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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Alvaro Wille Trejos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>ix</fpage>
<lpage>xiii</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Population structure and accompanying biota of the snail Turbo (Callopoma) funiculosus (Gastropoda: Turbinidae), on Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Holguin Quiñones</surname>
<given-names>Oscar E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Michel-Morfín</surname>
<given-names>Jesús E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1079</fpage>
<lpage>1084</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The porcelain snail, Turbo funiculosus, is a potential fishery resource that almost has not been studied or used commercially. In March of 1992, we sampled T. funiculosus in Bahía Binners and Bahía Blanca, Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, using 25 m² quadrants. We found that total length varies between 3.0 and 85 mm, proportional weight between 3.0 and 228 g, and density between 6.21 and 9.87 ind/m². The largest organisms (over 50 mm) contain 30.6 % of soft parts. Porcelain snail populations remain unexploited on Revillagedo Archipelago and could be a potential resource under an adequate management strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1079-1084. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El caracol porcelana, Turbo funiculosus, es un recurso pesquero potencial que casi no ha sido estudiado ni se ha utilizado comercialmente. En marzo de 1992, se realizó un muestreo de T. funiculosus en Bahía Binners y Bahía Blanca, isla Socorro, archipiélago Revillagigedo, empleando cuadrantes de 25 m2. Se encontraron variaciones en la longitud total entre 3.0 y 85 mm, el peso proporcional entre 3.0 y 228 g, y la densidad entre 6.21 y 9.87 ind/m2. Los organismos de mayor tamaño (más de 50 mm) contienen 30.6 % de partes suaves. Las poblaciones del caracol porcelana siguen siendo inexplotadas en el archipiélago Revillagedo y podrían ser un recurso potencial de la industria pesquera bajo un adecuado plan de manejo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Turbo funiculosus</kwd>
<kwd>mollusk</kwd>
<kwd>density</kwd>
<kwd>weight</kwd>
<kwd>length</kwd>
<kwd>Socorro Island</kwd>
<kwd>Turbo funiculosus</kwd>
<kwd>molusco</kwd>
<kwd>densidad</kwd>
<kwd>peso</kwd>
<kwd>longitud</kwd>
<kwd>Isla Socorro</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
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<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1085</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Egg ultrastructure in two Chilean moths: Ormiscodes socialis y Polythysana cinerascens (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The structure and ultra-structure of the eggs from Ormiscodes socialis (Feisthamel) and Polythysana cinerascens (Philippi) are described, considering shape, size, coloring when recently laid, oviposition type nd aeropiles (quantity, distribution and proportion) in the micropilar area, among others. The ultra-structure is shown for primary cells, secondary cells, aeropiles and icropiles. A comparative table of the eggs of these species is presented and includes the previously described eggs of Adetomeris microphthalma (Philippi). Myoschilos oblonga Ruiz y Pavón (Santalaceae) is recorded as a new host for P. cinerascens. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1085-1091. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la estructura y ultraestructura de los huevos de las especies Ormiscodes socialis (Feisthamel) y Polythysana cinerascens (Philippi), considerando la forma, tamaño, color, tipo de ovipostura, y aeropilas (cantidad, distribución y proporción) en el área micropilar, entre otros. La ultraestructura es mostrada a través de las celdas primarias, celdas secundarias, aeropilas y micropilas; además se incluye a la especie ya descrita Adetomeris microphthalma (Philippi) y se confecciona un cuadro comparativo para los huevos de estas especies. Se registra como nuevo hospedero de P. Cinerascens a Myoschilos oblonga Ruiz y Pavón (Santalaceae).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Saturniidae</kwd>
<kwd>egg</kwd>
<kwd>ultra-structure</kwd>
<kwd>key</kwd>
<kwd>Adetomeris microphthalma</kwd>
<kwd>Ormiscodes socialis</kwd>
<kwd>Polythysana cinerascens</kwd>
<kwd>new host</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Saturniidae</kwd>
<kwd>huevos</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
<kwd>clave</kwd>
<kwd>Adetomeris microphthalma</kwd>
<kwd>Ormiscodes socialis</kwd>
<kwd>Polythysana cinerascens</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo hospedero</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diet of the tropical fish Gobioides broussonnetii (Pisces: Gobiidae) at Laguna de Unare, Venezuela. Unare Lagoon is one of the most important fishery coastal ecosystems in Venezuela. For the past 10 years, changes in its hydrological regime have affected the physiochemical characteristics of the water with important consequences on its faunal composition and abundance. An example of such variation is the abundant presence of a fish species, Gobioides broussonnetii, recently registered in this ecosystem. The ecology of this species must be studied to identify new ecological processes occurring in the lagoon. Detritus is the most important component of the G. broussonnetii diet, followed by plant and animal items. The species is a primary detritivorous consumer and this may be associated with its activity pattern (morning): It may be an occasional visitor because it was not captured regularly in the monthly samplings. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1093-1098. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Fecundity, survival, and growth of the seahorse Hippocampus ingens (Pisces: Syngnathidae) under semi-controlled conditions</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa  </institution>
<addr-line> Sinaloa</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1099</fpage>
<lpage>1102</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied fecundity, survival, and growth of the seahorse Hippocampus ingens under semi-controlled conditions. Three wild brood stock mature males of 14.8, 24.5, and 32.0 g released 1 598, 1 703, and 1 658 juveniles. Juvenile stocking densities of 12 were settled in 60-l aquariums in groups of 1, 12, and 20 days old organisms. The rate of survival was 21.5, 61.9, and 59.0 %, respectively, in 35 days. Juveniles were fed a mix diet of rotifers B. plicatilis and Artemia nauplii, then they were transferred to a cement tank of 100 000 l at a density of 50/1 000 l and fed with live adult Artemia for 60 days more. They grew from an average of 0.7, 1.5, and 2.7 to 4.5, 5.4, and 6.7 cm, respectively, in 95 days. The seawater temperature varied from 17 to 23 ºC. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1099-1102. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la fecundidad, supervivencia, y crecimiento del caballito de mar, Hippocampus ingens en condiciones semi-controladas. Tres machos reproductores silvestres de 14.8, 24.5 y 32.0 g produjeron 1 598, 1 703 y 1 658 jóvenes. La densidad utilizada fue de 12 jóvenes por acuario de 60 l. Se agruparon en 1, 12 y 20 días de nacidos por acuario. La supervivencia fue de 78.5, 38.1 y 41.0 % en 35 días. Se les alimentó con una mezcla de rotíferos B. plicatilis y nauplios de Artemia para después transferirlos a estanques de 100 000 l a una densidad de 50/1 000 l, donde se les alimentó con Artemia adulta durante 60 días más. Crecieron de un promedio de 0.7, 1.5, y 2.7 a 4.5, 5.4 6.7 cm, respectivamente, en 95 días. La temperatura del agua marina utilizada varió de 17 a 23 ºC.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Hippocampus ingens</kwd>
<kwd>aquaculture</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>mortality</kwd>
<kwd>caballito de mar</kwd>
<kwd>Hippocampus ingens</kwd>
<kwd>acuicultura</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción, distribución y abundancia del pez Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Perciformes: Mullidae), en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa  </institution>
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<year>2006</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction, distribution and abundance of the fish Pseudupeneus grandisquamis (Perciformes: Mullidae), in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. As result of its biological and ecological strategies, Pseudupeneus grandisquamis is a dominant species in the demersal community of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Our main objective was to understand these strategies with respect to distribution, abundance and reproduction. We analyzed 5 175 individuals representing partial collections from five oceanographic expeditions between 1989 and 1990. It is a typical demersal marine species, with a wide distribution on the continental shelf. The highest abundance of P. grandisquamis occurs in March and November, around the 40 m isobath, facing the Superior-Inferior lake systems and Mar Muerto Lagoon. Reproduction occurred during all of the months studied, particularly from August to October, corresponding to the rainy season, when the salinity and temperature is lower. The presence of juveniles, principally in November and March, suggests a long period of recruitment; they are distributed mainly in the Superior-Inferior Lagoons, which serves as a nursery area where they remain until they are adults. The total female to male sex ratio was nearly 1:1 throughout the year. The maximum total length was 213 mm and the size at first maturity was 138 mm TL. The high abundance and reproduction occur when the gulf has a high level of ecological production, in accordance with the dynamics of the system, where the influence of coastal lagoons is important. Protection strategies for the area above the continental shelf of the Gulf of Tehuantepec are recommended for the estuary processes and for the reproduction and rearing of a large number of species, including P. grandisquamis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1103-1112. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Como resultado de sus estrategias biológicas y ecológicas, el pez Pseudupeneus grandisquamis es una especie dominante en la comunidad demersal del Golfo de Tehuantepec. Nuestro principal objetivo fue conocer estas estrategias con base en su distribución, abundancia y reproducción. Se analizaron un total de 5 175 individuos que forman parte de las recolectas de peces obtenidas en cinco cruceros oceanográficos realizados en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, México, entre 1989-1990. Es una especie demersal típicamente marina, con amplia distribución en la plataforma continental. La mayor abundancia de P. grandisquamis se presenta en marzo y noviembre, alrededor de la isobata de los 40 m y frente a los sistemas lagunares Superior-Inferior y Laguna del Mar Muerto. La reproducción de la especie se presenta durante todos los meses analizados, principalmente durante los meses de agosto a octubre, correspondiente a la época de lluvias. La presencia de jóvenes, principalmente en noviembre y marzo, sugiere un amplio periodo de reclutamiento durante estos meses cuya distribución se refleja principalmente en el área influenciada por las lagunas Superior-Inferior, que representa un área de crianza. La proporción sexual total hembras:machos fue prácticamente 1:1. La talla máxima en la región es de 213 mm y la talla de primera madurez es de 138 mm LT. La alta abundancia y reproducción se presentan cuando el golfo tiene alta producción, acorde con la dinámica del sistema, donde tiene gran relevancia la influencia de las lagunas costeras. Se sugiere aplicar estrategias de protección a las zonas sobre la plataforma continental del Golfo de Tehuantepec influenciadas por procesos estuarinos y que representan áreas de reproducción y crianza para un gran número de especies, entre las que se encuentra P. grandisquamis.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pseudupeneus grandisquamis</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>demersal</kwd>
<kwd>Tehuantepec</kwd>
<kwd>ecology</kwd>
<kwd>dominance</kwd>
<kwd>lagoons</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudupeneus grandisquamis</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>demersal</kwd>
<kwd>Tehuantepec</kwd>
<kwd>ecología</kwd>
<kwd>dominancia</kwd>
<kwd>lagunas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the time of initial sexual maturity and the fecundity of the goldfish Carassius auratus under semi-controlled conditions. During the study the water temperature fluctuated from 21 to 30 ºC, the pH between 7 and 8, and the dissolved oxygen between 5.5 and 7 ppm. Sixty days old juvenile fish received prophylactic treatments of brackish water (15 ‰) and methylene blue baths (1 %), and they were fed with live Daphnia magna. The initial sexual maturity occurred between 225 and 233 days of captivity. Mean absolute fecundity was 2 347 (&amp;plusmn; 302.2 SD) ova per gonad, and mean relative fecundity was 63.44 eggs/g fish weight. Gonadosomatic index was between 7.5 and 9.0. Our data will allow ornamental fish producers to calculate the time of initial maturity and fecundity for this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1113-1116. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos el tiempo inicial de madurez sexual y la fecundidad del pez dorado Carassius auratus en condiciones semi-controladas. Durante el estudio la temperatura del gua varió de 21 a 30 ºC, el pH entre 7 y 8, y el oxígeno disuelto entre 5.5 y 7 ppm. Jóvenes de 60 días de edad recibieron tratamiento profiláctico con agua salobre (15 ‰), y baños de azul de metileno (1 %). Se les alimentó con Daphnia magna. La madurez sexual inicial fue tras 225 a 233 días en cautiverio. La fecundidad absoluta media fue de 2 347 (&amp;plusmn;302.2 DS) óvulos por gónada y la fecundidad relativa fue de 63.44 óvulos/g del peso del pez. El índice gonadosomático se calculó entre 7.5 and 9.0.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>pez dorado</kwd>
<kwd>Carassius auratus</kwd>
<kwd>madurez inicial</kwd>
<kwd>fecundidad</kwd>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1117</fpage>
<lpage>1123</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The nightly activity patterns of Noctilio leporinus, a piscivorous neotropical bat, were documented by visual observation over one lunar cycle at a large dock in Golfito, Costa Rica. The activity patterns were compared to the intensity of the moonlight, and a strong correlation between darkness and activity was observed (n = 776, r² = 0.96). This correlation has been observed in many species of mammals and may indicate adaptation by potential prey species to avoid predation by visually oriented nighttime predators and/or an adaptation by predators to maximize hunting success. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1117-1123. Epub 2006 Dec. 15.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Documenté los patrones de actividad nocturna de Noctilio leporinus, murciélago piscívoro neotropical, mediante observaciones visuales durante un ciclo lunar en un muelle de Golfito, Costa Rica. Considerando la intensidad de la luz lunar, hubo una fuerte correlación entre la oscuridad y la actividad (n = 776, r² = 0.96). Esta correlación ha sido observada en muchas especies de mamíferos y puede indicar una adaptación de presas potenciales para evadir los depredadores nocturnos y/o una adaptación de los depredadores para maximizar el éxito de cacería</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Noctilio</kwd>
<kwd>piscivore</kwd>
<kwd>lunar phobia</kwd>
<kwd>moonlight</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>bat</kwd>
<kwd>foraging</kwd>
<kwd>Noctilio</kwd>
<kwd>piscívoro</kwd>
<kwd>fobia lunar</kwd>
<kwd>luz de luna</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
<kwd>murciélago</kwd>
<kwd>búsqueda de alimento</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Call frequency and movements of the gecko Hemidactylus frenatus were studied in Punta Morales, Costa Rica from April 1999 through May 2000. Call activity of H. frenatus was positively related to air temperature at night and throughout the year. Higher activity was at dusk, dawn, and during the hottest months. Call frequency was related with gecko abundance per month, although not during the night. More males and females had a regenerated tail compared to juveniles, the last ones could have it complete or regenerated. Females moved longer distances than males and juveniles. Adults were found higher on walls. Males and females were recaptured more times than juveniles, and the period of time between their recaptures was longer. Members of this population do not seem to be as aggressive to other geckos as mentioned in the literature. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1125-1130. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudié la frecuencia de canto y el desplazamiento de la lagartija Hemidactylus frenatus en Punta Morales, CostaRica. La frecuencia de canto se corelaciona positivamente con la temperatura ambiental durante la noche y con la temperatura a lo largo del año. La mayor actividad fue al anochecer, al amanecer y durante los meses más calurosos. La abundancia mensual de lagartijas se relacionó con la frecuencia de canto, no así la abundancia por noche. Las colas regeneradas son más frecuentes en hembras y machos que en las lagartijas jóvenes. Las hembras se desplazaron mayores distancias que machos y jóvenes. Los adultos se encontraban más alto en las paredes de los edificios. Los machos y hembras se recapturaron más veces que los jóvenes, y el tiempo entre recapturas fue mayor. Esta población no parece ser tan agresiva como se menciona en la literatura</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>call frequency</kwd>
<kwd>gecko distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Hemidactylus frenatus</kwd>
<kwd>autotomy</kwd>
<kwd>temperature</kwd>
<kwd>seasonality</kwd>
<kwd>frecuencia de canto</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>temperatura</kwd>
<kwd>estacionalidad</kwd>
<kwd>Hemidactylus frenatus</kwd>
<kwd>autotomía</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Breeding success of a colony of Boat-billed Herons Cochlearius cochlearius (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) in pasturelands of Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>Jaime</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gil-Delgado</surname>
<given-names>José A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monrós</surname>
<given-names>Juan S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Valencia Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva </institution>
<addr-line>Valencia </addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1131</fpage>
<lpage>1134</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The breeding success of a double-brooding colony of Boat-billed Herons Cochlearius cochlearius was studied in pasturelands of Costa Rica. Mean clutch size in the first clutches (2.9 eggs/nest) was higher than in second and repeat clutches (2.3 eggs/nest). Breeding success was similar in the first attempt and second attempts(20.7 % and 21.7 %, respectively). In both attempts earlier nests enjoyed a higher breeding success. Starvation of the youngest chicks within the nest and destruction of nests by bad weather conditions were the main factors related to nestling death. No effects of human activity on the reproduction of the breeding colony were observed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1131-1134. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos el éxito reproductivo de una colonia del ave Cochlearius cochlearius en una zona ganadera de Costa Rica. El promedio de huevos por nido fue mayor durante el periodo de primeras puestas (2.9 huevos/nido) que durante el periodo de segundas puestas y reposiciones (2.3 huevos/nido). El éxito reproductor de los dos periodos fue similar (20.7 % y 21.7 %, respectivamente). En ambos tuvieron más éxito las parejas que comenzaron la puesta antes. Las principales causas de mortandad fueron inanición de los pollos más jóvenes del nido y la destrucción de los nidos debido a condiciones climáticas adversas. No notamos efectos adversos por la actividad humana</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>boat-billed Heron</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlearius cochlearius</kwd>
<kwd>human activity</kwd>
<kwd>clutch size</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>starvation</kwd>
<kwd>Chocuaco pico cuchara</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlearius cochlearius</kwd>
<kwd>depredación, inanición</kwd>
<kwd>molestias humanas</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño de puesta</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
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<year>2006</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<fpage>1135</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Incidence and altitudinal distribution of 13 virus cultures in Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae) from Costa Rica. A survey was conducted in 30 fields located at three different altitudes in Cartago, Costa Rica’s main potato producing area. Twenty plants were sampled per farm, for a total of 600 samples with 200 samples per altitude. ELISA was used with commercial reagents to independently test for PVX, PVY, PVM, PVA, PVS, PLRV, PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT, APLV, APMoV and TRSV. The presence of the following viruses was determined: PVX (77 %), PAMV (62 %), PLRV (42 %), TRSV (42 %), PVT (39 %), PVV (37 %), PMTV (31 %), PVY (30 %), PVS (19 %), PVM (13 %), PVA (8 %), and APMoV (8 %). APLV was not detected in any sample. This is the first report in Costa Rica of the presence of the viruses PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT and APMoV. A high viral incidence in the tuber seed production area as well as a high rate of mixed infections is reported. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1135-1141. Epub 2006 Dec. 29</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Cartago, la zona productora de papa más importante de Costa Rica, se realizó un muestreo en 30 fincas ubicadas a tres altitudes. Se recolectaron 20 plantas por finca y 200 muestras por altitud. Todas las muestras se analizaron independientemente mediante ELISA, para PVX, PVY, PVM, PVA, PVS, PLRV, PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT, APLV, APMoV y TRSV, utilizando reactivos comerciales. Se identificó la presencia de PVX (77 %), PAMV (62 %), PLRV (42 %), TRSV (42 %), PVT (39 %), PVV (37 %), PMTV (31 %), PVY (30 %), PVS (19 %), PVM (13 %), PVA (8 %), y APMoV (8 %). No se detectó APLV en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Se informan por primera vez la presencia en Costa Rica de los virus PMTV, PAMV, PVV, PVT y APMoV. Se informa la alta incidencia viral en la zona dedicada a la producción de tubérculos como semilla y la alta tasa de infecciones mixtas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>potato viruses</kwd>
<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>DAS ELISA</kwd>
<kwd>TAS ELISA</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>seed potato</kwd>
<kwd>virus de la papa</kwd>
<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>DAS ELISA</kwd>
<kwd>TAS ELISA</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiología</kwd>
<kwd>semilla de papa</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fotosíntesis en tres poblaciones altitudinales de la planta andina Espeletia schultzii (Compositae)</article-title>
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<surname>Castrillo</surname>
<given-names>Marisol</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Depto. Biología de Organismos </institution>
<addr-line> Caracas</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1143</fpage>
<lpage>1149</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Photosynthesis in three altitudinal populations of the Andean plant Espeletia schultzii (Compositae). Photosynthesis was compared in three altitudinal populations of Espeletia schultzii: 3 100, 3 550 and 4 200 masl. The measured parameters were Rubisco activity (EC 4.1.139), chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble sugars contents, and specific leaf area (SLA). The 4 200 m population had a higher Rubisco activity (at 4 &amp;deg;C) followed by those at 3 550 m and 3 100 m. There were no significant differences between populations at 3 100 m and 3 550 m (ANOVA), but their activities were different from those of the 4 200 m population. Chlorophyll a content decreased slightly with elevation, while chlorophyll b was constant; therefore, the Ra/b ratio decreased with elevation, but not significantly. The leaf soluble sugars content increased along the altitudinal gradient. Leaf protein content did not differ. The SLA decreased with altitude. The increase in Rubisco activity might reflect higher enzyme activation and not higher enzyme protein. The increase in soluble sugars is probably associated to Rubisco activity. Three out of the five measured parameters revealed differences with altitude, suggesting a compromise between a higher metabolic activity and a smaller cellular volume. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1143-1149. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Resumen Se establece una comparación de algunos parámetros fotosintéticos: actividad Rubisco (Ribulosa 1, 5-bis-fosfato carboxilasa EC 4.1.1.39) contenidos de clorofilas, azúcares solubles totales y proteínas solubles totales y área foliar específica (AFE), en tres poblaciones altitudinales de Espeletia schultzii ubicadas a 3 100, 3 550 y 4 200 msnm. De acuerdo con el análisis de varianza la población a 4 200 m presentó una actividad Rubisco significativamente mayor que las otras dos, en cuyos casos los valores no fueron diferentes. Los contenidos de clorofila a presentan una leve tendencia a la disminución con la altura; mientras que la clorofila b se mantiene constante, razón por la cual la relación a/b (R a/b) disminuye con la elevación, aunque, las diferencias no son significativas. El contenido de azúcares en cada una de las poblaciones estudiadas (gm-2), aumenta con la elevación; las diferencias entre las poblaciones son significativas. Con relación al contenido de proteínas, no existen diferencias entre las poblaciones estudiadas. El área foliar específica (AFE) disminuye significativamente con la altura. Es probable que el incremento en la actividad Rubisco sea producido por una mayor activación de la enzima y no por el mayor contenido de proteína. Los azúcares solubles presentan incremento significativo, este hecho es probable que se encuentre asociado con la actividad Rubisco. De los cinco parámetros fotosintéticos medidos, tres presentan diferencias significativas asociadas con la altitud. Esto representa un compromiso entre una mayor actividad metabólica mantenida en un menor volumen celular</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>chlorophyll</kwd>
<kwd>Espeletia</kwd>
<kwd>paramo</kwd>
<kwd>rubisco</kwd>
<kwd>soluble proteins</kwd>
<kwd>soluble sugars</kwd>
<kwd>specific leaf area</kwd>
<kwd>clorofila</kwd>
<kwd>Espeletia</kwd>
<kwd>páramo</kwd>
<kwd>rubisco</kwd>
<kwd>proteínas solubles</kwd>
<kwd>azúcares solubles</kwd>
<kwd>área foliar específica</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A mast fruiting episode of the tropical tree Peltogyne purpurea(Caesalpinaceae)in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Kent State University Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Kent Ohio</addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago Cartago</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1151</fpage>
<lpage>1155</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The existence of mast fruiting has not been well documented in the Neotropics. The occurrence of a mast fruiting episode in the population of the tree Peltogyne purpurea in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica is described. In February and March of 2000 most of the trees of this species produced a large fruit crop, compared with 1995-1999, when the number of fruit producing trees was very low or zero and those that did bear fruit, did so at a low intensity. In contrast, the fruit crop of 2000 was massive, all trees examined produced fruits and the intensity of fruiting was maximal. There is not enough information on the event for a hypothesis to be formed because the climatic or biological cues that triggered this sporadic flowering are unknown and there is no meteorological data available for this area. Populations with this mode of reproduction may experience local extinction bacause of logging operations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1151-1155. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe un episodio de fructificación en masa en una población de Peltogyne purpurea de la Península de Osa, Costa Rica. En febrero y marzo de 2000, la mayor parte de los árboles de esta especie tuvo una gran cosecha de frutos. En los años anteriores, desde 1995, ninguno o muy pocos árboles produjeron frutos y la producción por árbol fue escasa. La cosecha del año 2000 fue masiva y todos los árboles examinados produjeron frutos abundantes. Este patrón reproductivo podría producir extinciones locales si la extracción maderera no lo toma en cuenta</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fruit production</kwd>
<kwd>masting</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>supraanual reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>Peltogyne purpurea</kwd>
<kwd>producción de frutos</kwd>
<kwd>fructificación mastal</kwd>
<kwd>fenología</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción supra-anual</kwd>
<kwd>Peltogyne purpurea</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Colegio de Postgraduados Programa de Botánica </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Ecología Departamento Productos Forestales </institution>
<addr-line> Veracruz</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<year>2006</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<fpage>1157</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anatomy of six species of Dryopteris ferns (Dryopteridaceae) from Mexico. Rhizome and foliar anatomy of the Mexican Dryopteris Adans. species were studied and compared with other Dryopteridaceae and other fern families to identify anatomical features with diagnostic value. The anatomy of rhizome, stipe, and blade is similar in species of the Dryopteris patula complex. The cells with un-lignified, thickened wall, with cap or U-shape around the meristeles belong to the collenchyma, in contrast with other fern families. Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. is anatomically distinguished from the other studied species by having more layers of sclerenchyma and meristeles on the stipe, and by the lack of sclereid nests on the rhizome. Dryopteris rossii C. Chr. and D. maxonii Underw. &amp; C. Chr. are characterized by the presence of crystals on the periphery of rhizome nests. D. maxonni and D. wallichiana lack blade glands. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1157-1169. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la anatomía del rizoma y hoja de especies mexicanas de Dryopteris Adans. y se comparó con la información disponible para Dryopteridaceae y otras familias de helechos en busca de caracteres anatómicos con valor diagnóstico. La anatomía de rizoma, pecíolo y lámina es similar en las especies del complejo Dryopteris patula. Las células con pared engrosada, no lignificada y en forma de casquete o de &quot;U&quot; presentes alrededor de las meristelas corresponden a colénquima, a diferencia de lo informado para otras familias de helechos. Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. se distingue anatómicamente de las otras especies estudiadas por presentar un mayor número de capas de esclerénquima y de meristelas en el pecíolo, además de carecer de nidos de esclereidas en el rizoma. Dryopteris rossii y D. maxonii se caracterizan por la presencia de cristales en la periferia de los nidos en el rizoma. Las glándulas en la lámina están ausentes en D. maxonii y D. wallichiana</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>blade</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteris</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>rhizome</kwd>
<kwd>stipe</kwd>
<kwd>anatomía</kwd>
<kwd>lámina</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteris</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>rizoma</kwd>
<kwd>pecíolo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Phenology, fruit production and seed dispersal of Astrocaryum jauari (Arecaceae) in Amazonian black water floodplains</article-title>
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<addr-line> Manaus</addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Institute for Limnology  </institution>
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<country>Germany</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1171</fpage>
<lpage>1178</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Astrocaryum jauari Mart. (Arecaceae) is one of the commonest palm species occurring in nutritionally poor Amazonian black water floodplains. It is an emergent or subcanopy tree that grows on river banks and slands, with a wide distribution along the entire flooding gradient, tolerating flood durations between 30 and 340 days. The species is important for fish nutrition in the floodplains, and is also used for hearts of palm. In the present study, the auto-ecology of A. jauari w,as analysed over a period of two years in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Rio Negro, Brazil, with a focus on phenology, fruit production, and seed dispersal. Fruit fall is annual and synchronized with high water levels, with a production of 1.6 ton of fruit ha-1. The fruits are eaten by at least 16 species of fish which either gnaw the pulp, fragment the seed, or ingest the entire fruit, thus acting as dispersal agents. Besides ichthyocory, barochory (with subsequent vegetative propagation) is an important dispersal mode, enhancing the occurrence of large masses of individuals in the Anavilhanas islands and in the region of maximum palm heart extraction near Barcelos</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Astrocaryum jauari Mart. (Arecaceae) es una de las especies más comunes de palma en las llanuras de inundación por las llamadas &quot;aguas negras&quot;, aguas ricas en taninos que tienen pocos nutrientes para la fauna. Habita el subdosel que se desarrolla en riberas e islas, con una distribución amplia en toda la gradiente de inundación (resiste entre 30 y 340 días bajo el agua). La especie es importante para la nutrición de los peces y en la producción de palmito. La autoecología de A. jauari fue analizada por dos años en el Archipiélago Anavilhanas, río Negro, Brazil, con énfasis en fenología, producción de frutas, y dispersores de semillas. La caída de los frutos es anual y sincronizada con el aumento de los niveles de agua, con una producción de 1.6 ton de fruta ha-1. Las frutas son comidas por al menos de 16 especies de peces que roen la pulpa o fragmentos de semilla, o ingieren la fruta entera y actúan como agentes dispersores. Además de la ictiocoria, la barocoria y la subsecuente progragación asexual son básicos para la alta densidad de la especie</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Astrocaryum jauari</kwd>
<kwd>floodplains</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonia</kwd>
<kwd>Anavilhanas</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>ichthyocory</kwd>
<kwd>barochory</kwd>
<kwd>Astrocaryum jauari</kwd>
<kwd>llanura de inundación</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonía</kwd>
<kwd>Anavilhanas</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
<kwd>ictiocoria</kwd>
<kwd>barocoria</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Posible influencia de los rametes en la estructura poblacional y distribución del árbol gigante Warszewiczia uxpanapensis, Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>José Francisco</given-names>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Programa de Investigaciones del Bosque Premontano </institution>
<addr-line>San Ramón </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Programa de Investigaciones del Bosque Premontano </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<year>2006</year>
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<fpage>1179</fpage>
<lpage>1188</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Possible influence of ramets on the population structure and distribution of the giant tree Warszewiczia uxpanapensis, Tilarán Mountain Range, Costa Rica. The distribution and population structure of Warszewiczia (=Elaeagia) uxpanapensis , a tree that reaches a height of 45 m, a DBH of 1.40 m and 8 m tall buttresses, was studied on two 1-ha plots of premontane pluvial forest. It had a frequency of 49 % and a mean dominance of 6.5 %. The adult distribution was random (mean distance to the nearest neighboring tree in plot 1, it was 14.26 m, n= 15; Clark-Evans Index (IC-E)= 1.07; in plot 2, it was 15.33 m, n= 18, IC-E= 1.34,). The seedlings represented 60.3 % of the sampled population (plot 1, n= 94; plot 2, n= 85). This species has a very high capability of propagating itself vegetatively through clones (&quot;ramets&quot;), which influence its distribution and population structure. With a ramet density in plot 1 of 0.8 and in plot 2 of 0.3/ 100 m², its propagation could be from fallen trees or branches (which also create clearings in the forest) or from standing trees and even live branches that produce adventitious roots. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1179-1188. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió los rametes, la distribución y estructura de la población de Warszewiczia uxpanapensis, en 2 ha de bosque pluvial premontano. Este árbol alcanza hasta 45 m de altura, DAPs hasta de 1.40 m y gambas de 8 m de altura. Su frecuencia fue de 49 % y su cobertura promedio de 6.5 %. La distribución de los adultos fue aleatoria (distancia promedio al vecino más cercano en la parcela 1 de 14.26 m, IC-E= 1.07, n= 15 en la parcela 2 de 15.33 m, n= 18, IC-E= 1.34). Sus plántulas representaron el 60.3 % de la población estudiada (parcela 1, n= 94; parcela 2, n= 85). Se descubrió que esta especie tiene una alta capacidad de propagarse vegetativamente por rametes, los cuales influyen en la estructura de población y distribución de la especie (con una densidad de rametes parcela 1, 0.8 y parcela 2, 0.3 rametes/100 m²). Su propagación vegetativa puede ser a partir de troncos caídos o ramas desprendidas (las cuales abren claros en el bosque), rebrotes de árboles, o ramas todavía adheridas a los árboles que son capaces de producir raíces adventicias aéreas</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>clone</kwd>
<kwd>damage</kwd>
<kwd>population structure</kwd>
<kwd>ramets</kwd>
<kwd>Rubiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>vegetative propagation</kwd>
<kwd>clon</kwd>
<kwd>daños</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de población</kwd>
<kwd>rametes</kwd>
<kwd>Rubiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>propagación vegetativa</kwd>
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<institution>,Boston University College of Arts and Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Orotina </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Tufts University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Northern Arizona University College of Arts and Sciences </institution>
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<country>USA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In order to understand the implications of agriculture on the environment, ecosystem health must be measured. Observing the presence of a biological indicator within an ecosystem is one such method. In this study, male euglossine bees were observed using as attractant cineole 1:8, at adjacent organic (La Paz) and conventional (La Carena) coffee farms near the Northern Barranca River, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Simultaneous data collections were conducted on both farms in April 2004 (late-dry season) and June 2004 (early-rainy season) and combined with the findings of August 2004 (mid-rainy season). These observations show that orchid bees are a viable bio-indicator of organic farm health on a seasonal basis. In the dry season there was no significant difference in orchid bee abundance between the two farms. There is a strong tendency for more bees during the rainy season, suggesting that orchid bee abundance is linked to seasonality and forest access. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1189-1195. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el propósito de entender las implicaciones de la agricultura orgánica (en comparación con la tradicional) para el &quot;estado de salud ambiental&quot;, usamos aceite de eucalipto (1:8-cineole), para monitorear la abundancia de machos de abejas de las orquídeas (euglosinas) como posibles bioindicadores. Comparamos una finca de café orgánico (La Paz) y una tradicional (La Carena), cerca del Río Barranca en San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Las tomas simultáneas de datos fueron realizadas en ambas fincas en abril del 2004 (a finales de la estación seca), en junio del 2004 (a principios de la estación lluviosa) y en agosto del 2004 (a mediados de la estación lluviosa). Estas abejas pueden ser bioindicadores viables de la salud de las fincas orgánicas de café (en comparación con las tradicionales) durante la estación lluviosa. Durante la estación seca no se mostró una diferencia significativa en la abundancia de las abejas de orquídeas, entre una y otra finca. Hubo un número significativo de euglosinas en las fincas orgánicas durante la estación lluviosa; sugiriendo que el aumento está vinculado con la estacionalidad y el acceso al bosque en su hábitat natural</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>orchid bees</kwd>
<kwd>Euglossa</kwd>
<kwd>deforestation</kwd>
<kwd>organic agriculture</kwd>
<kwd>bio-indicator</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>abejas de las orquídeas</kwd>
<kwd>Euglossa</kwd>
<kwd>deforestación</kwd>
<kwd>agricultura orgánica</kwd>
<kwd>bioindicadores</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal de Santa Maria  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidade Federal do Paraná Departamento de Zoologia </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A two year study of dung beetles and ants acting on scats of two species of opossum (Didelphis spp.) was carried out. Scats were left in the field in order to detect post-dispersal agents. A portion of each scat (30 %) was examined for seeds in the laboratory. Beetles were recovered from burrows (51 % of 84 faecal samples left in the field) where they either buried scats of opossums or were attracted, together with ants, to pitfalls (N= 10) baited with opossum scats. Dung beetles were the main post-dispersal agents of seeds found in scats of opossums, rolling the scats away or burying then on the site of deposition. They buried faeces at 4 to 15 cm in depth (N= 22 tunnels). The main dung beetles identified (medium to large size) were Eurysternus (28.7 % in pitfalls) and Dichotomius (13.7 %), Coprophanaeus (seen only directly on faeces), besides small-bodied beetles (&amp;lt;10 mm; 57.6 %). The ant Acromirmex sp. transported some seeds from scats. This species was present in 25.5 % of all Formicidae samples (pitfall). These post-dispersal agents contribute to avert scat seed predators such as rodents, and to accelerate seed bank formation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1197-1203. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Por dos años estudiamos los escarabajos coprófagos y las hormigas que actúan en las heces de zarigüellas (Didelphis). Se dejaron excrementos en el campo para descubrir los agentes secundarios de dispersión. Una parte de cada excremento (30 %) fue analizada en laboratorio para estimar el número de semillas. Se recolectaron escarabajos del suelo (51 % de 84 excrementos dejados en el campo). También capturamos escarabajos y hormigas con trampas (N= 10). Los escarabajos coprófagos son los principales agentes secundarios de dispersión. Ruedan los excrementos o los entierran a 4-15 cm de profundidad (N= 22 túneles). Los escarabajos coprófagos de mayor tamaño fueron Eurysternus cyanescens (28.7 % en trampas), Dichotomius assifer (13.7 %) y Coprophanaeus saphirinus (sólo visto en madrigueras y directamente sobre los excrementos). Los escarabajos de menos de 10 mm fueron el 57.6 %. La hormiga Acromirmex sp. fue 25.5 % del total de hormigas capturadas en trampas. Hallamos varias especies de semillas en los excrementos, muchos de ellos enterrados por los escarabajos, y algunas fueron extraídas por las hormigas. Estos agentes secundarios ayudan a evitar los depredadores de semillas (eg. roedores) y aceleran la formación del banco de semillas, pues no las comen</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Seed dispersal</kwd>
<kwd>post dispersal insects</kwd>
<kwd>dung beetles</kwd>
<kwd>ants</kwd>
<kwd>marsupials</kwd>
<kwd>small mammals</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión de semillas</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>escarabajos coprófagos</kwd>
<kwd>hormigas</kwd>
<kwd>marsupiales</kwd>
<kwd>mamíferos pequeños</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Consumo de hojas por herbívoros en manglares del estuario del Río Dagua, Costa Pacífica Colombiana</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Valle Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line> Cali</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad del Valle  </institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad del Valle  </institution>
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1205</fpage>
<lpage>1214</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Leaf consumption by herbivores in mangroves of the Dagua river estuary, Pacific coast of Colombia. Herbivore leaf consumption of various mangrove species in relation to environmental factors and leaf hardness were studied in the Dagua river estuary, Colombia. Leaf consumption and damage were assessed by measuring the percentage of area attacked by herbivores, distinguishing between consumption and damage. The species that suffered the highest consumption, such as Avicennia germinans (Avicenniaceae) and Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae), had softer leaves and less herbivore species when compared with Rhizophora spp. (Rhizophoraceae) and Pelliciera rhizophorae (Theaceae). The abundance and diversity of leaf grazing and its variability among mangrove species in the Dagua River estuary, show the importance of the trophic dynamics of live vegetable matter, in spite of their relatively low contribution to removing organic matter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1205-1214. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el consumo foliar por herbívoros en hojas de varias especies de mangle con relación a los factores ambientales y la dureza de las hojas en el estuario del río Dagua. La intensidad del consumo o de los daños producidos en las hojas se cuantificó determinando el porcentaje de área foliar afectado por herbívoros separando las distintas señales de consumo o daño de las hojas. Las especies más consumidas, como A germinans y L. racemosa, presentan el menor número de tipos de huellas de daños y menor dureza que las especies menos consumidas como Rhizophora sp. y P. rhizophorae. La abundancia y diversidad de huellas de ataque por herbívoros y su variabilidad a lo largo del estuario del río Dagua, muestra la importancia de los procesos de consumo de tejido vegetal vivo en el bosque de manglar dentro de la red trófica del sistema estuarino</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>leaf grazing</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>estuaries</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>herbivoría</kwd>
<kwd>consumo de hojas</kwd>
<kwd>ramoneo</kwd>
<kwd>mangle</kwd>
<kwd>estuarios</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Establecimiento y desarrollo de plántulas de Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) en una selva subcaducifolia manejada de la costa Pacífica de México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mora Santacruz</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Valdez Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Juan Ignacio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ángeles Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Gregorio</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Musálem Santiago</surname>
<given-names>Miguel Ángel</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vaquera Huerta</surname>
<given-names>Humberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Universitario de Ciencia Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad de Guadalajara Departamento de Producción Forestal</institution>
<addr-line> Jalisco</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Colegio de Postgraduados Programa Forestal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,INIFAP Coordinador Nacional Proyecto Sierra Madre </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Colegio de Postgraduados Coordinador Nacional Proyecto Sierra Madre </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1215</fpage>
<lpage>1225</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Establishment and development of Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) seedlings in a semideciduous tropical forest under management, Pacific coast of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of soil &quot;scarification&quot; and vegetation clearing treatments on the natural regeneration and initial development of Tabebuia rosea (Bertold) DC. seedlings in a moderate sized semideciduous tropical forest subjected to wood harvesting on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico. The treatments were applied under &quot;seed&quot; trees, and the number of germinated seedlings and their development were evaluated for nine months. Soil &quot;scarification&quot; promoted seed germination and initial seedling development, while the control of the competing vegetation increased the seedling growth and reduced their mortality. These results should be taken into account for the natural regeneration of this species, after clearing, to improve wood production, and should be incorporated into the silvicultural techniques currently developed in the region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1215-1225. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Evaluamos el efecto de los tratamientos de remoción de suelo y roza de vegetación sobre el establecimiento y desarrollo inicial de la regeneración natural de Tabebuia rosea (Bertold) DC. en una selva mediana subcaducifolia sometida a aprovechamiento maderable en la costa de Jalisco, México. Los tratamientos se aplicaron bajo la copa de árboles &quot;semilleros&quot; y se evaluó el número de plántulas emergidas y su desarrollo durante nueve meses. El tratamiento de remoción de suelo favoreció la emergencia de plántulas y su desarrollo inicial, mientras que el control de la vegetación competidora promovió un mayor crecimiento y menores porcentajes de mortalidad. Estos aspectos deben tomarse en cuenta para la regeneración natural de la especie después de la aplicación de las cortas con fines de aprovechamiento maderable y se sugiere incorporarlos a las técnicas silvícolas que actualmente se desarrollan en la zona</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>semideciduous tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>Mexican Pacific coast</kwd>
<kwd>natural regeneration</kwd>
<kwd>soil scarification</kwd>
<kwd>seedling growth and mortality</kwd>
<kwd>Tabebuia rosea</kwd>
<kwd>Selva mediana subcaducifolia</kwd>
<kwd>costa del Pacífico</kwd>
<kwd>regeneración natural</kwd>
<kwd>remoción de suelo</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo inicial</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad de plántulas</kwd>
<kwd>Tabebuia rosea</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Alimentación del pez insectívoro neotropical Creagrutus bolivari (Pisces: Characidae) según los métodos gráfico y de importancia relativa</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Univ. Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Experimental </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Univ. Central de Venezuela Instituto de Zoología Tropical </institution>
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1227</fpage>
<lpage>1239</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diet of the neotropical insectivorous fish Creagrutus bolivari (Pisces: Characidae) according to the &quot;graphic&quot; and &quot;relative importance&quot; methods. The diet of a neotropical fish species (Creagrutus bolivari) was studied using different methods: the Cortés 1997 graphic method and two relative importance indexes, one designed by George and Hadley in 1979 (% RIi) and another proposed by Cortés in 1997 (% IRIi). Only discrete prey (aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates) were used in the diet analysis. The occurrence (% A), number (% N) and weight (% G) frequencies were estimated for each food item. A total of 240 specimens (size range from 25.3 to 64.7 mm standard length) were analyzed. For values of % A &gt; 50 %, % IRIi was higher than % RIi with an opposite trend (up to 130 times) for values of % A &amp;lt; 50 %. % IRIi overestimated the relative importance of prey for high values of % A, while it underestimated the relative importance of prey for low values of % A, showing a nonlinear relationship to % A. The variables used in the Cortés graphic method are insufficient to evaluate predator feeding strategy (generalization versus specialization). Therefore, we suggest including other variables, such as population and individual trophic niche breadth and a suitable field sampling record. An extended sampling record is necessary to classify prey as rare or dominant according to Cortés’ classification. The indexes of relative importance and graphic method are complementary. Compound indexes that comprise mass, number, and occurrence provide a more accurate description of diet and allow comparative studies. The graphic analysis is easy to interpret and helps in the evaluation of prey importance and predator feeding strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1227-1239. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la alimentación de un pez neotropical (Creagrutus bolivari) usando diferentes métodos: el método gráfico de Cortés (1997) y dos índices de importancia relativa (George y Hadley, 1979 (% RIi) y Cortés, 1997 (% IRIi)). Sólo las presas discretas (invertebrados acuáticos y terrestres) se emplearon en el análisis de dieta. Se estimó ara cada ítem, las frecuencias de aparición (% A), numérica (% N) y gravimétrica (% G). Se analizó un total de 240 ejemplares (intervalo de talla desde 25.3 hasta 64.7 mm de longitud estándar). Para valores de % A &gt; 50 %, el % IRIi resultó mayor al obtenido para el % RIi, con una tendencia opuesta (hasta 130 veces) para valores de % A por debajo del 50 %. El % IRIi sobreestimó la importancia relativa de las presas para valores altos de % A, mientras que subestimó la importancia relativa de las presas para valores bajos de % A y mostró un comportamiento no lineal a medida que varió el % A. Las variables empleadas en el método gráfico de Cortés son insuficientes para evaluar la estrategia alimentaria del depredador (generalismo-especialismo). De este modo, se sugiere incluir otras variables como el ancho de nicho trófico poblacional e individual así como un adecuado registro de campo. Es necesario un amplio registro de campo para clasificar a las presas como escasa o dominante de acuerdo a la clasificación de Cortés. Los índices compuestos que incluyen las variables: masa, número y aparición proporcionan una descripción más precisa de la dieta y permiten realizar estudios comparativos. El análisis gráfico es fácil de interpretar y ayuda a evaluar aspectos como la importancia de la presa y la estrategia alimentaria del depredador</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diet analysis</kwd>
<kwd>index of relative importance</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropical fish</kwd>
<kwd>Characidae</kwd>
<kwd>Creagrutus</kwd>
<kwd>análisis de dieta</kwd>
<kwd>índice de importancia relativa</kwd>
<kwd>peces neotropicales</kwd>
<kwd>Characidae</kwd>
<kwd>Creagrutus</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de la temperatura superficial y la salinidad en el reclutamiento del camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Decapoda: Penaeidae), en la Sonda de Campeche, Golfo de México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
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<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1241</fpage>
<lpage>1245</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Impact of surface temperature and salinity on the recruiting of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Decapoda: Penaeidae), in Sonda de Campeche, Gulf of Mexico. We studied the long term effects of two environmental variables, salinity and surface temperature, on the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) population in the southern Gulf of Mexico, considering the relationship between recruiting and the concurrent shrimp stock depletion of the last two decades. Our data were collected from 1969 to 1991. Recruitment has been clearly declining, particularly in the 1970s, with an accentuated drop since the 1980s. Sea surface temperatures have steadily risen, particularly since 1972. The temperature difference between the mid 1970s and the late 1980s is 0.5 &amp;deg;C. Salinity decreased throughout the period. From a long term perspective, recruitment is negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with salinity. The effects of temperature and salinity are statistically significant, explaining 52 % and 55 % of the variation in recruitment, respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1241-1245. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de variables ambientales en la población de camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus duorarum en la Sonda de Campeche, al sur del Golfo de México, se analizaron los patrones de variación del reclutamiento, la salinidad y la temperatura superficial de 1969 a 1991. El reclutamiento muestra una clara tendencia decreciente desde la década de los años setenta, con una disminución acentuada desde los años ochenta. La temperatura superficial muestra una tendencia al aumento, particularmente desde 1972. La diferencia entre la temperatura a mediados de los setenta y finales de los ochenta fue de 0.5 &amp;deg;C. A lo largo del periodo de estudio la salinidad disminuyó. En el largo plazo, el reclutamiento muestra correlación negativa con la temperatura superficial y positiva con la salinidad. Los efectos de estas variables son estadísticamente significativos, explicando respectivamente el 52 % y 55 % de la variación del reclutamiento y, aunque no implican relaciones causa-efecto, sugieren simultaneidad de cambio</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>pink shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>Farfantepenaeus duorarum</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>recruitment</kwd>
<kwd>temperature</kwd>
<kwd>camarón rosado</kwd>
<kwd>Farfantepenaeus duorarum</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de México</kwd>
<kwd>reclutamiento</kwd>
<kwd>temperatura</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La ecología alimentaria del pez endémico Girardinichthys multiradiatus (Cyprinidontiformes: Goodeidae), en el Parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas </institution>
<addr-line>Cuernavaca Morelos</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The feeding ecology of the endemic fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus (Cyprinidontiformes: Goodeidae) in Lagunas of Zempoala National Park, Mexico. Girardinichthys multiradiatus, locally known as &quot;mexcalpique&quot;, is a small endemic fish of the Lerma river basin. Its presence in lakes (Zempoala) suggests a long-standing connection between these lakes and the river basin. The current range of this species in the Mexico and Toluca valley appears to have been reduced, making this park a refuge for the species. Nevertheless, little is known about its biology. We studied its diet and feeding habits in Acoyotongo Lake, Lagunas de Zempoala National Park (19°01’30&quot;-19°06’ N, 99°16’20&quot;-99°21’ W) where seasonal collections were carried out. The gut contents of 97 specimens were identified to the most specific taxonomic category possible and analyzed with numeric and frequency of occurrence methods. The general diet of this species consists of twelve dietary components, eleven of which are of animal origin. Hymenopterans, springtails and chironomids represented the highest percentage of ingestion and preference. G. multiradiatus is as a carnivorous species with entomophagous tendencies. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1247-1255. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Girardinichthys multiradiatus, conocido comúnmente como &quot;mexcalpique&quot; un pequeño pez endémico de la cuenca del río Lerma, cuya presencia en el parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala, sugiere una antigua conexión entre estos lagos y la cuenca. El área de distribución actual en la porción del valle de México y Toluca se ha visto reducida, por lo que este parque representa un refugio para la especie. Sin embargo, se conoce poco de la biología del mexcalpique. Presentamos datos sobre su dieta y hábitos alimentarios. El estudio se realizó en el Lago Acoyotongo del Parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala mediante muestreos estacionales. La identificación del contenido estomacal (97 ejemplares) se llevó hasta el taxón más específico posible. Para la cuantificación se utilizaron los métodos numérico y frecuencia de aparición. La dieta general de esta especie se encuentra constituida por doce componentes alimenticios, de los cuales once son de origen animal. Himenópteros, colémbolos y quironómidos fueron los que presentaron los mayores porcentajes de ingestión y preferencia. Esta es una especie carnívora con tendencias insectívoras</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Goodeidae</kwd>
<kwd>Girardinichthys multiradiatus</kwd>
<kwd>Zempoala</kwd>
<kwd>feeding ecology</kwd>
<kwd>carnivorous</kwd>
<kwd>Goodeidae</kwd>
<kwd>Girardinichthys multiradiatus</kwd>
<kwd>Zempoala</kwd>
<kwd>ecología alimentaria</kwd>
<kwd>carnívoro</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Flujos de biomasa y estructura de un ecosistema de surgencia tropical en La Guajira, Caribe colombiano</article-title>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Magdalena  </institution>
<addr-line> Santa Marta</addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Biología CECIMAR</institution>
<addr-line>Santa Marta </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,ZMT (Center for Tropical Marine Ecology  </institution>
<addr-line>Bremen </addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A00">
<institution>,Instituto del Mar de Perú (IMARPE Área de Evaluación y Producción Secundaria </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1257</fpage>
<lpage>1282</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biomass flow and structure of a tropical upwelling ecosystem in La Guajira, Colombian Caribbean. La Guajira is an exploited tropical upwelling ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean coast. A trophic model of 27 functional groups was constructed using the ECOPATH 5.0 Beta software to integrate the available information on the ecosystem. The model allowed a comparison with other trophic flow models of upwelling ecosystems. Total system biomass (68 t/km²/year), net system production (1248.5 t/km²/year), and total system throughput (3 275 t/km²/year) make La Guajira moderate when compared with other systems. The largest amount of energy throughput is achieved from trophic level I to II (68.93 %), although an important proportion of the total flow originates from detritus (32 %). The production/respiration ratio exceeds 1, suggesting that La Guajira is an immature ecosystem and is in development, as determined by its low ascendency (33.7 %) and high development capacity (66.3 %), similar to other upwellings that have values of ascendency between 20 % and 35 %. Although the basic input data were good and covered 1995 to 2000, appropriate information is still not available on some trophic groups such as biomass (for phytoplankton, invertebrates, catfishes and pelagic predator fishes), secondary production data (invertebrates, pelagic predator fishes, and small pelagic fishes), and seabird and mammal populations, which are top trophic levels and an essential part of upwelling ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1257-1282. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Guajira es un ecosistema de surgencia explotado en la costa del Caribe colombiano. Con el propósito de integrar la información disponible sobre el sistema se construyó un modelo trófico de 27 grupos funcionales usando el programa Ecopath 5.0 Beta. Se obtuvo una base cuantitativa para compararlo con otros sistemas de surgencia. La Guajira presenta una biomasa total de 68 t/km²/año, la producción primaria neta del sistema es de 1 248.51 t/km²/año y las transferencias totales del sistema son de 3 275 t/km²/año, lo que indica un ecosistema con una surgencia moderada comparada con otros sitios. Las mayores transferencias de energía se dan del nivel trófico I-II (68.93 %), aunque existe una importante proporción de flujos al detritus (32 %). Los resultados en los atributos de madurez del sistema sugieren que La Guajira es un ecosistema inmaduro debido a que la relación P/R excede a 1 y está en desarrollo debido a la baja ascendencia (33.7 %) y alta capacidad de desarrollo (66.3 %) como ocurre con otras surgencias donde se presentan valores de ascendencia entre 20 % y 35 %. Aunque los datos básicos de entrada en el modelo fueron buenos, gracias a las investigaciones que se han elaborado entre 1995 y 2000, existen algunos grupos donde no se encuentra aún información adecuada; especialmente en los valores de biomasa del fitoplancton, invertebrados, bagres, peces depredadores pelágicos, así como estimaciones de producción en invertebrados, peces depredadores pelágicos y peces pequeños pelágicos. No existe una cuantificación de las poblaciones de mamíferos y aves en el área de estudio, los cuales constituyen depredadores superiores y hacen parte esencial en sistemas de surgencia</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>trophic relationships</kwd>
<kwd>upwelling ecosystem</kwd>
<kwd>Ecopath</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biological and biochemical quality of the Artemia (Anostraca: Artemiidae) population from Real de Salinas saltworks, Calkiní, Campeche, Mexico. Cysts of Artemia spp. collected from February 1997 to February 2000 in the Real de Salinas solar saltworks, Campeche, Mexico, were compared with Artemia franciscana (batch number 8 131 Microfeast Artemia Cysts, Texas, USA). The variables determined in these two populations were: number of cysts per gram, hatching percentage, hatching efficiency, hatching rate, hatching synchrony and hatching biomass, as well as diameter of the cysts and length of the nauplii (instar I). For Salinas, the average diameters of the encapsulated and decapsulated cysts were 230.5±4.14 and 221.8±3.39 &amp;#956;m, respectively. The thickness of the cyst shell was 4.35±0.68 &amp;#956;m and the length of the nauplii was 388.11±4.39 &amp;#956;m, this last value is among the smallest reported in the literature. For the commercial population of A. franciscana, the average diameters of the encapsulated and decapsulated cysts were 230.21±12.49 and 216.96±13.71, respectively. With respect to the corion thickness and length of the nauplii the values were 6.62±2.72 and 424.70±30.08, respectively. The protein value of the cysts (47.91 %) and nauplii (50.5 %) of Artemia population from Real de Salinas, are considered adequate to be used as food in aquaculture. The results indicate that the population from Real de Salinas presents positive features for its use in aquaculture in the region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1283-1293. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizaron quistes de Artemia recolectados en períodos de febrero de 1997 a febrero del 2000 en las salinas de Real de Salinas, Campeche, México y como especie de comparación Artemia franciscana (lote No. 8131 Microfeast Artemia Cysts, Texas, EEUU.). Se determinó el número de quistes por gramo, porcentaje de eclosión (%H), eficiencia, tasa, sincronía y biomasa de eclosión, así como diámetro de quistes y longitud de los nauplios (instar I) de ambas poblaciones. Para la población de Real de Salinas, el diámetro de quistes capsulados y descapsulados en promedio fue de 230.5±4.14 y 221.8±3.39 &amp;#956;m, respectivamente. El grosor del corion de 4.35±0.68 &amp;#956;m y la longitud del nauplio de 388.11±4.39 &amp;#956;m, siendo este &amp;#970;ltimo de los m&amp;#945;s peque&amp;#961;os que se hayan publicado en la literatura. Para la poblaci&amp;#963;n de A. franciscana comercial, el diámetro del quiste capsulado y descapsulado presentó valores promedio de 230.21±12.49 y 216.96±13.71 &amp;#956;m, respectivamente. Respecto al grosor del corion y longitud del nauplio, los valores fueron de 6.62±2.72 y 424.70±30.08 &amp;#956;m, respectivamente. El valor proteico de los quistes (47.91 %) y nauplios (50.5 %) de Artemia de la población de Real de Salinas, se considera adecuado para uso como alimento en acuicultura. La población de Real de Salinas presenta bondades para su aprovechamiento en la acuicultura regional</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brine shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>live food</kwd>
<kwd>crustacean</kwd>
<kwd>nutrition</kwd>
<kwd>artemia cysts</kwd>
<kwd>artemia</kwd>
<kwd>alimento vivo</kwd>
<kwd>crustáceo</kwd>
<kwd>nutrición</kwd>
<kwd>quiste</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A new species of the zephyrinid nudibranch genus Janolus (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) from North America and Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Camacho-García</surname>
<given-names>Yolanda E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>M. Gosliner</surname>
<given-names>Terrence</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Zoología </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,California Academy of Sciences Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology </institution>
<addr-line> San Francisco</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1295</fpage>
<lpage>1305</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of zephyrinid nudibranch of the genus Janolus Bergh 1884 is described from the Pacific Coast of North America and Costa Rica. J. anulatus sp. nov. differs from other species of Janolus by its external and internal morphology. J. anulatus has a brown or white body with pink, white, and brown spots, smooth papillae epithelium at the base and papillated in the distal part, unbranched digestive gland ducts, smooth jaws, and smooth rachidian and lateral teeth. The species is compared with other species from the Panamic Province and the Western Atlantic. A new extension range of J. barbarensis is documented. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(4): 1295-1305. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Una nueva especie de nudibranquio zefirínido del género Janolus Bergh 1884 es descrita de la costa pacífica de Norte América y Costa Rica. J. anulatus sp. nov. difiere de otras especies de Janolus por su morfología externa e interna. J. anulatus tiene un cuerpo café o blanco con manchas rosadas, blancas o cafés, papila del epitelio lisa en la base y con papilas en la parte distal, ductos de la glándula digestiva no ramificados, mandíbulas lisas y dientes laterales y raquidios lisos. La especie es comparada con otras especies de la Provincia Panámica y el Atlántico Oeste. Una nueva extensión de ámbito de J. barbarensis es documentada</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Nudibranchia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Janolus</kwd>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Nudibranchia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Janolus</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Orbiniidae polychaetes (Polychaeta: Scolecida) from Coiba Island, eastern Pacific of Panama, with description of a new species</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>López</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cladera</surname>
<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>San Martín</surname>
<given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Biología (Zoología) Laboratorio de Biología Marina e Invertebrados</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1307</fpage>
<lpage>1318</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Santa Cruz and El Gambute, two mangrove systems with associated tidal flats, were sampled in Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Pacific of Panama. At each site, two samplings were done at low, middle and high intertidal levels in February and November of 1997. A new orbiniid species were found: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp. is characterized by having 15-16 thoracic chaetigers with four or five rows of uncini and up to three papilliform postchaetal processes on neuropodial lobes by the abdominal parapodia bearing flail-tipped neurochaetae, and by the presence on anterior-most abdominal chaetigers of interramal cirri and a low number of subpodial and stomach papillae. A specimen belonging to genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 is described as &quot;Leitoscoloplos sp.&quot;, characterized by the lateral pouches on its abdominal chaetigers, a unique case for the family because these brooding structures have only been previously cited in two species of Scoloplos. Naineris sp. is characterized by the number of its thoracic chaetigers, branchiae, uncini and bilobed abdominal neuropodia with protruding aciculae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1307-1318. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el Parque Nacional de Coiba, costa pacífica de Panamá, hay manglares con playas asociadas. Estudiamos la fauna de dos poliquetos orbínidos de Santa Cruz y El Gambute. En cada playa se eligieron puntos de muestreo al nivel de marea baja, media y alta y cada uno se realizaron dos muestreos, en febrero y noviembre de 1997. Encontramos individuos no identificables con certeza y una especie nueva: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp., la cual se caracteriza por tener 15-16 setígeros torácicos con cuatro o cinco filas de uncinos y hasta tres procesos postsetales papiliformes en los lóbulos neuropodiales, por los parápodos abdominales provistos de sedas en bayoneta y por la presencia en los setígeros abdominales anteriores de papilas estomacales en escaso número. Leitoscoloplos sp. se caracteriza por llevar bolsillos laterales en los setígeros abdominales, caracter único en el género y que en la familia solo ha sido citada en dos especies del género Scoloplos. Naineris sp. se caracteriza por el número de setígeros torácicos, sus branquias, sus uncinos y sus neuropodios abdominales, bilobulados y con la acícula sobresaliente</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>tidal flats</kwd>
<kwd>Tropical Eastern Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>Orbiniidae</kwd>
<kwd>brooding polychaeta</kwd>
<kwd>mangle</kwd>
<kwd>planos de marea</kwd>
<kwd>este del Pacífico Tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Orbiniidae</kwd>
<kwd>poliquetos que cuidan sus huevos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442006000400028</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Subfamily separation in the hemipteran family Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera). Gelastocoridae (Kirkaldy, 1897) has over 70 species in two subfamilies: Nerthrinae (Kirkaldy, 1898), genus Nerthra (Say, 1832) and Gelastocorinae (Champion, 1901), genus Gelastocoris (Kirkaldy, 1897). The position of the cephalic gland openings, presence and shape of the gular bridge and the number and position of abdominal spiracles, are presented as new morphologic diagnostic characteristics that support the argument used by Todd for the segregation of the subfamilies. The characteristics are described and illustrated on the basis of specimens from Laguna Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1319-1322. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420060004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442006000400029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Subchronic and acute preclinic toxicity and some pharmacological effects of the water extract from leaves of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae</article-title>
</title-group>
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<given-names>Mildred</given-names>
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<given-names>Teresita</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Escuela de Medicina Depto. de Fisiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Vicerrectoría de Investigación Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos</institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Programa de Investigación científica Aplicada (TRAMIL  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>1323</fpage>
<lpage>1326</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442006000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We tested the effects of the aqueous extract of Petiveria alliacea leaves on acute and sub-chronic toxicity, hematocrit and blood glucose level and intestinal motility of male albino NGP mice of 20 to 25 g mean weight. Treatments were in all cases doses of 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg animal weight and a control treatment with 0.5 ml distilled water, using 10 animals per treatment and administered orally every day (5 days per week). Experimental periods were 18 and 70 days for acute and sub chronic toxicity, respectively. No mortality nor any toxicity signs could be observed. A slight but significant increase in the glucose levels during the first three weeks was observed with the 1 000 mg/kg dose but not for the higher 2 000 mg/kg dose. After administering the doses once after a starving period of six hours, no significant differences in intestinal motility could be found. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (4): 1323-1326. Epub 2006 Dec. 15</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluaron los efectos del estracto acuoso de las hojas de Petiveria alliacea, en la toxicidad aguda y toxicidad subcrónica, hematocritos, niveles de glucosa en la sangre y motilidad intestinal del ratón macho albino NGP, con un peso promedio de 20 a 25g. En todos los casos los tratamientos fueron dosis de 1 000 y 2 000 mg/kg de peso del animal y un tratamiento control con 0.5 ml de agua destilada, usando 10 animales por tratamiento y administrado oralmente cinco días por semana. Los períodos experimentales fueron de 18 y 70 días para toxicidad aguda y toxicidad subcrónica, respectivamente. No se observaron signos de mortalidad ni de toxidad en ambas pruebas. Con la dosis de 1 000 mg/kg hubo un leve pero significativo incremento en los niveles de glucosa durante las primeras tres semanas, pero no con la dosis más alta de 2 000 mg/kg. Después de administrar las dosis luego de un período de hambre de seis horas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la motilidad intestinal</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Petiveria alliacea</kwd>
<kwd>Phytolaccaceae</kwd>
<kwd>sub-chronic toxicity</kwd>
<kwd>acute toxicity</kwd>
<kwd>diabetic intestinal motility</kwd>
<kwd>herbal medicine</kwd>
<kwd>traditional medicine</kwd>
<kwd>Petiveria alliacea</kwd>
<kwd>Phytolaccaceae</kwd>
<kwd>toxicidad sub-crónica</kwd>
<kwd>toxicidad aguda</kwd>
<kwd>motilidad intestinal diabética</kwd>
<kwd>hierba medicinal</kwd>
<kwd>medicina tradicional</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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</nlm-citation>
</ref>
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