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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cultivos genéticamente modificados: las promesas y las buenas intenciones no bastan</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García G</surname>
<given-names>Jaime E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Escuela de Biología de la Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>347</fpage>
<lpage>364</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetically modified crops: promises and good intentions are not enough (refutation to Espinoza et al. 2004, Rev. Biol. Trop. 52 (3): 727-732). The arguments presented by Espinoza et al. in their paper &quot;Relationship of genetically modified crops with the environment and health of the Costa Rican human population&quot; published in this journal (Rev. Biol. Trop. 52: 727-732, 2004) are questioned and refuted. The arguments are confronted with evidence offered by scientists and national and international independent organizations around the world (e.g. World Health Organization, Consumers international, Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology, international Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Council of the University of Costa Rica, and the independent Science Panel) showing the current uncertainty and limitations of science in this area, as well as those of proposed and applied biosafety approaches. Environment, biodiversity and food security are so important and basic matters, that there is need of serious testing, particularly when promises seem to be based on environmentally dangerous ideas promoted half a century ago by the so called &quot;green revolution&quot;. Debate should continue, based on a holistic analysis of facts and with ethical reasoning, avoiding emotional positions that can confuse virtual reality with reality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 347-364. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se refutan y cuestionan los razonamientos expuestos por las autoras en el artículo &quot;Relación de los cultivos modificados genéticamente con el ambiente y la salud de la población costarricense&quot; publicado en esta revista por Espinoza et al. (52: 727-732, 2004). Para ello se contraponen éstos con las evidencias expuestas y analizadas tanto por científicos como por organizaciones nacionales e internacionales independientes de diverso tipo en diferentes lugares del mundo (e.g. Organización Mundial de la Salud, internacional de Consumidores, Médicos y Científicos por una Aplicación Responsable de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Unión internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Consejo Universitario de la Universidad de Costa Rica y el Panel de Ciencias independiente), que confirman la incertidumbre y limitaciones actuales de la ciencia en esta área, así como de los mecanismos de bioseguridad propuestos y puestos en vigor. En materias tan importantes y básicas para la supervivencia como las que nos ocupan -el ambiente, la biodiversidad y la seguridad alimentaria- no es prudente apostar a promesas basadas en la misma lógica promocionada desde hace poco más de cinco décadas por la denominada &quot;revolución verde&quot;. Es necesario continuar este debate basado en el análisis holístico de los hechos, así como en razonamientos éticos, evitando caer en posiciones emocionales que llegan a confundir la realidad virtual con la verdadera realidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>transgenics</kwd>
<kwd>genetically modified organisms</kwd>
<kwd>GMOs</kwd>
<kwd>genetically modified crops</kwd>
<kwd>GMCs</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>biosafety</kwd>
<kwd>regulatory framework</kwd>
<kwd>transgénicos</kwd>
<kwd>organismos genéticamente modificados</kwd>
<kwd>OGM</kwd>
<kwd>cultivos modificados genéticamente</kwd>
<kwd>CMG</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>bioseguridad</kwd>
<kwd>marco regulatorio</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene sequence (E) of three isolated Dengue virus type 1 (DEN1) sequences from the Costa Rican 1993 epidemic was performed. All the strains fell into genotype V. Genotype V has grouped all the strains isolated from America, three strains from Africa and two strains from Asia. Costa Rican strains are closely related to the strain from Angola and to the Brazil 1990 strain. Costa Rican strains are able to cause DHF but with low clinical disease severity and low incidence maybe because of low virulence. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 365-372. Epub 2007 Jun 29.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A reliable bioassay procedure to evaluate per os toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains against the rice delphacid, Tagosodes orizicolus (Homoptera: Delphacidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad de la Investigación Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Escuela de Agronomía</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CINVESTAV Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica </institution>
<addr-line>Irapuato </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>373</fpage>
<lpage>383</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A reliable bioassay procedure was developed to test ingested Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins on the rice delphacid Tagosodes orizicolus. Initially, several colonies were established under greenhouse conditions, using rice plants to nurture the insect. For the bioassay, an in vitro feeding system was developed for third to fourth instar nymphs. Insects were fed through Parafilm membranes on sugar (10 % sucrose) and honey bee (1:48 vol/vol) solutions, observing a natural mortality of 10-15 % and 0-5 %, respectively. Results were reproducible under controlled conditions during the assay (18±0.1 °C at night and 28±0.1 °C during the day, 80 % RH and a 12:12 day:light photoperiod). In addition, natural mortality was quantified on insect colonies, collected from three different geographic areas of Costa Rica, with no significant differences between colonies under controlled conditions. Finally, bioassays were performed to evaluate the toxicity of a Bt collection on T. orizicolus. A preliminary sample of twenty-seven Bt strains was evaluated on coarse bioassays using three loops of sporulated colonies in 9 ml of liquid diet, the strains that exhibited higher percentages of T. orizicolus mortality were further analyzed in bioassays using lyophilized spores and crystals (1 mg/ml). As a result, strains 26-O-to, 40-X-m, 43S-d and 23-O-to isolated from homopteran insects showed mortalities of 74, 96, 44 and 82 % respectively while HD-137, HD-1 and Bti showed 19, 83 and 95 % mortalities. Controls showed mortalities between 0 and 10 % in all bioassays. This is the first report of a reliable bioassay procedure to evaluate per os toxicity for a homopteran species using Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 373-383. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se desarrolló una metodología de bioensayo para evaluar toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) ingeridas por Tagosodes orizicolus, plaga del arroz y vector del virus de la hoja blanca. Se establecieron colonias del insecto en condiciones de invernadero usando plantas de arroz como alimento. Para el bioensayo, se desarrolló un sistema de alimentación in vitro para ninfas de tercer y cuarto estadío. Los insectos se alimentaron de soluciones de miel de abeja (1:48 vol/vol) y sacarosa (10 %) a través de membranas de Parafilm. Se observaron mortalidades del 10-15 % y 0-5 %, respectivamente, en ambas dietas. Los resultados fueron reproducibles en condiciones controladas de humedad y temperatura (18±0.1 °C de noche y 28±0.1 °C de día, 80 % H.R y a 12:12 fotoperíodo día:noche). Asimismo, se analizó la mortalidad natural de los insectos según su procedencia, sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas en condiciones controladas. Finalmente, se elaboraron bioensayos para evaluar la toxicidad de una colección de cepas de Bt contra T. orizicolus. Se evaluó preliminarmente, una submuestra de 27 cepas de Bt en bioensayos burdos usando tres asadas como inóculo para 9 ml de dieta líquida. Posteriormente, las cepas que mostraron los mayores porcentajes de mortalidad se evaluaron en bioensayos usando esporas y cristales liofilizados (1 mg/ml). Como resultado, las cepas aisladas a partir de homópteros 26-O-to, 40-X-m, 43-S-d y 23-O-to mostraron mortalidades de 74, 96, 44 y 82 % respectivamente, mientras que las HD-137, HD-1 y Bti mostraron 19, 83 y 95 % de mortalidad. Los controles presentaron mortalidades de 0 y 10 % en los bioensayos. Este es el primer informe de un bioensayo para evaluar la toxicidad de cepas de Bt utilizando la especie T. orizicolus.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tagosodes orizicolus</kwd>
<kwd>Homoptera</kwd>
<kwd>rice delphacid</kwd>
<kwd>bioassay</kwd>
<kwd>rearing</kwd>
<kwd>sugar diet</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillus thuringiensis</kwd>
<kwd>-endotoxins</kwd>
<kwd>Tagosodes orizicolus</kwd>
<kwd>Homoptera</kwd>
<kwd>delfácido del arroz</kwd>
<kwd>bioensayo</kwd>
<kwd>cría</kwd>
<kwd>dieta azucarada</kwd>
<kwd>Bacillus thuringiensis</kwd>
<kwd>-endotoxinas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición Centro Nacional de Referencia en Bacteriología </institution>
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<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
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<institution>,Ministerio de Salud Dirección Regional Central Este </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Prevalence of serum antibodies for the bacterium Brucella sp. in a tropical human population. Brucellosis is a systemic bacterial disease that can last years if not treated properly. The laboratory diagnosis is made by serological tests or isolation of the agent. We studied the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella sp. in inhabitants of rural communities of Cartago, Costa Rica, who are dedicated mainly to dairy cattle activities. We analyzed 714 representative samples with the Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT) and the standard agglutination test in microplate (SAT). The overall prevalence was 0.87 %. No seroconversion was demonstrated for seropositive individuals. Even though 71 % of the population mentioned consuming non-pasteurized milk, no statistically significant association was found (1.09 %, IC 0.30-2.77) between milk consumption and the presence of antibodies suggestive of infection by Brucella sp. As a brucellosis high-risk population, the absence of symptoms in the population agrees with the observed titers of antibodies, suggesting a low previous exposure to the agent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 385-391. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La brucelosis es una enfermedad bacteriana generalizada con tendencia a la cronicidad si no se trata adecuadamente. El diagnóstico de laboratorio se realiza por el aislamiento e identificación del agente o en la mayoría de los casos mediante pruebas serológicas. En este estudio se informa la prevalencia de anticuerpos séricos contra Brucella sp. en habitantes de comunidades rurales de Cartago dedicadas principalmente a la ganadería de leche. Se analizó un total de 714 muestras representativas de la población mediante la técnica de aglutinación Rosa de Bengala en lámina (RBT) y la prueba de aglutinación en microplaca (SAT). Se encontró una prevalencia de 0.87 %, y en ninguna persona seropositiva se demostró seroconversión. Aún, cuando el 71 % de la población refirió consumir leche no pasteurizada, no se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (1.09 %, IC 0.30-2.77) entre el consumo de leche no pasteurizada y la presencia de anticuerpos sugestivos de infección por Brucella sp. A pesar de ser una zona de alta prevalencia de brucelosis bovina por Brucella abortus, la ausencia de síntomas en la población y los bajos títulos de anticuerpos observados sugieren una escasa exposición previa al agente.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brucella</kwd>
<kwd>human brucellosis</kwd>
<kwd>serology</kwd>
<kwd>Rose Bengal test</kwd>
<kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>Brucella</kwd>
<kwd>brucelosis en humanos</kwd>
<kwd>serología</kwd>
<kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
<kwd>prueba con rojo de Bengala</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the microbial flora in decomposing mangrove leaves in relation to changes in nitrogen and tannin levels, and in penaeid prawn assemblages. Senescent leaves of two mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina) kept in nylon bags, were separately immersed for 80 days in five tanks full of mangrove water. A known amount of decomposing leaves was collected every ten days from each tank for microorganism counts, total nitrogen and tannin measurement, and juvenile penaeid prawn counts. Five genera of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), three species of azotobacters and 19 species of fungi were identified. The azotobacters showed a significant peak around 40-50 days after the beginning of of decomposition, similar to the trend for total nitrogen and for prawn assemblages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 393-400. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>litter</kwd>
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<kwd>Azotobacter</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora</kwd>
<kwd>Avicennia</kwd>
<kwd>hojarasca</kwd>
<kwd>microorganismos</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Actividades enzimáticas en aislamientos bacterianos de tractos digestivos de larvas y del contenido de pupas de Automeris zugana y Rothschildia lebeau (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)</article-title>
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<surname>Blanco</surname>
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<surname>Fontecha</surname>
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<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Pennsylvannia Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Área de Conservación Guanacaste  </institution>
<addr-line>Guanacaste </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>401</fpage>
<lpage>415</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Enzymatic activities of bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of caterpillars and the pupal content of Automeris zugana and Rothschildia lebeau (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The enzymatic activities of bacteria isolated from the digestive tracts of caterpillars and the pupal contents of Automeris zugana and Rothschildia lebeau was studied. This digestive tract represents an extreme microenvironment due to its high pH and presence of antimicrobial substances secreted by the insect or derived from ingested plant tissue. At the same time, it contains large amounts of nutrient-rich food, for which microbes may compete among themselves and with the caterpillar. There is little information about the microbiota associated with tropical caterpillar guts, although bacteria from different genera have been isolated from gut and pupae samples. The study of the enzymatic activities generated by these organisms constitutes a starting point to understand their metabolic and physiological relationships with their hosts, and to find enzymes that have potential biotechnological applications. In this study we evaluated several enzymatic activities in two collections of bacteria isolated from caterpillar guts and pupae of the tropical lepidopteran species A. zugana and R. lebeau. Bacteria grown under aerobic conditions were tested for an array of enzymes, including gelatinases, caseinases, lipases, esterases, cellulases, xylanases, amylases and chitinases. Both collections displayed similar patterns of enzymatic activity. No isolate showed activity for all enzymatic tests, but as a whole, at least some bacteria in each collection were able to degrade each substrate tested. Isolates with the same taxonomic identification obtained from caterpillar guts and pupae had almost the same enzymatic activities. In both collections, it was possible to group bacterial isolates according to their enzyme activity pattern. In addition to a heterogeneous ensemble of isolates exhibiting two or less enzymatic activities, there were two groups with at least five activities that showed an apparent specialization for the substrates they were able to use. The first consisted exclusively of isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which were positive for lipolytic and chitinolytic activities, but completely lacked amylasic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The second group, composed mainly of Gram-positive rods, exhibited the opposite pattern: they were positive for amylasic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, lacked chitinolytic activity and had few isolates with lipolytic activity. This work forms the foundation for future research to explore the biotechnological potential of bacterial isolates from caterpillar guts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 401-415. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El tracto digestivo de orugas constituye un microambiente extremo, debido a su elevado pH y presencia de sustancias antimicrobianas secretadas por el insecto o derivadas del tejido vegetal ingerido. Al mismo tiempo, el intestino alberga gran cantidad de alimento, por el cual los microorganismos presentes podrían competir entre sí y con su hospedero. Existe poca información sobre la microbiota asociada con el intestino de orugas tropicales, aunque se ha demostrado la presencia de bacterias de diversos géneros tanto en el intestino como en el interior de pupas. El estudio de las actividades enzimáticas de estos microorganismos constituye un punto de partida en la comprensión de la posible relación metabólica y fisiológica que establecen con sus hospederos, a la vez que permite investigar enzimas con potenciales aplicaciones biotecnológicas. En este trabajo se evaluó la presencia de actividades gelatinolítica, caseinolítica, esterásica, lipolítica, quitinolítica, amilásica, celulolítica y xilanolítica en dos colecciones de aislamientos bacterianos provenientes de tractos digestivos de orugas y de pupas de los lepidópteros Automeris zugana y Rothschildia lebeau. Se utilizaron ensayos bioquímicos tradicionales para detectar enzimas secretadas en condiciones aerobias, en las que ambas colecciones exhibieron un comportamiento enzimático similar. Ningún aislamiento produjo un resultado positivo en todas las pruebas, pero como conjunto ambas colecciones fueron capaces de utilizar todos los sustratos evaluados. Los aislamientos obtenidos de pupas presentaron prácticamente las mismas actividades que sus homólogos provenientes de intestinos. En ambas colecciones fue posible agrupar los aislamientos de acuerdo con su patrón de producción de enzimas. Además de un conjunto heterogéneo de aislamientos poco activos (dos o menos actividades), se destacan dos grupos muy activos (al menos cinco actividades), que manifiestan una aparente especialización en los sustratos que utilizan. El primero de ellos está constituido exclusivamente por miembros de la familia Enterobacteriaceae, los cuales exhibieron un alto porcentaje de positividad en actividades lipolítica y quitinolítica, pero no demostraron la expresión de las actividades amilásica, celulolítica ni xilanolítica. El segundo grupo, formado en su gran mayoría por bacilos Gram-positivos, presenta la situación opuesta: alta positividad en actividades amilásica, celulolítica y xilanolítica, no detección de actividad quitinolítica y pocos aislamientos con actividad lipolítica. Este trabajo pretende ser la base de futuras investigaciones que exploren el potencial biotecnológico de aislamientos bacterianos provenientes del tracto digestivo de orugas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Saturniidae</kwd>
<kwd>caterpillar</kwd>
<kwd>bacterial enzymes</kwd>
<kwd>Automeris zugana</kwd>
<kwd>Rothschildia lebeau</kwd>
<kwd>Área de Conservación Guanacaste</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Saturniidae</kwd>
<kwd>oruga</kwd>
<kwd>enzimas bacterianas</kwd>
<kwd>Automeris zugana</kwd>
<kwd>Rothschildia lebeau</kwd>
<kwd>Área de Conservación Guanacaste</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Helminth parasites of the African lizard Agama agama (Squamata: Agamidae), in Lagos, Nigeria</article-title>
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<institution>,University of Lagos Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Lagos </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Lagos Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Lagos </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<fpage>417</fpage>
<lpage>425</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Agama agama, the agamid rainbow lizard, has been reported to serve as transport and reservoir host to several protozoan and helminth parasites. We randomly sampled 310 specimens between May and July, 2005, at Oyingbo, Lagos, Nigeria (6°34’60’’ N-3°19’59’’ E and 6°34’60’’ N-3°19’59’’ E).They harboured four species of nematodes: Strongyluris brevicaudata, Parapharyngodon awokoyai, Capillaria sp. and Oxyuris sp.; one of Cestoda, Oochoristica agamae; one of Trematoda, Mesocoelium monas; and one of Pentastomida, Raillietiella sp. Strongyluris brevicaudata had the highest prevalence of infection (82.3 %), followed by P. awokoyai (74.5 %), Raillietiella (10.3 %), Capillaria sp. (8.4 %) and O. agamae (7.4 %). M. monas and Oxyuris sp. had low prevalences: 1.61 % each. Raillietiella sp. and Capillaria sp. can cause localized inflammation and intestinal infections in humans. The prevalence of infection was higher in larger adult lizards. Prevalence in males was 97.6 % (94.1 % in females). in four of the helminth species, intensity of infection was higher in male lizards. Parasite intensity was highest in the rectum, followed by the intestine (p&lt;0.05). infection intensity was, to a large extent, dependent on the type of parasite, and age of lizard. During May, P. awokoyai had its highest mean intensities and prevalence. The prevalence and mean intensity of helminthes varied with the month of collection (both p&lt;0.05). For the three months studied, prevalence and mean intensity of S. brevicaudata were highest in June (July for the other species). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 417-425. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La lagartija Agama agama actúa como medio de transporte y hospedero para varios protozoos y helmintos parásitos. Capturamos 310 lagartijas, muestreadas aleatoriamente, entre mayo y julio 2005, en Oyingbo, Lagos, Nigeria (6°34’60’’ N-3°19’59’’ E y 6°34’60’’ N-3°19’59’’ E). Hallamos cuatro especies de nematodos: Strongyluris brevicaudata, Parapharyngodon awokoyai, Capillaria y Oxyuris; un céstodo intestinal, Oochoristica agamae; un trematodo, Mesocoelium monodi; y un pentastómido, Raillietiella. S. brevicaudata tuvo la mayor prevalencia de infección (82.26 %), seguida por P. awokoyai (74.52 %), Raillietiella (10.32 %), Capillaria (8.38 %) y O. agamae (7.41 %). M. monodi y Oxyuris tuvieron baja prevalencia con 1.61 % cada uno. Raillietiella y Capillaria causan inflamación localizada e infección intestinal en humanos. La prevalencia de infección estuvo positivamente relacionada con el tamaño de las lagartijas adultas. Los machos tuvieron mayor prevalencia, con 97.58 % (hembras 94.09 %). La infección intestinal en los machos fue mayor para cuatro de las especies de helmintos. La intensidad parasitaria fue mayor en el recto, seguida por el intestino (p&lt;0.05). La intensidad de la infección fue dependiente del tipo de parásito y la edad de la lagartija. En mayo, P. awokoyai tuvo el mayor promedio de intensidad y prevalencia. La prevalencia y la intensidad promedio de S. brevicaudata fue mayor en junio (julio en las demás especies). La prevalencia y la intensidad variaron con el mes (ambos p&lt;0.05).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>intestinal helminthes</kwd>
<kwd>Agama agama</kwd>
<kwd>prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>intensity</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
<kwd>helmintos intestinales</kwd>
<kwd>Agama agama</kwd>
<kwd>prevalencia</kwd>
<kwd>intensidad</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The distribution of nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a in the upper Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, a tropical estuary</article-title>
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<institution>,Duke University Division of Earth and Ocean Science </institution>
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<country>USA</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Laboratorio Químico Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Laboratorio de Oceanografía </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>427</fpage>
<lpage>436</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>in the Gulf of Nicoya on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, nutrient rich equatorial subsurface water (ESW) is upwelled in much of the lower gulf. These offshore waters are often regarded as the major source of nutrients to the gulf. However, for most of the year, the ESW has little influence on the nutrient content of the upper gulf, which has a distinct character from the lower gulf. The upper gulf, extending 40 km north of the restriction between Puntarenas Peninsula and San Lucas island, is bordered primarily by mangrove swamps, is less than 20 m deep, and is less saline than the lower gulf. We surveyed the upper gulf for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, silicate, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll in November 2000, January and July 2001. All nutrients are more concentrated in the upper gulf during the rainy and transitional seasons than the dry season, significantly so for phosphate and silicate. Throughout the year, nutrients tend to be much more concentrated in the less saline water of the upper gulf. This trend indicates that discharge from the Tempisque River predominantly controls spatial and temporal nutrient variability in the upper gulf. However, nutrient rich ESW, upwelled offshore and mixed to form a mid-temperature intermediate water, may enter the inner gulf to provide an important secondary source of nutrients during the dry season. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 427-436. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las aguas subsuperficiales ecuatoriales (ESW) que entran por la parte externa del Golfo de Nicoya de Costa Rica, se consideran una fuente importante de nutrientes para el estuario. Sin embargo, durante la mayoría del año las ESW tiene una influencia pequeña en la parte interna del golfo, que es oceanográfica y biológicamente diferente de la parte externa. La parte interna está ubicada desde la península de Puntarenas hasta la boca del Río Tempisque, 40 km al norte; es un área que se caracteriza por un importante aporte de agua dulce, está rodeada de manglares y tiene menos de 20 m de profundidad. En este estudio se midieron concentraciones de nitrato, nitrito, fosfato, silica-to, oxígeno disuelto y clorofila a en la parte interna del golfo en noviembre 2000, enero y julio 2001. Todos los nutrientes están concentrados en la parte interna del golfo durante la época lluviosa y de transición, y las concentraciones de fosfatos y silicatos son significantivamente diferentes respecto a las concentraciones en época seca. Durante todo el año los nutrientes muestran concentraciones mayores en las aguas más dulces cerca el Río Tempisque. Esto indica que las descargas del Río Tempisque dominan la variabilidad espacial y temporal en la parte interna. Además, los vientos alisios inducen la surgencia de ESW durante la estación seca, constituyendo una posible fuente secundaria de nutrientes durante esta época.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>tropical estuary</kwd>
<kwd>nutrients</kwd>
<kwd>dissolved oxygen</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>estuario tropical</kwd>
<kwd>nutrientes</kwd>
<kwd>oxígeno disuelto</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Nicoya</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular phylogenetic relationships among four species of the mangrove tree genus Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae), as revealed by chromosome and RAPD markers</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Regional Plant Resource Centre Cytogenetics Laboratory </institution>
<addr-line>Orissa </addr-line>
<country>India</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>437</fpage>
<lpage>448</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Analysis of karyotype, nuclear DNA content and RAPD markers were performed in four species of Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) of Bhitarkanika mangrove forests, Orissa, India. Detailed karyotype analysis revealing 2n=34 in B. cylindrica and 2n=36 in B. gymnorrhiza was reported for the first time and 2n=34 in B. parviflora and B. sexangula was confirmed. On the basis of the common types of chromosomes present among Bruguiera, two distinct groups were found; one consists of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula. The symmetrical karyotype with same chromosome types grouped B. cylindrica and B. parviflora together and presence of Type E chromosomes placed B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula in a separate group, suggesting their closer affinity in their respective group. Analysis of chromosome length, volume, INV and 4C DNA content confirmed this division. Nuclear DNA content was two-fold higher (~17.0 pg) in the second group than in the first (~8.0 pg). The amplification products generated through RAPD revealed 1-9 amplicons with size variations from 600 bp to 2 500 bp with 49.31% genetic similarity between B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula and 47.10% in between B. cylindrica and B. parviflora. The high copy number marker band (~ 1 100 bp) yielded in OPN-15 primer in B. parviflora the characteristic DNA marker, which was cloned and used as probes for assessment of genetic diversity, and demonstrated its close genetic affinity to B. cylindrica. B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula also produced similar marker bands of ~600 bp and ~2 200 bp in the same primer. All of the cytological, 4C DNA content and RAPD data confirmed the existence of two taxonomically distinct groups of Bruguiera: one consisting of B. cylindrica and B. parviflora and the other of B. gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula as placed earlier (1862) in the tribe Rhizophoreae by Bentham and Hooker, on the basis of the flowering habits of Bruguiera. Genetically, the B. sexangula and B. gymnorrhiza group was found to be very closely, rather than distantly, related to B. parviflora and B. cylindrica. Our results demonstrate that molecular markers together with cytological evidence provide an effective tool to access the existing interspecific genetic polymorphism in mangrove species, to solve the taxonomic problems and to design their conservation strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 437-448. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos cuatro especies del mangle Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) en Orissa, India. Los cromosomas indican queB. cylindrica y B. parviflora son un grupo taxonómico, y que B. gymnorrhiza y B. sexangula son otro. Genéticamente, el par B. sexangula y B. gymnorrhiza está cercanamente emparentado con B. parviflora and B. cylindrica. Nuestros datos indican que el uso combinado de marcadores genéticos y evidencia citológica permiten discernir el polimorfismo genético interespecífico en los mangles, tanto para resolver problemas taxonómicos como para diseña estrategias eficaces de conservación.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>4C DNA content</kwd>
<kwd>Bruguiera</kwd>
<kwd>molecular phylogeny</kwd>
<kwd>tree mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>karyotype</kwd>
<kwd>contenido de ADN4C</kwd>
<kwd>Bruguiera</kwd>
<kwd>filogenia molecular</kwd>
<kwd>mangle</kwd>
<kwd>cariotipo</kwd>
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<institution>,Institute of Oceanology  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Federal do Rio Grande  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We measured the vertical and seasonal distribution of picoplankton (0.2-2 µm) and nanoplankton (2-20 µm) in the photic layer of Cuban southern oceanic and coastal waters. The concentration of the different fractions was estimated by epifluorescence microscopy. Heterotrophic components from the different fractions showed higher vertical stratification in the oceanic station in comparison to the coastal one. The autotrophic components showed an irregular vertical distribution pattern, both in coastal and oceanic stations. In all the analyzed stations, the heterotrophic bacteria showed an inverse correlation with the autotrophic (r= -0.98), and the heterotrophic nanoplankton (r= -0.96). Auto and heterotrophic nanoplankton probably regulate bacteria abundance by predation, although autotrophic nanoplankton may represent a source of organic matter for microorganisms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 449-457. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Determinamos la distribución vertical y estacional del picoplancton (0.2-2 µm) y el nanoplancton (2-20 µm) en la capa fótica de las aguas oceánicas y costeras al sur de Cuba. La concentración de las diferentes fracciones fue estimada mediante microscopía de epifluorescencia. Los componentes heterotróficos de las diferentes fracciones mostraron una elevada estratificación vertical en la estación oceánica en comparación con la estación costera. Por otro lado, los componentes autotróficos presentaron un patrón de distribución vertical irregular tanto en la estación costera como en la oceánica. En los análisis realizados las bacterias heterótrofas mostraron una correlación inversa con el nanoplancton autótrofo (r= -0.98), y con el nanoplancton heterótrofo (r= -0.96). Estos resultados sugieren que el nanoplancton (autótrofo y heterótrofo) probablemente regula la abundancia de bacterias mediante la depredación, además que el nanoplancton autótrofo pudiera representar una fuente de materia orgánica para los microorganismos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bacterioplankton</kwd>
<kwd>picoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>nanoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>vertical-seasonal distribution</kwd>
<kwd>oceanic waters</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>bacterioplancton</kwd>
<kwd>picoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>nanoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>distribución vertical y estacional</kwd>
<kwd>aguas oceánicas</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus Histioneis (=Parahistioneis) contains an excessive number of poorly described species, often based on the observation of a single specimen and ignoring the intraspecific variability. In order to investigate the validity of the species and to suggest synonyms, the original illustrations of all known species of Histioneis are reproduced and grouped based on the morphological similarity. The scarce records and the uncertainties on the identification at the species level are responsible of the lack of biogeographical information. Large and highly ornamented species tended to appear in tropical waters, whereas smaller and less ornamented species showed a wider distribution and they can also found in temperate waters such as the Mediterranean Sea. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 459-477. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Histioneis (=Parahistioneis) tiene una cantidad excesiva de especies, descritas insuficientemente y a menudo a partir de un solo espécimen, ignorando la variabilidad intra-específica. Con el objetivo de investigar la validez de las especies y sugerir sinónimos, aquí se presentan las ilustraciones originales de Histioneis agrupadas según su parecido morfológico. Las escasas observaciones de Histioneis y las dudas en la identificación a nivel de especie son responsables de la falta de información sobre su distribución geográfica. Las especies de mayor tamaño y más ornamentadas son típicas de aguas tropicales. Las especies más pequeñas y menos ornamentadas presentan una distribución más amplia y pueden encontrarse también en aguas templadas, como el Mar Mediterráneo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Histioneis</kwd>
<kwd>Parahistioneis</kwd>
<kwd>Dinophysiales</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagellate</kwd>
<kwd>phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>biogeography</kwd>
<kwd>Histioneis</kwd>
<kwd>Parahistioneis</kwd>
<kwd>dinofisiales</kwd>
<kwd>dinoflagelado</kwd>
<kwd>fitoplancton</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Lista y referencias de los crustáceos anfípodos (Amphipoda: Gammaridea) del Atlántico occidental tropical</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Ortíz</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
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<surname>Martín</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de la Habana Centro de Ivestigaciones marinas </institution>
<addr-line>Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departamento de Estudios Ambientales e INTECMAR Laboratorio y Colleción de Crustáceos</institution>
<addr-line>Sartenejas-Baruta </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>479</fpage>
<lpage>498</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Checklist and references of the Amphipod Crustaceans (Gammaridea) from tropical western Atlantic. The published records of Amphipoda Gammaridea of the tropical western Atlantic region were reviewed and compiled in a checklist. A total of 478 species is recorded (52 families, 199 genera). This adds 20 families and 253 species to the last published list. The families are Ampeliscidae, Amphilochidae, Amphitoidae, Anamixidae, Aoridae, Argissidae, Aristiidae, Bateidae, Biancolinidae, Bogidiellidae, Cheluridae, Colomastigidae, Corophiidae, Cyphocarididae, Cyproideidae, Dexaminidae, Endevouridae, Epimeriidae, Eusiridae, Gammaridae, Hadziidae, Haustoriidae, Hyalellidae, Hyalidae, Hyperiopsidae, Iphimediidae, Isaeidae, Ischyroceridae, Leucothoidae, Liljeborgiidae, Lysianassidae, Megaluropidae, Melitidae, Melphidippidae, Ochlesidae, Oedicerotidae, Pardaliscidae, Phliantidae, Phoxocephalidae, Platyischnopidae, Pleustidae, Podoceridae, Pontoporeiidae, Scopelocheiridae, Sebidae, Stegocephalidae, Stenothoidae, Synopiidae, Talitridae, Uristidae, and Vitjazianidae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 479-498 (Foliación únicamente para la versión digital: 479-528). Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta una lista actualizada de los anfípodos gamarideos del Atlántico occidental tropical, la cual contiene 51 familias y 475 especies. En comparación con trabajos anteriores, el número de familias y especies de esta región se incrementó en 20 y 250, respectivamente. Las familias presentes en la lista son las siguientes: Ampeliscidae, Amphilochidae, Amphitoidae, Anamixidae, Aoridae, Argissidae, Aristiidae, Bateidae, Biancolinidae, Bogidiellidae, Cheluridae, Colomastigidae, Corophiidae, Cyphocarididae, Cyproideidae, Dexaminidae, Endevouridae, Epimeriidae, Eusiridae, Gammaridae, Hadziidae, Haustoriidae, Hyalellidae, Hyalidae, Hyperiopsidae, Iphimediidae, Isaeidae, Ischyroceridae, Leucothoidae, Liljeborgiidae, Lysianassidae, Megaluropidae, Melitidae, Melphidippidae, Ochlesidae, Oedicerotidae, Pardaliscidae, Phliantidae, Phoxocephalidae, Platyischnopidae, Pleustidae, Podoceridae, Pontoporeiidae, Scopelocheiridae, Sebidae, Stegocephalidae, Stenothoidae, Synopiidae, Talitridae, Uristidae y Vitjazianidae.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>Amphipoda</kwd>
<kwd>Gammaridea</kwd>
<kwd>Tropical Western Atlantic</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Amphipoda</kwd>
<kwd>Gammaridea</kwd>
<kwd>Atlantico Occidental Tropical</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Alimentación de la ascidia Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) en dos áreas de manglar de Cuba</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto de Oceanología del Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente de Cuba  </institution>
<addr-line>La Habana </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Lomnología Estación Mazatlán</institution>
<addr-line>Mazatlán </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>499</fpage>
<lpage>507</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diet of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) in two mangrove areas of Cuba. Stomach contents of 88 zooids of Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 and the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton in the water column were studied in Santa Fe (North Coast of Havana) and Punta del Este (SW of Cuba). We identified 59 microalgal species and four tintinnids in the stomachs. Cell size was 75-165 µm in length and 2-105 µm in width. There were not significant differences in microalgal diversity in the water column in the two locations. In both locations, the diatoms had the largest number of species and individuals in stomachs and water. In Santa Fe, dinoflagellate biomass was larger in water and stomach contents, while in Punta del Este the contribution of each group to the stomach content was similar to that of the water column. This species filters in a constant and irregular way during the day, independently of food availability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 499-507. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron los contenidos estomacales de 88 zooides de Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman 1880 y la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa del fitoplancton en la columna de agua en Santa Fe (Litoral Norte de la Habana) y Punta del Este (SW de Cuba). En el contenido estomacal de la ascidia se identificaron 59 especies de microalgas y cuatro tintínidos. El tamaño de las células varió entre 75 y 165 µm de largo y de 2 a 105 µm de ancho. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de especies de microalgas en la columna de agua de las dos localidades. Las diatomeas tuvieron la mayor cantidad de especies y el mayor número de individuos, tanto en los estómagos como en la columna de agua en ambas localidades. La biomasa de dinoflagelados en Santa Fe fue mayor en agua y estómagos. En Punta del Este el aporte de cada grupo al contenido estomacal es similar al encontrado en la columna de agua. Esta especie filtra de forma constante e irregular durante las 24 horas del día, independientemente de la disponibilidad de alimento.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Ecteinascidia turbinata</kwd>
<kwd>ascidian</kwd>
<kwd>feeding</kwd>
<kwd>phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>mangroves</kwd>
<kwd>Ecteinascidia turbinata</kwd>
<kwd>ascidia</kwd>
<kwd>alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>fitoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>manglar</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Spatio-temporal variation of the structural organization of demersal communities in the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Structural patterns of a sublittoral community were analyzed through a two-year series of samples in the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico. The groups involved in the study comprise fishes, molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans. The time-space progressions of Second 0rder diversity values range between N2=5.3 and N2=9.8 at depths of 40 and 20 m respectively, through the first year of samples. In the second year the highest value (N2=22.2) was found at 30 m. The community ordination data through cluster and principal components analysis show five assemblages: benthic, benthic-demersal, demersal, mid water column, and temporary. There is a striking difference in trophic web structure between the dry season and rainy season. Fish community resource partitioning shows that the components are organized in three guilds: ichthyophagous, carcinophagous and omnivorous. However, a partial overlap of niches was commonly observed, and juvenile stages showed a narrower trophic spectrum than adults. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 509-536. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron los patrones estructurales de la comunidad sublitoral a través de dos años de muestreo. Los grupos involucrados en el estudio fueron: peces, moluscos, equinodermos y crustáceos. Las progresiones espacio-temporales de la diversidad de segundo orden para el primer año se encuentran entre los intervalos de N2=5.3 y N2=9.8 en las profundidades de 40 y 20 m respectivamente. En el segundo periodo el valor más alto (N2=22.2) fue registrado a 30 m. La ordenación de la comunidad a través del análisis de agrupamientos y de Componentes Principales, muestran 5 ensamblajes: béntico, béntico-demersal, demersal, a media columna de agua y temporal. Hay una fuerte diferencia en la estructura de la red trófica entre las estaciones de secas y lluvias. La repartición de recursos en la comunidad de peces, muestran que sus componentes están organizados en tres gremios: Ictiófagos, Carcinófagos y Omnívoros. Sin embargo, comúnmente se presenta un solapamiento parcial en el nicho, los estadíos juveniles muestran un espectro trófico muy cercano a los adultos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>marine invertebrates</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>community composition</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>trophic spectrum</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Veracruz</kwd>
<kwd>invertebrados marinos</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
<kwd>composición de comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>espectro trófico</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de México</kwd>
<kwd>Veracruz</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Changes in fish communities of coral reefs at Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago, Cuba. A comparison of fish community structure in the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago (1988-1989 and 2000) using visual census surveys (eight belt transects 2x50 m in each site) suggests a notable decrease on species richness, and a two thirds reduction in fish density and biomass on coral reefs. This decrease in fish populations may be related to the alarming decrease of scleractinian coral cover, and an enormous proliferation of algae, which currently covers 70-80% of the hard substrate, impeding the recovery of corals and other benthic organisms. High coral mortalities occurred between the study periods, which correlate with the high temperatures caused by the ENSO events of 1995, 1997 and 1998. These events caused massive bleaching of corals and subsequent algae overgrowth. Evidence of nutrient enrichment from the inner lagoons and overfishing are also present. Collectively, these effects have provoked a marked degradation of reef habitats. These changes appear to have affected the availability of refuges and food for fishes, and may be constraining individual growth potential and population size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 537-547. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Al comparar la estructura de las comunidades de peces en los arrecifes del Archipiélago Sabana-Camagüey entre 1988-89 y el año 2000, mediante iguales censos visuales (ocho transeptos lineales de 2x50 m en cada estación), se observó una notable disminución de la riqueza de especies y una reducción en dos tercios de la densidad y biomasa de peces. Tal disminución de las poblaciones de peces parece estar relacionada con la alarmante disminución de la cobertura de corales escleractínios y una gran proliferación de algas, las cuales actualmente cubren 7080% del sustrato duro, impidiendo la recuperación de los corales y otros organismos bénticos. Grandes mortalidades de corales ocurrieron entre los dos periodos de estudio, lo cual parece ser consecuencia de las altas temperaturas provocadas por los eventos ENOS de 1995, 1997 y 1998. Estos fenómenos climáticos provocaron el blanqueamiento masivo de los corales y como consecuencia se produjo una gran proliferación de las algas. Asimismo en el período entre ambos muestreos ocurrió el enriquecimiento de nutrientes desde las lagunas interiores y la sobreexplotación de los recursos pesqueros. El conjunto de estos factores provocaron una marcada degradación del hábitat en los arrecifes. Tales cambios parecen haber afectado la disponibilidad de refugios y la alimentación para los peces, limitando el crecimiento individual y el tamaño de las poblaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fish community</kwd>
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<kwd>environmental changes</kwd>
<kwd>anthropic impacts</kwd>
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<kwd>comunidad íctica</kwd>
<kwd>relaciones tróficas</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes coralinos</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution and environmental conditions related to the behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Habitat characteristics influencing behavior in animal species vary locally. The influence that a particular environmental characteristic can have on a species depends not only on other variables, but on morphological, physiological and social conditions of that species. in this study, developed from June 1996 to July 1997, I studied whether specific behaviors are related to particular distribution areas and environmental factors in the bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). The study area was covered along oblicuous linear transects, and the behavior of single groups was observed from 15 min to 5 h. Environmental factors such as depth, temperature, salinity and distance from shore, among others, were considered. For the bottlenose dolphin, foraging/feeding activities showed exclusive coincidence with river mouths, coral reef and mangrove areas, while social and milling activities where seen close to feeding areas. Traveling occurred along different points parallel to the coast, with a low percentage of cases across the gulf (16.56 %), suggesting that the bottlenose rarely crosses from one side to the other. in the spotted dolphin, several behaviors were observed simultaneously in the schools and it was not possible to associate areas with particular behaviors. The lack of significant relationships among activities and particular environmental variables (ANOVA tests) is attributed to three aspects: (a) transitions among activities generally occurred into a low variable area, (b) dolphins often traveled along large areas without changing activities and (c) environmental conditions in Golfo Dulce are homogeneous. in the two species the highest average in the number of individuals per group corresponded to the category of active socializing, followed by traveling, passive socializing and feeding. in the case of the bottlenose dolphin, the smallest group size was associated with feeding activities (ANOvA, F= 2.624, p=0.037, n= 156, df= 4), while in the spotted dolphin the smallest group size corresponded to milling activities (ANOvA, F= 3.817, p=0.009, n=51, df= 4). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 549-557. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las características del hábitat que influyen en las especies animales varían de un lugar a otro. Al mismo tiempo, toda especie es rodeada por una serie de factores ambientales que interactúan entre sí, pero la influencia que una característica ambiental particular pueda ejercer sobre una especie depende no sólo de las demás variables, sino de las condiciones morfológicas, fisiológicas y sociales de esa especie. En este estudio, desarrollado de junio 1996 a julio 1997, la pregunta fue enfocada a determinar si comportamientos específicos en el delfín bufeo (Tursiops truncatus) y el delfín manchado (Stenella attenuata) están relacionados con áreas de distribución y factores ambientales particulares. El área de estudio fue cubierta siguiendo transectos lineares oblicuos predeterminados y cada grupo fue observado de 15 min a 5 h. Las variables ambientales fueron medidas al inicio y al final de cada avistamiento junto con la determinación de la posición geográfica y el comportamiento llevado a cabo por los delfines. Para el bufeo, las actividades de forrajeo/ alimentación mostraron coincidencia exclusiva con bocas de ríos y áreas de coral y manglar, y las actividades sociales y de merodeo, se asociaron a áreas cercanas a los sitios de forrajeo. El desplazamiento ocurrió a lo largo de diferentes puntos paralelos a la costa, con un bajo porcentaje de casos a través del golfo (16.56 %), lo cual sugiere que el bufeo rara vez cruza el golfo. En el caso del manchado, no fue posible asociar zonas comportamientos particulares, pues todo el grupo se mueve junto; sin embargo, si fue observada la presencia de distintos comportamientos en un mismo momento, llevados a cabo por grupos específicos dentro de la manada. Se consideraron factores ambientales tales como la profundidad, la temperatura, la salinidad y la distancia respecto a la costa, entre otros. El ANDEVA de bloques no reveló una relación marcada entre actividades y zonas variables ambientales particulares, sin embargo, los resultados mostraron información valiosa sobre tendencias muy interesantes. La falta de significancia, en relación con los aspectos ambientales, fue atribuida a tres aspectos: (a) las transiciones entre actividades se dieron generalmente dentro de un área poco variable, (b) fue común que los delfines se desplazaran cubriendo grandes áreas sin cambiar de actividad y (c) las condiciones ambientales en el Golfo son bastante homogéneas. En ambas especies el mayor promedio en el número de individuos por grupo correspondió a la categoría de socialización activa, seguido en forma decreciente por el desplazamiento, la socialización pasiva y la alimentación. En el caso del bufeo, el menor tamaño promedio de grupo estuvo asociado a las actividades de alimentación (ANDEVA, F= 2.624, p=0.037, gl= 4), mientras que en el manchado correspondió a los momentos de merodeo (ANDEvA, F= 3.817, p=0.009, gl= 4).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>environmental factors</kwd>
<kwd>behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Tursiops truncatus</kwd>
<kwd>Stenella attenuata</kwd>
<kwd>cetaceans</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>factores ambientales</kwd>
<kwd>comportamiento</kwd>
<kwd>Tursiops truncatus</kwd>
<kwd>Stenella attenuata</kwd>
<kwd>cetáceos</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Growth rate fitting using the von Bertalanffy model: analysis of natural populations of Drepanotrema spp. snails (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rumi</surname>
<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>E</surname>
<given-names>Diego</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
<given-names>Gregoric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Roche</surname>
<given-names>M. Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de la Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Museo de la Plata</institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>559</fpage>
<lpage>567</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus Drepanotrema includes six species in Argentina. The life cycle in natural systems of Drepanotrema depressissimum, and D. lucidum has been little studied, except for some casual observations. The aim of this study is to analyze main population trends (age structures, recruitment periods, life span and curves of individual growth) in Paiva pond, Argentina. We explored growth model fitting and comparison methodologies between species and environments in Paiva pond and Isla Martín García (IMG), to determine interspecific patterns. Theoretical curves of von Bertalanffy’s model for each population were contrasted with samplings using the &amp;#967;2 test. Expected sizes were transformed into a percentage of maximum size and cohorts started from zero time, which allowed them to be independent of the real or estimated starting date and a comparison was possible. A similar time scale was used, because the k values proved to be sensitive to time scale. Maximum size reached by D. lucidum was 6.9 mm and by D. depressissimum 9.38 mm. Growth rates (k) fluctuated from 1.302 to 1.368 in the first and 1.339 to 1.509 in the second species. No statistically significant differences were found in growth curves among species inhabiting the Paiva pond and in the different IMG water bodies independent of the beginning of each cohort and maximum size. In general, no winter cohorts were observed, except in one population of D. kermatoides (IMG). Comparing circannual and biannual growth rhythms most of the species reached 60 % of their development during their first year, and 85 % or more during their second year. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 559-567. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Argentina se encuentran seis especies del género Drepanotrema. El ciclo de vida en sistemas naturales de Drepanotrema depressissimu y D. lucidum ha sido muy poco estudiado, excepto por algunas observaciones aisladas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las principales tendencias de la población en la Laguna Paiva, Argentina. Usamos modelos de crecimiento y metodologías comparativas entre las especies y los ambientes en Paiva y la isla Martín García (IMG). Además, las curvas teóricas del modelo de von Bertalanffy para cada población fueron contrastadas con las muestras utilizando la prueba &amp;#967;². Los tamaños esperados fueron transformados en porcentajes de tamaño máximo y las cohortes se iniciaron a partir del tiempo cero, lo cual les permitió ser independientes de la fecha inicial real o estimada y con ello ser comparables. Se utilizó una escala de tiempo similar debido a que los valores de k demostraron ser sensibles a la escala de tiempo. El tamaño máximo alcanzado por D. lucidum fue de 6.9 mm y por D. depressissimun fue de 9.38 mm. Las tasas de crecimiento (k) fluctuaron de 1.302-1.368 en la primera especie y 1.339-1.509 para la segunda especie. No fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en las curvas de crecimiento entre las especies que habitaban en Paiva ni en los diferentes cuerpos de agua de IMG, independientes del inicio de cada cohorte y del tamaño máximo. En general no se observaron cohortes de invierno, excepto en una población de D. kermatoides (IMG). Al comparar los ritmos de crecimiento anuales y semestrales, la mayoría de las especies alcanzaron el 60 % de su desarrollo durante el primer año y el 85 % ó más durante su segundo año.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>growth-rates</kwd>
<kwd>Drepanotrema spp</kwd>
<kwd>Planorbidae</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Great Plata Basin</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>Drepanotrema spp</kwd>
<kwd>Planorbidae</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Cuenca del Plata</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur  </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Rotifer samples were obtained from 29 localities in northern Guatemala and central-southern Belize during March 2000 and June 2001. A total of 119 species were identified. Ten selected taxa are illustrated and commented: Euchlanis semicarinata, Lepadella apsicora, L. cryphaea, Lecane curvicornis f. lofuana, L. whitfordi, Monommata maculata, Scaridium bostjani, Trichocerca elongata f. braziliensis, and T. hollaerti. The species Lepadella rhomboidula is a first record for the American Continent. The species are 71 % cosmopolitan, 6 % tropicopolitan, and 4.2 % restricted to the subtropics. The Guatemala species number range was Petén-itza lake (53 taxa), and Raxruja pool (three). La Democracia pool (49 taxa), and the Blue Hole sink-hole (six species) were the extremes in Belize. in total, 68 of the recorded taxa are new for Guatemala and 91 for Belize. Additionally, 47 species are registered by the first time in Central America. A comparison between these two countries and Mexico revealed that the south part of the latter conform a cluster with them, emphasizing the transitional character of this region between the Nearctics and the Neotropics. Furthermore, Guatemala and Belize have differences in species assemblages, as a response to the nature of their particular environments and topographical accidents. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 569-584. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El análisis de muestras procedentes del norte de Guatemala y centro-sur de Belice, recolectadas en marzo de 2000 y junio de 2001, dio como resultado la presencia de 119 especies. Se presenta una breve descripción de diez taxones seleccionados con base en sus distribuciones restringidas en ciertos ámbitos de América y el viejo continente: Euchlanis semicarinata, Lepadella apsicora, L. cryphaea, Lecane curvicornis f. lofuana, L. whitfordi, Monommata maculata, Scaridium bostjani, Trichocerca elongata f. braziliensis,y T. hollaerti. Por primera vez se informa Lepadella rhomboidula en el continente americano. Las especies registradas incluyen 71 % con distribución cosmopolita y 6 % tropicopolitas; 4.2 % se encuentran restringidas a los subtrópicos. La máxima y mínima diversidad de especies en Guatemala correspondió al lago Petén-itza (con 53 taxones) y al estanque Raxruja (con tres). El estanque La Democracia (con 49 taxones) y el Blue Hole (con seis) fueron máximo y mínimo en Belice. Del total encontrado, 47 especies se registran por primera vez en Centroamérica. Una comparación entre la fauna de rotíferos de estos dos países y México refleja una similitud; sin embargo, también se aprecian ciertas diferencias que permiten establecer un gradiente que va de la región neotropical hacia la neártica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Guatemala</kwd>
<kwd>Belize</kwd>
<kwd>rotífero</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>Guatemala</kwd>
<kwd>Belice</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Antioquía Departamento de Biología </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Antioquía Departamento de Biología </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Variation in the structure of the periphytic community that colonizes artificial substrata in the Medellín river (Colombia). Weekly samples were taken from microscope glass slides attached to acrylic substrata were placed at subsuperficial level in two sampling stations in the higher section of the Medellín river, Colombia, from January through March 1998. Diversity and evenness varied with time (Friedman p&lt;0.05). There were spatial differences in biomass, productivity, diversity and evenness (Friedman p&lt;0.05). Total biomass and productivity increased with the time of colonization at station 1. Station 2, with four times more water flow, had lower diversity and mean evenness values. During the colonization process the were 76 species (22 families). The Chrysophyta, mainly diatoms, were the most abundant (56 % of the total), followed by Clorophyta (29 %), Cyanophyta (11 %) and Cryptophyta (4 %). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 585-593. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>ríos</kwd>
<kwd>biopelícula</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Reproductive strategy of Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Opa reservoir, Ile-Ife, Nigeria</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The fish family Cichlidae has a large diversity and dominates African freshwater bodies, with over 200 species reported in inland waters. Sampling for the fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) in Opa reservoir, Nigeria, started in October 1997 and extended until February 2000. The fishing methods employed for collecting the 1 430 specimens were cast netting and gillnetting. Egg diameter varied between 2.12 mm and 2.69 mm with a mean of 2.47±0.02. Female gonadosomatic index was 1.34±0.01 (0.12-4.06, n= 637). The male gonadosomatic index was 0.39±0.02 (0.03-1.67, n= 789). In Opa reservoir, O. niloticus bred throughout the study period. The species was a maternal mouth brooder with the female fish carrying eggs and fry in the buccal cavities. The sex ratio of O. niloticus was approximately 1:1 in the reservoir. The fecundity of the species was between 73 eggs and 1 810 eggs per female with a mean fecundity of 815 eggs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 595-602. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) en la reserva de Opa, Nigeria, desde octubre 1997 hasta febrero del 2000. Recolectamos 1 430 especímenes con red lanzada y red de arrastre. El diámetro de los huevos varía entre los 2.12 mm y 2.69 mm con un promedio de 2.47±0.02. El índice gonadosomático de las hembras fue de 1.34±0.01 (0.12-4.06, n= 637), y en machos fue de 0.39±0.02 (0.03-1.67, n= 789). En la reserva este pez se reprodujo durante todo el periodo de estudio. Hay cuido materno: la hembra lleva los huevos y alevines en la boca. La proporción machos/hembras fue aproximadamente 1:1. La fecundidad varía entre 73 y 1 810 huevos por hembra con un promedio de 815 huevos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>breeding season</kwd>
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<kwd>Oreochromis niloticus</kwd>
<kwd>época de reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>hábitos de reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>proporción de sexos</kwd>
<kwd>índice gonadosomático</kwd>
<kwd>tilapia</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diet of the tropical freshwater fish Heterandria bimaculata (Haeckel) and Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae). We analyzed the diet and feeding habits of the fishes Heterandria bimaculata and Poecilia sphenops. Specimens were captured monthly in &quot;Los Carros&quot; damp, Morelos, Mexico (18°37´ N, 98°43´ W). We quantified gut content by the numerical method and by the frequency of occurrence method; and used the MacArthur and Levin´s indices for niche overlap. The diet of H. bimaculata was composed by 16 prey categories, mainly dipterans (Culicidae predominated), independently of sex, size and season. The index of niche overlap was high, from 0.74 to 0.99. The diet of P. sphenops consisted of 11 items, detritus being the most consumed, also independently of sex, size and season. The niche overlap index was high (0.99), indicating overlapping for all analyses. There was little diet overlap (0.26) between the two species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 603-615. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la dieta y los hábitos alimentarios de Heterandria bimaculata y Poecilia sphenops. Se tomaron muestras mensuales en la presa &quot;Los Carros&quot;, Morelos, México (10°37´ N, 98°43´ W). El contenido intestinal fue analizado de acuerdo con los métodos numérico (No) y el de frecuencia de presencia (FO). Se utilizó el índice de traslape de MacArthur y Levin. H. bimaculata presentó la ingestión de 16 componentes alimenticios. Los odonatos y los himenópteros fueron los más consumidos en le estación de lluvias, mientras que en el estiaje fueron los himenópteros y coleópteros. La talla II fue la que registró la mayor diversidad, siendo los himenópteros los más consumidos en las tres tallas. El índice de traslape en cada uno de los análisis fue de 0.74 a 0.99. P. sphenops consumió 11 tipos de alimento; el detrito registró los porcentajes más altos independientemente de sexo, tamaño y época (índice de traslape = 0.99). Ambas especies comparten seis alimentos, pero en bajas proporciones (índice de traslape = 0.26).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>food habits</kwd>
<kwd>Heterandria bimaculata</kwd>
<kwd>Poecilia sphenops</kwd>
<kwd>Los Carros</kwd>
<kwd>Morelos</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>hábitos alimentarios</kwd>
<kwd>Heterandria bimaculata</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200022</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución de aves acuáticas en las lagunas de oxidación de la ciudad de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zamora-Orozco</surname>
<given-names>Elvia Margarita</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carmona</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brabata</surname>
<given-names>Georgina</given-names>
</name>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Departamento de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California Sur </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Facultad de Ciencias Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>Baja California </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>617</fpage>
<lpage>626</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution of aquatic birds in oxidation lagoons of La Paz city in South Baja California, Mexico. Taxonomic composition, spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic birds in oxidation lagoons (LO) of La Paz city in south Baja California, Mexico, were determined during 24 censuses realized in two-week intervals (April/98-March/99). There are five lagoons of 5 Ha each and 17 ha of terrains constantly flooded that serve as feeding areas for cattle and birds. One hundred twenty three species were observed, 75 of which were aquatic birds. A total of 46 041 observations were made (average 1 918 birds/census). Richness and abundance of aquatic birds were influenced mainly by migration of anatids and sandpipers. The first group had the greatest abundance due to its affinity towards fresh water bodies. The terrains were the favorite sites of dabbling ducks (Anas) and sandpipers. In contrast, two of the most abundant species (Oxyura jamaicensis, 12.5 % of all species, and Fulica americana, 8.8 %) restricted their presence to the oxidation lagoons. LO presented a bird structure of its own and atypical, according to the dryness of the region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 617-626. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la composición taxonómica y la distribución espacial y temporal de aves acuáticas de las lagunas de oxidación (LO), de la ciudad de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, durante 24 censos quincenales (abril/98marzo/99). Se trata de cinco lagunas, de cinco ha cada una y 17 ha de terrenos aledaños constantemente inundados que sirven como zona de alimentación para el ganado y las aves. Se observaron 123 especies de aves, de las cuales 75 fueron acuáticas. En total se realizaron 46 041 registros (promedio= 1 918 aves/censo). La riqueza y la abundancia estuvieron influenciadas por la migración, principalmente de anátidos y playeros, los primeros fueron el grupo más abundante, debido a su afinidad por cuerpos dulceacuícolas. Los terrenos aledaños fueron los preferidos por los patos vadeadores (Anas) y por los playeros. En contraste, dos de las especies más abundantes (Oxyura jamaicensis 12.5 % del total y Fulica americana 8.8 %), restringieron su presencia al espejo de agua. LO presentó un componente aviar propio y atípico, dada la aridez de la región.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Aquatic birds</kwd>
<kwd>migratory birds</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California</kwd>
<kwd>oasis</kwd>
<kwd>Aves acuáticas</kwd>
<kwd>aves migratorias</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California</kwd>
<kwd>oasis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Revisión taxonómica del grupo Haplothrips-Karnyothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Retana-Salazar</surname>
<given-names>Axel P</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<name>
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<given-names>Gerardo A</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad de la Investigación Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hypericum Pharma, S. A  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>627</fpage>
<lpage>635</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Taxonomic revision of the Haplothrips-Karnyothrips group (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). The generic group (&quot;ensemble&quot;) Haplothrips-Karnyothrips is reviewed, following the most recently published criteria for distinguishing generic characters. We establish a new diagnosis for each genus. A review of a Central American collection is included and a new genus of Phlaeothripidae is described from the Central Pacific of Costa Rica from specimens collected on Cyperaceae flowers during the dry season. The genus can be distinguished by widely separated maxillary stylets, absent maxillary bridge, pelta shape and the setae B1, which measures two thirds of the tube length. We include a key based on characters of phylogenetic importance. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 627-635. Epub 2007 Jun 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se revisa el estado taxonómico del grupo Haplothrips y al mismo tiempo del grupo Karnyothrips, separándose este en varios nuevos géneros por considerarse parafilético; se describen los nuevos géneros Vargasia, Willeia y Aguilaria separados del antiguo Karnyothrips. Se describe un nuevo género de Thysanoptera-Phlaeothripidae procedente del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica. Este género se distingue por los estiletes maxilares muy apartados entre sí, carece de puente maxilar, la forma de la pelta y la seta B1 que es 2/3 la longitud del tubo. Se presenta el análisis crítico de este género y los posibles táxones emparentados, estableciendo un nuevo grupo a partir de las condiciones presentadas por Jironiella gen. n.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Phlaeothripinae</kwd>
<kwd>Thysanoptera</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo género</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción y ultraestructura del huevo y larva de primer estadio de Gyriosomus kingi (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) del desierto de Atacama</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<surname>Pizarro-Araya</surname>
<given-names>Jaime</given-names>
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</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Jerez</surname>
<given-names>Viviane</given-names>
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</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cepeda-Pizarro</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de La Serena Fcaultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>La Serena </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Concepción Fcaultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Departamento de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>Concepción </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>637</fpage>
<lpage>644</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction and ultrastructure of egg and first instar larvae of Gyriosomus kingi (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the desert of Atacama. Gyriosomus is an important Chilean genus of Tenebrionidae, inhabiting the coastal desert of this country. in this environment, the Gyriosomus-species are both eremic and endemic components of the epigean entomofauna. Despite the ecological importance of these species in the Chilean desert, there is a lack of knowledge on the preimaginal stages of them. in this paper we describe the egg and first instar larval morphology of G. kingi Reed, 1873, along with some bionomic aspects of the female. The eggs and larva were obtained from couples kept under laboratory conditions, after being captured during the spring of year 2002, in coastal sites of National Park Llanos de Challe, located in the southern border of the Atacama Desert (28°01’S, 71°03’W). The first third of the chorion presents subhexagonal cells lacking aeropyles. The larvae is oligopod and elongated. its cephalic capsule is strongly chitinized with the prothoracic legs longer and thicker than the rest. According laboratory observations, each egg-laying includes seven to ten eggs each time, with a maximum of six egg-laying per female. The eggs are buried into the soil, covered by a mucilaginous layer which creates a clay-sandy film attached to the chorion. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 637-644. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Gyriosomus es un importante género chileno de Tenebrionidae, habitante del desierto costero del país. En este ambiente, las especies de Gyriosomus son un componente erémico y endémico de la entomofauna epígea. A pesar de la importancia ecológica que estas especies tienen en el desierto chileno, poco se conoce respecto de la morfología de los estados preimaginales. En este trabajo se describe la morfología del huevo y de la larva de primer estadio de G. kingi Reed, 1873, y se entregan algunos antecedentes acerca de la bionomía de la hembra. Los huevos y las larvas fueron obtenidos a partir de parejas mantenidas en condiciones de laboratorio. Los adultos fueron capturados durante la primavera del año 2002, en sitios costeros del Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe, localizado en la frontera sur del Desierto de Atacama (28°01’S; 71°03’W). El primer tercio del corión del huevo presenta celdas subhexagonales sin aeropilas. La larva es oligópoda y elongada. Su cápsula cefálica está fuertemente quitinizada y sus patas protorácicas son más largas y más gruesas que las restantes. Según observaciones de laboratorio, cada ovipostura incluye de siete a diez huevos cada vez, con un máximo de seis oviposturas por hembra. Los huevos son enterrados en el suelo, recubiertos con un mucílago que genera una película de arena-arcilla adherida al corión.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tenebrionidae</kwd>
<kwd>Pimeliinae</kwd>
<kwd>insect development</kwd>
<kwd>desert soil fauna</kwd>
<kwd>Chilean coastal desert</kwd>
<kwd>Tenebrionidae</kwd>
<kwd>Pimeliinae</kwd>
<kwd>ontogenia de insectos</kwd>
<kwd>fauna del suelo desértico</kwd>
<kwd>desierto costero chileno</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity and distribution of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Coello river basin, Colombia. We describe the patterns of diversity and distribution of the subfamily Satyrinae in the Coello river basin (4º 17’ 08’’ N - 74º 35’ 36’’ W; 1 899.31 km²) from 433 to 3 600 m. Eleven sampling stations were located, in several ecosystems. The samples were collected during a period of 11 days, in March, May, July and October 2003, in three types of habitat (forest, forest edge and meadow). We collected at random, between 09:00 and 15:00 hr, using entomological nets. A total of 239 individuals (13 genera, 34 species) were collected. The most abundant species were in the genus Pedaliodes (41.4 %). Richness and diversity had high values in mountainous zones and paramo (&gt; 2 000 m). The greater diversity was measured in the forest edge. The similarity analysis produced two groups: species from warm (Euptychia hesione and Hermeuptychia hermes) and middle (Pseudohaetera hypaesia and Taygetis celia) climate zones; and species from mountain and paramo (Lymanopoda obsoleta, Pedaliodes polusca and Eretris calisto). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 645-653. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio describe los patrones de diversidad y distribución de la subfamilia Satyrinae en la cuenca del río Coello (4º 17’ 08’’ N y 74º 35´ 36&quot; W; 1 899.31 km²), en un gradiente altitudinal de 433 a 3 600 m.s.n.m, con el fin de determinar la diversidad y composición regional y local de este grupo de mariposas y su posible uso como indicador biológico de zonas montanas y de Páramo. Se establecieron 11 estaciones de muestreo las cuales incluyen distintas zonas de vida. Las muestras se recolecciónron durante un periodo de 11 días en marzo, mayo, julio y octubre de 2003, en tres tipos de hábitat (bosque, borde de bosque y pradera). La recolección fue al azar en transectos de longitud no definida, entre las 09:00 y las 15:00 hr, empleando para ello redes lepidopterológicas de 0.5 m de diámetro y 1.20 m de longitud. Para el análisis de datos se calculó el índice de riqueza de Margalef (D) y se registró el porcentaje de abundancia relativa para las especies. La diversidad total por localidad y por hábitat se analizó a través del índice de Shannon (H’). De las matrices de presencia-ausencia se obtuvo índices de similitud entre estaciones, según coeficiente de Jaccard. Se recolectó un total de 239 individuos de 13 géneros y 34 especies. Las especies más abundantes fueron especialmente del género Pedaliodes, representando el 41.4%. La riqueza y diversidad, presentaron un comportamiento similar, mostrando altos valores en zonas montanas y de Páramo (&gt; 2000 m.s.n.m). En cuanto a la diversidad por hábitat, se observó la mayor diversidad en el borde de bosque. El análisis de similitud evidenció dos grupos claramente definidos. El primer grupo contempla especies propias de zonas cálidas (Euptychia hesione y Hermeuptychia hermes) y templadas (Pseudohaetera hypaesia y Taygetis celia), mientras el segundo presenta especies exclusivas de zonas montanas y de Páramo (Lymanopoda obsoleta, Pedaliodes polusca y Eretris calisto).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coello</kwd>
<kwd>Satyrinae</kwd>
<kwd>Pedaliodes, mountainous zones</kwd>
<kwd>paramo</kwd>
<kwd>similarity</kwd>
<kwd>Coello</kwd>
<kwd>Satyrinae</kwd>
<kwd>Pedaliodes</kwd>
<kwd>zonas montanas</kwd>
<kwd>páramo</kwd>
<kwd>similitud</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre los años 1990-1996, se evaluó la importancia de la mosca amazónica (Melagonystilum minense) y de la avispa (Cotesia flavipes) como controles biológicos de los perforadores de la caña de azúcar (Diatraea saccharalis y Diatraea rosa) en el centro de Venezuela. Durante el período de la zafra, seleccionamos aleatoriamente tallos de caña de azúcar que fueron abiertos para observar el número de perforaciones, hospedadores, proporción de hospedadores parasitados, proporción de hospedadores parasitados por la mosca amazónica o por la avispa. Como consecuencia de las periódicas liberaciones de las moscas y las avispas criadas en el laboratorio, observamos una disminución pronunciada de la abundancia relativa de Diatraea spp., pero no se obtuvo un efecto evidente de utilizar ambos parasitoides. La abundancia de Diatraea spp. en presencia de ambos parasitoides fue similar a la observada durante los 45 años en que se utilizó únicamente M. minense como control biológico. Sin embargo, M. minense probablemente sea el principal control biológico de esta plaga por ser más eficiente en la búsqueda de la misma y por ser un competidor más fuerte que C. flavipes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Metagonystilum minense</kwd>
<kwd>Cotesia flavipes</kwd>
<kwd>parasitoid</kwd>
<kwd>Diatraea</kwd>
<kwd>sugarcane</kwd>
<kwd>Metagonystilum minense</kwd>
<kwd>Cotesia flavipes</kwd>
<kwd>parasitoide</kwd>
<kwd>Diatraea</kwd>
<kwd>caña de azúcar</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Huevo, larva en primer estadio y aparato genital femenino de la mariposa Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Concepción Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas </institution>
<addr-line>Concepción </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Egg, first larval stage and female genitalia of the moth Chabuata castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egg, first larval stage, and female genitalia of the widely distributed moth Chabuata castanea are described, based on material from Talcahuano, VIII region, Chile. Egg microestructures are illustrated with scannig electron microscope images which show that egg morphology allows identification to species level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 659-664. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Hadeninae</kwd>
<kwd>inmature stage</kwd>
<kwd>Talcahuano</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
<kwd>Chabuata castanea</kwd>
<kwd>Hadeninae</kwd>
<kwd>estados inmaduros</kwd>
<kwd>Talcahuano</kwd>
<kwd>Chile</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A method to identify the three cryptic species of Protesilaus, (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from southern Brazil, based on genital morphology. I describe the male genital structures of three species of butterflies from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Their external patterns do not differ enough to determine one species from another. All inhabit the same areas at the same time of the year. In an attempt to find a constant difference among them, as well as to establish the range of variability in each species, series of butterflies from different localities were dissected. The diagnostic structures found in all three species were named and drawn for their identification. Color patterns, width, separateness and presence or absence of the black bands and the color of the frons are not useful for recognizing P. nigricornis from P. stenodesmus or P. helios. The species group studied shows major morphological variability. For that reason, species level identification can be extremely difficult, particularly if the specimens are deteriorated. In conclusion, the only reliable way to correctly identify this species is by dissection of male genitalia. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 665-671. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Analizo la estructura genital de los machos de tres especies de Protesilaus de Río Grande du Sul en Brasil, debido a que los caracteres morfológicos externos no proporcionan la información suficiente para identificarlas hasta el nivel de especie. Las tres especies se pueden encontrar en zonas de simpatría y en los mismos meses del año. Se nombraron y dibujaron las estructuras diagnósticas para cada una de las especies. Características morfológicas externas como el grosor, separación y presencia o ausencia de las bandas negras, y los colores en la cabeza, no son útiles para separar a P. nigricornis de P. stenodesmus y de P. helios. El grupo presenta una alta variabilidad morfológica, por lo que identificarlas a nivel de especie puede resultar difícil, principalmente si los especímenes se encuentran deteriorados. La identificación confiable se debe realizar mediante el estudio de los órganos genitales de los machos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Eurytides</kwd>
<kwd>genitalia</kwd>
<kwd>sympatry</kwd>
<kwd>P. helios</kwd>
<kwd>P. stenodesmus</kwd>
<kwd>P. nigricornis</kwd>
<kwd>Eurytides</kwd>
<kwd>órganos genitales</kwd>
<kwd>simpatría</kwd>
<kwd>P. helios</kwd>
<kwd>P. stenodesmus</kwd>
<kwd>p. nigricornis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cuscohoplininus pagoreni: a new genus and species of Hoplinini stilt bug from Peru (Heteroptera: Berytidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dellapé</surname>
<given-names>Pablo M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Carpintero</surname>
<given-names>Diego L</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de la Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales División Entomología</institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>673</fpage>
<lpage>676</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Berytidae or stilt bugs are a cosmopolitan family of lygaeoid bugs, which are slender, elongate insects, with generally cylindrical bodies and very long, slender antennae and legs. Members of the tribe Hoplinini are characterized by the lack of a distinct metapleural scent channel and the possession of a dorsally directed process on the caudal edge of the male genitalia capsule (absent in Xenoloma and Cuscohoplininus). In this paper, we described the new genus and species Cuscohoplininus pagoreni from Peru. Scanning electron micrographs are provided to illustrate taxonomically important structures. Among the eight genera known in the tribe Hoplinini, the new genus Cuscohoplininus resembles Parajalysus in general aspect and size, but can be easily distinguished by the following characters: Parajalysus is characterized by the four large, erect pronotal spines, one centered on the anterior lobe, and on the posterior lobe, one at each humeral angle and one at the base of the meson; whereas, Cuscohoplininus has a single spine on the anterior pronotal lobe, an elongate scutellar spine (a tubercle is present in Parajalysus), and lacks a process on the caudal edge of the male genitalia capsule. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 673-676. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La familia Berytidae es cosmopolita y está integrada por chinches alargadas, con cuerpo generalmente cilíndrico y con antenas y patas muy largas. Los miembros de la tribu Hoplinini se caracterizan por carecer de canal la glándula repugnatoria y por poseer un proceso caudal dirigido dorsalmente sobre el borde posterior de la cápsula genital masculina (ausente en Xenoloma y Cuscohoplininus). Describimos un nuevo género y especie: Cuscohoplininus pagoreni de Perú. Se tomaron fotografías de microscopia electrónica para ilustrar estructuras de importancia taxonómica. Entre los ocho géneros conocidos de la tribu Hoplinini, Cuscohoplininus n. gen. es similar al género Parajalysus en aspecto general y en tamaño. Sin embargo, puede distinguirse así: Parajalysus se caracteriza por poseer cuatro grandes espinas erectas sobre el pronoto, una en el centro del lóbulo anterior, una en cada ángulo humeral y, la cuarta, también sobre el lóbulo posterior sobre el margen posterior; por otro lado Cuscohoplininus tiene una sola espina sobre el pronoto situada sobre el lóbulo anterior, una espina escutelar (Parajalysus presenta solo un tubérculo sobre el escutelo) y carece de proceso caudal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Heteroptera</kwd>
<kwd>Berytidae</kwd>
<kwd>new genus</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Peru</kwd>
<kwd>Heteroptera</kwd>
<kwd>Berytidae</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo género</kwd>
<kwd>nueva especie</kwd>
<kwd>Perú</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Visita de abejas (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apoidea) a flores de melón Cucumis melo (Cucurvitaceae) en Panamá</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Di Trani de la Hoz</surname>
<given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>677</fpage>
<lpage>680</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bee (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apoidea) visitation to cantaloupe Cucumis melo (Cucurvitaceae) flowers in Panama. Flower visits by bees were observed in a melon cultivated field of San Lorenzo district, in Chiriquí, Panama, from January 6 to February 19, 2002, from 6:30 am to 4:30 pm We recorded the duration of each foraging event and the type of resource collected. Flower visits were mostly for nectar collection (&amp;#8764;75 %). Pollen foraging was concentrated in the first hours of the morning and ended by 11:00 am The mean collection time was similar for both food resources, but was different between flower sexes. Flower visits to female flowers took longer (Student's t test, p&lt;0.0001), with a mean time duration of 8.4±4.4 s, whereas in male flowers mean visitation time was of 4.0±1.5 s. Finally, the mean time for each floral sex remained practically constant through the evolution of the crop. Our results were similar to the found ones in temperate zone crops, so apparently tropical conditions of Panama do not change the bee visit patterns on melon flowers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 677-680. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se observaron las visitas observadas a flores seleccionadas en un cultivo del Distrito de San Lorenzo, Chiriquí, del 6 de Enero y el 19 de Febrero del 2002, desde las 6:30 am hasta las 4:30 pm, y se anotaron características de las visita, como el tiempo de visita y el tipo de recurso colectado. Las visitas fueron mayormente para la recolección de néctar (casi 3/4). La recolección de polen se concentró hacia las primeras horas de la mañana, cesando definitivamente a las 11:00 am. El tiempo medio de recolección fue similar para ambos recursos, pero fue marcadamente distinto para cada sexo floral. Las visitas a flores femeninas fueron significativamente (Prueba t Student, p&lt;0.0001) más largas, con un tiempo medio de duración de 8.4±4.4 s, mientras que en las flores masculinas, el tiempo medio de visita fue 4.0±1.5 s. Por último, el tiempo medio de recolección por sexo floral permaneció prácticamente constante conforme evolucionó el cultivo. Nuestros resultados fueron similares a los encontrados en cultivos de zonas templadas, por lo que aparentemente las condiciones tropicales de Panamá no cambian los patrones de visita que presentan las abejas en las flores de melón.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>melon</kwd>
<kwd>pollination</kwd>
<kwd>flower visits</kwd>
<kwd>resource</kwd>
<kwd>nectar</kwd>
<kwd>pollen</kwd>
<kwd>flower sex</kwd>
<kwd>melón</kwd>
<kwd>polinización</kwd>
<kwd>visita</kwd>
<kwd>recurso</kwd>
<kwd>néctar</kwd>
<kwd>polen</kwd>
<kwd>sexo floral</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<institution>,Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>Valdivia </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad del Tolima Facultad de Ciencias Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos</institution>
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<fpage>681</fpage>
<lpage>691</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cattleya trianae is an endemic species from the tropical rainforest in the Colombian Andes. Its survival is currently threatened due to habitat loss and commercial overexploitation. This study evaluates ten substrates, some organic (pine bark, coconut fiber and wood shavings), some inert icopor (polystyrene foam), vegetable coal and their combinations, and the effects these have on morphometric and phenotypic traits in the hardening phase of 250 plants of C. trianae cultivated in vitro. Recorded data include percent survival, length of longest leaf, biomass (wet weight) and number of roots and leaves at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. After the hardening phase, the plants were taken to a greenhouse and later to the natural environment. Coconut fiber alone or mixed in equal parts with pine bark and coal was the most efficient substrate when percent survival (80±SE=0.3742), biomass, and leaf length were evaluated. Hardened plants displayed qualitative characteristics such as vigor, hardness and waxy texture, strength of green coloration in the leaves, and velamen formation. Under greenhouse conditions, plants grew better with filtered light, relative humidity bordering on 80 %, permanent aeration, misting with water, and an average temperature of 25±2 °C. Invigorated plants were firmly anchored on their host trees. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 681-691. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cattleya trianae es una especie endémica de los bosques tropicales de los Andes colombianos. Actualmente se encuentra amenazada por la disminución de su hábitat natural y la sobreexplotación con fines comerciales. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de diez tratamientos con sustratos biológicos (corteza de pino, fibra de coco y viruta) e inertes (esferitas de &quot;icopor&quot; y carbón vegetal) en diferentes combinaciones, sobre aspectos morfométricos y fenotípicos en la etapa de endurecimiento de 250 vitroplantas de C. trianae. Se registró porcentaje de supervivencia, longitud de la hoja, biomasa en peso fresco, número de raíces y hojas al inicio y al final del experimento. Al finalizar la fase de endurecimiento, las vitroplantas fueron llevadas a invernadero y posteriormente a ambiente natural. La fibra de coco sola ó mezclada en partes iguales con pino y carbón vegetal, fue el sustrato más eficiente cuando se evaluó el porcentaje de supervivencia (80 % ±SE=0.3742), biomasa en peso fresco y longitud de hoja. Las plantas endurecidas mostraron características cualitativas como vigorosidad, textura coriácea y cerosa, verdor intenso en sus hojas y velamen. En condiciones de invernadero las plantas se desarrollan mejor con luz filtrada, humedad relativa alrededor del 80 %, aireación continua, nebulización y temperatura promedio de 25±2 °C. Las plantas vigorizadas mostraron buen anclaje y adaptación en árboles.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>acclimation</kwd>
<kwd>hardening</kwd>
<kwd>substrates</kwd>
<kwd>ornamental</kwd>
<kwd>orchids</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>Cattleya trianae</kwd>
<kwd>aclimatación</kwd>
<kwd>endurecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>sustratos</kwd>
<kwd>ornamentales</kwd>
<kwd>orquídeas</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>Cattleya trianae</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two new genera of land snails (Stylommatophora: Arionacea) from Chile. We describe two new genera of land molluscs found under wet leaf litter in isolated fragments of a secondary native forest at the Hualpén Botanical Park (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W), University of Concepción, Chile. The new taxa are Pichikadi gen.n., of Punctidae, and Chellius gen.n., of Charopidae, with the following new species: Pichikadi hualpensis sp.n., and Chellius piramidalis sp.n. English diagnosis are presented for all taxa, together with an English identification key and English versions of figure captions and table headings. To facilitate subsequent studies and interpretations, we follow recent authors in using mainly shell characters, an approach that has favored the present taxonomic stability of the world’s land micromollusca. The diagnosis and observations are complemented with a key for the species of these families inhabiting continental Chile. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 693-708. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudio taxonómico y sistemático de ejemplares de moluscos terrestres recolectados bajo hojarasca en fragmentos aislados de bosque nativo secundario, Parque Botánico Hualpén, (36º45´-36º49´ S, 73º9´-73º13´ W), Universidad de Concepción, Chile, permitió describir dos géneros nuevos Pichikadi gen.n. de la familia Punctidae, y Chellius gen.n. de la familia Charopidae, con las siguientes especies nuevas para la ciencia: Pichikadi hualpensis sp.n. y Chellius piramidalis sp.n. Para facilitar interpretaciones y estudios posteriores, se sigue a diversos autores en describir las características de la concha, que como otros caracteres filogenéticos han dado origen a la aparente estabilidad sistemática de los micromoluscos terrestres en el ámbito mundial. Las descripciones y observaciones de cada género y especies se complementan con una clave para las especies de estas familias encontradas en Chile continental.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Charopidae</kwd>
<kwd>land snails</kwd>
<kwd>Punctidae</kwd>
<kwd>Pulmonata</kwd>
<kwd>Micromollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Stylommatophora</kwd>
<kwd>Caracoles terrestres</kwd>
<kwd>Charopidae</kwd>
<kwd>Punctidae</kwd>
<kwd>Pulmonata</kwd>
<kwd>Micromoluscos</kwd>
<kwd>Stylommatophora</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000200033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Desplazamientos de la iguana verde, Iguana iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae) durante la estación seca en La Palma, Veracruz, México</article-title>
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<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Veracruzana Instituto de Neuroetología </institution>
<addr-line>Veracruz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia  </institution>
<addr-line>Amazonas </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Centro Regional Chihuahua Instituto de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line>Chich </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>709</fpage>
<lpage>715</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Displacements of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) (Squamata: Iguanidae) during the dry season in La Palma, Veracruz, Mexico. The green iguana (Iguana iguana) is said to be primarily sedentary, although the females travel long distances to nest. Displacement patterns must be known to help predict the effects of environmental disturbance on iguanas’ survival. We studied nesting season (February-July) movements in La Palma, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico (18°33’ N, 95°03’ W). Individual movements and activity were monitored by radio tracking. The transmitters were implanted surgically in eight adult iguanas (four males and four females). Snout vent length (SVL) was used to determine the relationship between size of the body and size of home range. To estimate the size of home range, three or more points were used. Minimum convex polygons estimates of home range were calculated with McPAAL. The iguanas were radio-located between 23 and 30 occasions, mainly in trees (56 % between 3-9 m); only 4 % were localized under a height of 3 m (forest floor). The occupation area mean was larger for males (9 158.06±3 025.3m² vs. 6 591.24±4 001.1 m²) although the differences were not significant (t= 0.51, p&gt;0.05). SVL was correlated with home range (r= 0.76; gl= 7; p&lt;0.05). Breeding males defended their home range vigorously against other adult males. We observed one separate male home range and large portions of overlap between the sexes. The home range generally formed a conglomerate of polygons and only two had linear shapes along the river: apparently iguanas use the riparian vegetation for foraging. The females display two strategies for nesting: 1) moving to the sandy area near the sea or, 2) laying eggs near the river, in loam. Iguanas responded to habitat fragmentation and reduction by modifying their nesting strategy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 709-715. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Usamos radiotransmisores para determinar los desplazamientos de la iguana verde (Iguana iguana) en el periodo de anidación (febrero-julio) en La Palma, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México (18°33’ N, 95°03’ W). Las iguanas fueron radiolocalizadas entre 23 y 30 ocasiones, principalmente en árboles (56 % entre 3-9 m); sólo 4 % fueron localizadas en el suelo. El tamaño del ámbito hogareño de machos y de hembras fue similar (9 158.06±3 025.3 m² vs. 6 591.24±4 001.1 m², respectivamente; t= 0.51, p&gt;0.05). Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la LHC y el ámbito hogareño (r= 0.76, gl= 7, p&lt;0.05). Las hembras tienen dos estrategias para anidar: 1) viajan para depositar los huevos a la arena de la playa, o 2) permanecen cerca de su ambiente ribereño y anidan en suelo arenoso-arcilloso. Al parecer, el ambiente fragmentado de la zona de la Palma, influye en la estrategia de anidación de la iguana verde.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>home ranges</kwd>
<kwd>green iguana</kwd>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
<kwd>nesting</kwd>
<kwd>radiotracking</kwd>
<kwd>ámbito hogareño</kwd>
<kwd>iguana verde</kwd>
<kwd>Los Tuxtlas</kwd>
<kwd>anidación</kwd>
<kwd>radiotelemetría</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200034</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The Snakes of Osun Grove: a World Heritage Site in Osogbo, Nigeria</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Akinpelu</surname>
<given-names>Akinsola I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Areo</surname>
<given-names>Adebowale</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Obafemi Awolowo University Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Ile-Ife </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,National Commission for Museum and Monuments  </institution>
<addr-line>Ilorin </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>717</fpage>
<lpage>721</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Osun Grove, Osogbo, Nigeria, is a protected area covered by riparian forest, dry high forest and derived savanna. In January and June 2000 a total of 25 of snake species were recorded with Afronatrix anoscopus and Calabaria reinhardti being prominent. The incidence of Philothamnus semivariegatus, a savanna species, may be the result of the invasive savanna produced by farming activities around the grove. Nine species, led by A. anoscopus, accounted for 69.7 % of the snake community. The dominant species are either aquatic or terrestrial, with the exception of Boiga blandingi and Dendroaspis viridis that can be both arboreal and terrestrial, and C. reinhardti that is fossorial. Arboreal species mostly preyed on tree frogs and birds including eggs and nestlings, and the aquatic forms preyed on fish and frogs. Mammals, reptiles and toads constitute the prey items of terrestrial species while fossorial species feed on annelids, molluscs, arachnids, myriapods, hexapods, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 717-721. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se registró un total de 25 especies de serpientes en la arboleda de Osun en Osogbo, Nigeria, incluyendo prominentemente dos especies consideradas escasas en el sudoeste de Nigeria: Afronatrix anoscopus y Calabaria reinhardti; Philothamnus semivariegatus, una especie de la sabana, es común posiblemente debido a las actividades de cultivo fuera de la reserva. Junto con las ocho especies abundantes siguientes, A. anoscopus, representó el 69.7 % de la comunidad de serpientes. Las especies dominantes son acuáticas o terrestres, con excepción de Boiga blandingi y Dendroaspis viridis que son arborícolas y terrestres, y C. reinhardti que es fosorial. Las especies fosoriales tienen mayor diversidad trófica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Osun grove</kwd>
<kwd>snakes</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>niche segregation</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
<kwd>serpientes</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>segregación de nichos</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000200035</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Relaciones filogenéticas entre géneros de ciervos neotropicales (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) mediante secuenciación de ADN mitocondrial y marcadores microsatelitales</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvática  </institution>
<addr-line>Bologna </addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical deer genera (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) by means of DNAmt sequences and microsatellite markers. The current work shows two molecular phylogenetic analyses on Neotropical deers. In the first analysis, the mitochondrial control region (D-loop) was sequenced in six Odocoileinae species from Latin America, using the sequences of two Muntiacinae as outgroups. The results obtained were as follows: A sequence of Mazama americana showed a striking relationship with several sequences of Odocoileus in contrast to that expected, since this M. americana haplotype, from a Mexican origin, was not associated with several Bolivian Mazama sequences analyzed. This could put forward that this genera is not monophyletic. On the other hand, these Bolivian Mazama formed a clade with Pudu puda and Ozotoceros bezoarticus. Likely, an Odocoileus virginianus sequence from the Central area of Colombia showed a more strong relationship with a Northamerican O. heminonus sequence than with the other O. virginianus sequences of Colombian origin as well. This could be explained by means of various different hypotheses. The first is the existence of common ancestral haplotypes between both species. Another one is the reiterative hybridization among both Odocoileus species before the migration of O. virginianus from North America to South America. Moreover, the maximum parsimony analysis showed an intense relationship between the Muntiacinae and this Neotropical Cervidae clade. In addition, and adding credence to the relevant polyphyletism found in Mazama by means of the mitochondrial control region DNA sequences, a second analysis with 16 DNA microsatellite loci also showed a higher genetic relationship between M. americana and O. virginianus, than between the first species regard to Mazama gouazoubira. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 723-741. Epub 2007 June, 29.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El presente trabajo muestra dos análisis moleculares sobre la filogenia de los cérvidos neotropicales. En uno se secuenció la región control del mtDNA (D-loop) de seis especies de Odocoileinae, utilizándose las secuencias de dos Muntiacinae como elementos externos. Se evidenciaron los siguientes resultados: La secuencia de una Mazama americana, de origen mexicano, presentó una fuerte relación filogenética con las diversas secuencias estudiadas de Odocoileus, contrario a lo esperado ya que, a priori, debería haberse asociado con las secuencias analizadas de otros ejemplares de Mazama de origen boliviano. Esto pone en evidencia que este género no es monofilético. A su vez, las secuencias de los ejemplares bolivianos de Mazama formaron una agrupación con secuencias de Pudu puda y O. bezoarticus. Una secuencia de O. virginianus, del área central de Colombia, presentó más relación con la secuencia de un O. hemionus norteamericano que con las restantes secuencias analizadas de O. virginianus, también de origen colombiano. Esto puede reflejar varias explicaciones hipotéticas, tales como la existencia de haplotipos ancestrales comunes entre ambas especies de Odocoileus, hasta la hibridación en Norteamérica entre ambos taxones antes de su penetración en Sudamérica. Los análisis de máxima parsimonia presentan una especial relación entre los Muntiacinae y el clado de los ciervos sudamericanos. El segundo análisis filogenético hizo uso de 16 marcadores nucleares microsatélites. Aunque, en principio, estos marcadores no son los más recomendables para estudios filogenéticos intergenéricos, los resultados muestran, al igual que el ADN mitocondrial, una mayor relación entre M. americana y O. virginianus que entre la primera especie y M. gouzaoubira.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>molecular phylogeny</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical deers</kwd>
<kwd>DNAmt</kwd>
<kwd>microsatellites</kwd>
<kwd>Mazama</kwd>
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