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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dwight Willard Taylor &quot;Don Guillermo&quot;</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barrientos</surname>
<given-names>Zaidett</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Springer</surname>
<given-names>Monika</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>ix</fpage>
<lpage>xii</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Biogeochemical processes in the continental slope of Bay of Bengal: I. Bacterial solubilization of inorganic phosphate</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Das</surname>
<given-names>Surajit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lyla</surname>
<given-names>P.S</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ajmal Khan</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Annamalai University  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Microorganisms play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycles of various marine environments, but studies on occurrence and distribution of such bacteria in the marine environment from India are meager. We studied the phosphate solubilizing property of bacteria from the deep sea sediment of Bay of Bengal, India, to understand their role in phosphorous cycle (and thereby the benthic productivity of the deep sea environment). Sediment samples were obtained from 33 stations between 10°36’ N - 20°01’ N and 79°59’ E - 87°30’ E along 11 transects at 3 different depths i.e. ca. 200 m, 500 m, 1000 m in each transect. Total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) counts ranged from 0.42 to 37.38x10(4) CFU g-1 dry sediment weight. Of the isolates tested, 7.57% showed the phosphate solubilizing property. The phosphate solubilizing bacterial genera were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, Alcaligenes, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium and Flavobacterium. These strains are good solubilizers of phosphates which ultimately may play a major role in the biogeochemical cycle and the benthic productivity of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Bay of Bengal, because this enzyme is important for the slow, but steady regeneration of phosphate and organic carbon in the deep sea. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 1-9. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la capacidad que tienen las bacterias de sedimentos profundos en la Bahía de Bengala, India, de disolver los fosfatos que juegan un papel clave en los ciclos biogeoquímicos del mar. Recolectamos muestras en 33 estaciones ubicadas entre 10°36’N - 20°01’N y 79°59’E - 87°30’E en once transectos y tres profundidades, i.e. ca. 200 m, 500 m, 1000 m. Los conteos totales de bacterias heterotróficas fueron de 0.42 a 37.38x10(4) CFU g-1 (peso seco) de sedimento. De las cepas evaluadas, un 7.57% disuelven fosfato. Los géneros con esta características fueron Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, Alcaligenes, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium y Flavobacterium.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>phosphorous</kwd>
<kwd>biogeochemical cycle</kwd>
<kwd>microbial loop</kwd>
<kwd>THB</kwd>
<kwd>phosphate solubilizing bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>Bay of Bengal</kwd>
<kwd>fósforo</kwd>
<kwd>ciclo biogeoquímico</kwd>
<kwd>ciclo microbiano</kwd>
<kwd>bacterias que disuelven fosfato</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de Bengala</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Structure and dynamics of the mangrove forest in the Ranchería river delta, Colombian Caribbean. We registered seedling survival and biomass increase for Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia germinans L. and Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., main mangrove species in the Rancheria River delta, Colombia. Only seedlings of R. mangle were found to survive. We also measured maximum rate of litterfall. We estimated annual litterfall through interpolation within an exponential regression performed with maximum and annual litterfall data published in other sources; the value of annual litterfall for the area was estimated to be 12.9 mgha-1y-1. We found a 7.4 mgha-1y-1 increase in biomass. Litterfall constitutes the larger fraction of the 20.2 mgha-1y-1 productivity of this mangrove. We believe this is a very high value for a forest under unfavorable natural and human conditions, such as high seasonality and continuous use of the forest to feed goats and sheep. We consider that the high productivity is a response to both natural and anthropogenic stress. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 11-21. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió de la supervivencia de plántulas y aumento de biomasa de Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia germinans L. y Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., principales especies de manglar del delta del río Ranchería, Colombia. Se encontró supervivencia de plántulas sólo de R. mangle. Se cuantificó también la tasa máxima de caída de hojarasca en el bosque; este valor se interpoló dentro de una regresión exponencial elaborada a partir valores máximos y anuales publicados en diferentes fuentes, y se halló un valor anual de 12.9 mgha-1a-1. A partir ecuaciones alométricas elaboradas para la zona y otras de fuentes secundarias puede calcularse un aumento de biomasa en 7.4 mgha-1a-1. La productividad del manglar del río Ranchería (20.2 mgha¹a-1) está representada en su mayoría por caída de hojarasca. Consideramos que esta productividad es alta para un bosque sometido a condiciones naturales y antrópicas tan desfavorables, como son la extrema estacionalidad y el continuo forrajeo de ganado ovino y caprino. Suponemos que la alta productividad se trata precisamente de una respuesta de la vegetación a la tensión ambiental.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>manglar</kwd>
<kwd>caída de hojarasca</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>supervivencia</kwd>
<kwd>productividad</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR)  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Monitoring of the mangrove forest at Gandoca, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site). The mangrove forest at Gandoca, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, has been monitored since 1999, following the CARICOMP protocol. The dominant species was the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle. The peak of productivity and flowering was in July. The mangrove productivity decline from 2001 to 2004 while the temperature rised. Biomass (14 kg/m²) and density (9 trees/10 m²) in Gandoca were relatively low compared to other CARICOMP sites, while productivity in July in Costa Rica (4 g/m²/day) was intermediate, similar to most CARICOMP sites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 23-31. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>manglar</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangle</kwd>
<kwd>monitoreo</kwd>
<kwd>CARICOMP</kwd>
<kwd>Gandoca</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Un modelo biogeoquímico para el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A biogeochemical model for the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. In agreement with the Broecker and Penn two-boxes model, I generated a biogeochemical balance model for the Gulf of Nicoya (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) using two nutrient reservoirs: surface water and deep water. The mixing zone was located at a depth of 20 m. There is a balance between surface waters descending to the bottom and upwelling waters that carry nutrients and other chemical elements to the surface. The main source of nitrogen (nitrate), was the outlet of the Tempisque and Tárcoles rivers. The Gulf of Nicoya is a net source of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) with an availability rate of 87 x 10³ mol day-1 in the dry season and 3 044 x 10³ mol day-1 in the rainy season. Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate (DIP) was estimated in 27 mol day-1 in the dry season and 207 mol day-¹ in the rainy season. The dynamics of these biolimited nutrients, in relation to runoff seasonal variations, fits the biological processes reported for the gulf, for example, for variations in primary productivity levels, and maturity and reproduction seasons for species with short and long life cycles. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 33-42. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De acuerdo con el &quot;modelo de dos cajas de Broecker y Peng&quot;, se desarrolló un modelo de balance biogeoquímico del Golfo de Nicoya, considerando dos reservorios de nutrientes: aguas superficiales y aguas profundas. La zona de mezcla se ubicó en promedio a los 20 m de profundidad y se consideró que existe un balance entre las aguas superficiales que van hacia el fondo y un sistema de surgencia que lleva nutrientes y otros elementos químicos del fondo a la superficie. La principal fuente de nitrógeno, en forma de iones de nitrato, es el aporte terrígeno a través de las desembocaduras del Tempisque y el Tárcoles. El Golfo de Nicoya es una fuente neta de Nitrógeno Inorgánico Disuelto (NID) con una disponibilidad estimada en 87 x 10³ mol día-1 en época seca; mientras que en la época lluviosa incrementa a 3 044 x 10³ mol día-1. Para el Fósforo Inorgánico Disuelto (FID) se estimó en 27 mol día-1 en época seca y en 207 mol día-1 en época lluviosa. La dinámica de estos nutrientes biolimitados, referida a las variaciones estacionales a través de sus aportes por lixiviación, coincide con los procesos biológicos informados para el Golfo de Nicoya, como variación en los niveles de productividad primaria, y épocas de madurez y reproducción de especies de ciclo de vida corto y largo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>tropical</kwd>
<kwd>estuary</kwd>
<kwd>nutrients</kwd>
<kwd>biogeochemical model</kwd>
<kwd>Nicoya Gulf</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>trópico</kwd>
<kwd>estuario</kwd>
<kwd>nutrientes</kwd>
<kwd>modelo biogeoquímico</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Does sea-grass biomass control the density of peracarids (Crustacea: Peracarida) in tropical lagoons? We analyzed the time-space variation of the peracarid crustaceans that inhabit seagrasses of the Alvarado Lagoon System, Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. The organisms were collected from 108 samples in six sites with Ruppia maritima beds (December 1992 to November 1994). The assemblage was composed of 11 species. Eight species of Amphipoda (Hourstonius laguna, Cerapus benthophilus, Apocorophium louisianum, Grandidierella bonnieroides, Leptocheirus rhizophorae, Gammarus mucronatus, Melita longisetosa and Haustorius sp.), one of Isopoda (Cassidinidea ovalis) and two of Tanaidacea (Discapseudes holthuisi and Leptochelia savignyi) were identified. Taxocoenosis, density and biomass of peracarids showed seasonal pulses related to R. maritima biomass, salinity variation, epicontinental affluent and inlets. The species C. ovalis, G. mucronatus, A. louisianum and D. holthuisi were dominant. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 43-53. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la variación en tiempo y espacio de los crustáceos peracáridos que habitan las praderas de Ruppia maritima del sistema lagunar de Alvarado, Veracruz, Golfo de México. El muestreo de esta asociación de crustáceos se realizó de diciembre de 1992 a noviembre de 1994. Los organismos se obtuvieron de 108 muestras recolectadas en seis sitios con R. maritima. La asociación de crustáceos incluyó 11 especies. Ocho especies en Amphipoda (Hourstonius laguna, Cerapus benthophilus, Apocorophium louisianum, Grandidierella bonnieroides, Leptocheirus rhizophorae, Gammarus mucronatus, Melita longisetosa y Haustorius sp.), una en Isopoda (Cassidinidea ovalis) y dos en Tanaidacea (Discapseudes holthuisi and Leptochelia savignyi). La taxocenosis, la densidad y la biomasa de estos organismos mostraron pulsos estacionales relacionados positivamente con la variación de la biomasa de R. maritima, la salinidad, los afluentes epicontinentales y las bocas de comunicación. Las especies C. ovalis, G. mucronatus, A. louisianum y D. holthuisi fueron componentes dominantes en la asociación de peracáridos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>sistema lagunar de Alvarado</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Monitoreo de pastos marinos en Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fonseca E</surname>
<given-names>Ana C</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nielsen M</surname>
<given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cortes</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR),  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR),  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seagrass monitoring at Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site). The seagrass of Perezoso (Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica) was monitored using the CARICOMP protocol. Productivity (2.7±1.15 g/m²/d; n=74) was intermediate, compared to other Caribbean sites. Total biomass was intermediate to high (750-1500 g/m²) at most CARICOMP sites (Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela) including Costa Rica (822.8±391.84 g/m²; n=32). Turnover rates were high (5.5±1.36 %; n=74) compared to what was found in March and August at other sites. Shoot densities average 725 shoots/m², in the Caribbean region, while in Costa Rica the value was higher (1184±335.5 shoots/m²). Average leaf length and width in the entire region were 14.4 cm and 10.6 mm, respectively, similar to what we found, but leaf area index average 3.4 m²m-2, higher than what was found in Costa Rica (0.92 m²m-2). At Cahuita, seagrass productivity was significantly lower in March 2005 compared with the previous six years, and biomass has decreased with time. Seagrass productivity and biomass are being affected by the maximum temperatures, which increased by almost 10 °C from 1999 to 2005, and show a high negative correlation. Turnover rate and temperature were not correlated. Recreational boating, swimming and nutrient loading from deforested lands in the coast, the upstream rivers and local pollution are potential sources of impact to the seagrass beds at Cahuita. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 55-66. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El pasto marino de Perezoso en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, costa Caribe de Costa Rica, se está monitoreando con el protocolo de CARICOMP. La productividad (2.7±1.15 g/m²/d, n=74) resultó intermedia, comparada con otros sitios del Caribe. La biomasa total resultó de intermedia a alta (750-1 500 g/m²) en la mayoría de los sitios CARICOMP (Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico y Venezuela) incluyendo Costa Rica (822.8±391.84 g/m², n=32). Las tasas de recambio son altas (5.5±1.36%, n=74) comparadas con lo que se encontró en marzo y agosto en otros sitios. La densidad promedio es de 725 plántulas/m², en la región Caribe, mientras que en Costa Rica resultó mayor (1 184±335.5 plántulas/m²). El largo y ancho de hoja promedio en toda la región es de 14.4 cm y 10.6 mm, respectivamente, similar a lo que se encontró en este estudio, pero el índice de área foliar promedio es de 3.4 m²m-2, mayor a lo que se encontró en Costa Rica (0.92 m²m-2). En Cahuita la productividad del pasto es significativamente menor comparado con los seis años previos, y la biomasa disminuyó en el tiempo. La productividad y biomasa de los pastos se está viendo afectada por las temperaturas máximas que aumentaron casi 10 °C de 1999 a 2005, y muestran una alta correlación negativa. La tasa de recambio y la temperatura no mostraron correlación. La actividad por botes, nadadores y la alta carga de nutrientes proveniente de la contaminación local por aguas negras, la deforestación y las actividades agrícolas en tierras costeras y rivereñas son fuentes potenciales de impacto en los pastos marinos de Cahuita.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>seagrass</kwd>
<kwd>monitoring</kwd>
<kwd>CARICOMP</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional Cahuita</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
<kwd>productivity</kwd>
<kwd>turnover rate</kwd>
<kwd>pastos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>monitoreo</kwd>
<kwd>CARICOMP</kwd>
<kwd>Thalassia testudinum</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional Cahuita</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa</kwd>
<kwd>productividad</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de recambio</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Body size, ecological tolerance and potential for water quality bioindication in the genus Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from South America. Knowledge about the biology and ecology of neotropical aquatic taxa is crucial to establish general ecological rules and water protection systems. Based mainly on published data, the present work shows the following biological and ecological characteristics of Anacroneuria species (Klapálek 1909): a) the wide range of environmental conditions of rivers where Anacroneuria species occur, b) species number decreases along an increasing elevation gradient, c) body size increases in relation to the maximum altitude of occurrence, d) altitudinal range increases with body size, e) there is a constant relationship between male and female body size, and finally, f) larger females lay larger eggs. In temperate countries, the family Perlidae in general, and the genus Anacroneuria in particular, are viewed as excellent water quality indicators. We suggest that, considering the complexity of the group’s ecology in South America, it should not be automatically considered an excellent bioindicator in the Neotropical region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 67-81. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El conocimiento sobre la biología y la ecología de los organismos acuáticos neotropicales es de gran importancia para evaluar reglas ecológicas generales y para establecer un sistema de protección de los recursos acuáticos. Basado principalmente sobre datos recoleccióndos en publicaciones anteriores, el presente trabajo muestra las siguientes características biológicas y ecológicas de las especies del género Anacroneuria (Klapálek 1909; Perlidae: Plecoptera): a) la gran amplitud de las condiciones ambientales de los ríos poblados por el género Anacroneuria, b) la disminución del número de especies sobre una gradiente de altitud, c) el aumento del tamaño corporal con la altitud máxima, d) el aumento del ámbito altitudinal con el tamaño corporal, e) la relación constante entre el tamaño del macho y de la hembra, y finalmente, f) el aumento del tamaño de los huevos con el tamaño de la hembra. Sugerimos que la familia Perlidae y el género Anacroneuria no debrían ser automaticamente considerados como excelentes indicadores de la calidad del agua en la zona neotropical.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Plecoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Anacroneuria</kwd>
<kwd>ecological tolerance</kwd>
<kwd>altitudinal range</kwd>
<kwd>body size</kwd>
<kwd>egg size</kwd>
<kwd>biological indexes</kwd>
<kwd>Plecoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Anacroneuria</kwd>
<kwd>tolerancia ecológica</kwd>
<kwd>ámbito altitudinal</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño corporal</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño de los huevos</kwd>
<kwd>indices biológicos</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán  </institution>
<addr-line> Yucatan</addr-line>
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<institution>,Instituto de Ecología  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Scarabaeinae are sensitive to structural habitat changes caused by disturbance. We compared copronecrophagous beetle (Scarabaeinae) community structure in three differently managed zones within an agroecosystem of the northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. We placed dung and carrion traps once a month from June 2004 through May 2005. The beetle community included 17 species from the genera Canthon, Canthidium, Deltochilum, Pseudocanthon, Malagoniella, Onthophagus, Phanaeus, Copris, Uroxys, Sisyphus and Ateuchus. The secondary vegetation had a higher beetle diversity than the other two zones. Species richness was highest in the Brosimum alicastrum plantation. The pasture had the lowest species diversity and richness, but exhibited the highest abundance of Scarabaeinae in the dry season. The two zones with extensive tree cover were the most diverse. Roller beetles were dominant over burrower species and small-sized species outnumbered large species. Our data show two important issues: beetle species in the pasture extended their activity to the beginning of the dry season, while abundances dropped in the other, unirrigated zones; and the possibility that the Scarabaeinae living in neotropical forests are opportunistic saprophages and have specialized habits for resources other than dung. The B. alicastrum plantation is beneficial to the entire ranch production system because it functions as a dispersion and development area for stenotopic species limited to tree cover. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 83-99. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio describe y compara la estructura de la comunidad de escarabajos copronecrófagos (Scarabaeinae) en tres zonas con diferente manejo al interior de un agroecosistema localizado en el norte de la Península de Yucatán. A lo largo de un año de muestreo sistemático se encontraron 17 especies de los géneros Canthon, Canthidium, Deltochilum, Pseudocanthon, Malagoniella, Onthophagus, Phanaeus, Copris, Uroxys, Sisyphus y Ateuchus. El área de vegetación secundaria tuvo la comunidad más diversa. En la plantación de Brosimum alicastrum (ramón) se encontró la mayor riqueza de especies. El potrero tuvo la menor riqueza y diversidad, pero en él se observó la mayor abundancia de Scarabaeinae en la estación seca. Las áreas con mayor cobertura arbórea tuvieron mayor diversidad y se encontró dominancia de las especies rodadoras sobre las cavadoras y de las especies de talla pequeña sobre las de tamaño grande. Nuestros datos muestran dos aspectos importantes: en el potrero (con riego) las especies de escarabajos extienden su actividad hasta el inicio de la época seca, mientras que las abundancias decaen en las áreas que no reciben riego; la posibilidad de que los Scarabaeinae neotropicales sean saprófagos oportunistas y tengan hábitos alimenticios especializados para disponer de otros recursos además del excremento. El ramonal beneficia al sistema completo pues provee de un espacio para la dispersión y permanencia de varias especies estenoecas a la cobertura vegetal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Scarabaeinae</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentation</kwd>
<kwd>Brosimum alicastrum</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosystems</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatan</kwd>
<kwd>Scarabaeinae</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentación</kwd>
<kwd>Brosimum alicastrum</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosistemas</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The role of carabid beetles in reducing populations of phytophagous insects has been an elusive subject. A field experiment was established on a commercial wheat crop (cv. Otto) with an area of 4.5 ha in Valdivia, Chile, during the spring and summer of 1996-1997. The field had been under a prairie system for two years, before wheat sowing (fertilization and a pesticide had been applied during crop development). Samples were taken at approximately monthly intervals. Carabid beetles were sampled with a grid of pitfall traps and other insects were sampled with a vacuum insect net and soil cores. The genera of the carabids found are of neotropical origin. Exclusion by polythene barriers, together with removal of carabid beetles using traps, was an effective technique for controlling carabid populations in a commercial wheat crop. A reduction in the number of carabid beetles was associated with an increase in the number of springtails and arachnids, and a decrease of agromyzid adults. Phytophagous insects, such as homopterans and lepidopterous larvae, were not affected by carabid exclusion and removal. The action of carabid beetles on the arthropod fauna can be extremely complex, due to its predatory activity at multitrophic levels. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 101-111. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae) aqueous extract on antibody response to Bothrops asper venom and immune cell response</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effect of aqueous extract of Echinacea purpurea roots on the murine antibody response to Bothrops asper snake venom in vivo was studied. Three groups were used. Group #1, baseline control, was treated with snake venom plus PBS. Group #2 was treated with snake venom plus sodium alginate as adjuvant (routine method used at Instituto Clodomiro Picado), and group #3 or experimental group, was treated with snake venom plus aqueous extract of E. purpurea root as adjuvant. In all groups, the first inoculation was done with Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). By the time of the second bleeding, mice in group #3 showed a remarkable increment in the level of anti-venom antibodies compared with those in groups #1 or #2. In vitro immune cell proliferation as a response to aqueous extract of E. purpurea root was studied using human lymphocytes activated with different lectins (Con A, PHA and PWM). In all cases, increase in percentage of lymphoproliferation was greater when E. purpurea root extract was used in addition to individual lectins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 113-119. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió in vivo, el efecto del extracto acuoso de las raíces de Echinacea purpurea en la respuesta de los anticuerpos murinos al veneno de la serpiente Bothrops asper. El grupo 1 control, fue tratado con el veneno y PBS. El grupo 2 con veneno y alginato de sodio (método utilizado en el Instituto Clodomiro Picado), y el grupo 3 o experimental, con veneno y extracto acuoso de las raíces de E. purpurea. En todos los grupos, la primera inmunización fue hecha con FCA (Freund’s Complete Adjuvant). En las muestras correspondientes a la segunda sangría, los ratones del grupo 3 mostraron un marcado incremento en el nivel de anticuerpos, en comparación con los ratones de los otros grupos. También se determinó la proliferación de células inmunes in vitro, como respuesta al extracto acuoso de la raíz de E. purpurea, utilizando linfocitos humanos activados con diferentes lectinas (Con A, PHA y PWM). En todos los casos, el incremento en el porcentaje de linfoproliferación fue mayor, cuando estaba presente el extracto de la raíz de E. purpurea.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Echinacea purpurea</kwd>
<kwd>immunostimulatory properties</kwd>
<kwd>adjuvant</kwd>
<kwd>plant extract</kwd>
<kwd>in vitro lymphoproliferation</kwd>
<kwd>murine antivenom antibodies</kwd>
<kwd>Echinacea purpurea</kwd>
<kwd>propiedades inmunoestimulatorias</kwd>
<kwd>extracto de plantas</kwd>
<kwd>linfoproliferación in vitro</kwd>
<kwd>anticuerpos de anti-veneno murino</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad de El Salvador  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In vitro growth kinetics of two Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) clones in myocardial cells from rodents of different susceptibility. Two Trypanosoma cruzi isolates, TCR-4 from Costa Rica and UES-1 from El Salvador, were studied in vitro to compare their infectivity or resistance and intracellular replication in myocardial cells in three strains of mice and rats: NGP white mice, C3 H mice and Sprague Dowley rats. Myocardial cells were cultured on coverslips at 37 º C in a humid 10 % CO2 atmosphere and then infected at a ratio of one tripomastigote per cell. Samples were studied after 24, 72, 96 and 120 h of infection to determine parasite infection capacity and intracellular multiplication. Both parasites had the highest infection capacity in C3 H mice, followed by NGP mice cells with a very low infection rate. Lastly, almost no Trypanosoma cruzi multiplication was observed in Sprague Dowley rats, suggesting a strong natural resistance in this animal to both strains of the parasite. The UES-1 isolate presented higher multiplication and greater invasion than the TCR-4 strain, showing greater virulence of UES-1 in heart cells, at least in vitro. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 121-126. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Dos cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi, una originaria de Costa Rica (TCR-4) y otra de El Salvador (UES-1) fueron comparadas in vitro en cuanto a su infectividad y multiplicación en células miocárdicas de ratón blanco NGP, ratón C3H y rata Sprague Dowley con el fin de determinar la resistencia natural de las células de estos animales. Las células miocárdicas fueron cultivadas en cubreobjetos y posteriormente infectadas con tripomastigotos sanguíneos de la cepa respectiva en una relación de un parásito por célula miocárdica y posteriormente incubados a 37 ºC con 10 % de CO2 en atmósfera húmeda. Para determinar la capacidad infectante y multiplicación intracelular se analizaron muestras a las 24, 72, 96 y 120 h de infección, determinándose la curva de crecimiento y la tasa de multiplicación intracelular. Se encontró que las dos cepas fueron capaces de multiplicarse en las células miocárdicas de ratón C3H, muy poco en ratón NGP y prácticamente nada en rata, lo que sugiere una resistencia natural de las células de estos últimos dos animales. La cepa UES-1 tuvo una tasa de multiplicación e invasión mayor (p=0.001) sugiriendo por lo tanto una virulencia, al menos in vitro superior a la cepa TCR-4.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Trypanosomatidae</kwd>
<kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
<kwd>heart cells</kwd>
<kwd>cell culture</kwd>
<kwd>Trypanosomatidae</kwd>
<kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
<kwd>células cardiacas</kwd>
<kwd>cultivo de células</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Aislamiento de una cepa de campo de Babesia bigemina (Piroplasma: Babesiidae) y establecimiento del cultivo in vitro para la producción de antígenos</article-title>
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<surname>Wagner</surname>
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<aff id="A">
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<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>127</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Isolation of a field strain of Babesia bigemina (Piroplasma: Babesiidae) and establishment of in vitro culture for antigen production. Bovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia bigemina, is a barrier for livestock development; it results in high economic loss to Mexican livestock. Control requires adequate antigens for diagnosis and vaccination programs. However, because of antigenic variation among Babesia strains, it is necessary to use antigens prepared from local strains. The purpose of the present study was to isolate a local field strain and to establish the in vitro culture of B. bigemina by the evaluation of the constituent’s concentration of culture media. Thirty engorged female Boophilus microplus were collected from cattle suffering clinical babesiosis (B. bigemina) in Yucatan state, Mexico. These ticks were sent to the laboratory for detection of Babesia sp. vermicules. Eggs were kept at 83-85 % humidity and 27 ºC until hatching. Larvae were transferred to an esplenectomized calf (B-1). The resulting nymphs were transferred to an esplenectomized calf (B-2). Twelve days later, B. bigemina (local strain) was detected in calf B-2 and its infected blood was frozen in liquid nitrogen to initiate the in vitro culture. The Microaerophilus Stationary Phase (MASP) in vitro culture method was used to reactivate the parasite. Three different concentrations of culture media (70, 60 and 50 %), serum (30, 40 and 50 %) and uninfected red blood cells (5, 10 and 15 %) were used in order to know the convenient concentrations to obtain the highest percentage of infected red blood cells (PEI). The cultured strain was used to prepare antigens for the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) and several concentrations of serum and conjugate were tested. Strain isolation was successful; 30 days were needed to obtain a PEI of 1.5 %. The isolated strain was frozen in liquid nitrogen and the parasites were reactivated with the in vitro culture MASP method. The concentration of culture media that produced the highest PEI (14 %) (p&lt;0.05) was 30 % serum, 70 % M199 and 5 %. Uninfected Red Blood cells antigens were successfully used in the IFAT and the best dilutions to differentiate between positive and negative controls were serum 1:80 and conjugate 1:80. The isolated B. bigemina local strain requires particular conditions of in vitro culture by the MASP method to reach high numbers of infected red blood cells, needed to prepare and provide high quality antigens for serological diagnosis of B. bigemina. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 127-133. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La babesiosis bovina ocasionada por Babesia bigemina produce grandes pérdidas a la economía pecuaria Mexicana. Debido a las variaciones antigénicas que presenta B. bigemina es necesario contar con antígenos locales para la realización de estudios epidemiológicos y de inmunización. Se recolectaron 30 garrapatas Boophilus microplus de un bovino adulto clínicamente enfermo de babesiosis (B. bigemina) en Yucatán, México. En laboratorio se produjeron larvas, ninfas y una cepa congelada. El aislamiento de la cepa se realizó con éxito y se necesitó 30 días en el cultivo in vitro para obtener un PEI del 1.5 %. La cepa fue congelada en nitrógeno líquido y reactivada en el cultivo celular. La concentración del medio que permitió el mayor PEI (14 %, p&lt;0.05) fue: 30 % de suero bovino, 70 % de M199 y 5 % de volumen de eritrocitos. Las antígenos producidos fueron usado exitosamente en la prueba de IFI y la dilución que permitió diferenciar los positivos de los negativos fue suero 1:80 y conjugado 1:80.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Babesia bigemina</kwd>
<kwd>isolation</kwd>
<kwd>in vitro culture</kwd>
<kwd>antigen</kwd>
<kwd>percentage</kwd>
<kwd>infected red blood cells</kwd>
<kwd>Babesia bigemina</kwd>
<kwd>aislamiento</kwd>
<kwd>cultivo in vitro</kwd>
<kwd>antígeno</kwd>
<kwd>porcentaje</kwd>
<kwd>eritrocitos infectados</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Relations between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton abundance in three lentic ecosystems in the Colombian Andes. We analyzed relations among phytoplankton and total bacterioplankton fractions in three lentic ecosystems (Neusa and Prado dams, and Fúquene lagoon) with different physicochemical characteristics, in the Andes of Colombia. Samplings were made in three sites of each water body during three surveys. Neusa dam (meso to oligotrophic) had the lowest bacterial concentration; Prado dam (eutrophic) had a high bacterial and algal abundance, and the Fúquene lagoon (mesotrophic) had lower concentrations of phytoplankton but a high relative concentration of bacteria, probably because of its particular conditions: high organic matter and low nutrient levels in the water. There was a negative correlation of total bacterioplankton with the phytoplankton (Pearson=-0.4479, p=0.019, n=27) and a positive correlation between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria (Pearson=0.3866, p=0.062, n=24) and between total bacterioplankton and DBO5 (Pearson=0.4088, p=0.034, n=27). Apparently, total bacterioplankton and phytoplankton were not coupling, but cultivable bacteria and the phytoplankton had some degree of relationship. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 135-146. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Analizamos las fracciones de fitoplancton y bacterioplancton en tres ecosistemas lénticos (los embalses de Neusa y Prado y la laguna de Fúquene), con características fisicoquímicas distintas, a fin de verificar el acoplamiento entre estas comunidades. Las muestras se tomaron en tres sitios de cada cuerpo de agua, en tres visitas de muestreo. El embalse de Neusa (meso a oligotrófico) mostró la menor concentración de bacterias; el embalse de Prado (eutrófico) tuvo una alta abundancia, tanto de algas como de bacterias. La laguna de Fúquene (oligo a mesotrófica) tuvo bajas concentraciones de fitoplancton, pero relativamente altas concentraciones de bacterias, debido a sus condiciones particulares de elevada concentración de materia orgánica y cantidades bajas de nutrientes en el agua. Se presentó una relación negativa entre el bacterioplancton total y el fitoplancton (Person= -0.4479, p=0.019, n= 27) y positiva entre el fitoplancton y las bacterias heterótrofas (Pearson= 0.3866, p=0.062, n= 24) y entre las bacterias y la materia orgánica (Pearson= 0.4088, p=0.034, n= 27). El bacterioplancton total y el fitoplancton no mostraron &quot;acoplamiento&quot;, pero las bacterias cultivables y el fitoplancton tuvieron algún grado de interrelación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacterioplankton</kwd>
<kwd>phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>heterotrophic bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>lentic ecosystems</kwd>
<kwd>Andean region</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Bacterioplancton</kwd>
<kwd>fitoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>región Andina</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Nieser gathered the water bug species included by Lauck in the groups Belostoma pygmeum and Belostoma plebejum in a single group, Belostoma plebejum. We follow this criterion and use the terminology used by Estévez and Polhemus for species descriptions. The Belostoma plebejum group includes seven small species with the ventral diverticulum of male genitalia recurved ventrad: Belostoma lariversi De Carlo, 1969; B. micantulum (Stål, 1858); B. plebejum (Stål, 1858); B. pygmeum (Dufour, 1863); B. minusculum (Uhler, 1884). B. parvum sp. nov. from Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Brazil, and B. nicaeum sp. nov. from Manaus, Brazil. The two new species are described and illustrated, and new synonymies are proposed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 147-155. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nieser reunió las especies de chinches acuáticas incluidas por Lauck en los grupos Belostoma plebejum y Belostoma pygmeum en un solo grupo, Belostoma plebejum, criterio que se sigue en este trabajo. El grupo incluye siete especies pequeñas que presentan el divertículo ventral de los genitales masculinos recurvado ventrad: Belostoma lariversi De Carlo, 1969; B. micantulum (Stål, 1858); B. plebejum (Stål, 1858); B. pygmeum (Dufour, 1863); B. minusculum (Uhler, 1884), las cuales se redescriben e ilustran y B. parvum registrada de Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname y Brazil y B. nicaeum registrada de Manaus, Brasil. Las dos especies nuevas que se describen e ilustran.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>chinche acuática</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>Belostoma</kwd>
<kwd>especies pequeñas</kwd>
<kwd>grupo plebejum</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The fluctuations of the number, biomass and composition of the heterotrophic community were studied daily for two days, according to depth, pH, Eh, O2 and organic carbon concentration within a zone of the canal between the Coyuca de Benítez lagoon (Guerrero, Mexico) and the coastal waters. At the three moments of the day studied (6 am, 2 pm and 10 pm), the oxygen concentrations in the overlying water and in the superficial sediment layer were near air-saturation in the diurnal samplings (582 µM at 6 am and 665 µM at 2 pm), and sub-satured during the night (158 µM). In the sediments, the models of vertical distribution of Eh and organic carbon distributions were very irregular due to the bio-perturbation of the benthic, meio- and macrofauna, whose activity allows the superficial organic carbon to migrate towards sediment deeper layers. Vertical distribution of the different viable bacteria populations seems to be related to the hydrodynamic patterns of the communicating canal and sediments heterogeneity. In the sediment column, the heterotrophic bacteria total number varied from 6.8 to 20.3 x 108 cells cm-3. The highest heterotrophic bacterial biomass values were encountered during the diurnal samplings (39.2 µgC.l-1 at 6 am and 34.4 µgC.l-1 at 2 pm) and the lowest during the night (9.7 µgC.l-1). The fluctuations of viable heterotrophic bacteria populations with different respiratory metabolisms (aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic) can be explained by the existence of suboxic microniches that appear when particles of sediment are resuspended due to the water circulation and the benthic infauna excavating activity, that allows the supernatant water oxygen to penetrate through its galleries towards deeper sediment zones. The statistical analysis (Multiple lineal regression model r²&amp;#8805; 0.5) showed that the on the whole, the hydrological parameters are not influence over the bacterial number and bacterial biomass distribution (r²&amp;#8804; 0.5), Nevertheless, the variations of the heterotrophic bacteria community observed in the two days sampling, seem to be governed (with F-values of 0.6 to 0.9) by the irregular flows of bio-available organic material and the sediment porosity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 157-169. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las fluctuaciones en el número, biomasa y composición de la comunidad bacteriana heterotrófica fueron estudiadas con respecto a la profundidad y a los cambios de profundidad, pH, Eh, O2 y concentración de carbono orgánico, durante un período corto de tiempo (diarias durante 2 días), en una zona del canal que comunica la laguna de Coyuca de Benítez (Guerrero, México) con las aguas costeras. Durante los tres momentos del día (6 am, 2 pm y 10 pm) estudiados, las concentraciones de oxígeno en el agua sobrenadante y en la película superficial del sedimento se encontraron próximas a la de saturación del aire durante los muestreos diurnos (582 µM a las 6 am y de 665 µM a las 2 pm) y de subsaturación durante la noche (158 µM). En los sedimentos, los modelos de distribución vertical del Eh y del carbono orgánico fueron muy irregulares debido a la bioperturbación causada por la meio- y macrofauna béntica, ya que su actividad excavadora per-mite que del carbono orgánico superficial pase a las capas más profundas del sedimento. La distribución vertical de la comunidad bacteriana heterotrófica viable parece estar ligada a la hidrodinámica del canal de comunicación y a la heterogeneidad de los sedimentos. En la columna de sedimento, el número total de bacterias heterótrofas variaron entre 6.8 y 20.3 x 10(8) cel cm-3. Los valores más altos de biomasa bacteriana heterótrofa se registraron en los muestreos realizados de día (39.2 µgC.l-1 a las 6 am y 33.4 µgC.l-1 a las 2 pm) y los menores durante la noche (9.7µgC. l-1). Las fluctuaciones del número de bacterias viables con diferentes metabolismos respiratorio (aeróbicos, microaerofílicos y anaeróbicos), se pueden explicar por la existencia de micronichos subóxicos que se forman debido a la resuspensión de partículas sedimentarias por la circulación del agua y por acción de las actividades de excavación de los organismos bentónicos que a través de sus galerías permiten que el oxígeno del agua sobrenadante penetre a las zonas más profundas del sedimento. El análisis estadístico (Modelo de regresión lineal múltiple r²&amp;#8805; 0.5) señaló que no hubo una relación directa entre los parámetros hidrológicos y la abundancia de las poblaciones bacterianas (r²&amp;#8804; 0.5). Sin embargo, las variaciones de la comunidad bacteriana heterotrófica observada durante los dos días de muestreo, pareció estar gobernada por los flujos irregulares de materia orgánica biodisponible y por la porosidad del sedimento (F-valores de 0.6 a 0.9)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>coastal lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>oxygen</kwd>
<kwd>sediments</kwd>
<kwd>heterotrophic</kwd>
<kwd>microaerophilic</kwd>
<kwd>aerobic</kwd>
<kwd>anaerobic bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>laguna costera</kwd>
<kwd>oxígeno</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentos</kwd>
<kwd>bacterias heterotróficas</kwd>
<kwd>aerobias</kwd>
<kwd>microaerofílicas</kwd>
<kwd>anaerobias</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from El Salvador, Central America. Collections of 11 species of shallow water Polyplacophora from El Salvador were made in July 2002. Previously only five species had been documented in El Salvador: Chaetopleura lurida (Sowerby, 1832); Ischnochiton guatemalensis (Thiele, 1910); Ceratozona angusta (Thiele, 1909); Chiton stokesii (Broderip, 1832) and Acantochitona exquisita (Pilsbry, 1893). Of these, I. guatemalensis and A. exquisita were not collected in this census. Seven other species are reported here for El Salvador for the first time: Lepidochitona beanii (Carpenter, 1857); Ischnochiton dispar (Sowerby, 1832); Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832); Callistochiton expressus (Carpenter, 1865); Acanthochitona arragonites (Carpenter, 1867); A. ferreirai (Lyons, 1988) and A. hirudiniformis (Sowerby, 1832). The known geographic distribution of I. dispar is extended to the north. An un-named species of Lepidochitona is briefly described. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 171-176. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En El Salvador se habían registrado los poliplacóforos Chaetopleura lurida (Sowerby, 1832); Ischnochiton guatemalensis (Thiele, 1910); Ceratozona angusta (Thiele, 1909); Chiton stokesii (Broderip, 1832) y Acantochitona exquisita (Pilsbry, 1893). Recolectamos quitones en aguas someras de El Salvador en julio del 2002, agragando a la lista a Lepidochitona beanii (Carpenter, 1857); Ischnochiton dispar (Sowerby, 1832); Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832); Callistochiton expressus (Carpenter, 1865); Acanthochitona arragonites (Carpenter, 1867); Acanthochitona ferreirai (Lyons, 1988) y Acanthochitona hirudiniformis (Sowerby, 1832). Ampliamos la distribución documentada de I. dispar hacia el norte y describimos brevemente una especie innominada de Lepidochitona.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polyplacophora</kwd>
<kwd>chitons</kwd>
<kwd>El Salvador</kwd>
<kwd>records</kwd>
<kwd>Central America</kwd>
<kwd>Polyplacophora</kwd>
<kwd>quitones</kwd>
<kwd>El Salvador</kwd>
<kwd>registros</kwd>
<kwd>América Central</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Polyplacophoran communities (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) at Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Eight species of polyplacophorans have been reported from La Bahía de la Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We add Lepidochitona beanii, Chaetopleura lurida, Stenoplax limaciformis, S. mariposa, Lepidozona clathrata, L. serrata and Acanthochitona arragonites, increasing the known number of species to 15. Ordination analysis of five chiton communities at the site suggests a correlation of wave exposure to species composition and diversity: communities with intermediate wave exposure have more species (richness) and higher diversity (Shannon’s index). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 177-182. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A las ocho especies de poliplacóforos registradas en Bahía de la Paz, Baja California Sur, México, o cerca de ella, agregamos a Lepidochitona beanii, Chaetopleura lurida, Stenoplax limaciformis, S. mariposa, Lepidozona clathrata, L. serrata y Acanthochitona arragonites. El análisis de las comunidades estudiadas usando técnicas de ordenación sugiere que podría relacionarse la exposición al oleaje con la riqueza y la diversidad de especies. La comunidad recolectada en condiciones intermedias de exposición al oleaje presentó mayor número de especies y mayor diversidad de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Polyplacophora</kwd>
<kwd>quitón</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de California</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de La Paz</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100019</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>188</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Obtaining of egg masses of the snail, Strombus pugilis (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae) under laboratory conditions. The survival, reproduction and embryonic development of Strombus pugilis, were determined during a period of ten months under laboratory conditions. Seven progenitors were collected in Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, Mexico and later transferred to the laboratory, where they were placed in aquarium with 80 l of sea water and fed with &quot;pellets&quot;. A total of 30 egg masses were collected, one on September and the other on April. The estimated total length of one egg mass was 11.24 m; the mean number of embryos obtained per 2 cm was 264, obtaining an estimated total of 157 500 embryos in the egg mass. The means of the physical-chemical parameters during the study were: salinity 37.6±0.5 ‰, pH 7.5±0.5 and temperature 28±0.2 °C. The maintenance and water recirculation system used to sustain the breading stock is excellent both for reproduction of the organism and for obtaining egg masses under controlled conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 183-188. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la supervivencia, reproducción y el desarrollo embrionario del caracol Strombus pugilis, por un periodo de diez meses en condiciones de laboratorio. Siete progenitores fueron recolectados en Isla Contoy, Quintana Roo, México y posteriormente trasladados al laboratorio donde fueron colocados en acuarios de 80 l con agua de mar y alimentados con alimento granulado. Un total de 30 masas ovígeras fueron recolectadas, lográndose un aumento en el número de masas de huevos en abril. La longitud total estimada de una sola masa ovígera fue de 11.24 m, el número promedio de embriones encontrados en 2 cm fue de 264, obteniéndose un total de 157 500 embriones en toda la masa de huevos. Los resultados promedio de los parámetros físico-químicos a lo largo del periodo de estudio fueron los siguientes: salinidad de 37.5±0.5 ‰, pH 7.5±0.5 y temperatura de 28±0.2 °C. Con los datos aportados en este estudio se infiere que este sistema de mantenimiento y recirculación de los progenitores es excelente tanto para la reproducción como para la obtención de las masas ovígeras en condiciones controladas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Strombus pugilis</kwd>
<kwd>Strombidae</kwd>
<kwd>egg masses</kwd>
<kwd>aquaculture</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Strombus pugilis</kwd>
<kwd>Strombidae</kwd>
<kwd>masas ovígeras</kwd>
<kwd>acuicultura</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100020</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Daily cycle and body characteristics of mating Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the wild off southern Sinaloa, Mexico</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Mating behavior has been described for very few species of penaeoid shrimps. We describe some of the environmental conditions under which mating of Litopenaeus vannamei took place in the ocean, as inferred by the presence of attached spermatophores on the thelycum of females, combined with the presence of mature males with empty ampulla terminalis, both evidence of recent copulation. Out of a total of twelve 24 hr samplings on board the research vessel B/O &quot;EL PUMA&quot;, one was selected to examine mating. There were four periods of observation. The highest frequency of females with attached spermatophores were found during the daytime whilst the lowest was registered during the night. Females with attached spermatophore were mostly at stages IV and V of ovarian maturity and fell within the 30 - 50 mm of C.L. range. Copulating male size ranged between 30 and 40 mm of C.L. and there was a close relation between the percentage of mating females and males. Male to female ratio varied throughout the sampling period but it was never 1:1. The female mean size was, in all cases, bigger than the male mean size. Among the environmental factors, salinity and oxygen varied very slightly throughout the sampling period; temperature variation was more pronounced and those changes were attributed to the tidal oscillation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 189-198. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos el apareamiento del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei . La mayoría de las hembras con espermatóforos fueron capturadas durante el día y estaban en las etapas IV y V de desarrollo ovárico (longitud 30 - 50 mm. Los machos apareados midieron entre 30 y 40 mm. La proporción sexual varió pero nunca fue 1:1. Las hembras siempre fueron más grandes que los machos. Durante el muestreo, la salinidad y el oxígeno variaron poco. La temperatura varió más y atribuimos estos cambios a las mareas.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of some reproductive characteristics of farmed and wild white shrimp males Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  </institution>
<addr-line> Sinaloa</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa  </institution>
<addr-line> Sinaloa</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>199</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We rated some reproductive characteristics of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) males using 46 farmed individuals (weighing 21.42±0.56 g) and 40 wild individuals (weighing 36.10±0.72 g). In farmed shrimps, spermatophore mean weight was 8.94±0.51 mg; total mean sperm count was 3.90±0.27 x 10(6) in each spermatophore; and mean percentage of normal sperm was 86.9±0.37 %. In wild individuals, the respective values were 30.68±2.32 mg; 6.22±1.09 x 10(6); and 62.1±3.56 %. In both groups, the differences between right and left spermatophore were not significant (p&lt;0.01). There were significant differences in spermatophore weight and percentage of normal sperm between farmed and wild shrimps; sperm counts differences, however, were not significant (p&lt;0.01). The relationship between spermatophore weight (Ws) and individual weight (Wo) was Ws (mg)=1.23 (Wo)-17.34 (r²=0.89), in farmed shrimps; and Ws (mg)=2.57 (Wo)-60.04 (r²=0.64), in wild ones. In cultivated organisms, the relationship between sperm counts (Cs) and individual weight (Wo) was Cs (x 10(6))=1.13*10-4* (Wo) 3.361 (r²= 0.85); and versus spermatophores weight was Cs (x 10(6))=0.439* (Ws) 0.984 (r²= 0.90). In wild organisms, there was no correlation. The proportion of normal sperm ranged from 79.8 to 95.2 % (86.9±0.37 %) and from 14.0 to 91.5 % (62.1±2.52 %), in farmed and wild shrimps, respectively. The most frequent abnormalities in both farm and wild animals were sperm without spike (49.3 % and 76.6 %, respectively) and irregular shape (35.8 % and 17.7 %). The less frequent occurrences were those of bent (10.2 % and 4.29 %) and double spike (4.7 % and 1.41 %). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 199-206. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Resumen Se evaluaron características reproductivas como peso del espermatóforo, número de espermatozoides y porcentaje de espermatozoides normales en 86 organismos de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei). de éstos, 46 individuos provinieron de estanques de cultivo con un peso de 21.42±0.56 g y el resto, 40, silvestres con un peso de 36.10±0.72 g. En los camarones cultivados, el peso de los espermatóforos fue de 8.94±0.51 mg; el número total de espermatozoides en cada espermatóforo fue de 3.90±0.27 x 10(6); y el porcentaje de espermatozoides normales fue de 86.9±0.37 %. En los silvestres, los valores respectivos fueron de 30.68±2.32 mg; 6.22±1.09 x 10(6); y 62.1±3.56 %. En ambos grupos, las diferencias entre los espermatóforos derecho e izquierdo no fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p&lt;0.01). Las diferencias en el peso de los espermatóforos y el porcentaje de espermatozoides normales, entre los camarones cultivados y silvestres, fueron significativas (p&lt;0.01); sin embargo, en el número de espermatozoides tales diferencias no fueron significativas (p&lt;0.01). La relación entre el peso del espermatóforo (Ws) y el peso de los individuos (Wo) fue Ws (mg)=1.23(Wo)-17.34 (r²=0.89), en camarones cultivados; y Ws (mg)=2.57(Wo)-60.04 (r²=0.64), en los silvestres. En organismos cultivados, la relación entre el número de espermatozoides (Cs) y el peso de los individuos (Wo) fue Cs(*10(6))=1.13*10-4* (Wo) 3.361 (r²=0.85); y entre el peso de los espermatóforos fue Cs(*10(6))=0.439* (Ws) 0.984 (r²=0.90). En el caso de los organismos silvestres, no hubo correlación. La proporción de esperma normal varió de 79.8 a 95.2 % (86.9±0.37 %) y de 14.0 a 91.5 % (62.1±2.52 %), en camarones cultivados y silvestres, respectivamente. Las anormalidades más frecuentes tanto en los cultivados como en los silvestres fueron esperma sin spike (49.3 % y 76.6 %, respectivamente) y los de forma irregular (35.8 % y 17.7 %). Las presencias menos frecuentes fueron las de spike torcido (10.2 % y 4.29 %) y doble (4.7 % y 1.41 %).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>males</kwd>
<kwd>Litopenaeus vannamei</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>machos</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100022</article-id>
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<addr-line>Puntarenas </addr-line>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<year>2007</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Exploitation of the shrimp trawl fishery in the period 1991-1999 at the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, the Gulf of Nicoya shrimp fishery originated in 1952 and represented one of the most important economic activities in the region. Nevertheless, overfishery reduced the captured volumes to levels that prevent this commercial activity. I analyzed official fishery statistics between 1991 and 1999. These species involved are: two species of white shrimp, (Litopenaeus occidentalis and L. stylirostris), the &quot;tití&quot; shrimp (Xiphopenaeus riveti), the brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis), the &quot;pinki&quot; shrimp (F. brevirostris) and the &quot;fidel&quot; shrimp (Solenocera agassizi). All the species reached the Maximum Sustainable Yield in the decades of 1970 and 1980 and are now found at over-exploitation levels. I recommend that this shrimp trawl fishery be completely closed down. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 207-218. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Costa Rica, la pesquería del camarón que se lleva a cabo en el Golfo de Nicoya desde 1952 representó una de las más importantes actividades económicas de la región. Sin embargo, la sobrepesca redujo los volúmenes de captura al punto de impedir esta actividad comercial. Con el objetivo de evaluar su evolución durante la pasada década y compararla con los registros históricos de captura, se analizaron las estadísticas pesqueras oficiales comprendidas entre 1991 y 1999 para las especies de camarón que se capturan: dos especies de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus occidentalis y L. stylirostris), el camarón tití (Xiphopenaeus riveti), el camarón café (Farfantepenaeus californiensis), el camarón &quot;pinki&quot; (F. brevirostris) y el camarón fidel (Solenocera agassizi). Todas las especies analizadas presentaron un alto nivel de sobre-explotación, lo que provoca un aumento en la demanda de reclutas de camarón requeridos para tratar de reponer a los que son capturados por la flota arrastre. En consecuencia, la edad de primera captura ha disminuido exponencialmente. Se recomienda vedar totalmente la pesca de arrastre del camarón en el Golfo de Nicoya.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>shrimp</kwd>
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<kwd>assessment</kwd>
<kwd>colapse</kwd>
<kwd>over-exploitation</kwd>
<kwd>camarón</kwd>
<kwd>pesca</kwd>
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<kwd>evaluación</kwd>
<kwd>colapso</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The land crab Gecarcinus quadratus is an engineering species that controls nutrient cycling in tropical forests. Factors regulating their coastal distribution are not fully understood. We quantified land crab distribution during the dry season at Sirena Field Station in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, and found that land crab burrow density decreases with increasing distance from the ocean. Leaf litter depth and tree seedling density are negatively correlated with land crab burrow density. Burrows are strongly associated with sand substrate and burrow density is comparatively low in clay substrate. Results suggest that G. quadratus is limited to a narrow coastal zone with sand substrate, and this distribution could have profound effects on plant community structure. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 219-224. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El cangrejo terrestre Gecarcinus quadratus es una especie &quot;ingeniera&quot; que controla el ciclo de nutrientes en los bosques tropicales. Los factores que regulan su distribución a lo largo de las costas no se conocen de forma definitiva. Se cuantificó la distribución del cangrejo terrestre durante la estación seca en la Estación de Campo Sirena en el Parque Nacional de Corcovado, Costa Rica, y se encontró que la densidad de galerías del cangrejo terrestre disminuye al aumentar la distancia al océano. La profundidad de la hojarasca y la densidad de plántulas de especies arbóreas están negativamente correlacionadas con la densidad de galerías del cangrejo terrestre. Las galerías aparecen fuertemente asociadas con el sustrato arenoso y la densidad de galerías es comparativamente más baja en sustratos arcillosos. Estos resultados sugieren que G. quadratus se encuentra en una zona costera estrecha con sustrato arenoso, y que esta distribución podría tener efectos importantes en la estructura de la comunidad vegetal.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Gecarcinus lateralis</kwd>
<kwd>land crabs</kwd>
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<kwd>Gecarcinus quadratus</kwd>
<kwd>Gecarcinus lateralis</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura de tallas y crecimiento de los cangrejos Callinectes arcuatus y C. bellicosus (Decapoda: Portunidae) en la laguna costera Las Guásimas, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C Unidad Sonora </institution>
<addr-line>Sonora </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Size frequency distribution and growth of the crabs Callinectes arcuatus and C. bellicosus (Decapoda: Portunidae) in Las Guásimas coastal lagoon, Mexico. Information on size frequency distribution, the width-weight relation and growth parameters of the crabs Callinectes arcuatus and C. bellicosus is presented. The data comes from samples taken with a trawl net both day and night on a monthly basis from March 1998 to February 2000 in a coastal lagoon from Gulf of California. C. bellicosus (n= 878) was more abundant than C. arcuatus (n= 357) and its size frequency distribution presented carapace width CW ranges of 8.4-166 mm and 9-130 mm respectively. Both populations were mainly represented by juveniles (75 mm in CW) ranging from 37 to 75 mm in CW, and adults (&gt;75 mm in CW) between 76 and 90 mm in CW. In both species the widthweight relation showed that males grow more than females, with an isometric growth tendency being observed. The growth parameters for C. arcuatus estimated using the von Bertalanffy Model, were: K= 0.84 year-1, L&amp;#8734;= 140 mm to = -0.12 for C. arcuatus, and K= 0.9 year -1, L&amp;#8734;= 169 mm to = -0.11 for C. bellicosus. These results showed that the relative age at which maximum growth is attained is between three and four years for both species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 225-233. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Presentamos información sobre la estructura de tallas, la relación ancho-peso y los parámetros de crecimiento de las jaibas Callinectes arcuatus y C. bellicosus. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mensualmente con una red de arrastre tipo camaronera durante el día y la noche desde marzo 1998 hasta febrero 2000 en una laguna costera del Golfo de California. C. bellicosus (n= 878) fue más abundante que C. arcuatus (n= 357) y su intervalo de talla de 8.4- 166 mm ancho del caparazón (AC) y 9-130 mm AC, respectivamente. Ambas poblaciones son representadas principalmente por jóvenes (75 mm AC) entre 37-75 mm AC y adultos entre 76- 90 mm AC. La relación ancho-peso mostró que los machos crecen más que las hembras en ambas especies y se observó una tendencia de crecimiento isométrico. Los parámetros de crecimiento para C. arcuatus estimados con el modelo von Bertalanffy fueron: K= 0.84 año-1, L&amp;#8734;= 140 a -0.12 mm para C. arcuatus, y K= 0.9 año -1, L&amp;#8734;= 169 a -0.11 mm para C. bellicosus. Estos resultados mostraron que la edad relativa a la cual se alcanza el crecimiento máximo es entre los tres y cuatro años de edad para ambas especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>swimming crabs</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>size frecuency</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes arcuatus</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes bellicosus</kwd>
<kwd>jaibas</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de tallas</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes arcuatus</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes bellicosus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución espacial y temporal del cangrejo Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda: Portunidae) en la Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México</article-title>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>235</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Temporal and spatial distribution of the crab Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda: Portunidae) in Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. In order to determine temporal and spatial distribution patterns of Callinectes sapidus, samplings were carried out during the cold-front (January-February), dry (May-June) and rainy (August-September, 2002) climatic seasons, in 30 sampling stations of Chetumal Bay, grouped in sectors A (14 stations), B (eight stations) and C (eight stations). In each sampling station crabs were collected from two transects parallel to the coast, each with three traps, separated by 30 m. Sediments were calcareous coarse and medium sand, white or lightly gray. A total of 1 031 specimens were collected. CPEU (Capture Per Effort Unit) differed spatially and temporally. Highest CPEU was found in sector C with 1.3 ind&amp;#8729;trap-1, and in the rainy season with 1.1 ind&amp;#8729;trap-1. Population was predominantly composed of male individuals. The male:female ratio was 15:1. Males and adults (group II) CPEU was significant different between sectors and climatic seasons. Both males and adults (group II) had a greater CPEU in sector C (1.2 ind&amp;#8729;trap-1) and in the rainy season (1.1 ind&amp;#8729;trap-1). Abundance of female and juvenile individuals (group I) was low during the sampling period whereas group 0 juvenile individuals were not found. A greater relative frequency between sectors and climatic seasons were observed in 130-139 mm and 140-149 mm size interval (CW). C. sapidus occurred on sandy sediments in Chetumal Bay. Pearson product moment correlations exhibited significant relationships between CPEU and temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. In Chetumal Bay, the spatial and temporal distribution of C. sapidus can be related to salinity, temperature, habitat quality, food availability, recruitment and reproduction events of individuals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 235-245. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para determinar los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal de Callinectes sapidus, se realizaron muestreos durante las temporadas climáticas de nortes (enerofebrero), secas (mayo-junio) y lluvias (agosto-septiembre de 2002), en 30 estaciones de muestreo de la Bahía de Chetumal, agrupados en los sectores A (14 estaciones), B (ocho estaciones) y C (ocho estaciones). Para recolectar las jaibas se colocaron en cada sitio de muestreo dos transectos paralelos a la costa, con tres trampas cada uno, separadas 30 m una de otra. Se recolecciónron 1 031 ejemplares de C. sapidus. La CPUE difirió espacial y temporalmente. La mayor CPUE fue encontrada en el sector C, con 1.3 ind&amp;#8729;trampa-1, y en la temporada climática de lluvias, con 1.1 ind&amp;#8729;trampa-1. La población estuvo compuesta predominantemente de individuos machos. La relación macho: hembra fue 15:1. La CPUE de machos y de adultos (grupo II) fue significativamente diferente entre sectores y entre temporadas climáticas. Ambos presentaron resultados similares, registrando la mayor CPUE en el sector C (1.2 ind&amp;#8729;trampa-1) y en la temporada climática de lluvias (1.1 ind&amp;#8729;trampa-1). La CPUE de hembras y de jóvenes del grupo I fue escasa durante el período de muestreo, mientras que la de jóvenes del grupo 0, fue nula. La mayor frecuencia relativa entre los sectores y las temporadas climáticas se observó en los intervalos de talla (AC) de 130-139 mm y 140-149 mm. C. sapidus se presentó en los sedimentos arenosos de la Bahía de Chetumal. La correlación producto momento de Pearson mostró relaciones significativas entre la CPUE de C. sapidus con la temperatura, salinidad y el oxígeno disuelto. Los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal mostrados por C. sapidus en la Bahía de Chetumal parecen estar relacionados con las características de salinidad, temperatura, protección, alimentación, reclutamiento y los eventos reproductivos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>Chetumal Bay</kwd>
<kwd>blue crab</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes sapidus</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de Chetumal</kwd>
<kwd>jaiba azul</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes sapidus</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>247</fpage>
<lpage>254</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution and abundance of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in Cuba. Permanently submerged mangrove roots (Rhizophora mangle) are the main habitat of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata in Cuba. It was occasionally found on black coral (Antiphates caribeana) between 22 and 38 meters deep. This species exhibits a wide distribution in all the mangrove keys surrounding the Island of Cuba but does not occur in riparian or fringing mangroves. Populations of this species are abundant in Cuba: in 75 % of the 58 localities sampled the species was present and in 57 % more than 50 % of the roots held at least one colony. The highest colony densities were found in the northern coast of Pinar del Río province with values near one colony per lineal meter of mangrove root. We found the highest density (1.46 col/m) and greatest biomass at Jutías Key, with values between 25 and 660 g/m. The average of wet biomass in the studied mangroves was 73.63 g/m. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 247-254. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Ecteinascidia turbinata está ampliamente distribuida en las áreas de mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) de tipo sobrelavados donde ocupa la porción permanentemente sumergida. Ocasionalmente se encontró sobre el coral negro Antipathes caribeana a 22 y 38 m de profundidad. Sin embargo no fue frecuente en los manglares de borde ni de ribera. Se muestrearon 58 localidades estando presente la especie en un 75 % de las mismas. Sus poblaciones son abundantes pues en el 57 % de las zonas prospectadas más del 25 % de las raíces del manglar poseen al menos una colonia. Las mayores densidades se encontraron en la costa noroeste de Cuba (Pinar del Río) con valores cercanos a una colonia por metro lineal de manglar, siendo Cayo Jutías la de mayor densidad (1.46 col/m). La mayor biomasa también se registró en la mencionada localidad con valores comprendidos entre 25 y 660 g/m lineal de manglar. El promedio general de la biomasa en los manglares estudiados fue de 73.63 g/m lineal de manglar.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>ascidian</kwd>
<kwd>Ecteinascidia turbinata</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>density</kwd>
<kwd>biomass</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>asidia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecteinascidia turbinata</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>densidad</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa</kwd>
<kwd>manglar</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Leeches (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) associated to Cryphiops caementarius (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) of the Limarí river, Chile. Two leech species were found parasitizing the shrimp Cryphiops caementarius from Limarí river, Chile. These ectoparasites can act as population regulators or development inhibitors in their host; however the biological characteristics of this host-parasite interaction are unknown. We analyze the inter-specific differences of the parasitism and its relation with host size and sex using quantitative descriptors. Abundance, prevalence, intensity and range were estimated with respect to host size and sex. The leeches belong to two species of Glossiphonidae: Helobdella triserialis and H. duplicata. Forty-seven percent of the hosts were parasitized by one or both leech species. H. triserialis was found only in the pleopod of the hosts with the highest prevalence values (42 %), intensity (2.9) and range (1-11). H. duplicata was found only in the branchial filaments with 7 % prevalence, an intensity of 1.7 and a range of 1-4. The host’s total length and sex can explain the variation in leech intensity and infection prevalence. However, when only the host’s sex is considered, prevalence only increased with size in female hosts. Morphological characteristics of the females could explain the greater H. triserialis intensity in the base of the pleopod and would be related to a greater abdomen development. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 255-260. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Sanguijuelas de las dos especies Helobdella duplicata y H. triserialis (ambas Glossiphonidae) parasitan al camarón de río Cryphiops caementarius en río Limarí, Chile. El 47 % de los camarones estaba parasitado por una o ambas especies de hirudíneos. H. triserialis fue encontrada solo en los pleópodos con los mayores valores de prevalencia (42 %), intensidad (2.9) y ámbito (1-11). H. duplicata se encontró solamente en los filamentos branquiales con una prevalencia de 7 % intensidad de 1.7 y un ámbito de 1-4. La longitud total y el sexo del hospedero, explicarían las variaciones de la intensidad y prevalencia de las infecciones. Sin embargo, cuando se considera el sexo del hospedero, la prevalencia solo aumenta con el tamaño de las hembras. Las características morfológicas de las hembras podrían explicar la mayor intensidad de H. triserialis en la base de los pleópodos, algo relacionado a su vez con un mayor desarrollo del abdomen.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Helobdella</kwd>
<kwd>leeches</kwd>
<kwd>Palaemonidae</kwd>
<kwd>Cryphiops caementarius</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparasites</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
<kwd>Helobdella</kwd>
<kwd>sanguijuelas</kwd>
<kwd>Palaemonidae</kwd>
<kwd>Cryphiops caementarius</kwd>
<kwd>ectoparásitos</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000100028</article-id>
<title-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The taxonomic location of the Onychophora has been controversial because of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, related to both annelids and arthropods. We analyzed the ultrastructure of the neurons and their synapses in the cephalic ganglion of a poorly known invertebrate, the velvet worm Peripatus sedgwicki, from the mountainous region of El Valle, Mérida, Venezuela. Cephalic ganglia were dissected, fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy. The animal has a high degree of neurobiological development, as evidenced by the presence of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) synapses, as well as the existence of glial cell processes in a wide neuropile zone. The postsynaptic terminals were seen to contain subsynaptic cisterns formed by membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum beneath the postsynaptic density, whereas the presynaptic terminal showed numerous electron transparent synaptic vesicles. From the neurophylogenetic perspectives, the ultrastructural characteristics of the central nervous tissue of the Onychophora show important evolutionary acquirements, such as the presence of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, indicating functional synaptic transmission, and the appearance of mature glial cells. Rev. Biol . Trop. 55 (1): 261-267. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la ultraestructura de las neuronas y sus sinapsis del ganglio cefálico de un invertebrado poco conocido del phylum Onychophora: Peripatus sedgwicki de los Andes Venezolanos, utilizando para ello la microscopía electrónica de transmisión. La localización taxonómica de los onicóforos ha sido controversial debido a sus características fenotípicas y genotípicas que los relacionan tanto con los anélidos como con los artrópodos. Para este trabajo se estudió el ganglio cefálico de P. sedgwicki de la zona montañosa de El Valle, Mérida, Venezuela. El ganglio cefálico se localiza en la región anterior del animal y fue diseccionado, fijado y luego procesado para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. El estudio ultraestructural permitió observar el alto grado de desarrollo neurobiológico de este grupo. En el ganglio cefálico se observó una amplia zona neuropílica donde se constató la existencia de sinapsis químicas asimétricas y simétricas, las cuales corresponden con sinapsis excitatorias e inhibitorias respectivamente. Se pudo observar en los terminales sinápticos una formación cisternal subsináptica formada por membranas de retículo endoplásmico liso situada por debajo de la densidad postsináptica; también se constató la existencia de prolongaciones gliales en la región de neuropila. Todas las características descritas demuestran, desde la perspectiva de la neurofilogénesis, que el estudio del tejido nervioso central de los onicóforos presenta importantes adquisiciones evolutivas, como la presencia de terminales axónicos con una significativa densidad de vesículas sinápticas electrón-transparentes, sinapsis excitatorias e inhibitorias y la presencia de cisternas subsinápticas, además de una importante maduración de elementos gliales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Onychophora</kwd>
<kwd>synapses</kwd>
<kwd>Peripatus</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>cephalic ganglia</kwd>
<kwd>evolution</kwd>
<kwd>Onicóforo</kwd>
<kwd>sinapsis</kwd>
<kwd>Peripatus</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
<kwd>ganglio cefálico</kwd>
<kwd>evolución</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<institution>,University of Puerto Rico  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cyclanthura flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Derelomini) are identified for the first time as pollinators of multiple species of Anthurium (Araceae) in Costa Rica. The weevils are present on the inflorescences in small numbers during the pistillate and staminate phase of anthesis, and consume plant tissues and pollen. The individuals of one species of Cyclanthura can visit several Anthurium species within the same locality. They also engage in reproductive activities and are likely to oviposit into the flowers. The mating strategies suggest that sperm precedence selects males that are able to secure their position as the last partner prior to oviposition. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 269-277. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Por primera vez se informa que algunos curculiónidos de flores de Cyclanthura (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Derelomini) polinizan varias especies de Anthurium (Araceae) en Costa Rica. Los curculiónidos están presentes en las inflorescencias en pequeñas cantidades durante la fase pistilada y estaminada de la antesis, y consumen tejidos de la planta y polen. Los individuos de una especie de Cyclanthura pueden visitar varias especies de Anthurium en la misma localidad ; también se ocupan en actividades reproductivas y probablemente ovipositan en las flores. Las estrategias de apareamiento sugieren que la competencia a nivel de gametos selecciona favorablemente al último macho en la secuencia de apareamiento de la hembra, pues éste deposita su semen justo antes de que ella oviposite.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anthurium</kwd>
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<kwd>Anthurium</kwd>
<kwd>Cyclanthura</kwd>
<kwd>evolución</kwd>
<kwd>apareamiento</kwd>
<kwd>polinización</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Association of sardine fishery, Sardinella aurita (Teleostei: Clupeidae) and environmental variability of the coastal upwelling ecosystem of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. The present research is an analysis of Spanish sardine fishing (Sardinella aurita) associated with some climatic and meteorologic parameters of the ecosystem from El Morro Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. The catch and environmental data from the area were taken in the period 1996-2000. Catch data as a function of wind speed, sea surface temperature, air temperature and rain were analyzed by means of simple lineal regression and multiple models. We found a positive correlation of catch with wind speed, and a negative correlation with sea surface temperature, air temperature, and rain. The multiple regression model with intercept had a poor fit, therefore, we made a model without intercept, which improve greatly the fit. A selection of the variables using the forward procedure verified that the independent variables &quot;wind speed&quot; and &quot;air temperature&quot; have a significant relation with catch (p&lt;0.001) at real time. This method suggests that sea surface temperature and rain have little influence on the catch, and suggests a major availability of resources in the months with low air temperature and the highest wind speed (January-June). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 279-286. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comparó la pesca de sardina (Sardinella aurita) con algunos parámetros climáticos y meteorológicos del ecosistema de surgencia costera de El Morro, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. Para el período 1996-2000, se aplicaron los modelos de regresión lineal simple y múltiple a los datos de captura en función de la velocidad del viento, temperatura superficial del mar, temperatura del aire y pluviosidad. Hubo una correlación positiva de la captura con la velocidad del viento, y una negativa con temperatura superficial del mar, temperatura del aire y pluviosidad. El modelo de regresión múltiple con intercepto mostró un ajuste bajo, por tal razón se aplicó un modelo de regresión sin intercepto, el cual mejoró significativamente el ajuste. También se aplicó el método de selección de variables &quot;hacia adelante&quot;, encontrándose que las variables independientes viento y temperatura del aire guardan relación significativa con la captura de sardina a tiempo real (p&lt;0.001). Esto sugiere una mayor disponibilidad y/o accesibilidad del recurso en los meses con mayor intensidad de vientos y temperaturas bajas (enero-junio). Este método también sugiere que la temperatura superficial del mar y la pluviosidad tienen poca influencia en la captura de sardina.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>environmental variables</kwd>
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<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Sardinella aurita</kwd>
<kwd>variables ambientales</kwd>
<kwd>pesca de sardina</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Bird diversity and conservation of Alto Balsas (Southwestern Puebla), Mexico</article-title>
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<name>
<surname>Ramírez-Albores</surname>
<given-names>Jorge E</given-names>
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<institution>,UNAM  </institution>
<addr-line> México, DF</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>300</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Knowledge of the composition of the bird community in Alto Balsas (southwestern Puebla, Central Mexico) is needed for management programs aiming at protection and conservation of bird species and their habitats I studied sites with tropical deciduous forest. Data were obtained during 1666 hours of field work in 238 days from March 1998 to September 2000. Six permanent transect (3.5 km long and 100 m wide; 30 to 40 ha in each transect) were used to determine species richness in the study sites. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated for each site and Sorensen’s index was used to assess similarity between sites. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences between sites in species richness and diversity values. A total of 128 species were recorded, Tepexco (n = 75, H´= 3.76) and Puente Márquez (n = 61, H´= 3.62) were the sites that showed the greatest specific richness and diversity. However, species richness and diversity seasonally patterns were similar among sites (ANOVA p &gt; 0.05), with highest diversity during the rainy season. Most species were resident; 42 were migrants. The avifauna was represented by 30 species associated with tropical deciduous forest and 12 from open habitats or heavily altered habitats. Insectivores were the best represented trophic category, followed by carnivores and omnivores. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 287-300. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio describe la diversidad avifaunística en sitios del Alto Balsas (suroeste de Puebla) en el Centro de México y examina la variación en la diversidad de las especies de aves. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en sitios con presencia de bosque tropical caducifolio. Los datos fueron obtenidos durante 1666 horas de trabajo de campo en 238 días de Marzo 1998 a Septiembre 2000. Se realizaron seis transectos permanentes (de 3.5 km de longitud y 100 m de ancho; de 30 a 40 ha en cada transecto) para determinar la riqueza de especies en los sitios de estudio. Se calculó el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener para cada sitio y el índice de Sorensen fue usado para calcular la similitud en la composición de especies entre sitios. Un análisis de varianza de una vía fue usado para comprobar si existían diferencias entre los valores de riqueza y diversidad de especies de cada sitio. Un total de 128 especies de aves fueron registradas, Tepexco (n = 75, H´= 3.76) y Puente Márquez (n = 61, H´= 3.62) fueron los sitios que mostraron los valores de riqueza y diversidad de especies más altos. Sin embargo, la riqueza de especies y los valores de diversidad (p &gt; 0.05) en los sitios fueron estacionalmente similares, con una mayor riqueza y diversidad durante la época de lluvias. La mayoría de las especies registradas fueron residentes y 42 fueron migratorias. La avifauna fue representada por 30 especies asociadas al bosque tropical caducifolio y 12 fueron asociadas a hábitats abiertos o altamente alterados. Los insectívoros fueron el gremio alimenticio mejor representado, seguido por los carnívoros y omnívoros. El conocimiento de información de la comunidad avifaunística de esta región nos permite proporcionar elementos que puedan ser incluidos en programas de manejo, protección y conservación de las especies de aves y sus hábitats.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>avian diversity</kwd>
<kwd>richness</kwd>
<kwd>tropical deciduous forest</kwd>
<kwd>Alto Balsas</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad de aves</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical caducifolio</kwd>
<kwd>Alto Balsas</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000100032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Food niche overlap among neotropical frugivorous bats in Costa Rica</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lopez</surname>
<given-names>Jorge E</given-names>
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<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>301</fpage>
<lpage>313</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Food habits of 15 species of frugivorous bats were studied at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Eight hundred and fifty-four (854) fecal samples and 169 samples from fruit parts and seeds discarded by bats beneath feeding roosts were analyzed. During eight months of study, 47 fruit species consumed by bats were identified. Five plant genera (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum, and Vismia) constituted 85% of all plants found in fecal samples. Feeding niche breadth differed significantly among the six most common species of frugivorous bats (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia sowelli, C. castanea, C. perspicillata, Dermanura sp., and Glossophaga commissarisi). All species, except for Dermanura sp., showed a diet dominated by one or two plant species. This suggests a pattern of resource partitioning at a generic level, in which Carollia consumed mainly Piper, Artibeus consumed Ficus and Cecropia, and Glossophaga consumed Vismia. Cluster analysis revealed higher values of food niche overlap in congeneric species than among species of different genera. Results show that if food is a limiting factor, mechanisms other than trophic selection must reduce interspecific interference or competition for food in this frugivorous bat guild. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 301-313. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos los hábitos alimentarios de 15 especies de murciélagos frugívoros en la Estación Biológica La Selva. Se analizó 854 muestras de heces y 169 muestras de restos de frutos y semillas en comederos. Durante ocho meses de estudio, se identificó 47 especies de frutos, que fueron consumidos por los murciélagos. Cinco géneros de plantas (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum y Vismia) constituyeron el 85% de los hallazgos en las muestras de heces y los comederos. La amplitud de nicho trófico difirió significativamente entre las seis especies de murciélagos frugívoros más frecuentemente capturados (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia sowelli, C. castanea, C. perspicillata, Dermanura sp., Glossophaga commissarisi). Estas especies, con excepción de Dermanura sp., mostraron una dieta dominada por uno o dos táxones de plantas. Esto sugiere un patrón de repartición de recursos a nivel genérico, donde Carollia consumió principalmente plantas del genero Piper, Artibeus consumió Ficus y Cecropia y Glossophaga consumió Vismia. El análisis de conglomerados reveló que existe un mayor solapamiento de nicho trófico entre especies congenéricas que entre especies no congenéricas. Los resultados sugieren que, si el alimento es un factor limitante, algún otro mecanismo -que no es la selección trófica-debe reducir la interferencia o competencia interespecífica por alimentos entre las especies congénericas de murciélagos frugívoros en la EBLS.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>food habits</kwd>
<kwd>frugivorous bats</kwd>
<kwd>guilds</kwd>
<kwd>La Selva Biological Station</kwd>
<kwd>trophic structure</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Estación Biológica La Selva</kwd>
<kwd>estructura trófica</kwd>
<kwd>hábitos alimentarios</kwd>
<kwd>murciélagos frugívoros</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,School of Environmental Sciences  </institution>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<country>Brasil</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Capturing small carnivores is often necessary for obtaining key ecological data. We compared the efficiency of box and leg-hold traps, using live and dead bait, to capture six carnivore species (Herpailurus yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroyi, 1803), Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766), Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766), Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), and Galictis cuja (Molina, 1782)). The use of leg-hold traps significantly increased the capture rate of carnivores (5.77%) and non-target species (non-carnivores, 11.54%). Dead bait significantly attracted more non-carnivores than carnivores and live bait was more efficient for capturing carnivores (2.56%) than non-carnivores (0.77%). Both box and leg-hold traps caused some minor injuries (swelling and claw loss). We provide recommendations for the ethical use of these trap and bait types. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 315-320. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La captura de pequeños carnívoros es una práctica común para obtener datos ecológicos. Comparamos la eficiencia de cepos (trampas acolchadas) y trampas tomahawk para capturar seis especies carnívoras (Herpailurus yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroyi, 1803), Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766), Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766), Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), and Galictis cuja (Molina, 1782)), utilizando carnadas vivas y muertas. Con los cepos se incrementó significativamente la tasa de captura de carnívoros (5.77%) y otros mamíferos (no-carnívoros, 11.54%). La carnada muerta atrajo significativamente mas no-carnívoros que carnívoros, mientras que con la carnada viva se capturaron más carnívoros (2.56% vs 0.77% no-carnívoros). Ambos tipos de trampas; cepos y tomahawk, causaron algunas pequeñas lastimaduras (inflamación y pérdida de garras). Hacemos algunas recomendaciones para el uso ético de este tipo de trampas y cebos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Atlantic forest</kwd>
<kwd>box-trap</kwd>
<kwd>leg-hold trap</kwd>
<kwd>capture success</kwd>
<kwd>mammals</kwd>
<kwd>small carnivores</kwd>
<kwd>non-carnivores</kwd>
<kwd>ethics</kwd>
<kwd>Bosque atlántico</kwd>
<kwd>trampas tomahawk</kwd>
<kwd>cepos</kwd>
<kwd>éxito de captura</kwd>
<kwd>mamíferos</kwd>
<kwd>pequeños carnívoros</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Thysanopterans of the generic group Anaphothrips (Thripidae: Thripinae) with emphasis in Central America. A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the generic group Anaphothrips are presented. Several genera in Central America are closely related to this generic group. Based on the analysis of characters and its possible evolution, the new genus Nakaharathrips has been segregated from Anaphothrips, and the taxonomic status of the subspecies of Aurantothrips has been changed to the species level. The phylogenetic analysis shows a close relationship between the genera Anaphothrips, Ranjana, Nakaharathrips n.gen., Aurantothrips, Nicolemma n.gen., Ameranathrips, Baileyothrips and Gonzalezya n.gen., where the first lineage is formed by the genera (Ranjana (Aurantothrips+Nicolemma)) and the second lineage contains the genera [(Anaphothrips+Nakaharathrips)(Baileyothrips (Ameranathrips+Gonzalezya)]. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 321-333. Epub 2007 March. 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan una revisión taxonómica y un análisis filogenético del grupo genérico Anaphothrips. En América Central hay algunos géneros cercanos a este género. Con base en el análisis de caracteres y su posible evolución, se segrega el nuevo género Nakaharathrips de Anaphothrips, y se cambia el estatus taxonómico de las subespecies de Aurantothrips al nivel de especie. El análisis filogenético muestra relación entre los géneros Anaphothrips, Ranjana, Nakaharathrips n.gen., Aurantothrips, Nicolemma n.gen., Ameranathrips, Baileyothrips and Gonzalezya n.gen., donde el primer linaje está conformado por los géneros (Ranjana (Aurantothrips+Nicolemma)) y el segundo linaje por los géneros [(Anaphothrips+Nakaharathrips)(Baileyot hrips(Ameranathrips+Gonzalezya)]</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Anaphothrips group</kwd>
<kwd>new status</kwd>
<kwd>phylogenetics</kwd>
<kwd>new genus</kwd>
<kwd>evolution of characters</kwd>
<kwd>grupo Anaphothrips</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo estatus</kwd>
<kwd>filogenética</kwd>
<kwd>género nuevo</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Amphibians and Reptiles of the bay islands and Cayos Cochinos, Honduras</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCranie</surname>
<given-names>J.R</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>L.D</given-names>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Köhler</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
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<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>337</lpage>
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<copyright-year/>
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