dulce (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) de la Serranía de Los Paraguas, Cordillera Occidental de Colombia</article-title>
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<given-names>Gabriel E</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,nd  </institution>
<addr-line>Saint Petersburg FL</addr-line>
<country>EEUU</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1047</fpage>
<lpage>1056</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two new species of fresh water crab (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) from Serranía de Los Paraguas, Cordillera Occidental, Colombia. Two new species of freshwater crabs of the genus Hypolobocera from Serranía de Los Paraguas, Cordillera Occidental, Colombia, are described. Hypolobocera solimani n. sp. is closely related to H. alata Campos 1989, but can be distinguished from it by smooth upper margin of third maxilliped merus, the size and shape of apex of first gonopod, and the internal lobe or papilla of spermatic channel, which is concave, raised, with ends with minute papillae or rounded tubercles. Hypolobocera triangula n. sp. is very similar to H. rotundilobata Rodríguez 1994, but differs from it by the shape and size of the lateral lobe, an oblique basal ridge of tubercles and by the apex of first gonopod. With the two new species, the total number of valid members of the genus Hypolobocera known from western Colombia or biogeographic Chocó is 20. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1047-1056. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen dos nuevas especies de cangrejos de agua dulce del género Hypolobocera de la Serranía de Los Paraguas, Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. H. solimani n. sp. está estrechamente relacionada con H. alata Campos 1989, pero se puede distinguir de ésta por el margen superior del mero del tercer maxilípedo, el cual es liso; por la forma del ápice del primer gonópodo y la forma del lóbulo interno o papila del canal espermático, la cual es cóncava, levantada y termina bordeada por diminutas papilas o tubérculos redondeados. H. triangula n. sp. es muy similar a H. rotundilobata Rodríguez 1994, pero se diferencia de ésta por el tamaño y la forma del lóbulo lateral, una cresta basal de tubérculos y la superficie apical del gonópodo. Con estas dos nuevas descripciones se incrementa a 20 el número de miembros válidos del género Hypolobocera conocidos del occidente de Colombia o del Chocó biogeográfico.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypolobocera solimani</kwd>
<kwd>Hypolobocera triangula</kwd>
<kwd>freshwater crabs</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudothelphusidae</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Hypolobocera solimani</kwd>
<kwd>Hypolobocera triangula</kwd>
<kwd>cangrejo de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudothelphusidae</kwd>
<kwd>especies nuevas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300039</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Una nueva especie de helecho del género Danaea (Marattiales: Marattiaceae) endémica de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1057</fpage>
<lpage>1060</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of fern, genus Danaea (Marattiales: Marattiaceae) endemic to Costa Rica. Danaea tuomistoana A. Rojas (Marattiaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species endemic to Costa Rica; it differs from D. crispa Endres et Richb. by a truncate blade, and by the pinnae, which are 2/5-1/2 incised, cuneated at the base and with a flat margin. The range of D. erecta H. Tuomisto &amp; R.C. Moran in Costa Rica is expanded with a new locality in Puntarenas (8°57’15&quot; N-82°50’1&quot; W, 1 500-1 580 masl). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1057-1060. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe e ilustra una especie nueva endémica de helecho de Costa Rica, Danaea tuomistoana A. Rojas (Marattiaceae), caracterizada porque las pinnas son incisas 2/5-1/2 entre la costa y el margen, y son cuneadas en la base. Se amplia el ámbito geográfico de D. erecta H. Tuomisto &amp; R.C. Moran a Puntarenas, Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Danaea</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>new record</kwd>
<kwd>Marattiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>ferns</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Danaea</kwd>
<kwd>nueva especie</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo registro</kwd>
<kwd>Marattiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>helechos</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300040</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Una especie nueva de helecho del género Pteris (Pteridaceae) endémica de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rojas Alvarado</surname>
<given-names>Alexander Fco</given-names>
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<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Ecología  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1061</fpage>
<lpage>1066</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of fern of the genus Pteris (Filicales: Pteridaceae) endemic to Costa Rica. The new fern species Pteris herrerae A. Rojas &amp; M. Palacios, endemic to Costa Rica, is described. It differs from P. decurrens C. Presl in basal segments reduced to 1/5-1/2 of the next segment (vs. 2/3-3/4), basal pinnae not bifurcated (vs. bifurcated), pinnae apex mucronate (vs. acuminate) and segment apex undulate (vs. dentate). It differs from Pteris consanguinea in the elliptic pinnae (vs. oblong), two segments reduced on the base (vs. lack), segments entire to undulate (vs. dentate), basal pinnae without basiscopic lobes (vs. with basiscopic lobes) and segment apex entire to undulate (vs. dentate). Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1061-1066. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe Pteris herrerae A. Rojas &amp; M. Palacios, endémica de Costa Rica. Esta es diferente de P. decurrens C. Presl por segmentos basales reducidos a 1/5-1/2 del tamaño de los siguientes (vs. 2/3-3/4), pinnas basales no bifurcadas (vs. bifurcadas), ápice de las pinnas mucronado (vs. acuminado) y ápice de los segmentos ondulado (vs. dentado). También es diferente de Pteris consanguinea Mett. ex Kuhn por pinnas deltado-lanceoladas (vs. oblongas), con un par de segmentos reducidos en la base (vs. sin ellos), pinnas basales sin lóbulos basicópicos alargados (vs. con lóbulos basiscópicos) y segmentos enteros a ondulados (vs. dentados).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pteris</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>ferns</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Pteris</kwd>
<kwd>nuevas especies</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>helechos</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000300041</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new predaceous midge of the Palpomyia tibialis group from northeastern Argentina (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</article-title>
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<year>2006</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Palpomyia iberaensis n. sp., was collected by Malaise trap in the province of Corrientes, Argentina and its female and attached male genitalia are described and illustrated. The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: females with dark brown legs except fore trochanter, basal 1/2 of fore femur, basal 2/3 of mid femur, fore and mid tibiae except extreme tip, yellowish brown; fore femur with four to five, mid femur with two ventral spines; abdomen lacking gland rods. Males with gonocoxite stout, with a conspicuous posteromesal pointed hook; gonostylus short, curved; parameres entirely divided, the distal portions slender with two posteriorly directed processes. This species is placed in the tibialis group in spite of the curious parameres without recurved tips. The species is compared with its congener Palpomyia mellichroa, from southeastern Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 1067-1070. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe Palpomyia iberaensis n. sp., recolectada con trampa Malaise en Corrientes, Argentina, con base en una hembra que traía adheridos los órganos genitales del macho. Se ubica la especie en el grupo tibialis a pesar de tener parameros con puntas curvadas. Se compara la especie con su congénere brasileño Palpomyia mellichroa.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Palpomyia tibialis group</kwd>
<kwd>Palpomyia iberaensis n. sp</kwd>
<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>Ceratopogonidae</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>grupo Palpomyia tibialis</kwd>
<kwd>Palpomyia iberaensis n. sp</kwd>
<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>Ceratopogonidae</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
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