S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600001 Organizing Committee Comité organizador , 12 2006 2006 54 vii vii
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600002 Special Acknowledgement Agradecimiento especial , 12 2006 2006 54 viii viii
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600003 Welcome Bienvenida LeGore Steve ,Executive Director 12 2006 2006 54 ix ix
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600004 Program for the 32nd Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean June 13 - 17, 2005 , 12 2006 2006 54 xi xi
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600005 Posters for the 32nd Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean June 13 - 17, 2005 , 12 2006 2006 54 xix xix
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600006 New records of parasites for culture Cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Perciformes: Rachycentridae) in Puerto Rico Bunkley-Williams Lucy Williams, Jr. Ernest H ,University of Puerto Rico USA ,University of Puerto Rico USA 12 2006 2006 54 1 7

Intensive aquaculture sometimes provides conditions favorable for parasites that are not ordinarily found on culture fishes in the wild, and the use of introduced stocks sometimes introduces non-indigenous species to the habitat. When officially asked about the culture of Cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) in Puerto Rico, the authors responded that it was unlikely to cause harm. It was assumed that a well-known culture facility in Florida would assure parasite-free stocks. Subsequent examinations of stocked juveniles surprisingly found parasites new to this fish. An outbreak of Slime-blotch disease, Brooklynella hostilis Lom & Nigrilli, 1970 (Dysteriida: Hartmannulidae) occurred in juvenile Cobia after they were shipped from Florida and stocked. This apparently represents a local parasite that took advantage of the weakened and/or crowded fish. The universal aquarium and culture superparasite, Marine Ich, Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 (Colpodia: Ichthyophthiriidae) was introduced with a shipment of juvenile Cobia from Florida. This may not be serious, since the parasite occurs worldwide, unless it represents a new strain to Puerto Rico. Marine Costia, Ichthyobodo sp. (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae) was introduced into Puerto Rico with juvenile Cobia shipped from Florida. This parasite has caused some severe problems in aquaculture hatcheries in Hawaii and Texas after it was introduced with cultured organisms. Thus far, it has not caused any problems locally, but Puerto Rico lacks the marine hatchery facilities where such outbreaks would occur. The question of whether it is established locally will have to wait the development of similar facilities in Puerto Rico. These three species of parasites represent new host records for Cobia. The non-indigenous Ichthyobodo sp. represents new locality records for the tropical Atlantic, Caribbean, and Florida and Puerto Rico. Cobia mature more quickly in culture than in the wild and thus female Cobia apparently mature sufficiently before harvest to attract wild male Cobia to the net pen culture facilities. This represents a potential source of parasite and disease infection for the cultured and wild fish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 1-7. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

En un criadero del pez Rachycentron canadum establecido en Puerto Rico a partir de especímenes de Florida hallamos parásitos nuevos. La enfermedad causada por Brooklynella hostilis Lom and Nigrilli, 1970 (Dysteriida: Hartmannulidae) podría indicar que un parásito local tomó ventaja de los peces debilitados y/o hacinados. También hallamos Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 (Colpodia: Ichthyophthiriidae), parásito cosmopolita. También llegó de Florida Ichthyobodo sp. (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae), el cual hasta ahora no ha causado ningún problema localmente, pero es un nuevo registro para el Atlántico tropical, el Caribe, Florida y Puerto Rico. Los tres parásitos son huéspedes nuevos de R. canadum. Aparentemente, antes de la cosecha las hembras maduran lo suficiente para atraer machos salvajes hacia los cultivos. Esto representa una potencial fuente de infección.

 parasites Cobia Brooklynella hostili Cryptocaryon irritans Ichthyobodo sp. Rachycentron canadum parásitos Cobia Brooklynella hostilis Cryptocaryon irritans Ichthyobodo sp. Rachycentron canadum Böhlke J. E Chaplin C. C. G Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters 1993 Austin^eTexas Univ. Texas Press Brock J. A LeaMaster B. R Lee C. S Lee C. S Su M. S Liao I. C An overview of pathogens and diseases in marine finfish hatcheries in Hawaii with comments on strategies for health management and disease prevention Finfish hatchery in Asia: Proceedings of finfish hatchery in Asia "9". TML Conference Proceedings 3 Finfish hatchery in Asia: Proceedings of finfish hatchery in Asia "9". TML Conference Proceedings 3 1993 Tungkaug^ePingtung Tungkaug Marine Laboratory, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute Bullard S. A Overstreet R. M Blood flukes (Sanguinicolidae) from fishes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Program and abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Blood flukes (Sanguinicolidae) from fishes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Program and abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2001 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H Diseases caused by Trichodina spheroidesi and Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora) in wild coral reef fishes J. Aquatic Animal Health 1994 6 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H New records of parasites for Cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) (Perciformes: Rachycentridae), being reared in eastern Puerto Rico Proc. Assoc. Mar. Labs. Carib 2005 32 Butsch R. S A list of Barbadian fishes J. Barbados Mus. Historical Soc 1939 7 Callahan H. A Litaker R. W Noga E. J Molecular taxonomy of the suborder Bodonina (Order Kinetoplastida), including the important fish parasite, Ichthyobodo necator J. Eukaryotic Microbiol 2002 49 Callahan H. A Litaker R. W Noga E. J Genetic relationships among members of the Ichthyobodo necator complex: Implications for the management of aquaculture stocks J. Fish Dis 2005 28 Chen S. C Kou R. J Wu C. T Wang P. C Su F. Z Mass mortality associated with a Sphaerospora-like myxosporidean infestation in juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum (L.), marine cage cultured in Taiwan J. Fish Dis 2001 24 Cladwell D. K Marine and freshwater fishes of Jamaica Bull. Inst. Jamaica Sci. Ser 1966 17 Claro R Claro R Características generales de la ictiofauna Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba 1994 Inst. Ocean. Acad. Cienc. Cuba y Cent. Inv. Quintana Roo Clavijo I Yntema J.A Ogden J.C An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands 1980 St. Croix^eU.S. Virgin Islands West Indies Laboratory Collette B. B Fischer W Rachycentridae FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes 1978 Vol. 4 Rome FAO Collette B. B Carpenter K.E Rachycentridae. Cobia FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes 2002 Rome FAO Erdman D. S Recent fish records from Puerto Rico Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib 1956 6 Erdman D. S Spawning patterns of fishes from the northeastern Caribbean. 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India 1968 20 Richards C. E Age, growth and fecundity of the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from Chesapeake Bay and adjacent mid-Atlantic waters Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc 1967 96 Randall J. E Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Miami 1967 5 Randall J. E Caribbean reef fishes Caribbean reef fishes 1968 Hong Kong Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Inc. Ltd Shaffer R. V Nakamura E. L Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 82 Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 82 1989 Todal J. A Nylund A Karlsbakk E A genetic and morphological study of Ichthyobodo spp. from marine and freshwater hosts. I: Diseases of fish and Shellfish. Abstract Book. European Association of Fish Pathologists A genetic and morphological study of Ichthyobodo spp. from marine and freshwater hosts. I: Diseases of fish and Shellfish. Abstract Book. European Association of Fish Pathologists 2001 International Conference on "Fish and Shellfish Diseases" 10-14. Sep. 2001 Dublin Urawa S Ueki N Karlsbakk E A review of Ichthyobodo in marine fishes Fish Pathol 1998 33 Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Parasites of offshore, big game sport fishes of Puerto Rico and the western North Atlantic Parasites of offshore, big game sport fishes of Puerto Rico and the western North Atlantic 1996 Mayagüez Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Marine major ecological disturbances of the Caribbean Infect. Dis. Rev 2000 2 BVI Tourist Board BVI Tourist Board 2005 a Scuba Sailing Scuba Sailing 2005 b History of ichthyology in Puerto Rico History of ichthyology in Puerto Rico Annotated list of species from the Puerto Rican Plateau Annotated list of species from the Puerto Rican Plateau References References Dennis G. D. III Annotated checklist of shallow-water marine fishes from the Puerto Rico Plateau including Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada Annotated checklist of shallow-water marine fishes from the Puerto Rico Plateau including Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada 2000 Gainesville^eFlorida Florida Caribbean Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey-BRD
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600007 Saharan dust - a carrier of persistent organic pollutants, metals and microbes to the Caribbean? Garrison V.H Foreman W.T Genualdi S Griffin D. W Kellogg C. A Majewski M. S Mohammed A Ramsubhag A Shinn E. A Simonich S. L Smith G. W ,U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg FL ,U.S. Geological Survey Denver CO ,Oregon State University Corvallis OR ,U.S. Geological Survey Sacramento CA ,University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago ,University of South Carolina Aiken SC 12 2006 2006 54 9 21

An international team of scientists from government agencies and universities in the United States, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), Trinidad & Tobago, the Republic of Cape Verde, and the Republic of Mali (West Africa) is working together to elucidate the role Saharan dust may play in the degradation of Caribbean ecosystems. The first step has been to identify and quantify the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), trace metals, and viable microorganisms in the atmosphere in dust source areas of West Africa, and in dust episodes at downwind sites in the eastern Atlantic (Cape Verde) and the Caribbean (USVI and Trinidad & Tobago). Preliminary findings show that air samples from Mali contain a greater number of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and in higher concentrations than the Caribbean sites. Overall, POP concentrations were similar in USVI and Trinidad samples. Trace metal concentrations were found to be similar to crustal composition with slight enrichment of lead in Mali. To date, hundreds of cultureable micro-organisms have been identified from Mali, Cape Verde, USVI, and Trinidad air samples. The sea fan pathogen, Aspergillus sydowii, has been identified in soil from Mali and in air samples from dust events in the Caribbean. We have shown that air samples from a dust-source region contain orders of magnitude more cultureable micro-organisms per volume than air samples from dust events in the Caribbean, which in turn contain 3-to 4-fold more cultureable microbes than during non-dust conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 9-21. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Un grupo internacional de agencias gubernamentales y universidades de los Estados Unidos, las Islas Vírgenes (EUA), Trinidad y Tobago, la República de Cabo Verde y la República de Mali (África Oeste), está trabajando en conjunto para elucidar el papel que el polvo del Sahara puede estar jugando en el deterioro de los ecosistemas caribeños. El primer paso ha sido identificar y cuantificar los Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes (POPs, por sus siglas en inglés), los metales traza y los microorganismos viables presentes en la atmósfera de las áreas fuente de polvo de África occidental y en áreas ubicadas en la dirección del viento, como el Atlántico este (Cabo Verde) y el Caribe (IVEUA y Trinidad y Tobago), durante los episodios de transporte de polvo. Resultados preliminares indican que las muestras de aire de Mali contienen mayor número y mayores concentraciones de pesticidas, bifenilos policlorinados (PCBs) e hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs) que las de los sitios del Caribe. Las concentraciones de POPs fueron similares en las muestras de USVI y de Trinidad. Se encontró que las concentraciones de metales traza fueron similares a las de la composición de la corteza, con un ligero enriquecimiento de plomo en Mali. Hasta la fecha, cientos de microorganismos cultivables han sido identificados en las muestras de Mali, Cabo Verde, IVEUA y Trinidad. Hallamos el patógeno de los abanicos de mar, Aspergillus sydowi, en las muestras de aire de Mali y en las muestras del Caribe durante polvaredas. Hemos demostrado que las muestras de aire provenientes de una región fuente de polvo, contienen más microorganismos cultivables por volumen -en órdenes de magnitud- que las muestras de aire tomadas en polvaredas en el Caribe, las cuales a su vez contienen tres a cuatro veces más microorganismos cultivables que aquellas tomadas cuando no hay polvaredas.

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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600008 A vision for regular, rapid assessments of the tropical northwestern Atlantic’s coral reefs Lang Judith C Ginsburg Robert N ,Ophelia ,University of Miami Florida USA 12 2006 2006 54 23 29

The Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program, consisting of non-fixed, transect- based visual surveys, provides "snapshot" characterizations of a number of structurally or functionally important benthic and fish indicators on tropical northwestern Atlantic (TNWA) coral reefs and Brazil. To ameliorate the confounding factors inherent in multiyear temporal variation, a region-wide collaborative program for conducting rapid reef assessments at regular (five-year) intervals in sites that are representative of each sub-region of the TNWA is proposed. Member institutions of the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean (AMLC) and individual colleagues are invited to join in developing the vision. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 23-29. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

El Programa de Evaluación Rápida del Atlántico y el Golfo (AGRRA, por sus siglas en inglés) consiste en sondeos visuales no-fijos, basados en transectos, que permiten caracterizaciones puntuales de un número de peces y organismos bénticos que sean estructural o funcionalmente importantes como indicadores en arrecifes del Atlántico tropical noroeste (ATNO) y de Brasil. Para disminuir los factores de confusión inherentes a variaciones temporales multianuales, se propone un programa de colaboración a nivel regional, que sirva para conducir evaluaciones rápidas de los arrecifes en intervalos regulares (cinco años), en los sitios que sean representativos de cada sub-región del ATNO. Se invita a las instituciones miembro de la Asociación de Laboratorios Marinos y del Caribe (ALMC), así cómo a colegas individuales para participar en el desarrollo de esta visión.

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N Summary of the colloquium and forum on global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazards, and history Proceedings of the Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards, and History Proceedings of the Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards, and History 1994 Miami Rosenstiel School Mar. Atm. Sci., Univ. Miami Ginsburg R. N Lang J. C Lang J. C Forward Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program 2003 Idjadi J. A Lee S. C Bruno J. F Precht W. F Allen-Requa L Edmunds P. J Rapid phase-shift reversal on a Jamaican coral reef Coral Reefs 2006 25 Kendall M. S Monaco M. E Buja K. R Christensen J. D Kruer C. R Finkbeiner M Warner R. A ). Methods Used to Map the Benthic Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands ). Methods Used to Map the Benthic Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands 2001 Silver Spring^eMaryland National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kramer P. A Lang J. C Synthesis of coral reef health indicators for the western Atlantic: results of the AGRRA program (1997-2000) Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program 2003 Lang J.C Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of Initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program 2003 Macfield M. D Kramer P. R The Healthy Mesoamerican Reef Ecosystem Initiative: a conceptual framework for evaluatin reef ecosystem health Proc. 10th Int. Coral Reef Symp 2005 Okinawa Marks K. W Lang J. C AGRRA Summary Products, version (10/2006) AGRRA Summary Products, version (10/2006) 2006 Marks K. W Klomp K. D Lang J.C Appendix Two Fish biomass conversion equations Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program Status of Coral Reefs in the Western Atlantic: Results of initial Surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program 2003 Precht W. F Aronson R. B Côté I Reynolds J Death and resurrection of Caribbean coral reefs: A paleoecological perspective Coral Reef Conservation Coral Reef Conservation 2006 Cambridge Zool. Soc. London, Cambridge University Press Robbart M. L Peckol P Scordilis S. P Curran H. A Brown-Saracino J Population recovery and differential heat shock protein expression for the corals Agaricia agaricites and A. tenuifolia in Belize Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2004 283 Roy R. E Akumal’s reefs: Stony coral communities along the developing Mexican Caribbean coastline Rev. Biol. Trop 2004 52 Semmens B. X Auster P. J Analysis of Caribbean-wide reef fish data using multilple community assembly rule models. 10th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Okinawa. Abstract Analysis of Caribbean-wide reef fish data using multilple community assembly rule models. 10th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Okinawa. Abstract 2004 West J. M Salm R. V Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management Conserv. Biol 2003 17 Williams I. D Polunin N. V. C Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on mid-depth reefs in the Caribbean Coral Reefs 2001 19
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600009 Relationship between anthropogenic impacts and bleaching-associated tissue mortality of corals in Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles) Nagelkerken I ,Radboud University 12 2006 2006 54 31 43

Chronic anthropogenic impacts can have a negative effect on coral health and on coral energy budgets needed for regeneration of lesions. I therefore hypothesise that during massive bleaching events, the degree of corals showing bleaching-related tissue mortality is higher in areas subject to chronic anthropogenic impacts than in relatively pristine areas. In the present study, the degree of bleaching and bleaching-related tissue mortality was estimated for eight abundant coral species in Curaçao, at the onset of a massive Caribbean bleaching event in 1995, and three months afterwards. To study the possible effects of anthropogenic disturbances, the study was done at four unpolluted control sites, two polluted sites (sedimentation, sewage), and four sites at the mouth of lagoons with outflow of nutrient-rich, warm and turbid seawater. No pattern of an overall difference in bleaching between impacted and control sites was found for the degree of bleaching. However, the percentage of corals showing bleaching-related tissue mortality was higher at the impacted sites than at the control sites for the total number of corals and for corals with < 50% of their surface area bleached. Highest and most significant values of tissue mortality were found at a reef site experiencing chronic pollution by raw sewage. The data thus suggest that unfavourable conditions caused by anthropogenic influences, such as increased sedimentation, eutrophication and seawater temperature, have an additional negative effect on the tissue survival of coral colonies during bleaching episodes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 31-43. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Los impactos antropogénicos crónicos pueden tener efectos negativos en la salud y en las cantidades de energía necesarias para la regeneración de lesiones en los corales. Mi hipótesis fue que durante los casos de blanqueamiento masivo, el grado en que los corales muestren mortalidades de tejido relacionadas con el blanqueamiento, será mayor en áreas sujetas a impactos antropogénicos crónicos que en áreas relativamente prístinas. Estimé los grados de blanqueamiento y mortalidad tisular en ocho especies de coral abundantes en Curaçao, durante el comienzo de un de blanqueamiento masivo en el Caribe en 1995 y tres meses después. El estudio se realizó en cuatro sitios control no contaminados, dos sitios contaminados (sedimentación, aguas residuales), y cuatro sitios en la boca de lagunas con aguas tibias, ricas en nutrientes y turbias. En general, no se encontró ningún patrónx de diferencias en el grado de blanqueamiento entre sitios. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de corales que mostraron mortalidad tisular relacionada con el blanqueamiento fue mayor en los sitios impactados que en los controles, tanto en el número total de corales como en corales con <50% de su superficie blanquedada. Los valores más altos y más significativos de mortalidad tisular se encontraron en un arrecife que experimentaba contaminación crónica por aguas residuales crudas. La información sugiere que las condiciones desfavorables causadas por la influencia antropogénica, como el incremento en la sedimentación, eutrofización y la temperatura del agua, tienen un efecto negativo adicional en la supervivencia del tejido de las colonias de coral, durante el blanqueamiento.

 Stony corals bleaching tissue mortality anthropogenic impacts Caribbean corales pétreos blanqueamiento mortalidad tisular impactos antropogénicos Caribe Waterkwaliteitsonderzoek Spaanse Water Waterkwaliteitsonderzoek Spaanse Water 1987 Curaçao Environmental Service Improvement of the environment and infrastructure of Spanish Waters and Caracasbay Improvement of the environment and infrastructure of Spanish Waters and Caracasbay 1991 Curaçao Grabowsky and Poort International Consulting Engineers Aronson R. B Precht W. F Macintyre I. G Murdoch T. J Coral bleach-out in Belize Nature 2000 405 Baird A. H Marshall P. A Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2002 237 Bak R. P. M Ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the Netherlands Antilles Bijdr. Dierk 1975 45 Bak R. P. M Lethal and sublethal effects of dredging on reef corals Mar. Pollut. Bull 1978 9 Bak R. P. 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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600010 The recent decline of Montastraea annularis (complex) coral populations in western Curaçao: a cause for concern? Bruckner A. W Bruckner R. J ,Office of Habitat Conservation USA 12 2006 2006 54 45 58

Shallow leeward reefs off the western end of Curaçao are dominated by extensive populations of M. annularis (complex). These species are larger in size (mean= 66 cm diameter) than all other species, with few small colonies (&lt;30 cm) and notable absence of recruits. In 1998, colonies of M. annularis (complex) accounted for more then 45% of all species >10 cm observed within transects, and most exhibited low levels of partial mortality (mean= 22.5%). These species were less abundant (38% of all colonies) in 2005. Partial mortality among live colonies of M. annularis and M. faveolata increased by 85% (mean = 42% partial mortality) and numerous dead colonies of M. faveolata and M. annularis were observed; M. franksi colonies were generally in excellent condition (14% partial tissue mortality). A high prevalence of coral diseases (3-30%) was documented among M. annularis and M. faveolata, while all other species were less frequently affected. Yellow band disease (YBD) emerged shortly after the 1995 bleaching event, and rapidly spread throughout all depths, with the highest prevalence between 1997-1999. YBD caused slow rates of mortality (=1 cm/month), but multiple focal lesions appeared on individual colonies, and these progressively radiated outward as they killed the colonies. By 2005, 44% of the tagged corals were dead; the remainder exhibited active YBD infections (21%) or were in remission (31.6%) but were missing on average >90% of their tissue. Although the incidence of YBD has declined since 2000, white plague (WP) prevalence was unusually high (4-12%) in 2001 and 2005, with affected colonies exhibiting recent mortality of up to 70%. Dead Montastraea spp. surfaces are being colonized by other corals, including poritids, agaricids, and other faviids, while recruits of M. annularis (complex) are absent. If diseases and other biotic stressors persist on these reefs, M. annularis and M. faveolata populations may undergo a decline similar to that observed in the 1980s among Caribbean acroporids. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 45- 58. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Los arrecifes someros a sotavento del oeste de Curaçao están dominados por extensas poblaciones de Montastraea annularis (complejo). Estas especies son mayores en tamaño (promedio= 66 cm de diámetro) que las otras especies, con algunas colonias pequeñas (&lt;30 cm) y una notable ausencia de reclutas. En 1998, las colonias de Montastraea annularis (complejo), representaban más del 45% de todas las especies de >10 cm observadas en transectos y la mayoría exhibió bajos niveles de mortalidad parcial (prom= 22.5%). En el 2005, fueron menos abundantes (38% de las colonias). La mortalidad parcial en colonias vivas de M. annularis y M. faveolata se incrementó en un 85% (promedio= 42% de mortalidad parcial) y se observaron numerosas colonias de M. annularis y M. faveolata muertas; las colonias de M. franski generalmente se encontraron en excelentes condiciones (14% de mortalidad parcial). Se documentó una alta prevalencia de enfermedades de coral (3-30%) en M. annularis y M. faveolata, mientras que las otras especies se vieron afectadas con menor frecuencia. La enfermedad de banda amarilla (BA) emergió poco después del blanqueamiento de 1995 y se dispersó rápidamente en todas las profundidades, alcanzando su mayor prevalencia entre 1997-1999. La BA causó mortalidades lentas (= 1cm/mes), con aparición de múltiples lesiones focales en colonias individuales; estas lesiones fueron creciendo progresivamente al tiempo que mataban las colonias. Para el año 2005, el 44% de los corales que se etiquetaron habían muerto; los restantes exhibían infecciones activas de BA (21%), o estaban en remisión (31.6%) pero habían perdido un promedio de >90% de su tejido. Aunque la incidencia de BA disminuyó a partir del 2000, la prevalencia de la plaga blanca (PB) fue inusualmente alta (4-12%) en el 2001 y 2005, provocando mortalidades recientes de hasta un 70% en las colonias afectadas. Las superficies muertas de Montastraea spp. han sido colonizadas por otros corales, incluyendo porítidos, agarícidos y otros fávidos, mientras que continúa la ausencia de reclutas de M. annularis (complejo). Si las enfermedades y otros estresores bióticos persisten en estos arrecifes, las poblaciones de M. annularis y M. faveolata podrían decaer de forma similar a como lo hicieron los acropóridos del Caribe durante la década de 1980.

 coral monitoring coral disease yellow-band disease white plague star coral Montastraea annularis (complex) Curaçao Caribbean monitoreo de corales enfermedad de corales enfermedad de banda amarilla plaga blanca coral estrella Montastraea annularis (complejo) Curaçao Caribe Adey W. H Burke R. B Holocene bioherms (algal ridges and bank-barrier reefs) of the eastern Caribbean Geol. Soc. Am. Bull 1976 87 Aronson R. B Precht W. F Allmon W. D Bottjer D. L Evolutionary paleo-ecology of Caribbean coral reefs Evolutionary Paleoecology: The Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary Change Evolutionary Paleoecology: The Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary Change 2001 New York^eNew York Columbia Univ. Press Bak R. P. M Engel M. S Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community Mar. Biol 1979 54 Bak R. P. 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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600011 The white band disease type II pathogen in Puerto Rico Gil-Agudelo D. L Smith G.W Weil E ,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras INVEMAR Santa Marta Magdalena Colombia ,University of South Carolina Aiken USA ,University of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 12 2006 2006 54 59 67

The white band disease type I (WBD-I) epizootic event of the early 1980’s resulted in significant changes in the structure and composition of coral communities throughout the wider Caribbean. The disease decimated populations of acroporid corals throughout their geographic distribution and it is still affecting the surviving and recovering populations of these corals in a number of localities in the wider Caribbean. The putative pathogen for this syndrome (WBD-I) was never identified. A second pattern of white band was described later as white band type II (WBD-II). A potential pathogen named Vibrio charchariae was identified but Koch’s postulates were never fulfilled. In this work, we present results of a preliminary approach to confirm the identity of the pathogen of WBD-II. During the fall months of 2004, samples of Acropora cervicornis with signs of WBD-II were collected from a small population in Mario reef, an isolated patch reef off La Parguera, southwest coast of Puerto Rico. Bacteria extracted from these samples were isolated in TCBS agar, grown in Glycerol Seawater agar, and then used to inoculate separated, healthy-looking colonies of the same population in the same reef. Isolation, culture, and inoculations of bacteria were conducted under controlled conditions within hours of collection, and no microorganisms that were not already in the reef community were introduced with these experiments. Some of the newly inoculated colonies developed the disease signs within 24 hr. These were subsequently sampled and bacterial re-isolated to be identified, thus complying with the first steps to fulfill Koch ’s postulates for this disease. Rates of advance of the disease signs varied between 0.5 and 2 cm/day. Preliminary analyses indicated that the potential cause of WBD-II is a Vibrio species very close to Vibrio harveyi, a synonymy of V. charchariae. All inoculated coral colonies that developed the signs of WBD-II, behaved as the naturally infected colonies, and all of them showed no signs of the disease after two months of the inoculation when water temperatures dropped due to winter in the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 59-67. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

El evento epizoótico de la enfermedad de banda blanca tipo I (WBD-I) al principio del decenio de 1980 causó cambios significativos en la composición de las comunidades coralinas a todo lo largo del Gran Caribe. La enfermedad eliminó altas proporciones de las poblaciones de acropóridos y aún hoy continua afectando la recuperación de sus poblaciones en muchas localidades. El agente causante de esta enfermedad (WBD-I) nunca fue identificado. Un conjunto de características diferentes de esta enfermedad fue descrito en 1998, como banda blanca tipo II (WBD-II), y la bacteria Vibrio charchariae fue identificada como la posible causante. Sin embargo, los postulados de Koch nunca se cumplieron. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de estudios preliminares para identificar el agente causante de WBD-II en el Caribe. Durante los meses de otoño del 2003 y 2004, recolectamos muestras de Acropora cervicornis con signos de WBD-II en Mario, un arrecife de parche aislado en La Parguera, costa sur occidental de Puerto Rico. Las bacterias extraídas de estas muestras fueron aisladas en agar TCBS, criadas en agar Glicerol Agua de mar y luego utilizadas para infectar colonias separadas sin signos de enfermedad en la misma población y localidad. El aislamiento, cultivo e inoculación de bacterias se hizo en condiciones controladas, y no introdujimos ningún microorganismo que no hubiera estado previamente en el arrecife. Algunas de las colonias inoculadas desarrollaron signos de la enfermedad en 24 hr. Tomamos muestras de estas colonias y las bacterias fueron nuevamente aisladas para ser identificadas y así completar los postulados de Koch. Las tasas de avance de los signos de la enfermedad variaron entre 0.5 y 2 cm/día. Preliminarmente confirmamos que la causa de WBD-II es una especie de Vibrio muy cercana a Vibrio harveyi, sinónimo de V. charchariae. Todas las colonias coralinas inoculadas que desarrollaron signos de WBD-II se comportaron como las colonias infectadas naturalmente y ninguna de ellas presentó signos de la enfermedad al cabo de dos meses, cuando las temperaturas del agua descendieron con el invierno.

 White Band Disease Type II Acropora cervicornis Vibrio harveyi Vibrio charchariae Koch’s postulates field Inoculations Enfermedad de Banda Blanca Tipo II Acropora cervicornis Vibrio harveyi Vibrio charchariae postulados de Koch inoculación en el campo Aronson R. B Precht W. F White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs Hydrobiol 2001 460 Ben-Haim Y Thompson F. L Thompson C. C Cnockaert M. C Hoste B Swings J Rosenberg E Vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov., a temperature-dependent pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol 2003 53 Bythell J Pantos O Richardson L. L Rosenberg I Loya Y White plague, white band, and other "white" diseases Coral Health and Disease Coral Health and Disease 2004 Berlin Springer Cervino J. M Hayes R. L Polson S. W Polson S. C Goreau T. J Martínez R. J Smith G. W Relationship of Vibrio species infection and elevated temperatures to yellow blotch/band disease in Caribbean corals Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2004 70 Geister J The influence of wave exposure on the ecological zonation of Caribbean reef corals Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef Symp 1977 1 Miami Gladfelter W. B White-Band disease in Acropora palmata: implications for the structure and growth of shallow reefs Bull. Mar. Sci 1982 32 Goreau T. F The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation Ecology 1959 40 Hughes T. P Catastrophes phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef Science 1994 265 Kushmaro A Rosenberg E Fine M Loya Y Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK -1 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1997 147 Peters E. C Yevich P. P Oprandy J. J Possible causal agent of ‘white band disease’ in Caribbean acroporid corals J. Invertebr. Pathol 1983 41 Ritchie K. B Smith G. W Preferential carbon utilization by surface bacterial communities from water mass, normal, and white-band diseased Acropora cervicornis Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol 1995 4 Ritchie K. B Smith G. W Type II white-band disease Rev. Biol. Trop 1998 46 ^sSuppl. 5 Smith G. W Hayasaka S. S Nitrogenase activity associated with Holodule wrightii roots Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1982 143 Weil E Rosemberg E Loya Y Coral reef diseases in the Wider Caribbean Coral Reef Health and Diseases Coral Reef Health and Diseases 2004 Berlin Springer-Verlag
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600012 Temporal and spatial dynamics of Lutjanus cyanopterus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) and L. jocu spawning aggregations in the United States Virgin Islands Kadison Elizabeth Nemeth Richard S Herzlieb Steve Blondeau Jeremiah ,University of the Virgin Islands 12 2006 2006 54 69 78

The Grammanik bank is a deep reef (35-40 m) located approximately 14 km south of St. Thomas USVI, on the southern edge of the Puerto Rico shelf. The relatively narrow 1.5 km long reef annually hosts spawning aggregations of several species of groupers, snappers and jacks. Until February of 2005, when temporary seasonal protection was offered by the Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, the bank was subject to moderate or heavy exploitation from fishers. Cubera snapper (Lutjanus cyanopterus) were observed aggregating on the Grammanik bank in relatively large numbers from 2003 to 2005 and dog snapper (L. jocu) aggregations were observed in 2005. The arrival and departure of these aggregations appeared to be seasonal and to revolve around the moon phase. Cubera snapper spawning seasonality coincided with that elsewhere in the Caribbean and off south Florida. Schools of up to 1000 fish of each species were observed as well as pre-spawning behavior and milt release. Aggregations of both species showed high site fidelity within seasons but cubera snapper aggregations sites moved between seasons. The authors recommend year-round closure of the Grammanik bank based on its importance as critical fish habitat and a multi-species aggregation area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 69-78. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

El banco Grammanik es un arrecife profundo (35-40 m) ubicado aproximadamente 14 km al Sur de St. Thomas (Islas Vírgenes EUA), en el límite sur de la plataforma de Puerto Rico. Este arrecife relativamente angosto y de 1.5 km de longitud, recibe anualmente agrupaciones de varias especies de meros, pargos y jureles, durante sus desoves. Fue objeto de explotación de moderada a alta por parte de los pescadores hasta febrero del 2005, cuando el Consejo de Pesca del Caribe le ofreció protección temporal. El pargo cubera (Lutjanus cyanopterus) fue observado en el banco Grammanik en agrupaciones numerosas entre el año 2003 y el 2005, a su vez, agrupaciones del pargo perro o pargo caucha (L. jocu) se observaron en el 2005. La llegada y partida de estos grupos parece ser estacional y estar relacionada con la fase lunar. El desove estacional del pargo cubera coincide con informes de otros sitios del Caribe y al Sur de la Florida, donde se observaron cardúmenes de hasta 1000 peces de cada especie, así como comportamientos previos al desove y liberación de esperma. Agrupaciones de ambas especies mostraron alta fidelidad al sitio en una misma estación, pero los sitios de agrupación del pargo cubera cambiaron entre estaciones. Los autores recomiendan el cierre del banco Gammanik durante todo el año, basados en su importancia como hábitat crítico para los peces y por ser un área de agrupación para múltiples especies.

 spawning aggregations cubera snapper dog snapper Lutjanidae MPA agrupaciones de desove pargo cubera pargo perro o caucha Lutjanidae Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP) Aguilar-Perera A Aguilar-Davila W A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper Epinephalus striatus in the Mexican Caribbean Env. Biol. Fish 1996 45 Allen G. R FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date 1985 Appeldorn M Nemeth R. S Vasslides J Scharer M The effect of fish traps on benthic habitats off La Parguera, Puerto Rico The effect of fish traps on benthic habitats off La Parguera, Puerto Rico 2000 Mayaguez Dept. Mar. Sci., Univ. Puerto Rico Beets J Friedlander A Stock analysis and management strategies for the red hind, Epinephelus guttatus, in the US Virgin Islands Proc. Gulf and Carib. Fish. Inst 1992 42 Bohnsack J. A Protection of grouper spawning aggregations Protection of grouper spawning aggregations 1998 Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Coastal Resource Div Burton M. L Brennan K. J Munoz R. C Parker Jr R. O Preliminary evidence of increased spawning aggregations of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) at Riley’s hump two years after the establishment of the Tortugas South Ecological Reserve Fish. Bull 2005 103 Carter J Perrine D A spawning aggregation of dog snapper, Lutjanus jocu (Pisces: Lutjanidae) in Belize, Central America Bull. Mar. Sci 1994 55 Carter J Marrow G. J Pryor V Aspects of the ecology and reproduction of the Nassau grouper, Epinephalus striatus, off the coast of Belize, Central America Gulf. Carib. Fish. Inst 1994 43 Claro R Lindeman K. C Spawning aggregation sites of snapper and grouper (Lutjanidae and Serranidae) species on the insular shelf of Cuba Gulf Carib. Res 2003 14 Coleman F Koenig C Collins A Reproductive styles of shallow-water groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the consequences of fishing spawning aggregations Env. Biol. Fish 1996 47 Colin P. L Reproduction of the Nassau grouper, Epinephalus striatus (Pisces: Serranidae) and its relationship to environmental conditions Env. Biol. Fish 1992 34 Colin P. L Longevity of some coral reef fish spawning aggregations Copeia 1996 1996 Colin P. L Shapiro D.Y Weiler D Aspects of the reproduction of two groupers, Epinephalus guttatus and E. striatus in the West Indies Bull. Mar. Sci 1987 40 Domeier M. L Colin P. L Tropical fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed Bull. Mar. Sci 1997 60 Gobert B Berthou P Lopez E Lespagnol P Turcios M. D. O Macabiau C Portillo P Early stages of snapper-grouper exploitation in the Caribbean (Bay Islands, Honduras) Fish. Res 2005 73 Heyman W. D Requena N Status of Multi-Species Spawning Aggregations in Belize. The Nature Conservancy Status of Multi-Species Spawning Aggregations in Belize. The Nature Conservancy 2002 Punta Gorda Heyman W. D Kjerfve B Graham R. T Rhodes K. L Garbutt L Spawning period J. Fish Biol 2005 67 Heyman W. D Graham R. T Kjerfve B Johannes R. E Whale sharks Rhincodon typus aggregate to feed on fish spawn in Belize Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2001 215 Johannes R. E Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1978 9 Johannes R. E Squire L Graham T Sadovy Y Renguul H Spawning aggregations of groupers (Serranidae) in Palau Spawning aggregations of groupers (Serranidae) in Palau 1999 The Nat. Conserv. Mar. Ser. Publ Lindeman K. C Pugliese R Walsh G. T Ault J Developmental patterns within a multispecies reef fishery: management applications for essential fish habitats and protected areas Bull. Mar. Sci 2000 66 Luckhurst B. E Site fidelity and return migration of tagged red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) to a spawning aggregation site in Bermuda Proc. Gulf Carib Fish Inst 1998 50 Luckhurst B. E Development of a Caribbean Regional Conservation Strategy for reef fish spawning aggregations Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 2003 54 Nemeth R. S Population characteristics of a recovering US Virgin Islands red hind spawning aggregation following protection Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2005 286 Nemeth R. S Kadison E Herzlieb S Blondeau J Whiteman E Status of yellowfin (Mycteroperca venenosa) and Nassau (Epinephalus striatus) grouper spawning aggregations in the US Virgin Islands with notes on other species Status of yellowfin (Mycteroperca venenosa) and Nassau (Epinephalus striatus) grouper spawning aggregations in the US Virgin Islands with notes on other species 2004 Olsen D. A LaPlace J. A A study of a Virgin Islands fishery based on a breeding aggregation Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 1978 31 Quant A Assessment of trap damage on coral reefs around St. Thomas USVI Assessment of trap damage on coral reefs around St. Thomas USVI 1999 St. Thomas University of the Virgin Islands Sadovy Y Grouper stocks of the western central Atlantic: the need for management and management needs Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 1994 43 Sadovy Y The case of the disappearing grouper: Epinephelus striatus, the Nassau grouper in the Caribbean and western Atlantic Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 1997 43 Sadovy Y Colin P. L Sexual development and sexuality in the Nassau grouper J. Fish Biol 1995 46 Shapiro D. Y Sadovy Y Mcgehee M. A Size, composition and spatial structure of the annual spawning aggregation of the red hind, Epinephelus guttatus (Pisces: Serranidae) Copeia 1993 a 1993 Shapiro D. Y Sadovy Y Mcgehee M. A Periodicity of sex change and reproduction in the red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) a protogynous grouper Bull. Mar. Sci 1993 b 53 Thompson R Munro J. L Munro J. L The biology, ecology and bionomics of the snappers, Lutjanidae Caribbean Coral Reef Fisheries Resources Caribbean Coral Reef Fisheries Resources 1983 Manila ICLARM Tucker J. W Bush P. G Slaybaugh S. T Reproductive patterns of Cayman Islands Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) populations Bull. Mar. Sci 1993 52 Vincent A Sadovy Y Claro T Reproductive ecology in the conservation and management of fishes Behavior ecology and conservation biology Behavior ecology and conservation biology 1998 ^eNew York Oxford Univ. Press Whiteman E Jennings C. A Nemeth R. S Sex structure and potential female fecundity in an Epinephalus guttatus spawning aggregation: applying ultrasound imaging J. Fish Biol 2005 66 Whaylen L Pattengill-Semmens C. V Bush B. G Boardman M. R Observations of a Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) spawning aggregation site in Little Cayman, including multi-species spawning information Env. Bio. Fish 2004 70
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600013 Fragmentation of the gastrodermis and detachment of zooxanthellae in symbiotic cnidarians: a role for hydrogen peroxide and Ca2+ in coral bleaching and algal density control Sandeman I. M ,Trent University 12 2006 2006 54 79 96

Coral bleaching involves the detachment of zooxanthellae and the simultaneous fragmentation of the gastrodermis. Results obtained with a cell permeant fluorescent probe for calcium ions (Ca2+) indicates that "thermal" bleaching is the result of a temperature related breakdown of the Ca2+ exclusion system. "Solar" bleaching, which takes place at lower temperatures and is driven by light, is the result of a build-up of photo-synthetically produced hydrogen peroxide in the tissues. Gastrodermal tissue with its symbionts, scraped from between septa of corals, was observed under controlled conditions of high light and temperature. Pieces of gastrodermis round off, zooxanthellae move to the surface, protrude from the surface and after a delay, detach, surrounded by a thin layer of host cytoplasm, inclusions and plasma membrane. The higher the temperature and light level the shorter the delay and higher the rate of algal detachment. Fragmentation by the ballooning-out and detachment of small spheres of cytoplasm (bleb formation) takes place simultaneously. This is likely to be due to oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), of -SH groups on the cytoskeleton and its attachment to the plasma membrane. Ground, polished and stained thin acrylic resin sections reveal similar processes taking place in artificially bleached corals. Isolated zooxanthellae and whole corals are shown to release H2O2 in the light. This process of algal detachment and fragmentation that takes place at normal sea temperatures may underlie the mechanism limiting algal populations in the gastrodermis and may be localized to areas with a concentration of algae near the membrane. At above-normal temperatures under the synergistic effect of light and temperature, the rate of production of H2O2 exceeds the rate at which can it be lost by diffusion or destroyed and H2O2 accumulates. This results in damage to the calcium exclusion system, detachment of zooxanthellae into the coelenteron and fragmentation of the gastrodermis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 79-96. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

El blanqueamiento de los corales implica el desprendimiento de zooxantelas y la simultánea fragmentación de la gastrodermis. Resultados obtenidos con una sonda florescente de iones Calcio (Ca2+) para células permeables, indican que el blanqueamiento "térmico" es el resultado de una interrupción del sistema de exclusión de Ca2+, provocada por la temperatura. El blanqueamiento "solar", que tiene lugar a temperaturas más bajas y está determinado por la luz, es el resultado de una acumulación de peróxido de hidrógeno producido fotosintéticamente en los tejidos. Para ver el proceso, se raspó tejido gastrodermal, junto con sus simbiontes, de entre los septos de los corales y se observó en condiciones controladas de luz y temperatura. Primero, los trozos de gastrodermis se dan vuelta, luego las zooxantelas se mueven hacia la superficie, sobresalen desde ella y tras un tiempo, se desprenden, rodeadas de una delgada capa de citoplasma del hospedero, inclusiones y membrana plasmática. Mientras mayor sea la temperatura y el nivel de luz, menor es el tiempo que tardan las zooxantelas en desprenderse y mayor es la tasa de desprendimiento algal. La fragmentación producida por el inflamación y el desprendimiento de pequeñas esferas de citoplasma (formación de ampollas), tiene lugar simultáneamente. Probablemente, esto es causado por oxidación en el citoesqueleto de grupos -SSH por el peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), y por su acoplamiento a la membrana plasmática. Secciones de resina acrílica delgada molida, pulida y teñida revelan que en corales blanqueados artificialmente se llevan a cabo procesos similares. Se ha demostrado que tanto las zooxantelas aisladas como los corales enteros, liberan H2O2 en la luz. Debajo este proceso de desprendimiento algal y fragmentación que tiene lugar a temperaturas normales en el mar, puede encontrarse el mecanismo que limita las poblaciones algales en la gastrodermis, el cual podría estar localizado en áreas con concentraciones de alga cerca de la membrana. A temperaturas más altas de lo normal, bajo el efecto sinérgico de la luz y la temperatura, la tasa de producción de H2O2 excede la tasa a la cual éste puede destruirse o perderse por difusión y, por ende,se acumula. Esto resulta en daño al sistema de exclusión de calcio, desprendimiento de zooxantelas hacia el celenterón y fragmentación de la gastrodermis.

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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600014 A recent increase in the abundance of the echinoid Diadema antillarum in Dominica (Lesser Antilles): 2001-2005 Steiner S. C. C Williams S. M ,Institute for Tropical Marine Ecology Inc. (ITME) ,University of Puerto Rico USA 12 2006 2006 54 97 103

Diadema antillarum populations at many Caribbean locations have failed to recover from the pathogen-induced mortality events of the 1980s. It has become clear that the massive decline of this herbivorous urchin and the wide-spread absence of a population recovery lead to numerous long-term ecological consequences and reef degradation. While few quantitative studies on pre-mortality exist, great effort has been put forth to monitor remaining populations and their recovery. However, the patchy distribution of D. antillarum coupled with paucity of long-term studies based on the same methods applied at the same locations undermines the value of local as well as regional comparisons. In Dominica, ongoing quantitative assessments of D. antillarum began in 2001. Surveys of D. antillarum abundance are being carried out in 4-month intervals at six 100 m² sites; spread over 38 km along the west coast. The density of D. antillarum has differed significantly between sites, ranging from 0.81(SD= 0.04) to 3.13 m-2 (SD= 2.10), and increased by 61.11% during the first five years of this study. Seasonal fluctuations, possibly related to spawning aggregations, are also evident. The current abundance of D. antillarum on Dominican reefs contrasts that of Caribbean locations with recorded incidents of mass mortality events, and in some cases resembles pre-mortality densities from the early 1970s. Prior to this study, no systematic quantitative assessments of D. antillarum were carried out in Dominica. It is thus unclear in what way Dominica’s D. antillarum were affected by the mass mortality events observed elsewhere in the 1980s. The increase in D. antillarum density so far observed may thus be the recovery from a pathogen-induced disturbance or from Hurricane Lenny in November 1999. Locally, D. antillarum is important grazer on Dominican’s reefs, where over-fishing has drastically reduced the number of herbivorous fishes. On a regional scale, the island’s D. antillarum may represent a source of larvae for downstream islands, given the duration of the echinoplutei stage and a range of larval dispersal of hundreds of kilometers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 97-103. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Las poblaciones de Diadema antillarum de muchas localidades del Caribe, no se han recuperado después de los eventos de mortandad, inducidos por un patógeno, en la década de 1980. Se ha podido demostrar que la muerte masiva de este erizo herbívoro y la ausencia de recuperación, han tenido consecuencias ecológicas que han producido la degradación de los arrecifes. Existen pocos estudios pre-mortalidad, pero se han realizado grandes esfuerzos para monitorear las poblaciones restantes y su recuperación. Sin embargo, la distribución en parches de D. antillarum combinado con pocos estudios a largo plazo usando la misma metodología en los mismos sitios, mina la posibilidad de comparaciones locales y regionales. En Dominica, el monitoreo cuantitativo de D. antillarum empezó en 2001. Cada cuatro meses se realizan determinaciones de abundancia de D. antillarum en seis sitios de 100 m²; distribuidos a lo largo de 38 km de la costa oeste. La densidad de D. antillarum, fue significativamente diferente entre sitios, con ámbitos de 0.81 (SD= 0.04) a 3.13 m-2 (SD= 2.10), y aumentó 61.11% durante los primeros cinco años de estudio. Fluctuaciones estacionales, posiblemente relacionadas con agregaciones reproductivas, son evidentes. La abundancia actual de D. antillarum en los arrecifes de Dominica contrasta con otros sitios en el Caribe que sufrieron mortandades masivas y en algunos casos se parece a densidades pre-mortalidad de inicios de la década de 1970. Antes de este trabajo, no se había realizado ningún estudio sistemático de Diadema en Dominica, por lo que no es claro como fueron afectadas las poblaciones en este sitio. El aumento en la densidad de D. antillarum observado hasta ahora puede deberse a recuperación tras una perturbación por un patógeno o por el Huracán Lenny de noviembre 1999. Localmente, D. antillarum es un herbívoro importante en los arrecifes de Dominica donde la sobrepesca ha disminuido el número de peces herbívoros. En escala regional, las poblaciones de D. antillarum de la isla de Dominica pueden representar una fuente de larvas corriente abajo, dada la duración de estadio equiinopluteo y el ámbito de dispersión de las larvas, que es de cientos de kilómetros.

 Diadema antillarum population density Dominica Lesser Antilles Caribbean Diadema antillarum densidad poblacional Dominica Antillas menores Caribe Bak R. P. M Recruitment patterns and mass mortalities in the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Symp 1985 5 Tahiti Bak R. P. M Carpay M. J. E Ruyter van Steveninck E. D Densities of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum before and after mass mortalities on the coral reefs of Curacao Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1984 17 Bauer J. C Observations on geographical variations in population density of the echinoid Diadema antillarum within the western North Atlantic Bull. Mar. Sci 1980 30 Carpenter R. C Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. I. Long-term effects of sea urchin population-dynamics and coral reef algal communities Mar. Biol 1990 104 Chiappone M Miller S. L Swanson D. W Ault J. S Smith S. G Comparatively high densities of the long-spined sea urchin in the Dry Tortugas, Florida Coral Reefs 2001 20 Cowen R. K Lwiza K. M. M Spongaugle S Paris C. B Olsen D. B Connectivity of marine populations: open or closed? Science 2000 287 Eckert G. L Larval development, growth and morphology of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Bull. Mar. Sci 1998 63 Edmunds P. J Carpenter R. C Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef P. N. A. S 2001 98 Forcucci D Population density, recruitment and 1991 mortality event of Diadema antillarum in the Florida Keys Bull. Mar. Sci 1994 54 Highsmith R. C Induced settlement and metamorphosis of the sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) larvae in predator-free sites: adult sand dolar beds Ecology 1982 63 Hughes T. P Catastrophes, phase shifts and large scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef Science 1994 256 Hughes T. P Keller B. D Jackson J. B. C Boyle M. J Mass mortality of the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi in Jamaica Bull. Mar. Sci 1985 36 Hughes T. P Reed D. C Boyle M. J Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1987 113 Hunte W Younglao D Recruitment and population recovery of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) in Barbados Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1988 45 Hunte W Cote I Tomascik T On the dynamics of the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in Barbados Coral Reefs 1986 4 Karlson R. H Levitan D. R Recruitment-limitation in open populations of Diadema antillarum: an evaluation Oecologia 1990 82 Komoroske L Predatory and grazing fish associated with Diadema antillarum in western Dominican coral reefs ITME Research Reports 2002 12 Lessios H. A Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we learned? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1988 a 19 Lessios H. A Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) following mass mortality in Panama Mar. Biol 1988 b 99 Lessios H. A Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from a competitor Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1995 259 Lessios H. A Diadema antillarum populations in Panama twenty years following mass mortality Coral Reefs 2005 24 Lessios H. A Robertson D. R Cubit J. D Spread of Diadema mass mortality throughout the Caribbean Science 1984 226 Levitan D. R Bruke R. D Mladenov P. V Lambert P Parsley P. L Asynchronous spawning and aggregative behavior in the sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Philippi) Echinoderm Biology Echinoderm Biology 1988 Rotterdam Balkema Lewis J. B Growth and breeding in the tropical echinoid Diadema antillarum Phillipi Bull. Mar. Sci 1966 16 Liddell W. D Ohlhorst S. L Changes in benthic community composition following the mass mortality of Diadema at Jamaica J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1986 95 Miller R. J Adams A. J Ogden N. B Ogden J. C Ebersole J. P Diadema antillarum 17 years after mass mortality: is recovery beginning on St. Croix? Coral Reefs 2003 22 Moses C. S Bonem R. M Recent population dynamics of Diadema antillarum and Tripneustes ventricosus along the north coast of Jamaica, WI Bull. Mar. Sci 2001 68 Ogden J. C Brown R. A Salesky N Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum. Formation of halos around West-Indian patch reefs Science 1973 182 Pearce C. M Scheibling R. L Induction of settlement and metamorphosis in the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma: evidence for an adult-associated factor Mar. Biol 1990 107 Pettersen L Fish and invertebrate predators of Diadema antillarum in Dominica ITME Research Reports 2002 12 Phinney J. T Muller-Karger F Dustan P Sobel J Using remote sensing to reassess the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum 1983-1984 Conserv. Biol 2001 15 Steiner S. C. C Stony corals and reefs of Dominica (Lesser Antilles) Atoll Res. Bull 2003 498 Steiner S. C. C Williams S. M The density and size distribution of Diadema antillarum in Dominica (Lesser Antilles):: 2001-2004 Mar. Biol 2006 Weil E Torres J. L Ashton M Population characteristics of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 17 years after the mass mortality event Rev. Biol. Trop 2006 53
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600015 Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica Quinn Norman J Kojis Barbara L ,University of the West Indies St. Ann Jamaica ,Division of Fish and Wildlife 12 2006 2006 54 105 116

Shallow water Acropora species have become uncommon on north coast Jamaican coral reefs owing to a number of factors. On many reefs, algae have taken their place. The result is loss of habitat for many species of fish and invertebrates and less attractive reefs with fewer fish. These reefs appear to be prime candidates for coral restoration. However, the potential for coral to naturally recover should be examined before efforts to restore reefs are undertaken. Reef restoration is unnecessary if the population has the capacity to recovery through natural means. We observed that the rate of settlement of Acropora spat in the Caribbean is much lower than the spat settlement rate of several other Caribbean coral families and much lower than Acropora spat settlement rates in the South Pacific. A very low percentage of apparently healthy colonies of A. cervicornis possessed developing gametes in July 2005, a month before spawning. It appears that the long-term survival of remnant A. cervicornis populations is threatened unless successful sexual reproduction is restored. Several techniques were used to test transplant methods for restoring A. cervicornis populations. The mean survivorship and growth rate of one technique was >75% and nearly 250% per annum, respectively. Working with hotel operators, environmental groups, and local fishers, we are attempting to reintroduce A. cervicornis to sites where it previously existed and increase coral biomass and complexity at these sites. Reefs with greater A. cervicornis biomass have larger edible fish populations. With localized protection of these restored reefs we anticipate an increase of larger edible fish not only on reefs within the restored protected areas but also on adjacent reefs. Furthermore, increased coral and fish biodiversity improves the attractiveness of the reef community for divers and snorkelers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 105-116. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Las especies someras de Acropora se han vuelto poco comunes en los arrecifes de la costa norte de Jamaica debido a numerosos factores. En muchos arrecifes, las algas han tomado su lugar y el resultado es la pérdida de hábitat para muchas especies de peces e invertebrados y la pérdida de atractivo de los arrecifes, que tienen mucho menos peces. Estos arrecifes parecen ser excelentes candidatos para restauración de corales. Sin embargo, antes de emprender un esfuerzo de restauración, debe examinarse el potencial de los corales para regenerarse naturalmente, ya que si la población tiene la capacidad de recobrarse por sus propios medios, la restauración de arrecifes se vuelve innecesaria. Nosotros observamos que la tasa de colonización por adherencia a un sustrato duro de Acropora en el Caribe, es más baja que la de muchas otras familias de corales del Caribe y mucho menor que la de Acropora en el Pacífico sur. Un muy bajo porcentaje de colonias de A. cervicornis poseía gametos en desarrollo y estaba saludable en julio de 2005, un mes antes del desove. Al parecer, la supervivencia a largo plazo de las poblaciones remanentes de A. cervicornis está amenazada a menos que se restaure una reproducción sexual exitosa. Se utilizaron varias técnicas para probar los métodos de transplante para restaurar las poblaciones de A. cervicornis. La supervivencia promedio y la tasa de crecimiento resultantes de una de las técnicas fue de >75% y de casi 250% por año, respectivamente. Al trabajar con agentes de hoteles, grupos ambientalistas y pescadores locales, estamos tratando de reintroducir A. cervicornis en lugares donde anteriormente existía e incrementar la biomasa del coral y la complejidad de estos sitios. Los arrecifes con mayores biomasas de A. cervicornis tienen también mayores poblaciones de peces comestibles. Si se protegen estos arrecifes en restauración, prevemos que habrá un incremento de peces comestibles, no sólo en los arrecifes restaurados, sino también en los adyacentes. Más aún, el aumento en la biodiversidad de corales y peces mejora el atractivo del arrecife para los buzos.

 coral reefs coral restoration reproduction Jamaica Caribbean arrecifes de coral restauración de corales reproducción Jamaica Caribe Bak R. P. M Engle M. S Distribution, abundance, and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia)and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community Mar. Biol 1979 54 Bowden-Kerby W. A Coral transplantation modeled after natural fragmentation processes: low-tech tools for coral reef restoration and management Coral transplantation modeled after natural fragmentation processes: low-tech tools for coral reef restoration and management 2001 Bruckner A. W Bruckner R. J Williams Jr E. H Spread of black-band disease epizootic through the coral reef system in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica Bull. Mar. Sci 1997 61 Bruckner A. W Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora workshop: Potential application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a conservation strategy. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-24 Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora workshop: Potential application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a conservation strategy. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-24 2002 Silver Spring^eMaryland USA Crawford J. A The effects of Hurricane Allen at Discovery Bay, Jamaica, and a post-hurricane survey of the living hermatypic corals Carib. J. Sci 1995 31 Edmunds P. J Carpenter R. C Recovery of Diadema reduces macro algal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 2001 98 Edwards A. J Clark S Rehabilitation of coral reef flats using pre-cast concrete Concrete 1992 26 Franklin H Muhando C. A Lindahl U Coral culturing and temporal recruitment patterns in Zanzibar, Tanzania Ambio 1998 27 Goreau T. F Wells J. W The shallow-water Scleractinia of Jamaica: revised list of species and their vertical distribution range Bull. Mar. Sci 1967 17 Idjadi J. A Lee S. C Bruno J. F Precht W. F Allen-Requa L Edmunds P. J Rapid phase shift reversal on a Jamaican coral reef Coral Reefs 2006 25 Knowlton N Lang J. C Keller B. D Case study of natural population collapse: post hurricane predation of Jamaican staghorn corals Smithsonian Contrib. Mar. Sci 1990 31 Kojis B. L Quinn N. J Ginsburg R.N Biological limits to Caribbean reef recovery. A comparison with western South Pacific reefs Global Aspects of Coral Reefs, Health, Hazards, and History Global Aspects of Coral Reefs, Health, Hazards, and History 1993 Miami^eFlorida Kojis B. L Quinn N. J The importance of regional differences in hard coral recruitment rates for determining the need for coral restoration Bull. Mar. Sci 2001 69 Laydoo R. S Coral transplantation in reef management at Bucco Reef, south-west Tobago Carib. Mar. Stud 1996 5 Lindahl U Coral reef rehabilitation through transplantation of staghorn corals: effects of artificial stabilization and mechanical damages Coral Reefs 2003 22 McClanahan T. R Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects of fishing, substrate complexity and sea urchins Coral Reefs 1994 13 Precht W. F Aronson R. B Côté I Reynolds J Death and resurrection of Caribbean coral reefs: A paleoecological perspective Coral Reef Conservation Coral Reef Conservation 2006 Cambridge Cambridge Univ Rylaarsdam K. W Life histories and abundance patterns of colonial corals on Jamaican reefs Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1983 16 Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Variation in subsurface seawater temperature off Discovery Bay, Jamaica and the U.S. Virgin Islands Rev. Biol. Trop 2003 51 ^sSuppl. 4 Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Patterns of sexual recruitment of acroporid coral populations on the West Fore Reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica Rev. Biol. Trop 2005 53 ^sSuppl. 1 Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Precht W.F Natural variability in the recovery of reef ecosystems Reef Restoration Handbook -The Rehabilitation of an Ecosystem Under Siege Reef Restoration Handbook -The Rehabilitation of an Ecosystem Under Siege 2006 Boca Raton^eFlorida CRC Press Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Evaluating artificial means to increase Acropora coral populations and increase associated fish communities in Jamaica Proc. 58th Meet. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst., San Andres Island, Columbia, 7-11 November 2007 58 Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Assessing the potential for natural recovery and restoration of Scleractina coral after the 2005 coral bleaching event on Jamaica’s reefs. World Resources Review Assessing the potential for natural recovery and restoration of Scleractina coral after the 2005 coral bleaching event on Jamaica’s reefs. World Resources Review Sammarco P. W Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1980 45 Sammarco P. W The Great Barrier Reef vs. the Caribbean: comparisons of grazers, coral recruitment patterns and reef recovery Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congress 1985 4 Tahiti Talge H Impact of recreational divers on scleractinian corals at Looe Key, Florida Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp 1992 2 Guam Tunnicliffe V Breakage and propagation of the stony Acropora cervicornis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1981 78 Wapnick C Precht W. F Aronson R. B Millennial-scale dynamics of staghorn coral in Discovery Bay, Jamaica Ecol. Lett 2004 7 Woodley J. D Chornesky E. A Clifford P. A Pearson J. B. C Porter J. W Rooney M. C Rylaarsdam K. W Tunnicliffe V. J Wahle C. M Wulff J. L Curtis A. S. C Dallmeyer M. D Jupp B. P Koehle M. A. R Niegel J Sides E. M Hurricane Allen’s impact on Jamaican coral reefs Science 1981 241 Woodley J. D The effects of Hurricane Gilbert on coral reefs At Discovery Bay. Appendix 9 UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies 1991 Yap H. T Alvarez AR. M Custodio H. M Dizon R. M Physiological and ecological aspects of coral transplantation J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1998 229
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600016 Un caso de hipertrofia bilateral de quelas en el cangrejo violinista Uca cumulanta (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) Lira Carlos Bolaños Juan Hernández Gonzalo Hernández Jesús ,Universidad de Oriente Venezuela 12 2006 2006 54 117 119

A case of bilateral cheliped hypertrophya crab Uca cumulanta (Decapoda: Ocypodidae). An adult male of Uca cumulanta with bilateral cheliped hypertrophy was found during a collection of crabs at La Restinga Lagoon, Margarita Island, Venezuela. Both chelipeds were sub equal in size, regarding the major cheliped of a normal male. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 117-119. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Un macho de Uca cumulanta con hipertrofia bilateral de quelas fue capturado durante en la Laguna de La Restinga, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela. Ambas quelas eran subiguales en tamaño y se asemejaban al quelípedo mayor de los machos normales.

 Malformation hypertrophy crabs Brachyura Uca malformación hipertrofia cangrejos Brachyura Uca Ahmed M A study of the normal and aberrant sexual types of the Venezuelan fiddler crabs Uca cumulanta and U. rapax Bull. Mar. Sci 1976 26 Benetti A Negreiros-Fransozo M Symmetric chelipeds in males of fiddler crabs Uca burgersi Holthuis, 1967 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Ocypodidae) Nauplius 2003 11 Boschi E Species of decapod crustaceans and their distribution in the American Zoogeographic Provinces Rev. Inv. Desarr. Pesq 2000 13 Crane J Crabs of the genus Uca from Venezuela Zoologica 1943 28 Crane J Fiddler crabs of the world. Ocypodidae: genus Uca Fiddler crabs of the world. Ocypodidae: genus Uca 1975 Princenton^eNueva Jersey Princenton University Hyman O The development of Gelasimus after hatching J. Morphol 1920 33 Monserrat J Rodríguez E Finding of a fiddler crab Uca uruguayensis (Nobili, 1901) with two hypertrophied claws in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Atlantica 1995 17 Río Grande Morgan T Variations in the secondary sexual characters of the fiddler crab Am. Natur 1920 54 Mulstay R A Uca pugnax (Smith) male with two large claws (Decapoda, Brachyura, Ocypodidae) Crustaceana 1987 53 Rodríguez G Crustáceos decapodos de Venezuela Crustáceos decapodos de Venezuela 1980 Caracas IVIC Rosenberg M Fiddler crab claw shape variation: a geometric morphometric analysis across the genus Uca (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) Biol. J. Linn. Soc 2002 75 Vernberg F Costlow J Studies on the physiological variation between tropical and temperature-zone fiddler crabs of the genus Uca. IV Oxygen consumption of larvae and young crabs reared in laboratory Physiol. Zool 1966 39 Zou E Fingerman M External features of an intersex fiddler crab Uca pugilator (Bosc, 1802) (Decapoda, Brachyura) Crustaceana 2000 73
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600017 Estructura de la comunidad de moluscos y relaciones tróficas en el litoral rocoso del estado Sucre, Venezuela Fernández Johanna Jiménez P Mayré ,Departamento de Biología ,Universidad de Oriente 12 2006 2006 54 121 130

Mollusc community structure and trophic relations in the rochy littoral zone in Sucre State, Venezuela. We analyzed the structure of a mollusc community and its component trophic relations at six localities within a rocky littoral zone, in Sucre State, Venezuela, including areas that are both exposed to, and protected from, wave energy. Sampling was carried out from March 2003 to Febreuary 2004 period, in an area subdivided in to supralittoral, littoral and sublittoral zones. Samples were collected using hand-held spoons within 0.25 m² quadrats along transects sited perpendicular to the coast line transects. Collected organisms were preserved in 10% formalin for subsequent taxonomic classification. Specific richness and constance were determined, and the four trophic categories of herbivore, suspendivore, carnivore and herbivore-suspendivore were established. Overall 14 581 individual specimens were collected that represented 68 species, 31 families and 9 orders, in the classes Gasteropoda (n=39), Bivalvia (n=23) and Polyplacophora (nn=6). Suspension feeders were the dominant trophic category (49%), followed by carnivores (337%), herbivores (13%) and herbivores-suspension feeders (11%). Herbivores and suspension feeders were dominant in the protected area, while carnivores and suspension feeders were dominant in the exposed area. Data indicate that mollusc distribution and intergroupal trophic relations are controlled by both morphological features and substrate composition. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 121-130. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se analizó la estructura de la comunidad de moluscos y sus relaciones tróficas en seis localidades del litoral rocoso con diferentes grados de exposición al oleaje (área expuesta y área protegida), en el Estado Sucre, Venezuela. El muestreo se llevó a cabo durante el período de marzo 2003 a febrero 2004. La recolección del material biológico se realizó de forma manual con ayuda de una espátula, dentro de una cuadrícula de 0.25 m², estableciéndose tres zonas: supra, medio e infralitoral. Los organismos fueron preservados en frascos con formalina al 10% para su posterior análisis. En el laboratorio fueron identificados, contados, y pesados en una balanza de 0.001g de precisión. Se determinó la abundancia total de especies, biomasa, constancia específica y por medio de una revisión bibliográfica se le asignó a cada especie su categoría trófica, clasificándolos en: herbívoros, filtradores, carnívoros y herbívoros -filtradores. Se obtuvo un total de 14 581 individuos (6 397.945 g) representado por 68 especies correspondientes a las clases Gastropoda (39), Bivalvia (23) y Polyplacophora (6); contenidas en nueve órdenes y 31 familias. Los herbívoros fueron el grupo dominante (49%), seguido por filtradores (37%), carnívoros (13 %) y herbívoros-filtradores (1%). Las especies herbívoras y herbívoras-filtradoras dominaron en el área protegida, mientras que en el área expuesta, fueron las carnívoras y filtradoras. Las especies constantes en las seis localidades durante el período de estudio fueron Planaxis nucleus, Mitrella ocellata, M. nycteis, Littorina interrupta, Tegula fasciata, Acmaea leucopleura, Ostrea equestris y Chiton squamosus. La distribución de los moluscos y los diferentes grupos tróficos, pueden estar controlados por adaptaciones morfológicas, así como el nivel de exposición al oleaje y composición del sustrato.

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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600018 El cangrejo Heterocrypta tommasii (Decapoda: Parthenopidae): adición a la carcinofauna venezolana Bolaños Juan Lira Carlos Hernández Gonzalo López Régulo ,Universidad de Oriente Venezuela 12 2006 2006 54 131 134

The crab Heterocrypta tommasii (Decapoda: Parthenopidae): an addition to the carcinofauna of Venezuela. The crab Heterocrypta tommasii Rodrigues da Costa, 1959 is reported for the first time from Venezuelan marine waters and its main taxonomical features are presented and illustrated. This report extends the range from Colombia, Guyana and Brazil; is the first report of the genus for Venezuela, and increases to six the number of Parthenopidae species known from the country. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 131-134. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se registra por primera vez en aguas marinas venezolanas la presencia del cangrejo Heterocrypta tommasii y se presentan las principales características del espécimen estudiado. Este hallazgo amplía la distribución conocida de la especie (la cual sólo contemplaba Colombia, Guayana y Brasil), establece el primer registro del género Heterocrypta en Venezuela e incrementa a seis el número de especies conocidas de Parthenopidae para este país.

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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600019 Comunidad de moluscos asociados al mejillón verde Perna viridis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) y sus relaciones tróficas en la costa norte de la Península de Araya, Estado Sucre, Venezuela Villafranca Sioliz Jiménez Mayré ,Universidad de Oriente Estado Sucre Venezuela 12 2006 2006 54 135 144

Mollusc communities associated with the green mussel Perna viridis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and their trophic relations on the north coast of Araya Peninsula, Sucre State, Venezuela. Perna viridis (Linné, 1758) is an Indo-Pacific bivalve of the intertidal zone that has invaded several ecosystems of the north coast of the Sucre State,Venezuela. Bimonthly samplings were carried out between October 1997 and August 1998 to study the mollusc communities associated with this species and their trophic relationships.Studies were conducted on a naturally-occuring bank of mussels two meters deep on the north coast of the peninsula of Araya (10°40’N -48°63’W). Sample organisms were collected withing areas defined by a quadrat of 0.25 m², and were identified to the species level using taxonomic keys that also included bibliographic identification of trophic level. A total of 1 235 individuals of P. viridis were collected, along with 3 163 specimens of associated species belonging to the phylum Mollusca, including bivalves, gastropods and polyplacophora.The associated mollusc organisms represented 50 species corresponding to 10 orders and 24 families, including 25 gastropod species, 22 bivalves and three polyplacophorans. With regard to trophic level 40% of the 50 species were suspensivores, 26% carnivores, 24% herbivores and the residual 10% represented two categories (suspensivore-detritivore, herbivore-suspensivore). Of the suspensivores the most common were: Perna perna, Musculus lateralis, Crassostrea rhizophorae and Ostrea equestris. The carnivore group was dominated by the three species of the Family Columbellidae, Mitrella lunata, Anachis obesa and Nitidella ocellata.The group of herbivores was dominated by two members of the family Fisurellidae, Diodora cayenensis and D. minuta.Two species of suspensivore-detritívore and three species of herbivore-suspensivore were also found in the genus Crepidula. The high percentage of suspensivores was thought indicative, inside this ecosystem, that there is probably a higher degree of nutritious fractions available to this group. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 135-144. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Perna viridis es un bivalvo procedente del Indo-Pacífico que habita en la zona intermareal y ha invadido varios ecosistemas de la costa norte del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Con la finalidad de realizar un estudio sobre las comunidades de moluscos asociadas a esta especie y sus relaciones tróficas, se llevaron a cabo muestreos bimensuales entre octubre/97 y agosto/98, en un banco natural de mejillones a dos metros de profundidad en la costa norte de la península de Araya (10°40’N -48°63’W). Los organismos fueron recolectados delimitando el área con una cuadrícula de 0.25 m². Se identificaron los organismos hasta la categoría de especies utilizando claves específicas para moluscos y bibliográficamente se les determinó categoría trófica.Se capturó un total de 1 235 individuos de P. viridis y asociados a la especie 3 163 especímenes pertenecientes al phylum Mollusca, contenidos en tres clases: Bivalvia,Gastropoda y Polyplacophora. Éstas estuvieron representadas por 50 especies correspondientes a 10 órdenes, 24 familias; para los gasterópodos se contabilizaron 25 especies, para los bivalvos 22 y tres para los poliplacóforos. Del total de las especies, 40% fueron filtradoras, 26% carnívoras, 24% herbívoras y el 10% restante presentó dos categorías.De las filtradoras las más representativas fueron: Perna perna, Musculus lateralis, Crassostrea rhizophorae y Ostrea equestris; en el grupo de los carnívoros dominaron tres especies de la familia Columbellidae:Mitrella lunata, Anachis obesa y Nitidella ocellata y para el grupo de los herbívoros destacaron dos especies de la familia Fisurellidae: Diodora cayenensis y D. minuta. Se registraron dos especies filtradoras-detritívoras, y tres especies herbívoras-filtradoras representantes del género C repidula. El alto porcentaje de filtradores sería un indicativo de que dentro de este sistema probablemente hay una mayor disponibilidad de fracciones alimenticias para este grupo.

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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600020 Morphology offers no clues to asexual vs. sexual origin of small Acropora cervicornis (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) colonies Williams D. E Miller M. W ,University of Miami Miami Florida USA ,Southeast Fisheries Science Center Miami Florida USA 12 2006 2006 54 145 151

Sexual recruitment of the staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, is accepted to be very rare. Instead, these branching corals proliferate through fragmentation leading to dense mono-specific and possibly monoclonal stands. For acroporid corals, which have suffered drastic population declines, dominance of asexual reproduction results in low levels of genotypic diversity and limited ability to re-colonize extirpated areas. Small colonies with a single encrusting, symmetrical base, and few incipient branches are frequently presumed to be the result of a settled planula (i.e. sexual reproduction). Here, we show that colonies fitting this description (i.e., presumed sexual recruits) can result from asexual fragmentation. Acropora cervicornis colonies (~20 cm diameter) were tagged and observed over eighteen months. In several cases, colony offshoots fused with the adjacent substrate forming secondary disc-like attachment points. Following natural fragmentation, these discs of tissue became separated from the original colony, and were observed to heal and give rise to smaller colonies with striking similarity to the expected morphology of a sexual recruit. Thus, presuming a colony is a sexual recruit based on appearance is unreliable and may lead to inflated expectations of genetic diversity among populations. The accurate assessment of recruitment and genetic diversity is crucial to predicting the recovery potential of these imperiled and ecologically irreplaceable reef corals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 145-151. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se ha aceptado que el reclutamiento sexual del coral asta de venado, Acropora cervicornis, es muy raro. Por el contrario, estos corales ramificados proliferan a través de fragmentación, generando densas bases monoespecíficas e incluso monoclonales. Para corales acropóridos, los cuales han sufrido disminuciones de población drásticas, la dominancia de reproducción asexual resulta en bajos niveles de diversidad genotípica y abilidad limitada para recolonizar áreas de donde han sido erradicados. Frecuentemente se presume que las colonias pequeñas con una sola base incrustante simétrica y unas pocas ramas incipientes, son el resultado del asentamiento de una plánula (reproducción sexual). Aquí, nosotros demostramos que algunas colonias que calzan con esta descripción (supuesta reproducción sexual) pueden resultar de fragmentación asexual. Se etiquetaron y observaron colonias de Acropora cervicornis (~20 cm de diámetro) durante 18 meses. En muchos casos, los retoños de la colonia se fusionaron con el sustrato adyacente formando puntos de acoplamiento con forma de disco. Siguiendo con la fragmentación natural, estos discos de tejido se separaron de la colonia original, cicatrizaron y dieron paso a pequeñas colonias con tremenda similitud a la morfología esperada para un recluta sexual. Por lo tanto, asumir que una colonia es un recluta de origen sexual basándose en apariencia es poco fiable y puede generar expectativas infladas de diversidad genética entre poblaciones. La evaluación certera del reclutamiento y la diversidad genética es crucial para predecir la recuperación potencial de estos arrecifes de coral, los cuales están en peligro y son irremplazables.

 recruitment fragmentation staghorn coral clonal colony Acropora cervicornis reclutamiento fragmentación coral asta de venado clonal colonia Acropora cervicornis Endangered and Threatened Species: Final Listing Determinations for Elkhorn Coral and Staghorn Coral Federal Register 2006 71 Baums I. B Miller M. W Hellberg M. E Geographic variation in clonal structure of the Caribbean reef-building coral Acropora palmata Ecology. Mono 2006 76 4 Bruckner A. W Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora Workshop: Potential Application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a Conservation Strategy. NOAA Tech. Memo NMFS-OPR-24 Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora Workshop: Potential Application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act as a Conservation Strategy. NOAA Tech. Memo NMFS-OPR-24 2003 Gilmore M.D Hall B. R Life history, growth habits and constructional roles of Acropora cervicornis in the patch reef environment J. Sed. Petr 1976 46 Knowlton N Lang J. C Keller B. D Case study of natural population collapse post-hurricane predation on Jamaican staghorn corals Smiths. Contrib. Mar. Sci 1990 31 Quinn N. J Kojis B. L Patterns of sexual recruitment of acroporid coral populations on the West Fore Reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica Rev. Biol. Trop 2005 53 ^sSuppl. 1 Ruiz-Zárate M. A Arias-González J. E Recruitment of Acropora, Millepora and Stylaster roseus on an experimental substratum Coral Reefs 2005 24 Rylaarsdam K. W Life histories and abundance patterns of colonial corals on Jamaican reefs Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 1983 13 Sammarco P. W Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition and biological disturbance J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 1980 45 Tunnicliffe V Breakage and propagation of the stony coral Acropora cervicornis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1981 78 Van Moorsel G. W. N. M Settlement of stony corals (Scleractinia) on artificial substratum on a Caribbean reef: spatial aspects Settlement of stony corals (Scleractinia) on artificial substratum on a Caribbean reef: spatial aspects 1989 Vargas-Angel B Thomas J. D Sexual reproduction of Acropora cervicornis in near-shore waters off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (USA) Coral Reefs 2002 21 Williams D. E Miller M. W Coral disease outbreak: pattern, prevalence, and transmission in Acropora cervicornis Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2005 301 Williams D. E Miller M. W Importance of disease and predation to the growth and survivorship of juvenile Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis: a demographic approach Proc. 10th Int. Coral Reef Symp 2006
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600021 Status of aspergillosis and sea fan populations in Curaçao ten years after the 1995 Caribbean epizootic Nugues M. M Nagelkerken I ,University of North Carolina Wilmington North Carolina USA ,Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands 12 2006 2006 54 153 160

In 1995, a survey of sea fan corals was conducted in Curaçao during a Caribbean-wide outbreak of the sea fan disease aspergillosis. The survey was repeated in 2005 using the same methodology and identical sites to examine changes in sea fan populations 10 years after the initial epizootic. Necrotic lesions typical of aspergillosis were present on as many sea fans in 2005 as in 1995 (mean ± SE: 52 ± 6 vs 43 ± 10%). The disease also showed no significant variation in virulence (9.6 ± 1.2 vs 8.8 ± 1.0% tissue loss per diseased colony). However, the average number of sea fan colonies per 10 m² decreased from 2.7 ± 1.1 to 0.7 ± 0.2 over the 10-year period, a decline of almost 75%. This decrease occurred for all colony sizes, but was more pronounced among small colonies, resulting in an overall trend of domination by large colonies. These results support that aspergillosis can have a significant, long-term impact on sea fan population size and structure. The continued presence of the disease in 2005 could be contributing to reduced recruitment and/or selective mortality among the smallest colonies. This study provides no indication that host resistance against aspergillosis could reverse the decline of Caribbean sea fan corals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 153-160. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

En 1995, se realizó un sondeo de los abanicos de mar durante un brote de aspergilosis, una enfermedad de abanicos de mar extendida en todo el Caribe. En el año 2005 se repitió el sondeo utilizando exactamente la misma metodología y los mismos sitios para examinar cambios en las poblaciones tras 10 años del inicio del brote. Se presentaron lesiones necróticas típicas de la aspergilosis en tantos abanicos en el 2005, como en 1995 (promedio ± ES: 52 ± 6 vs 43 ± 10%). La enfermedad tampoco mostró variaciones significativas en la virulencia (9.6 ± 1.2 vs 8.8 ± 1.0%, pérdida de tejido por colonia enferma). Sin embargo, el número promedio de colonias de abanico de mar por cada 10 m² bajó desde 2.7 ± 1 hasta 0.7 ± 0.2 en este período de 10 años, una disminución de casi 75%. Este decrecimiento ocurrió en colonias de todo tamaño, pero fue más pronunciado en colonias pequeñas, produciendo una tendencia general de dominancia de colonias grandes. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que la aspergilosis puede tener un impacto significativo a largo plazo en el tamaño y estructura poblacional de los abanicos de mar. La continuidad en la presencia de la enfermedad en el 2005 puede estar contribuyendo a la reducción en el reclutamiento y/o a la mortalidad selectiva de las colonias más pequeñas. Este estudio no provee ninguna evidencia de que la resistencia del hospedero contra la aspergilosis pueda revertir el decrecimiento de los abanicos de mar en el Caribe.

 Aspergillosis Caribbean coral disease coral reefs gorgonians sea fan population structure aspergilosis Caribe enfermedad de coral arrecife de coral gorgonáceos abanico de mar estructura poblacional Aronson R. B Precht W. F Stasis, biological disturbance, and community structure of a Holocene coral reef Paleobiol 1997 23 Aronson R. B Precht W. F White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs Hydrobiol 2001 460 Beiring E. A Lasker H. R Egg production by colonies of a gorgonian coral Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2000 196 Borger J. L Three scleractinian coral diseases in Dominica, West Indies: Distribution, infection patterns and contribution to coral tissue mortality Rev. Biol. Trop 2003 51 ^sSuppl. 4 Borger J. L Steiner S. C. C The spatial and temporal dynamics of coral diseases in Dominica, West Indies Bull. Mar. Sci 2005 77 Bruckner A Priorities for effective management of coral diseases. NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-OPR-22 Priorities for effective management of coral diseases. NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-OPR-22 2002 US Dept Commerce Cróquer A Pauls S. M Zubillaga A. L White plague disease outbreak in a coral reef at Los Roques National Park, Venezuela Rev. Biol. Trop 2003 51 ^sSuppl. 4 Dube D Kim K Alker A. P Harvell C. D Size structure and geographic variation in chemical resistance of sea fan corals Gorgonia ventalina to a fungal pathogen Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 2002 231 Dustan P Coral reefs under stress: sources of mortality in the Florida Keys Nat. Res. Forum 1999 23 Gardner T. A Côté I. M Gill J. A Grant A Watkinson A. R Long-term region-wide decline in Caribbean corals Science 2003 301 Garzón-Ferreira J Zea S A mass mortality of Gorgonia ventalina (Cnidaria: Gorgoniidae) in the Santa Marta area, Caribbean coast of Colombia Bull. Mar. Sci 1992 50 Geiser D. M Taylor J. W Ritchie K. B Smith G. 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S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600022 Three anomalies: A scythebill in the Greater Antillean Grackle (blackbird), a crown pattern in the Rock Beauty (angelfish), and a double spot in the Butter Hamlet (grouper), and their possible genetic significance Williams, Jr Ernest H Bunkley-Williams Lucy ,University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico ,University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico 12 2006 2006 54 161 169

Three anomalies are described: a scythebill in Greater Antillean Grackle, Quiscalus niger (Boddaert) (Passeriformes: Emberizidae), a crown color pattern in Rock Beauty, Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch) (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae), and a double-spot color pattern in Butter Hamlet, Hypoplectrus unicolor (Walbaum) (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae). Bill anomalies are generally thought to be genetic in origin and genetic changes in bill shape can occur rapidly in a population. The scythebill anomally demonstrates how quickly a drastic bill modification may occur. The crown color pattern anomaly is similar to distinctive markings found in other members of this genus [Queen Angelfish, H. ciliaris (Linnaeus) and hybrid Townsend Angelfish H. ciliaris X H. bermudensis Goode] in the tropical western Atlantic. It suggests how quickly this pattern could have originated in the other species, and/or some propensity of this pattern in the genus. The distinct double-spot color pattern anomaly suggests how quickly new color patterns can originate in genus Hypoplectrus. This is important because species in this genus are distinguished almost solely on the basis of color pattern and speciation may be occurring rapidly. Anomalies should be recorded because they may give us some hints at the genetic origin of species characters and some could represent potentially inheritable characters. We suggest these potentially inheritable characters could be recognized and described when they first arise in an individual and before they become inherited by a population. Following these potentially inheritable characters could help to explain how such characters enter into a population. This approach to the study of inherited characters could fill a void in our knowledge of evolution and speciation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 161-169. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se describen tres anomalías: el pico de guadaña en el chinchilín, Quiscalus niger (Boddaert) (Passeriformes: Emberizidae), un patrón de color de corona en el isabelita medioluto, Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch) (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae), y un patrón de color de doble mancha en el vaca blanca, Hypoplectrus unicolor (Walbaum) (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae). Generalmente se piensa que las anomalías en el pico son de origen genético y que los cambios genéticos en la forma del pico pueden ocurrir rápidamente en una población. La anomalía del pico de guadaña demuestra cuan rápido puede ocurrir una modificación drástica del pico. La anomalía del patrón de color de corona es similar a otras marcas distintivas encontradas en otros miembros de este género [isabelita reina, H. ciliaris (Linnaeus) y el híbrido isabelita azul H. ciliaris X H. bermudensis Goode] en el Atlántico occidental tropical y también indica cambios rápidos. Esto es importante porque las especies de este género se distinguen casi solamente por patrones de color. Las anomalías deberían ser registradas ya que podrían darnos algunas pistas acerca del origen genético de las características de las especies. Proponemos que los caracteres potencialmente heredables pueden reconocerse y describirse cuando aparecen en un individuo, antes de que sean heredados a la población, llenando un vacío en nuestro conocimiento de la evolución y la especiación.

 anomalies crown color pattern scythebill double-spot color pattern Rock Beauty Greater Antillean Grackle Butter Hamlet Caribbean anomalías patrón de color de corona pico de guadaña patrón de color de doble mancha isabelita medioluto chinchilín (mozambique, chango) vaca blanca Caribe Aguilar-Perera A Abundance and distribution of hamlets (Teleostei: Hypoplectrus ) in coral reefs off southwestern Puerto Rico: Support for the multispecies hypothesis Carib. J. Sci 2003 39 Aguilar-Perera A Variations in morphology and coloration in the Black Hamlet, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Teleostei: Serranidae) Carib. J. Sci 2004 40 Aguilar-Perera A Distribution of Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the wider Caribbean Region J. Biogeogr Arendt J. W Arendt A. I Bird deformity in a Pearly-eyed Thrasher from Montserrat, West Indies N. Amer. Bird Band 1986 11 Baum D. A Larson A Adaptation reviewed: a phylogenetic methodology for studying character macroevolution Syst. Zool 1991 40 Bock W. J The scientific explanation of macroevolutionary change -A reductionistic approach Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist 1979 13 Bock W. J von Wahlert G Adaptation and the function-form complex Evolution 1965 19 Blake C. H Diseases and injuries of Jamaican birds J. Field Ornithol 1957 28 Bowdish B. S An abnormal bill of Melanerpes portoricensis Auk 1904 21 Campbell B Lack E A dictionary of birds A dictionary of birds 1985 Vermillion^eSouth Dakota Buteo Books Craves J. A Passerines with deformed bills N. Amer. Bird Band 1994 19 Darwin C The origin of the species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life The origin of the species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life 1859 6 ^eNew York Mentor Domeier M. L Speciation in the serranid fish Hypoplectrus Bull. Mar. Sci 1994 54 Fox W Behavioral and evolutionary significance of the abnormal growth of beaks of birds Condor 1952 54 García-Machado E Chevalier Monteagudo P. P Solignac M Lack of mtDNA differentiation among hamlets (Hypoplectrus: Serranidae) Mar. Biol 2004 144 Gould S. J The structure of evolutionary theory The structure of evolutionary theory 2002 Cambridge Harvard University Gould S. J Lewontin R The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptation programme Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci 1979 205 Gould S. J Vrba E. S Exaptation -A missing term in the science of form Paleobiol 1982 8 Graves J. E Rosenblatt R. H Genetic relationships of the color morphs of the serranid fish Hypoplectrus unicolor Evolution 1980 34 Green H. W Diet and arboreality in the emerald monitor, Varanus prasinus, with comments on the study of adaptation Fieldiana Zool. N. Ser 1986 31 Grizzle J. M Williams, Jr E. H Lesions of a rock beauty, Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch), from Puerto Rico J. Fish Dis 1985 8 McCartney M. A Acevedo J Heredia C Rico C Quenoville B Bermingham E McMillan W. O Genetic mosaic in a marine species flock Molecular Ecol 2003 12 Mutchler T. M Common Grackle with a malformed bill N. Amer. Bird Band 1976 1 Post W The prevalence of some ectoparasites, diseases, and anomalies in the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird J. Field Ornithol 1981 52 Raffaele H Wiley J Garrido O Keith A Raffaele J A guide to the birds of the West Indies A guide to the birds of the West Indies 1998 Princeton^eNew Jersey Princeton University Ramon M. L Lobel P. S Sorenson M. D Lack of mitochondrial genetic structure in hamlets (Hypop lectrus spp.): recent speciation or ongoing hybridization Molecular Ecol 2003 12 Sharp M. S Neill R. L Physical deformities in a population of wintering black birds Condor 1979 8 Snyder L. L Some measurements and observations from Bronzed Grackles Canad. Field-Nat 1937 51 Srinivasa Rao K Lakshmi K Cryptic hybridization in marine fishes: Significance of narrow hybrid zones in identifying stable hybrid populations J. Nat. Hist 1999 33 Thresher R. E Polymorphism, mimicry and the evolution of the hamlets Bull. Mar. Sci 1978 28 Weiner J The beak of the finch: A study of evolution in our time The beak of the finch: A study of evolution in our time 1995 ^eNew York Alfred A. Knopf Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Rock Beauty crown pattern, grackle scythebill, and Butter Hamlet double spot anomalies, and their possible genetic significance Proc. Assoc. Mar. Labs. Carib 2005 32 Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Rogers C. S Fenner R New geographic records of Hamlets, Hypoplectrus spp. (Serranidae), in the Caribbean Sea Rev. Biol. Trop 2006 54 ^sSuppl. 3 Williams G. C Adaptations and natural selection Adaptations and natural selection 1966 Princeton^eNew Jersey Princeton University Williams L. B Williams, Jr E. H Nine new species of Anilocra (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) external parasites of West Indian coral reef fishes Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1981 94 Additional reports of passerines with deformed bills Additional reports of passerines with deformed bills 2003 Dearborn Rouge River Bird Observatory, University of Michigan
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600023 New geographic records of Hamlets, Hypoplectrus spp. (Serranidae), in the Caribbean Sea Williams, Jr Ernest H Bunkley-Williams Lucy Rogers Caroline S Fenner Robert ,University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico ,University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico ,Florida Caribbean Science Center ,Web Web Media San Diego California USA 12 2006 2006 54 171 173

The exact number of species of hamlets, Hypoplectrus spp., in the Caribbean is controversial and the geographic distributions of these species/forms are poorly documented. We report Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, as a new locality for the Barred Hamlet, H. puella (Cuvier), and Shy Hamlet, H. guttavarius (Poey); and St. John and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, for the Tan Hamlet, Hypoplectrus sp. The Black Hamlet, H. nigricans (Poey), has previously been reported from Curaçao, but we did not see it there. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 171-173. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

En el Caribe, el número exacto de especies de pez vaca, Hypoplectrus spp., es controversial y la distribución geográfica de estas especies/variedades está pobremente documentada. Presentamos Curaçao, Antillas Holandesas, como nueva localidad para el pez vaca de barras, H. puella (Cuvier) y el vaca bicolor, H. guttavarius (Poey). Agregamos St. John y St. Thomas, Islas Vírgenes de los EUA, al ámbito del "Tan Hamlet", Hypoplectrus sp. Anteriormente se dijo que en Curaçao se halla el pez vaca negra, H. nigricans (Poey), pero no lo vimos en nuestros muestreos.

 Hamlets geographic distribution Curaçao U.S. Virgin Islands Hypoplectrus spp pez vaca distribución geográfica Curaçao Islas Vírgenes Hypoplectrus spp Aguilar-Perera A Abundance and distribution of hamlets (Teleostis: Hypoplectrus) in coral reefs off southwestern Puerto Rico: Support for the multispecies hypothesis Carib. J. Sci 2003 39 Aguilar-Perera A Distribution of Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the Wider Caribbean Region J. Biogeogr Domeier M. L Speciation in the serranid fish Hypoplectrus Bull. Mar. Sci 1994 54 Humann P Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas 1994 Jacksonville^eFlorida New World Humann P Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas 2002 Jacksonville^eFlorida New World Pattengill-Semmens C. V The reef fish assemblage of Bonaire Marine Park: An analysis of REEF fish survey data Proc. 53rd Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 2002 53 Smith C. L National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda 1997 ^eNew York Alfred A. Knopf Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Rock Beauty crown pattern, grackle scythebill, and Butter Hamlet double spot anomalies, and their possible genetic significance Proc. Assoc. Mar. Lab. Carib 2005 32 Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Grackle scythebill, Rock Beauty crown pattern, and Butter Hamlet double spot anomalies, and their possible genetic significance Rev. Biol. Trop 2006 54 ^sSuppl. 3 Fenner R The basses called hamlets, genus Hypoplectrus The basses called hamlets, genus Hypoplectrus
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600024 Isopods (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) associated with Venezuelan marine fishes (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) Bunkley-Williams Lucy Williams, Jr Ernest H Bashirullah Abul K.M ,University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez USA ,University of Puerto Rico USA ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela 12 2006 2006 54 175 188

The parasitic isopod fauna of fishes in the southern Caribbean is poorly known. In examinations of 12 639 specimens of 187 species of Venezuelan fishes, the authors found 10 species in three families of isopods (Gnathiids, Gnathia spp. from Diplectrum radiale *, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *, Orthopristis ruber * and Trachinotus carolinus *; two aegids, Rocinela signata from Dasyatis guttata *, H. cruentatus *, Haemulon aurolineatum *, H. steindachneri * and O. ruber ; and Rocinela sp. from Epinephelus flavolimbatus *; five cymothoids: Anilocra haemuli from Haemulon boschmae *, H. flavolineatum * and H. steindachneri *; Anilocra cf haemuli from Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*, Cymothoa excisa in H. cruentatus *; Cymothoa oestrum in Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* and Priacanthus arenatus ; Cymothoa sp. in O. ruber; Livoneca sp. from H. cruentatus *; and Nerocila fluviatilis from H. cruentatus * and P. arenatus *). The Rocinela sp. and A. cf haemuli in the southern Caribbean could represent new species. The abundance of A. cf haemuli appears to have drastically reduced from 1994 to 1999 in the Gulf of Cariaco. The Cymothoa sp. represents an undescribed species that is apparently host specific to O. ruber . It does not occur in the Gulf of Cariaco, but is relatively abundant on the Caribbean coast of Sucre State, Venezuela. The Livoneca sp. is an undescribed species host specific to Diapterus rhombeus, Cymothoa excisa and C. oestrum were thought to have distinct host preferences, but both infected the Heteropriacanthus cruentatus in the present study.Gnathia spp. are reported from Venezuelan waters for the first time. Twenty new host records* are noted. The fish-associated isopod fauna is much more extensive and important than has previously been suspected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 175-188. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se conoce muy poco acerca de la fauna de isópodos parásitos de peces en el Caribe Sur. Tras examinar 12 639 especímenes de 187 especies de peces de Venezuela, los autores encontraron 10 especies de isópodos distribuidos en tres familias. Los asteriscos indican nuevos registros (Gnátidos, Gnathia spp. en Diplectrum radiale*, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Orthopristis ruber* y Trachinotus carolinus*; dos aégidos, Rocinela signata en Dasyatis guttata*, H. cruentatus*, Haemulon aurolineatum*, H. steindachneri * y O. ruber ; y Rocinela sp. en Epinephelus flavolimbatus*; cinco cimotoidos: Anilocra haemuli en Haemulon boschmae*, H. flavolineatum* y H.steindachneri*; Anilocra cf haemuli en Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*; Cymothoa excise in H. cruentatus*; Cymothoa oestrum en Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* y Priacanthus arenatus; Cymothoa sp. en O. ruber; Livoneca sp. en H. cruentatus*; y Nerocila fluviatilis en H. cruentatus* y P. arenatus*). Las especies Rocinela sp.y A.cf haemuli en el Caribe sur podrían representar especies distintas. La abundancia de A. cf haemuli en el Golfo de Coriaco parece haberse reducido drásticamente entre 1994 a 1999. Cymothoa sp.es una especie no descrita que aparentemente parasita específicamente a O. ruber. No se le encuentra en el Golfo de Cariaco, pero es relativamente abundante en la costa Caribe del Estado de Sucre, Venezuela. Livoneca sp. (especie sin describir) parasita específicamente a Diapterus rhombeus. Anteriormente se pensaba que Cymothoa excisa y C. oestrum tenían distintas preferencias de hospedero, pero ambas infectan a Heteropriacanthus cruentatus. Gnathia spp. Son además primer registro en aguas venezolanas. Se informan en total 20 nuevos registros. La fauna de isópodos asociados a peces es mucho más extensa e importante de lo que se sospechaba.

 fish-parasitic isopods Venezuela new species new host new locality records isópodos parásitos de peces Venezuela nuevas especies nuevos hospederos nuevos registros de localidad Proceedings of the 29th Scientific Meeting, Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, Cumaná, Venezuela Rev. Biol. Trop 2000 48 ^sSuppl. 1 Bashirullah A. K. M Occurrence and site specificity of an isopod Anilocra laticauda H. Milne Edwards, 1840 (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) parasitic on the grunt, Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier) in eastern Venezuela Crustaceana 1991 61 Bowman T. E Diaz-Ungria C Isopodos quimotoideos parasitos de peces de las aguas Venezolanas Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. "La Salle" 1957 17 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H Isopods associated with fishes: A synopsis and corrections J. Parasit 1998 84 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H Nerocila benrosei n. sp. (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) an external parasite of hogfishes from the northern Bahamas J. Parasit 1999 85 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H The identity of the seldom found Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico fish-parasitic isopod, Cymothoa caraibica Bovallius, resolved: A neoteric synonym of C. oestrum (L.) Caribbean J. Sci 2003 39 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H Bashirulla A. K. M Some isopods associated with Venezuelan fishes Carib. Mar. Stud 1998 6 Bunkley-Williams L Williams, Jr E. H Garzon-Ferreira J Some isopod and copepod parasites (Crustacea) of Colombian marine fishes Carib. J. Sci 1999 35 Cervigón F Ciprani R Fischer W Garibaldi L Hendrickx M Lemus A. J Márquez R Poutiers J. M Robaina G Rodríguez B Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water resources of the northern coast of South America Field guide to the commercial marine and brackish-water resources of the northern coast of South America 1993 Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Delaney P. M Phylogeny and biogeography of the marine isopod family Corallanidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science 1989 409 Erdman D.S Discontinuity in marine fish distribution in the Caribbean Carib. Agricult 1963 1 Garzon-Ferreira J An isopod, Rocinela signata (Crustacea: Isopoda: Aegidae), that attacks humans Bull. Mar. Sci 1990 46 Kensley B Schotte M Marine isopod crustaceans of the Caribbean Marine isopod crustaceans of the Caribbean 1989 ^eWashington, D.C Smithsonian Institution Press Kimmel J. J Arneson D. W The response of two species of jacks, C. latus and C. hippos to the isopod ectoparasite, Cymothoa oestrum Proc. Assoc. Isl. Mar. Labs. Carib 1978 14 Müller H.-G The genus Gnathia Leach (Isopoda) from Santa Marta area, northern Colombia, with a review of Gnathiidea from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico Bijdragen Tot de Dierkunde 1988 58 Robins C. R Distribution patterns of fishes from coastal and shelf waters of the tropical western Atlantic. Symposium on Investigations and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions. Papers on Fisheries Resources Distribution patterns of fishes from coastal and shelf waters of the tropical western Atlantic. Symposium on Investigations and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions. Papers on Fisheries Resources 1971 Rome FAO United Nations Thatcher V. E de Loyola e Silva J Jost G. F Souza-Conceiçã J. M Comparative morphology of Cymothoa spp. (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) from Brazilian fishes, with the description of Cymothoa catarinensis sp. nov. and redescriptions of C. excisa Perty and C. oestrum (Linnaeus) Rev. Bras. Zool 2003 20 Weinstein M. P Heck K. L Biology and host-parasite relationships of Cymothoa excisa (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) with three species of snappers (Lutjanidae) on the Caribbean coast of Panama Fish. Bull 1977 75 Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Four cases of unusual crustacean-fish associations and comments on parasitic processes J. Aquatic Animal Health 1994 6 Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Parasites of off shore, big game sport fishes of Puerto Rico and the Western North Atlantic Parasites of off shore, big game sport fishes of Puerto Rico and the Western North Atlantic 1996 Mayagüez Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Williams E. H., Jr Bunkley-Williams L Sanner C. J New host and locality records for copepod and isopod parasites of Colombian marine fishes J. Aquatic Animal Health 1994 6 Williams E. H., Jr Williams L. B Cuna insularis n. gen. and n. sp. (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from the gill chamber of the sergeant major, Abedufduf saxatilis (Linnaeus), (Osteichthyes) in the West Indies J. Parasit 1985 71 Williams L. B Williams, Jr E. H Nine new species of Anilocra (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) external parasites of West Indian coral reef fishes Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 1981 94
S0034-774420060006 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442006000600025 Actividades biológicas del extracto acuoso de la esponja Aplysina lacunosa (Porifera: Aplysinidae) Kazanjian Arda Fariñas Milagros ,Universidad de Oriente Cumaná Venezuela 12 2006 2006 54 189 200

Biological activity of an aqueons extract of the sponge Aplysina lacunosa (Porifera: Aplysinidae). The aqueous extract and protein precipitate of Aplysina lacunosa (Pallas, 1776) were studied to assess their hemagglutinating, hemolysing, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Specimens of the marine sponge were collected in El Morro de Tigüitigüe, Santa Fe, Sucre state, Venezuela. The active protein was separated by molecular exclusion chromatography and its molar mass estimated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The sponge A. lacunosa has a protein with a molar mass of about 43 000 Daltons which is capable of agglutinating human erythrocytes of the blood groups A, B, and O in a strong and unspecific mode. The assayed samples did not evidence any hemolysing activity. As for the antibacterial assay, only the aqueous extract was able to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis, with inhibition halos of 24, 20, 24, and 22 mm, respectively. None of the samples exhibited antifungal activity. The chemical analysis of the aqueous extract revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites. It is presumed that its hemagglutinating activity is mediated by agglutinative proteins. The antibacterial activity could be attributed to the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and polyphenols, which are highly antimicrobial compounds. Poriferans are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be used in the development of new drugs potentially useful in medicine. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 189-200. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Evaluamos el extracto acuoso y precipitado de proteínas de Aplysina lacunosa, en relación con su actividad hemaglutinante, hemolizante, antibacteriana y antimicótica. Los ejemplares de la esponja marina fueron recolectados en el Morro de Tigüitigüe, Santa Fe, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. La proteína activa fue separada por cromatografía de exclusión molecular; y su masa molar fue estimada por electroforesis SDS-PAGE. La esponja A. lacunosa posee una proteína con masa molar aproximada de 4.000 Daltons capaz de aglutinar fuertemente y de manera inespecífica los eritrocitos humanos de los grupos sanguíneos A, B y O. No se observó actividad hemolizante por parte de las muestras ensayadas. Únicamente el extracto acuoso fue capaz de inhibir el crecimiento de Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli y Salmonella enteritidis con halos de inhibición de 24, 20, 24, 22 mm, respectivamente; ninguna de las muestras exhibió actividad antifúngica. El análisis químico del extracto acuoso reveló la presencia de diversos metabolitos secundarios. Se presume que la actividad hemaglutinante se deba a la presencia de proteínas aglutinantes. La actividad antibacteriana podría atribuirse a la presencia de saponinas, alcaloides, taninos y polifenoles, compuestos altamente antimicrobianos. Los poríferos constituyen una fuente rica de compuestos bioactivos que pueden ser utilizados para el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos.

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