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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">MONRATE: A descriptive tool for calculation and prediction of re-infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascaridida: Ascarididae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sam-Wobo</surname>
<given-names>S.O</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mafiana</surname>
<given-names>C.F</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Onashoga</surname>
<given-names>S.A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vincent</surname>
<given-names>O.R</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Agriculture Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line> Ogun State</addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Agriculture Department of Computer Sciences </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>755</fpage>
<lpage>760</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The study presents an interactive descriptive tool (MONRATE) for calculating and predicting reinfection rates and time of Ascaris lumbricoides following mass chemotherapy. The implementation was based on the theoretical equation published by Hayashi in 1977, for time-prevalence: Y=G [1-(1-X)N-R] as modified by Jong-Yil in 1983. Using the Psuedo-Code of the MONRATE tool, the calculated monthly reinfection rates (X) for the LGAs are (names are locations in Nigeria in a region predominately populated by the Yoruba speaking tribes of Nigeria whose traditional occupations are agriculture and commerce): Ewekoro (1.6 %), Odeda (2.3 %), Ado-odo/Otta (2.3 %), Ogun Waterside (3.8 %) and Obafemi/Owode (4.2 %). The mathematical mean of ‘X’ values in the study areas for Ogun State was 2.84. The calculated reinfection time (N months) for the LGAs are varied such as Ado-odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45), and Ewekoro (25.9). The mean value for N in Ogun State was 21.75. The results obtained from MONRATE were compared with those obtained using the mathematical equation and found to be the same. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 755-760. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Se presenta una herramienta descriptiva e interactiva (MONRATE) para calcular y predecir las tasas y tiempo de reinfección con Ascaris lumbricoides tras un tratamiento de quimioterapia. Nos basamos en la ecuación propuesta por Hayashi en 1977 para el tiempo de prevalencia: Y=G [1- (1-X)N-R], según la modificó Jong-Yil en 1983. Utilizando el código Psuedo de la herramienta de MONRATE, las tasas de reinfección mensuales (X) para varios sitios de Nigeria, África, son: Ewekoro (1.6 %), Odeda (2.3 %), Ado-odo/Otta (2.3 %), Ogun Waterside (3.8 %) y Obafemi/ Owode (4.2 %). El promedio matemático de los valores de &quot;X&quot; en el área de estudio del Estado de Ogun fue 2.84. El tiempo de reinfección calculado (N meses) para LGAs es variado: Ado-odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45) y Ewekoro (25.9). El valor promedio para N en el Estado de Ogun fue 21.75. Los resultados del programa MONRATE son iguales a los producidos por la ecuación</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>MONRATE</kwd>
<kwd>Ascaris lumbricoides</kwd>
<kwd>young worm positive rate</kwd>
<kwd>Ogun State</kwd>
<kwd>MONRATE</kwd>
<kwd>Ascaris lumbricoides</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de casos positivos para presencia de vermes jóvenes</kwd>
<kwd>Estado de Ogun</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos aislados de raíces del mangle Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castillo-Machalskis</surname>
<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>D’Armas</surname>
<given-names>Haydelba</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Núñez</surname>
<given-names>Maximiano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente (UDO-Sucre) Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela </institution>
<addr-line>Cumaná </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Sucre Escuela de Ciencias</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Zoología Tropical Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental</institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Sucre Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela</institution>
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>761</fpage>
<lpage>765</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anti-bacterial activity of extracts from fungi collected from mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) roots in Venezuela. The antibacterial activity of marine fungi extracts was evaluated by a test of efficiency. The fungi were previously inoculated in Malt Agar (EMA) extract with 50 % of seawater and growth for 60 days. Triplicate antibiograms were carried out with the extracts. An ANOVA I with a posteriori Duncan test were applied to the diameters of inhibition zones. The extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 and Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 present wide spectral antibacterial properties, inhibiting 100 % and 80 % of the developing germs, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027. The extract of Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 had the highest efficiency on this strain; P. aeruginosa 9027 and Escherichia coli 10536 were the most sensitive germs when treated with these extracts. These marine fungi can be an important source of antibacterial secondary metabolites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 761-765. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La actividad antibacteriana de extractos de hongos marinos se evaluó mediante una prueba de eficiencia, para tal fin los hongos fueron inoculados en medio Agar Extracto Malta (EMA) con 50 % de agua de mar y período de crecimiento de 60 días. Se obtuvieron extractos con una solución de acetona/cloroformo/etanol (3:2:1). La fase orgánica se trató a presión reducida con rotaevaporador (baño de María incorporado a 40 ºC). Con los extractos se realizaron antibiogramas por triplicado. Se midieron los diámetros de los halos de inhibición y se les aplicó una prueba de eficiencia empleando un ANOVA I, y prueba a posteriori Duncan. Los extractos de Aspergillus ochraceus 3MCMC3 y Penicillium citrinum (14) 4MCMC16 presentan propiedades antibacterianas de amplio espectro, inhibiendo el 100 % y 80 % de los gérmenes reveladores, con énfasis hacia la inhibición de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, en especial el extracto de Penicillium (1) 3MLLC5 presentó la mayor eficiencia sobre esta cepa; también se encontró que P. aeruginosa 9027 y Escherichia coli 10536 fueron ser los gérmenes reveladores más sensibles. Los hongos marinos seleccionados se perfilan como una fuente de metabolitos secundarios antibacterianos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>antibacterial activity</kwd>
<kwd>marine fungi</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove roots</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>Tacarigua Lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>actividad antibacteriana</kwd>
<kwd>hongos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>raíces de mangle</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangle</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de Tacarigua</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anti-fungi activity of organic extracts from the tree Fagara monophylla (Rutaceae) in Venezuela. The tree Fagara monophylla ranges throughout Tropical America. The genus Fagara has a diversity of alkaloid compounds with antibiotic properties; nevertheless, there are few reports antifungal activity of its organic compounds. Organic extracts from Venezuelan F. monophylla were tested for antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus terreus, A. flavus, Penicillium digitatum, P. funiculosum, P. citrinum, Paecilomyces and Candida albicans. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. The susceptibility trials of organic fractions (Hex., CH2Cl2 and MeOH) showed that the highest inhibition was presented by MeOH against A. flavus (55 mm), P. digitatum (60 mm), P. funiculosum (56 mm) and C. albicans (26 mm). The activities of MeOH/EtOAc fractions 1 and 2 suggest a combined effect against A. flavus, P. digitatum and P. funiculosum. The MIC of 1 MeOH/ EtOAc subfraction activity was lower against C. albicans (32 µg/ml) and moderate (128 µg/ml) against P. digitatum. This organic extract has a great antifungal potential. The phytochemical proves and TLC testing on the organic extract, and the MeOH/EtOAc subfraction, respectively, indicated the presence of alkaloid compounds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 767-775. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Fagara monophylla está distribuida en América Tropical. El género Fagara tiene diversidad de compuestos alcaloides con propiedades antibacterianas; sin embargo existe escasa información acerca de su actividad antifúngica. Evaluamos extractos de F. monophylla in vitro con los hongos Aspergillus terreus, A. flavus, Penicillium digitatum, P. citrinum, P. funiculosum, Paecilomyces y Candida albicans determinando la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI). Hicimos pruebas de susceptibilidad con las fracciones Hex., CH2Cl2 y la MeOH. La mayor inhibición la presentó la fracción MeOH frente a A. flavus (55 mm), P. digitatum (60 mm), P. funiculosum (56 mm) y C. albicans (26 mm). Las actividades mostradas por las fracciones 1 y 2 de MeOH/EtOAc sugieren la acción de un efecto combinado frente a A flavus, P, digitatum y P. funiculosum. La CMI de la subfracción 1 MeOH/EtOAc frente a Candida albicans fue baja (32 µg/ml), y para P. digitatum la CMI fue moderada (128 µg/ml). Este extracto orgánico posee gran potencial de actividad antifúngica. Las pruebas fitoquímicas y los ensayos realizados por TLC al extracto orgánico y a la subfracción 1 MeOH/EtOAc, respectivamente, mostraron la presencia de alcaloides.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>antifungal activity</kwd>
<kwd>Fagara monophylla</kwd>
<kwd>fungi</kwd>
<kwd>MIC</kwd>
<kwd>organic extract</kwd>
<kwd>actividad antifúngica</kwd>
<kwd>Fagara monophylla</kwd>
<kwd>hongos</kwd>
<kwd>MIC</kwd>
<kwd>extracto orgánico</kwd>
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<institution>,The University of the South Pacific School of Pure and Applied Sciences Department of Biology</institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diversity and load of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi associated with the mangrove soil from Suva, Fiji Islands, was determined by using the plate count method. The ability of the bacterial isolates to produce various hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, gelatinase and lipase were determined using the plate assay. The heterotrophic bacterial load was considerably higher than the fungal load. There was a predominance of the gram positive genus, Bacillus. Other genera encountered included Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Listeria and Vibrio. Their effectiveness on the degradation of commercial polythene carry bags made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied over a period of eight weeks in the laboratory. Biodegradation was measured in terms of mean weight loss, which was nearly 5 % after a period of eight weeks. There was a significant increase in the bacterial load of the soil attached to class 2 (HDPE) polythene. After eight weeks of submergence in mangrove soil, soil attached to class 1 and class 3 polythene mostly had Bacillus (Staphylococcus predominated in class 2 polythene). While most of the isolates were capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase and gelatinase, lipolytic activity was low. Class 2 HDPE suffered the greatest biodegradation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 777-786. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la diversidad y la carga de bacterias heterotróficas, así como los hongos asociados al suelo del manglar de Suva, Islas Fiji, utilizando el método de conteo de placas, usado también para medir la capacidad de bacterias aisladas para producir enzimas hidrolíticas como amilasa, gelatinasa y lipasa. La carga bacteriana heterotrófica resultó ser considerablemente más alta que la carga funguicida. Hubo predominancia de bacterias &quot;Gram-positivas&quot; del género de Bacillus. Otros géneros encontrados fueron Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Listeria y Vibrio. La eficacia de esta microflora en la degradación del polietileno comercial de bolsas hechas de polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) y de baja densidad (LDPE) fue estudiada en el laboratorio por un periodo de ocho semanas. La biodegradación fue medida en términos de pérdida de peso, la cual indicó una disminución del 5 %. Después de ocho semanas en el suelo de un manglar, el polietileno clase 1 y clase 3 contenía fundamentalmente Bacillus, pero en el polietileno clase 2 predominó el género Staphylococcus. Mientras que la mayoría de bacterias aisladas fueron capaces de producir enzimas hidrolíticas como la amilasa y la gelatinasa, la actividad lipolítica fue muy baja. La clase 2 (HDPE) experimentó la mayor biodegradación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mangrove soil</kwd>
<kwd>heterotrophic bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>plastic pollution</kwd>
<kwd>microbial degradation</kwd>
<kwd>biodegradation</kwd>
<kwd>hydrolytic enzymes</kwd>
<kwd>Suelo de manglar</kwd>
<kwd>bacteria heterotrófica</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación plástica</kwd>
<kwd>degradación microbiana</kwd>
<kwd>biodegradación</kwd>
<kwd>enzimas hidrolíticas</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Arboreal palms have developed a variety of structural root modifications and systems to adapt to the harsh abiotic conditions of tropical rain forests. Stilt roots have been proposed to serve a number of functions including the facilitation of rapid vertical growth to the canopy and enhanced mechanical stability. To examine whether stilt roots provide these functions, we compared stilt root characteristics of the neotropical palm tree Socratea exorrhiza on sloped (&gt;20º) and flat locations at two lowland neotropical sites. S. exorrhiza (n=80 trees) did not demonstrate differences in number of roots, vertical stilt root height, root cone circumference, root cone volume, or location of roots as related to slope. However, we found positive relationships between allocation to vertical growth and stilt root architecture including root cone circumference, number of roots, and root cone volume. Accordingly, stilt roots may allow S. exorrhiza to increase height and maintain mechanical stability without having to concurrently invest in increased stem diameter and underground root structure. This strategy likely increases the species ability to rapidly exploit light gaps as compared to non-stilt root palms and may also enhance survival as mature trees approach the theoretical limits of their mechanical stability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 787-793. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Comparamos características físicas de raíces aéreas de la palmera Socratea exorrhiza en sitios inclinados (pendiente&gt;20º) y sitios planos, en dos lugares neotropicales. S. exorrhiza (n=80 árboles) no muestra diferencias en el número de raíces, la altura vertical de las raíces, la circunferencia y la masa del cono de las raíces, o la posición de las raíces en los sitios con pendiente. Encontramos relaciones positivas entre el crecimiento vertical y la arquitectura de las raíces aéreas, incluso entre el número de raíces, la circunferencia del cono de las raíces, y la masa del cono de las raíces. Es posible que las raíces aéreas permitan a S. exorrhiza crecer en altura y mantener la estabilidad mecánica sin involucrar el diámetro del tallo y la estructura de las raíces subterráneas. Probablemente, esta estrategia incrementa la capacidad de la especie para usar claros de luz rápidamente, en comparación con palmeras carentes de raíces aéreas; posiblemente también exista un incremento en su supervivencia cuando las adultas palmeras se acercan a sus límites de estabilidad mecánica.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Universidad de Venezuela Facultad de Ciencias Escuela de Biología</institution>
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<country>Venezuela</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>795</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las plantas carnívoras acuáticas del género Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae), capturan pequeños organismos acuáticos, como rotíferos, copépodos, y cladóceros, por medio de estructuras anatómicas semejantes a vesículas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el tamaño y tipo de presas de U. gibba y U. inflata, recolectados en un pequeño lago y en un pastizal inundado, respectivamente, en la localidad de la Península de Paria (Estado Sucre, Venezuela). La acidez, conductividad, cantidad de oxígeno disuelto y la salinidad del agua se midieron in situ para cada sitio de muestreo; también se tomaron muestras de agua para determinar niveles de N-Kjeldahl, P-total, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y Cl-. Se midieron cincuenta vesículas de cada especie y se analizaron sus contenidos. Los valores de N-Kjeldahl y P-total fueron similares en ambos sitios, y semejantes a los conocidos para ecosistemas eutróficos; sin embargo, las concentraciones de Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y los valores in situ de los parámetros del agua fueron más altos en el pastizal inundado. Las vesículas contenían los siguientes grupos de zooplancton: rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodos, anélidos, rizópodos, e insectos; y las siguientes divisiones de fitoplancton: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta y Euglenophyta. Las vesículas presentadas por U. inflata fueron menores en tamaño y en cantidad, pero mayores en abundancia y riqueza total de morfoespecies algales y animales en comparación con U. gibba. La similitud en cuanto a composición de presas a nivel taxonómico, entre las dos especies de plantas carnívoras, fue baja.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lentibulariaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Utricularia</kwd>
<kwd>carnivorous plant</kwd>
<kwd>prey composition</kwd>
<kwd>prey capture</kwd>
<kwd>plankton</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Lentibulariaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Utricularia</kwd>
<kwd>planta carnívora</kwd>
<kwd>composición de presas</kwd>
<kwd>captura de presas</kwd>
<kwd>plancton</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el objetivo de esclarecer la posible existencia de anomalías citogenéticas que aminoren la fertilidad del polen de Aloe vera, se analizó la etapa de proliferación celular que lleva a la formación de células madres del polen (CMPs). Se recolectaron botones florales (BF) en 25 plantas de una población ubicada a 10°34’15’’ N, 64°12’08’’ W, los cuales fueron fijados en Carnoy I por 24 h y almacenados en etanol (70 % v/v). Las observaciones se realizaron en preparaciones temporales obtenidas por la tinción del contenido de las anteras suspendidas en orceína acética (1.5 % p/v) por 5 minutos. De las 9 411 células analizadas, 17 % mostraron 1-8 puentes entre cromátidas hermanas, 13 % 1-7 micronúcleos de 0.9-4.8 µm, 8.1 % estaban unidas por puentes y 0.1 % no contenían cromatina. El resto de las células (61.8 %) presentó configuraciones aparentemente normales y sin variaciones morfométricas. La proliferación irregular de una fracción de CMPs (39.2 %) sugiere que las condiciones ambientales de la zona árida donde se realizaron los muestreos inducen inestabilidad cromosómica y cambios fisiológicos que afectan el normal desarrollo de la mitosis premeiótica, generando pérdida o adición de fragmentos, asociados a deficiencias y duplicaciones génicas.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Whole plants of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes were exposed to various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mM) of 8 heavy metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) hydroponically for 21 days. Spectrometric assays for the total activity of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the leaves were studied. At the end of the experimental period, data referred to metal treated plants were compared to data of untreated ones (control). Heavy metals increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in both species and there was differential inducement among metals. Overall, Zn had the least inducement of antioxidant enzymes in both species while Hg had the highest inducement. The increase in antioxidant enzymes in relation to the control plants was more in E. crassipes than P. stratiotes. The results showed that E. crassipes tolerated higher metal concentrations in a greater number of metals than P. stratiotes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 815-823. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Plantas completas de Eichhornia crassipes y Pistia stratiotes fueron expuestas a varias concentraciones (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mM) de metales pesados (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) utilizando hidroponía, por 21 días. Se realizaron análisis espectrométricos en las hojas para determinar la actividad total de la catalasa, peroxidasa y dismutasa superóxida. Al final del periodo experimental, se comparó con plantas no tratadas (control). Los metales pesados incrementan la actividad de la catalasa, peroxidasa y la dismutasa superóxida para ambas especies y hay diferencias entre los metales. El Zn produce el menor estímulo para enzimas antioxidantes en ambas especies; Hg produce el mayor estímulo. El incremento de las enzimas antioxidantes en relación con las plantas control fue mayor en E. crassipes que P. stratiotes. E. crassipes tolera altas concentraciones de metal en un gran número de ellos, mientras que la tolerancia en P. stratiotes es menor.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>catalase</kwd>
<kwd>peroxidase</kwd>
<kwd>superoxide dismutase</kwd>
<kwd>Eichhornia crassipes</kwd>
<kwd>heavy metals</kwd>
<kwd>Pistia stratiotes</kwd>
<kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd>
<kwd>catalasa</kwd>
<kwd>peroxidasa</kwd>
<kwd>dismutasa superoxida</kwd>
<kwd>Eichhornia crassipes</kwd>
<kwd>metales pesados</kwd>
<kwd>Pistia stratiotes</kwd>
<kwd>especies reactivas al oxígeno</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto de la herbivoría y coralivoría por peces en la supervivencia de corales trasplantados en el Caribe colombiano</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Parques Nacionales de Colombia  </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad del Valle Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>825</fpage>
<lpage>837</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Effect of herbivorous and corallivorous fishes on the survival of transplanted corals in the Colombian Caribbean. To examine the effects of herbivorous and corallivorous fishes on the survival of transplanted colonies of Montastraea annularis, Diploria labyrinthiformis and Porites astreoides, both transplanted and native colonies were full-cage enclosed and compared to open (uncaged) colonies, while caging effects were assessed with a partial-cage (roof treatment). To evaluate if transplant stress increased the corals availability to fish predation, comparisons of fish foraging intensity among transplanted versus native colonies were made. To determine the density of herbivorous and corallivorous fishes on the transplants area visual censuses were made. The transient herbivorous fishes (Scaridae and Acanthuridae) were the most abundant fishes, and the corallivorous fishes (mainly Chaetodontidae) were the scarcest. A negative effect of territorial herbivorous fishes on M. annularis transplants survival was observed, mainly early on the study. Fish foraging intensity was similar on transplanted and native colonies, but differed among coral species, being lowest on D. labyrinthiformis. Fast macroalgal growth inside full-cages due to reduced fish grazing was observed. This caused partial bleaching and partial mortality in some colonies, mainly of P. astreoides. No significant difference in healthy tissue percentages among full-cage and uncaged colonies on M. annularis and D. labyrinthiformis was found, while in P. astreoides there were evident differences. The results indicate a damselfish negative effect on transplants survival early on the study, which can change depending on the fish and coral species involved. Results also indicate a fish grazing positive effect, caused by the reduction of coral-algae competition pressure, mainly on P. astreoides. Parrotfishes seem to affect corals survival both negatively through direct biting, and positively by controlling algal growth. Overall, coral transplant success was almost unaffected by fish foraging activity although several differences among coral species were obvious in relation to colony shape. Additionally, the interaction among herbivorous fish grazing and coral-algae competition balance appear important in determining transplant survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 825-837. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para investigar el efecto de los peces herbívoros y coralívoros en la supervivencia de colonias trasplantadas de Montastraea annularis, Diploria labyrinthiformis y Porites astreoides se encerraron colonias trasplantadas y nativas en jaulas y se compararon con colonias libres (control), mientras los efectos del encierro fueron evaluados con un tratamiento de techos. Para saber si el estrés debido al trasplante aumentó la vulnerabilidad de los corales a la depredación por peces, se comparó la intensidad de forrajeo por peces entre colonias trasplantadas y nativas. Se realizaron censos visuales para determinar las densidades de las poblaciones de peces herbívoros y coralívoros en la zona de trasplante. Los peces herbívoros móviles (Scaridae y Acanthuridae) fueron los más abundantes, los peces coralívoros (principalmente Chaetodontidae) fueron los más escasos. Se observó un efecto negativo de los peces herbívoros territoriales en la supervivencia de los trasplantes de M. annularis, principalmente al inicio del estudio. La presión de forrajeo fue similar en colonias trasplantadas y nativas, pero fue diferente entre especies, siendo D. labyrinthiformis la menos depredada. En los tratamientos de colonias protegidas en jaulas se observó un crecimiento acelerado de macroalgas debido a la reducción del forrajeo por peces herbívoros. Esto causó blanqueamiento parcial y mortalidad parcial en algunas colonias, principalmente de P. astreoides. En M. annularis y D. labyrinthiformis no se observaron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de tejido sano de las colonias entre los tratamientos de jaulas y de control, pero sí en P. astreoides. Los resultados sugieren un efecto negativo de los peces herbívoros territoriales en la supervivencia de las colonias durante los primeros días del trasplante; este efecto puede variar dependiendo de las especies de peces y corales involucradas. Los resultados también indican un efecto positivo del forrajeo por peces, debido a la reducción de la presión competitiva alga-coral, sobretodo en P. astreoides. Los scáridos parecen afectar la supervivencia de los corales tanto de manera negativa, al morder en el tejido vivo, como de manera positiva al controlar el crecimiento de las macroalgas. En general, el éxito del transplante de coral fue poco afectado por la actividad de forrajeo de los peces, aunque algunas diferencias entre las especies de coral parecen estar relacionadas con la forma de las colonias. La interacción entre el forrajeo de peces hervíboros y el balance competitivo alga-coral puede ser importante en determinar la supervivencia al transplante.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>herbivorous fishes</kwd>
<kwd>corallivorous fishes</kwd>
<kwd>Montastraea annularis</kwd>
<kwd>Diploria labyrinthiformis</kwd>
<kwd>Porites astreoides</kwd>
<kwd>coral-fish interaction</kwd>
<kwd>peces herbívoros</kwd>
<kwd>peces coralívoros</kwd>
<kwd>Montastraea annularis</kwd>
<kwd>Diploria labyrinthiformis</kwd>
<kwd>Porites astreoides</kwd>
<kwd>interacción coral-pez</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Ciclo reproductivo del molusco Atrina maura (Pterioidea: Pinnidae) en un sistema lagunar costero, al sur del Pacífico tropical mexicano</article-title>
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<given-names>Miguel Angel</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Mar  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Mar  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Mar  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>839</fpage>
<lpage>852</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproductive cycle of the mollusk Atrina maura (Pterioidea: Pinnidae) in a coastal lagoon system of the Mexican South Pacific. From February 1997 to February 1998, random samples of the mollusk Atrina maura were collected on a monthly basis from the Corralero-Alotengo lagoon system, Oaxaca, Mexico. The soft parts were separated from the valve, washed in situ, and placed in a Davison solution. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the muscle yield index (MYI) were measured, and the reproductive cycle was characterized by histological cuts. A. maura has two important reproductive periods, one from April to July and another from October to November; there is a resting period from August to September. The reproductive cycle has a direct relationship with the GSI and a reverse relationship with the MYI. There was evidence of a close relationship of the spawning and post-spawning periods with the water temperature (R = 0.991, p = 0.002). Females dominate numerically throughout the year, but the difference is significant (X²: p= 0.05) only in November. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 839-852. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>De febrero de 1997 a febrero de 1998, se recolectaron mensualmente muestras aleatorias del molusco Atrina maura en el sistema lagunar Corralero-Alotengo, Oaxaca, México. Se extrajeron las partes blandas para lavarlas in situ y fijarlas en solución Davison. En el laboratorio se pesaron para obtener los índices gonadosomático (IGS) y de rendimiento muscular (IRM), y mediante cortes histológico de las gónadas se caracterizó el ciclo reproductivo. Esta población se reproduce casi todo el año, con dos periodos reproductivos importantes: uno de abril a julio y otro de octubre a noviembre, y una sola época de reposo, en agosto y septiembre. El ciclo reproductivo tiene una relación directa con el IGS e inversa con el IRM. Hay evidencias de una relación estrecha de las época de desove y postdesove con la temperatura del agua (R = 0.991, p &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;/img/revistas/rbt/v55n3-4/mayorigual.jpg&quot; WIDTH=28 HEIGHT=24&gt; 0.002). Las hembras predominaron casi todo el año, aunque esta proporción solo tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en noviembre (X²: p= 0.05)</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Atrina maura</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive cycle</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>muscle yield index</kwd>
<kwd>coastal lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>Atrina maura</kwd>
<kwd>ciclo reproductivo</kwd>
<kwd>índice gonadosomático</kwd>
<kwd>producción muscular</kwd>
<kwd>laguna costera</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cariotipos de los caracoles de tinte Plicopurpura pansa y Plicopurpura columellaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae)</article-title>
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<given-names>Lenin</given-names>
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<given-names>Juan P</given-names>
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<given-names>Gabriela Del Valle</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo  </institution>
<addr-line>Mazatlán Sinaloa</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit Facultad de Ingeniería Pesquera </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas  </institution>
<addr-line>Villahermosa Tabasco</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>853</fpage>
<lpage>866</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Karyotypes of the purple snails Plicopurpura pansa and Plicopurpura columellaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae). The karyotypes of the purple snails Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) and P. columellaris (Lamarck, 1816) were established from 17 and 13 adults, respectively; and from eight capsules with embryos of P. pansa. In P. pansa were counted 59 mitotic fields in the adults and 127 in embryos; and 118 fields in P. columellaris. Chromosome numbers from 30 to 42 were observed in both species. Such a variation was notorious in each sample and there was no evidence of any relationship with tissue (gill, muscle and stomach). Both species has a typical modal number of 2n=36 chromosomes. Five good quality chromosome spreads were selected from adults of each species to assemble the karyotype. Classic cytogenetics statistics like relative lengths, arm ratio, centromeric index and the difference between long and short arms are presented. There were three pairs of metacentric and fifteen pairs of telocentric chromosomes in both species. This classification was not strong enough, so the chromosome complement by species was divided in four groups (&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot; and &quot;d&quot;) on the basis of relative lengths (p+q). A comparison of p+q in each chromosome pair was estimated within and between species by two ways analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P&lt;0.05). Significant differences were identified among chromosome groups in each species; the differences between species were given by the first three pairs of chromosomes (group &quot;a&quot; biarmed) and the last two pairs (group &quot;d&quot; uniarmed). Deviations in chromosome number and relative lengths probably are given by chromosome rearrangements, related with chromosome polymorphism and presence of the atypical microchromosome &quot;B&quot;. The fundamental number in both species was characterized by 42 chromosome arms. No sex chromosomes were identified. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 853-866. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El cariotipo de Plicopurpura pansa y P. columellaris fue determinado a partir de 17 y 13 especímenes adultos respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron ocho cápsulas de P. pansa. Contamos 186 campos mitóticos en P. pansa: 59 en los adultos y 127 en los embriones; y 118 campos en P. columellaris. En ambas especies se observaron números cromosómicos desde 30 hasta 42. Las variaciones en número cromosómico fueron identificadas en cada individuo, no habiendo ninguna relación con los tejidos (branquias, músculo y estómago) empleados. El número modal diploide típico fue de 2n=36 cromosomas en ambas especies. En los especímenes adultos seleccionamos cinco de las mejores dispersiones cromosómicas para armar el cariotipo. Calculamos los estadísticos citogenéticos clásicos, longitudes relativas, proporción de brazos, índice centromérico y la diferencia entre brazos. Identificamos en ambas especies tres pares de cromosomas metacéntricos y quince pares de cromosomas telocéntricos. Esta clasificación no fue suficientemente robusta, por lo que dividimos el complemento cromosómico de cada especie en cuatro grupos (&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot; y &quot;d&quot;) utilizando como criterio las longitudes relativas (p+q). Hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos cromosómicos por especie y entre especies, los tres primeros pares de cromosomas (grupo &quot;a&quot; birrámeos) y los dos últimos pares (grupo &quot;d&quot; monorrámeos menores) (análisis de varianza de dos vías, p&lt;0.05). Las desviaciones en número cromosómico y en las longitudes relativas, posiblemente se deban a reorganizaciones cromosómicos asociadas con el polimorfismo cromosómico y presencia de microcromosomas tipo &quot;B&quot;. El número fundamental en ambas especies se caracterizó por 42 brazos cromosómicos. No identificamos cromosomas sexuales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Plicopurpura</kwd>
<kwd>pansa</kwd>
<kwd>columellaris</kwd>
<kwd>chromosomes</kwd>
<kwd>polymorphism</kwd>
<kwd>Plicopurpura</kwd>
<kwd>pansa</kwd>
<kwd>columellaris</kwd>
<kwd>cromosomas</kwd>
<kwd>polimorfismo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Demography of the snail Plicopurpura pansa (Neotaenioglossa: Muricidae) and constitution of the associated mollusk community, in Guerrero, Mexico. We quarterly sampled the molluskan community of Playa Ventura, Guerrero, Mexico. Sample size (20 m² in 1m² units) was determined by the spatial distribution pattern of Plicopurpura pansa using a negative binomial distribution. The density of the P. pansa was 5.19 snails/m² and the sex ratio near 1:1. The average size was 20.10 mm (most females were 10.5 to 27.0 mm; most males 12.0 to 27.0 mm). Density was high and small sized dominated. Mean size varied with time. General mean weight was 1.79 g. Females weight varied more, maybe because of the reproductive cycle. Recruits were collected in five samplings. Most copulation activity was in March of 2001. The associated community includes 26 species of Gastropoda, five of Bivalvia and one of Polyplacophora, Brachidontes semilaevis being dominant. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 867-878. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos la demografía de Plicopurpura pansa en Playa Ventura, Guerrero, México, con base en muestreos trimestrales. Su densidad fue de 5.19 caracoles/m². La proporción sexual fue cercana al 1:1. La talla promedio fue de 20.10 mm. Las tallas mejor representadas en hembras fueron de 10.5 a 27.0 mm y en machos de 12.0 a 27.0 mm. La población es de alta densidad y mayor frecuencia de tallas pequeñas. Hubo diferencias entre las tallas promedio de cada muestreo, formándose dos grupos de medias para cada sexo. El peso promedio fue 1.79 g. Las hembras presentaron mayor variación en peso, lo cual podría estar relacionado con el ciclo reproductivo. Hubo reclutamiento en cinco fechas de recolección. El mayor número de cópulas se observaron en marzo de 2001. Se identificaron 26 especies de gasterópodos, siete de bivalvos y una de poliplacóforos. La especie con mayor dominancia fue Brachidontes semilaevis.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>population</kwd>
<kwd>density</kwd>
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<kwd>recruitment</kwd>
<kwd>mollusks community</kwd>
<kwd>Plicopurpura pansa</kwd>
<kwd>población</kwd>
<kwd>densidad</kwd>
<kwd>tallas</kwd>
<kwd>reclutamiento</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los &quot;cangrejos porcelana&quot; Petrolisthes haigae Chace 1962 y P. nobilii Haig 1960, son especies de aguas poco profundas distribuidas a lo largo de las costas del Pacífico Este Tropical. Recolectamos larvas de ambas especies, de ocho y cuatro hembras, en las islas de Taboga y Naos, respectivamente. Las criamos en el laboratorio para describir e ilustrar los primeros estados de zoea de estas especies fueron, hasta ahora desconocidos. Las comparamos con los primeros estadios de zoea de otras especies del género en el oeste de Panamá y concluimos que las características de la primera zoea de ambas especies se asemejan a las del grupo 4 de larvas propuesto por Osawa en 2002.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Shrimp by-catch reduction using a short funnel net, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific, Mexico</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Dirección General de investigación Pesquera en el Pacífico Sur </institution>
<addr-line> Oaxaca</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reduction of the by-catch in shrimp fishery is an important goal worldwide. In order to compare by-catch using the conventional trawling net and a newly designed short funnel net, nine cruises were carried out by the commercial fleet operating in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A total of 480 trawls were done (mean duration: 85 min). The experimental trawls using the modified net produced a 21.13-28.86 % by-catch reduction (confidence interval 95 %), a 3 % increase of shrimp catch, and a significant reduction on net recovery time. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 889-897. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La reducción de la fauna de acompañamiento del camarón (FAC) es uno de los temas de discusión más importantes en la pesca mundial. Con la finalidad de contribuir en este tópico, se diseñó y utilizó una red de arrastre variando la longitud del túnel, y se comparó su efecto con el de una red tradicional; durante 9 cruceros de la flota comercial en el Golfo de Tehuantepec, México. Se realizó un total de 480 lances con promedio de 85 min cada uno. Los arrastres de la red modificada mostraron mejores resultados, con variación entre 21.13 a 28.86 %, con un 95 % de confianza de reducción de FAC, un incremento de 3 % en la captura de camarón, y una disminución del tiempo de recuperación, lo que sugiere un incremento en la eficiencia gracias al nuevo diseño.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>captura incidental</kwd>
<kwd>diseño de red</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000300015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) asociadas a dos bosques degradados del Chaco húmedo en Corrientes, Argentina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Avalos</surname>
<given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rubio</surname>
<given-names>Gonzalo D</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bar</surname>
<given-names>María E</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Alda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Cátedra de Artrópodos</institution>
<addr-line> Corrientes</addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE)(UNLP)  </institution>
<addr-line> La Plata</addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>899</fpage>
<lpage>909</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) associated with two degraded forests in the humid Chaco of Corrientes, Argentina. The advancing degradation of the forest in the biogeographic Chaco province (Argentina) produces an important loss of its little known biodiversity. We studied the spider biodiversity in two forests of Corrientes, Argentina’s &quot;Distrito Oriental Húmedo del Chaco&quot;: Laguna Brava and El Perichón. Seasonal samplings of foliage and fallen leaves between 2001 and 2002 produced 2 067 individuals from 33 families and 226 species/ morphospecies). The families Araneidae, Anyphaenidae, Salticidae and Theridiidae were the most abundant in both forests. The &quot;orb weavers&quot; guild had the highest number of specimens (n=382) and &quot;stalkers&quot; the highest richness (S=56). in Brava, highest abundance was in the summer (n=287) and spring (n=273), in Perichón, it was in winter (n=315). The specific richness and the diversity indexes were higher in Brava (S=134, H´=4.23, E=0.86, D=0.023) than in Perichón (S=127, H´=4.08, E=0.84, D=0.029). The similarity value between both forests was MH=0.611. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 899-909. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El importante avance de la degradación de bosques en la Provincia Biogeográfica del Chaco, Argentina, conlleva una pérdida importante de su poco conocida biodiversidad. Se realizó un estudio de la fauna de arañas en dos bosques de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina, correspondientes al Distrito Oriental Húmedo del Chaco, en las localidades de Laguna Brava y El Perichón. Se realizaron muestreos estacionales entre los años 2001 y 2002. Las arañas recolectadas (2 067 individuos de 33 familias y 226 especies/morfoespecies) fueron obtenidas por golpeteo del estrato arbustivo y tamizado de hojarasca. Las familias Araneidae, Anyphaenidae, Salticidae y Theridiidae fueron las más abundantes en los dos bosques. El gremio de arañas &quot;constructoras de telas orbiculares&quot; presentó el mayor número de individuos (n=382) y el de &quot;cazadoras al acecho&quot; la mayor riqueza (S=56). En Laguna Brava se observó mayor abundancia en el verano (n=287) y primavera (n=273) y en el Perichón en invierno (n=315). La riqueza específica y el valor de los índices de diversidad, fueron mayores en Laguna Brava (S=134, H´=4.23, E=0.86, D=0.023) que en El Perichón (S=127, H´=4.08, E=0.84, D=0.029). La similitud entre ambos bosques fue MH=0.611.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Araneae</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>humid forests</kwd>
<kwd>Corrientes</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Araneae</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>bosques húmedos</kwd>
<kwd>Corrientes</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura de la comunidad de cunáxidos (Acarina) edáficos de una selva baja caducifolia en Chamela, México</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Laboratorio de Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>911</fpage>
<lpage>930</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Community structure of edaphic cunaxids (Acarina) from a lowland dry forest in Chamela, México. The structure community of cunaxids mites was studied at a tropical dry forest in the Chamela Biological Station, Jalisco, Mexico. Monthly samples of litter and soil were taken during one year (July 1991-May 1992), in two small watersheds. A total of 43 species was recorded. We studied their abundance, species frequency (F), rareness and relative abundance (Ar), density (ind m-2), species richness (S), Shannon’s diversity index (H’), and Pielou’s evenness index (J’). The species richness was similar in litter and soil (38 species), but species composition was different. The higher density was found in soil, with 5 074 ind m-2; litter density was 2 199 ind m-2. The subfamilies with the highest density in both biotopes were Coleoscirinae (H=1 127 ind m-2; S=2 235 ind m-2) and Cunaxiinae (H=887 ind m-2; S = 1 936 ind m-2). The genus Pulaeus had the most species, and all were new to science. Mean and variance indicate an aggregate distribution for these cunaxids. By permanency and relative abundance, the dominant species were: Cunaxa potchensis, Coleoscirus simplex, Armascirus harrisoni, Cunaxoides sp. nov. 1, Cunaxoides sp. nov. 2, Pulaeus sp. nov. 15 and Pulaeus sp. nov. 16. An significant effect of the month and the biotope were recorded on the diversity and composition of cunaxid communities. Most of the species presented a significant effect of the month (24 spp.) and biotope (23 spp.), and five species only had a significant effect of the watersheds. The highest similarity was in litter (75 %) and soil (74 %). The highest temporal variation in density, diversity and species richness was from April through June in litter, and from September through November in soil. The evenness was constant in both biotopes. in the dry period the soil presented higher values of density, while in the litter it was in the rainy season. The species with high soil density (February-June: dry season) in both watersheds, were: C. simple, C. potchensis, Cunaxa sp. nov. 1, Cunaxa sp. nov. 2, C. veracruzana, Dactyloscirus sp. nov. 2, A. harrisoni, Cunaxoides sp. nov. 1, Cunaxoides sp. nov. 2, P. pectinatus, Pulaeus sp. nov. 14, Pulaeus sp. nov. 15 and Pulaeus sp. nov. 16. They were the most representative species in the soil and litter of Chamela communities. The most abundant dry season species were C. potchensis in the soil and A. harrisoni in the litter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 911-930. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la variación espacial y temporal de la estructura de la comunidad de los cunáxidos edáficos de una selva baja caducifolia en Chamela, Jalisco, México. Se tomaron muestras mensuales de suelo y hojarasca durante un año (Julio 1991-Junio 1992) en dos cuencas. Registramos 43 especies, para las cuales se proporciona su abundancia, frecuencia, abundancia relativa, riqueza, densidad, diversidad, equitatividad y rareza. El número de especies fue similar en el suelo y la hojarasca, pero ambos biotopos difirieron en su composición. La mayor densidad se encontró en el suelo con 5 074 ind m-2. Pulaeus fue el género que presentó la mayor riqueza. De acuerdo a la permanencia y abundancia relativa, las especies dominantes, tanto en el suelo y como en la hojarasca, fueron: Colescirus simples, Cunaxa potchensis, Armascirus harrisoni y Pulaeus sp. nov. 16. El suelo presentó una mayor dominancia y densidad, siendo C. potchensis, C. simplex, A. harrisoni Cunaxoides sp. nov. 1 y Pulaeus sp. nov. 16 las especies más abundantes. En la hojarasca se registró una mayor variación temporal en cuanto a densidad, diversidad y riqueza entre abril a junio, y en el suelo de septiembre a noviembre.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>cunaxids</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>temporal variation</kwd>
<kwd>soil</kwd>
<kwd>litter</kwd>
<kwd>cunáxidos</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>variación estacional</kwd>
<kwd>suelo</kwd>
<kwd>hojarasca</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Variation of the orchid bees community (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in three altered habitats of the Colombian &quot;llano&quot; piedmont. Orchid bees subsist in vast tropical forest areas because they maintain close relationships with particular plant species in diverse micro-habitats. Based on the relationships among the environment and biological features (food preference, morphologic and ethologic diversity), it is possible to determine habitat quality using the euglossine array. This work proposes the use of this ecological information, in addition to diversity indices, for the evaluation of environmental quality. Fifteen localities in three landscape types (urban, rural and conserved) were sampled in the eastern llanos foothill (Meta, Colombia), between March and December of 2003 using entomological nets, and Cineol and Metil Salicylate as baits. Of the 26 species known to occur in the area, 17 were registered. Eulaema nigrita was the most frequent, while E. speciosa E. bombiformis, Euglossa magnipes, E. cybelia, E. heterosticta, E. singularis and Exaerete frontalis were mostly found in habitats rated &quot;good to acceptable&quot;. The vegetation composition and proximity of forest fragments seem to favor some species in disturbed habitats. Relative diversity of bee body shapes and sizes is proportional to habitat quality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 931-941. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las abejas de las orquídeas subsisten en vastas áreas de bosque tropicales gracias a que mantienen estrechas relaciones con tipos de vegetación particular en diversos micro-hábitats. Con base en este tipo de relaciones con el medio y características biológicas como preferencia por ciertos tipos de néctares y de polen, y diversidad morfológica y etológica de la tribu, es posible evaluar la calidad de un hábitat según la distribución de euglosinos. Este trabajo propone el uso de esta información, además de índices de diversidad para la evaluación de la calidad del medio. Entre marzo y diciembre de 2003 muestreamos tres tipos de paisaje (Urbano, Rural y Conservado) en el piedemonte llanero colombiano, usando redes entomológicas y sustancias aromáticas (Cineol y Metil Salicilato). Para las 15 localidades muestreadas se registraron 17 de las 26 especies conocidas para el área. Eulaema nigrita fue la más frecuente mientras que Euglossa magnipes, E. cybelia, E. heterosticta, E. singularis, Eulaema bombiformis, E. speciosa y Exaerete frontalis correspondieron a ambientes considerados de aceptable a buena calidad. La composición y cercanía de fragmentos de bosque son factores favorables. La diversidad relativa (máxima variación de formas y tamaños dentro de la tribu), sería proporcional a la calidad del medio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Colombian eastern llanos piedmont</kwd>
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<kwd>euglossine bees</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>euglosinos</kwd>
<kwd>piedemonte llanero colombiano</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000300018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución espacio-temporal de hormigas en un gradiente de luz, dentro de un sistema agroforestal de café, en Turrialba, Costa Rica</article-title>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CORPOICA  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,The Evergreen State College  </institution>
<addr-line>Olympia Washington</addr-line>
<country>EEUU</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones en Café (CICAFE)  </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, CATIE  </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>943</fpage>
<lpage>956</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Temporal and spatial distribution of ants in a light gradient, in a coffee agroforestry system, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Shade trees are frequently present in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) agroforestry systems of Mesoamerica. These systems can harbor a rich entomofauna, including ants, which could be predators of key pests in these systems. However, the role of shade on the distribution and abundance of these ants is unknown, yet such knowledge could suggest guidelines for manipulating certain environmental conditions of their habitat, thereby achieving their conservation and increase. Therefore, we studied the effect of shade on the spatial and temporal distribution of three ant species (Solenopsis geminata, Pheidole radoszkowskii and Crematogaster curvispinosa) that may prey on the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and the mahogany shootborer, Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). To do this, abundance was evaluated across a sun-shade gradient in a coffee plantation with four alternate plots (from pure sun to total shade) in Turrialba, Costa Rica. In the community that was studied 28 species of ants were collected, of which S. geminata was the dominant species (79 % of the total individuals), followed by P. radoszkowskii (16 %). S. geminata and C. curvispinosa preferred sunny areas, while P. radoszkowskii showed no defined preference. Likewise, with respect to location, S. geminata predominated in the soil, while P. radoszkowskii and C. curvispinosa predominated in coffee bushes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 943-956. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los sistemas agroforestales de café (Coffea arabica L.) de Mesoamérica es frecuente la presencia de árboles de sombra. Estos sistemas pueden albergar una rica entomofauna, incluyendo hormigas, la cuales podrían depredar a plagas claves en dichos sistemas. Sin embargo, se desconoce el papel de la sombra sobre la distribución y abundancia de dichas hormigas, lo cual podría sugerir pautas para manipular ciertas condiciones de su hábitat y lograr su conservación e incremento. Por tanto, se estudió el efecto de la sombra sobre la distribución espacial y temporal de tres especies de hormigas (Solenopsis geminata, Pheidole radoszkowskii y Crematogaster curvispinosa) que pueden depredar a la broca del café, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) y al barrenador de las meliáceas, Hypsipyla grandella. Para ello se evaluó su abundancia a través de un gradiente de sol-sombra en un cafetal con cuatro parcelas alternas (desde pleno sol hasta sombra total), en Turrialba, Costa Rica. En la comunidad estudiada se recolectaron 28 especies de hormigas, de las cuales S. geminata fue la dominante (79 % del total de individuos), seguida por P. radoszkowskii (16 %). S. geminata y C. curvispinosa prefirieron las áreas soleadas, mientras que P. radoszkowskii no mostró una preferencia definida. Asimismo, en cuanto a su ubicación, S. geminata predominó en el suelo, mientras que P. radoszkowskii y C. curvispinosa lo hicieron en los arbustos de café.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coffee</kwd>
<kwd>shade</kwd>
<kwd>Solenopsis geminata</kwd>
<kwd>Pheidole radoszkowskii</kwd>
<kwd>Crematogaster curvispinosa</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>agroforestry systems</kwd>
<kwd>Café</kwd>
<kwd>sombra</kwd>
<kwd>Solenopsis geminata</kwd>
<kwd>Pheidole radoszkowskii</kwd>
<kwd>Crematogaster curvispinosa</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>sistemas agroforestales</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Puerto Rico Campus Río Piedras Departamento de Biología</institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural (Incoder)  </institution>
<addr-line>Buenaventura </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,WWF Colombia Programa Marino Costero </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>957</fpage>
<lpage>967</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction of the fish Brotula clarkae (Pisces: Ophidiidae) in the Colombian Pacific. We studied the reproductive ecology of the fish Brotula clarkae based on 754 individuals obtained from the industrial and artisanal fisheries in the Colombian Pacific (March 1994 to December 1996). Histological sections (paraplast embedding and Harris’s hematoxylin-eosin stain) were made from 151 females (26-100 cm total length). Additionally, mean diameter and particular features are described for oocyte phases and ovarian development stages. The mean size at initial sexual maturity of females was determined with two methods (graphic and statistic) in 61.3 cm and 62.3 cm respectively. The general sex ratio was 1:1.There are several spawn pulses between May and October. The mean fecundity by spawn pulse was 1 005 657 eggs. We recommend a fishing ban during the reproduction period and a minimal catch size above 62.3 cm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 957-967. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el fin de desarrollar estrategias de uso sostenible del recurso pesquero, se evaluó la reproducción de la merluza (Brotula clarkae), proveniente de las pesquerías industrial y artesanal del Pacífico colombiano(marzo de 1994 a diciembre de 1996). Se examinaron 754 individuos, obteniendo una proporción sexual global de 1:1. Se realizaron cortes histológicos (inclusión en paraplasto y tinción con hematoxilina-eosina) de 151 hembras que se encontraban en un ámbito de tallas de 26 cm a 100 cm de longitud total, determinándose el diámetro promedio y las características particulares de las diferentes fases de desarrollo ovocitario, estableciendo también las distintas etapas de desarrollo ovárico. Se determinó la talla media de inicio de madurez sexual para las hembras por medio de dos métodos (gráfico y estadístico), obteniéndose 61.3 cm y 62.3 cm, respectivamente. Se encontró que la especie presenta desove fraccionado con varios pulsos durante su perido reproductivo, el cual se estableció entre mayo y octubre, estimándose la fecundidad absoluta promedio por pulso de desove en 1 005 657 huevos. Se sugieren como posibles medidas de ordenamiento pesquero el mantener la talla media de captura por encima de la talla media de inicio de madurez y establecer vedas que protejan el periodo reproductivo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>fishes</kwd>
<kwd>Brotula clarkae</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
<kwd>Brotula clarkae</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico colombiano</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Length weight relationship, condition factor and stomach contents of Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Chromidotilapia guentheri (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Eleiyele Lake, Southwestern Nigeria</article-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K) and stomach content of three cichlid fishes (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron, and Chromidotilapia guentheri) were calculated at Eleiyele reservoir, Nigeria, Africa. The fish were collected monthly from fishermen during the dry season (January-March 2001) and the rainy season (April, May, June 2001). Gill nets of mesh sizes 50-55 mm were used. The LWR had a significant correlation for the three species and the growth exponent (b) for H. bimaculatus indicates a negative allometric growth (S. melanotheron and C. guentheri had isometric growth). Condition factor values were higher than one in the three species, and varied with size and season. Stomach contents revealed that the three species are omnivorous and that diet composition varies seasonally. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 969-977. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigó la relación de peso-longitud (LWR), factor de condición (K) y contenidos estomacales de tres peces cíclidos (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Sarotherodon melanotheron y Chromidotilapia guentheri) en la reserva de Eleiyele, Nigeria, África. El LWR muestra una correlación significativa para las tres especies y el crecimiento exponencial (b) indica que H. Bimaculatus tiene crecimiento alométrico negativo, mientras S. melanotheron y C. guentheri tienen un crecimiento alométrico isométrico. El factor de condición para las tres especies fue mayor a uno, y varía con el tamaño y la época. El análisis de los contenidos estomacales reveló que las tres especies son omnívoras, variando la composición relativa de cada tipo de alimento con la estación del año.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>length-weight relationship</kwd>
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<kwd>Hemichromis bimaculatus</kwd>
<kwd>Sarotherodon melanotheron</kwd>
<kwd>Chromidotilapia guentheri</kwd>
<kwd>Relación longitud-peso</kwd>
<kwd>factor de condición</kwd>
<kwd>dieta</kwd>
<kwd>Hemichromis bimaculatus</kwd>
<kwd>Sarotherodon melanotheron</kwd>
<kwd>Chromidotilapia guentheri</kwd>
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<institution>,Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Peces, CINVESTAV-IPN  </institution>
<addr-line>Mérida Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>979</fpage>
<lpage>988</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution, abundance and alimentary preferences of the fish Opsanus phobetron (Batrachoididae) at the Chelem coastal lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico. Fish are important ecological components in tropical coastal lagoons. In order to evaluate the distribution and feeding preferences of the toadfish Opsanus phobetron in the Chelem Lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico, fish samples were collected using a beach seine in eight stations distributed randomly, from March 2002 to January 2003. The components were analyzed by means of the relative abundance percentage and occurrence frequency. The trophic similarity between ontogenetic stages was determined with the Morisita Index. A total of 221 organisms were collected, with a density and biomass of 92.09 ind/100 m² and 930.39 g/100 m² respectively. The highest density and biomass were recorded in the same station. A total of 94 stomach contents were analyzed. Results showed a wide trophic generalization, including 40 alimentary items and great ontogenetic variation: juvenile stages consume preferentially microcrustaceans, while adults mainly feed on fish (96 %). Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 979-988. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la distribución y la preferencia alimenticia del pez sapo Opsanus phobetron en la Laguna de Chelem, Yucatán, México. Se recolectaron los peces de marzo 2002-enero 2003 en ocho estaciones distribuidas aleatoriamente. Los componentes del espectro trófico fueron analizados por medio del porcentaje de la abundancia relativa y la frecuencia de presencia. La similitud trófica entre las etapas ontogenéticas fue determinada usando el índice de Morisita (1959). Se capturó un total de 221 organismos, con una densidad y una biomasa de 92.09 ind/100 m² y de 930.39 g/100 m² respectivamente. Una misma estación registró los valores más altos de densidad y biomasa. El análisis de 94 de contenidos estomacales indicó una amplia generalización trófica, incluyendo 40 artículos alimenticios, y una gran variación ontogenética: las etapas juveniles consumen preferencialmente microcrustáceos, mientras que en los adultos el consumo de peces alcanza 96 % de todo el contenido.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Opsanus phobetron</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>stomach content analysis</kwd>
<kwd>feeding habits</kwd>
<kwd>Chelem lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Opsanus phobetron</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>hábitos alimenticios</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de Chelem</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hábitos alimenticios y ecología trófica del pez Lutjanus griseus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) asociado a la vegetación sumergida en la Laguna de Términos, Campeche, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma del Carmen  </institution>
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<institution>,UNAM  </institution>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco  </institution>
<addr-line>Tabasco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>989</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding habits and trophic ecology of the fish Lutjanus griseus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) associated with submerged vegetation in Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico. In Campeche, Mexico, the Laguna de Términos has Thalassia testudinum beds inhabited by the grey snapper, Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus 1758). Along one year, we collected 994 individuals and 672 had food in their stomachs; we recorded number, weight, and frequency of trophic groups, and the index of relative importance. Dominant food components were Farfantepenaeus duorarum and Palemonetes octaviae, Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier 1830) and Libinia dubia. Salinity and temperature were related to the number of individuals collected and with greater fish consumption by large L. griseus. The trophic niche breadth index was calculated for six size-classes of fish. The smallest and the largest fish had the lowest index values, whereas medium-size snappers had higher values. This snapper has a preference for habitats with submerged vegetation. The percentage of fish with food in their stomachs was higher during dark hours, providing evidence of the nocturnal habits of this fish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 989-1004. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de los hábitos alimenticios de Lutjanus griseus asociado a la vegetación sumergida en El Cayo, Laguna de Términos, Campeche, México. La investigación se realizó siguiendo un diseño de muestreo intensivo tanto en escala espacial como temporal. Se recolectaron un total de 994 individuos, de los cuales 672 tenía alimento en sus estómagos. Se analizaron los porcentajes en número, peso y frecuencia de los grupos tróficos, así como el índice de importancia relativa. Los componentes alimenticios dominantes fueron Farfantepenaeus duorarum, Palaemonetes octavie, Eucinostomus gula y Libinia dubia. La salinidad y la temperatura se relacionaron con el número de individuos colectados así como con un incremento en el consumo de peces por los individuos de mayor talla. Se calculó el índice de diversidad de dieta para seis clases de talla de los peces, examinándose su variación a través del año. Los peces de menor y mayor talla mostraron los valores más bajos de este índice, mientras que los organismos de las tallas intermedias presentaron los valores más altos. Los resultados mostraron que L. griseus tiene preferencia por hábitats con vegetación sumergida. El porcentaje de peces con alimento en sus estómagos fue mayor durante la noche que durante el día, evidenciando los hábitos nocturnos de esta especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>trophic spectrum</kwd>
<kwd>estuarine fish</kwd>
<kwd>sea grasses</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus griseus</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de Términos</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>espectro trofico</kwd>
<kwd>peces de estuario</kwd>
<kwd>pastos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>Lutjanus griseus</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de Términos</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442007000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Formation of ring marks in stocked tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis aureus/O. niloticus) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa  </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>1005</fpage>
<lpage>1013</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Lake Metztitlán was dried up completely in the spring of 1998 and refilled in August of that year. In the period September-November, two cohorts of 1.6 million juveniles of a tilapia hybrid were stocked (Oreochromis aureus/O. niloticus), and monitored every month for one year. Since the date of birth of these juveniles was known, the analyses focused on whether the ring marks of the scales, sagittae and opercula or the circuli of the scales could be used to age them. The ring marks of the scales and opercula showed great variability, and the sagittae had a significant relationship with length, but it is unclear if at least the first ring mark could be formed at the hatchery and reflect changes in diet and/or tank movements in the fish farm. The circuli had a continuous regular behavior, with a formation rate of 10.38±0.93 and 11.38±0.95 circuli/month for the first and second cohorts, respectively. This proportion was maintained during the study period, and could be of help to calculate an approximate age of juveniles, especially in stocked fish that show multiple ring marks because of manipulation in fish farms and stocking events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 1005-1013. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El lago de Metztitlán se secó completamente en la primavera de 1998, inundándose nuevamente en agosto del mismo año para ser repoblado entre septiembre y noviembre con 1.6 millones de jóvenes de un híbrido de tilapia (Oreochromis aureus/O. niloticus) en dos periodos. Ambas cohortes fueron monitoreadas mensualmente durante un año. Debido a que la fecha de nacimiento era conocida, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar si las marcas anulares de las escamas, las sagittae y los opérculos, o los circuli de las escamas pueden usarse para estimar la edad. Los anillos de las escamas y opérculos mostraron gran variabilidad, mientras que las de las sagittae se relacionaron significativamente con la longitud, sin embargo no quedó claro si al menos el primer anillo podría haber sido formado por cambios en dieta o movimientos en los tanques de la granja de cultivo. Por el contrario los circuli mostraron una formación regular con una tasa de formación de 10.38±0.93 y 11.38±0.95 circuli/mes para la primera y segunda cohortes, respectivamente, proporción que fue mantenida durante el periodo de estudio y que puede ser usada para calcular la edad de los jóvenes, especialmente en organismos que muestran numerosos anillos debido a la manipulación sufrida en las granjas o debido a las &quot;siembras&quot;.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Oreochromis</kwd>
<kwd>age</kwd>
<kwd>stockings</kwd>
<kwd>otoliths</kwd>
<kwd>fish scales</kwd>
<kwd>annuli</kwd>
<kwd>circuli</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis</kwd>
<kwd>edad</kwd>
<kwd>repoblamientos</kwd>
<kwd>otolitos</kwd>
<kwd>escamas</kwd>
<kwd>annuli</kwd>
<kwd>circuli</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420070003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442007000300024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Distribution and population structure of the fish Cyphocharax gilbert (Characiformes: Curimatidae) in the Lower Paraíba do Sul River, Brazil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Menezes</surname>
<given-names>M.S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Caramaschi</surname>
<given-names>E.P</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,SCB, UFPR Depto. de Zoologia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,IB, UFRJ Depto. de Ecologia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<fpage>1015</fpage>
<lpage>1023</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The distribution and population structure of Cyphocharax gilbert in four areas of the lower Paraíba do Sul River and its major tributaries (22ºS, 43ºW) were analyzed between March 1989 and February 1990. The species was common throughout the area, preferring major rivers with high turbidity and sand-mud substrates and range of length and size of specimens found varied depending on the particular characteristics of the site. A predominance of females was found in only area. Nevertheless, in all areas the bimonthly analysis showed preponderance of one of the sexes in periods before or after spawning. Males prevailed in shorter length classes and females in longer ones. There was a prevalence of young in one area that probably was used as a growth and feeding zone. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 1015-1023. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó aspectos de la distribución y estructura poblacional de Cyphocharax gilbert en cuatro diferentes áreas del cause bajo del Rio Paraíba do Sul y sus principales afluentes (22ºS, 43ºW), entre marzo de 1989 y febrero de 1990. La especie fue común en toda su extención, ocupando preferentemente los ríos grandes con aguas turbias y substrato de arena-lodo. Los ámbitos de longitud y frecuencia de tamaños variaron con el lugar. Solo en una de las áreas hubo mayor proporción de hembras. Sin embargo, el análisis bimensual mostró una preponderancia de uno de los sexos en períodos antes y después del período reprodutivo en todas las áreas. Los machos prevalecen en los tamaños inferiores y las hembras en los superiores. Huvo una prevalencia de jóvenes en un área usada probablemente como una región para alimentación y crecimiento.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Curimatidae</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>population structure</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
<kwd>Paraíba do Sul River</kwd>
<kwd>juveniles</kwd>
<kwd>Curimatidae</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de población</kwd>
<kwd>proporción de sexos</kwd>
<kwd>río &quot;Paraíba do Sul&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>jóvenes</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<volume>55</volume>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Characterization of the genetic diversity of the fish Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) in central Colombia with RAPD markers. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of wild fish species is essential for conservation and appropriate management of individuals in repopulation programs. In Colombia, Brycon henni has been reported in the Magdalena and Cauca river basins, but the population and range have diminished as a consequence of anthropic activities. In this study, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate the actual genetic structure in this species. For the purpose, six sample sites located in the department of Antioquia (Central Chain Mountains of Colombia) were used. Thirty five primers (87.5 %), out of forty used, yielded 1 466 reliable and consistent fragments; 417 were considered as unique fragments able to discriminate among the Magdalena (Humarada-1 and Humarada-2) and Cauca (Piedras, La Clara y Guaracú) river basins samples, suggesting that each is a discrete unit. This diversity suggests that anthropic effects of over fishing, dam building, deforestation and water pollution, have contributed to the isolation of these fish groups on the high mountains. Brycon moorei and Colossoma macropomum, as an interspecific control groups, were placed out of the B. henni general group, confirming their taxonomic classification through morphologic data. The RAPD technique was useful to know the genetic diversity and to discriminate among B. henni populations from different geographic origins, as a basis for an appropriate plan of repopulation, conservation and wildlife management. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 1025-1035. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de especies nativas de peces, es esencial para la conservación y manejo apropiado de animales en los programas de repoblación. Brycon henni ha sido reportada en las cuencas de los ríos Magdalena y Cauca; actualmente, la especie ha disminuido su número de animales y reducido su distribución geográfica como consecuencia de los efectos antrópicos. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer el componente genético de los reducidos grupos de animales en los riachuelos, para iniciar algunos programas de repoblación. En este estudio el Polimorfismo de ADN Amplificado al Azar (RAPD), fue utilizado para estimar el componente genético actual en esta especie. Para este propósito; se evaluaron seis sitios de muestreo localizados en el departamento de Antioquia, cordillera Central de Colombia. De cuarenta iniciadores utilizados, treinta y cinco de ellos (87.5 %) produjeron 1 466 fragmentos reproducibles y consistentes; 417 fueron considerados como fragmentos únicos, que permitieron discriminar entre las muestras de las cuencas de los ríos Magdalena (Humarada-1 y Humarada-2) y Cauca (Piedras, La Clara y Guaracú), sugiriendo que cada una es una unidad discreta. Esta diversidad en los resultados, según el sitio de muestreo y por las características de cada uno de ellos, posiblemente sugiere, que los efectos antrópicos como presión por pesca, construcción de embalses, deforestación y contaminación del agua, han contribuido al aislamiento de estos grupos de peces en las zonas de alta montaña. Brycon moorei y Colossoma macropomum, como grupos de control inter especifico, se ubicaron fuera del grupo general de B. henni, confirmando su clasificación taxonómica mediante datos morfológicos. La técnica de RAPD fue útil para conocer la diversidad genética y discriminar entre poblaciones de B. henni de diferente origen geográfico, ello permitiría realizar un plan apropiado de conservación y manejo en medio natural.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Conservation</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>genetic diversity</kwd>
<kwd>RAPD</kwd>
<kwd>restoration</kwd>
<kwd>Brycon henni</kwd>
<kwd>Conservación</kwd>
<kwd>pez</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad genética</kwd>
<kwd>RAPD</kwd>
<kwd>restauración</kwd>
<kwd>Brycon henni</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442007000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population ecology of the mouse Peromyscus mexicanus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Poas Volcano National Park, Costa Rica. The Mexican Deer Mouse has been reported as an abundant wild mouse in Costa Rica; nevertheless, it has not been studied as well as other Peromyscus species. Thirty Sherman traps were placed on three habitats during six consecutive days of each month, from March 2002 through April 2003 in three sites of Poás volcano National Park, Costa Rica. A total of 2 393 mice were captured. Other species such as Reithrodontomys creper, R. rodriguezi, Scotinomys teguina and Oryzomys devius (Muridae) were also captured in Tierra Fría and R. creper, R. sumichrasti, S. teguina and O. devius in Potrero Grande. in Canto de las Aves we captured P. mexicanus, R. creper, R. rodriguezi and O. devius. Of the total mice collected, 34.77 % were P. mexicanus. For this species, the mean monthly capture per hectare was 34±2.15 in Tierra Fría and 11±1.85 in Potrero Grande. in the third site, Canto de las Aves, only four mice were captured throughout the study. The estimated population size did not change among months in Tierra Fría, but it did in Potrero Grande. No sex ratio variation was found in any habitat. In Potrero Grande, weight averages were 43.54±3.42 g for males and 42.08±3.4 5 g for females. variation in population structure among habitats was not significant. The presence of oak trees (Quercus sp.) and the high understory density could explain the stability of the population in this area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 1037-1050. Epub 2007 December, 28.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el tamaño poblacional, la proporción de sexos, el peso y el número de adultos e inmaduros de Peromyscus mexicanus en tres sitios, durante 14 meses, en el Parque Nacional volcán Poás, Costa Rica. Se colocaron 30 trampas Sherman en cada sitio, para un estudio de captura-recaptura durante seis días consecutivos de cada mes, desde marzo de 2002 hasta abril de 2003. Se hicieron 2 393 capturas, hallándose en Tierra Fría, además de P. mexicanus, Reithrodontomys creper, R. rodriguezi, Scotinomys teguina y Oryzomys devius (Muridae). En Potrero Grande se capturaron P. mexicanus, R. creper, R. sumichrasti, S. teguina y O. devius. En Canto de las Aves se capturaron P. mexicanus, R. creper, R. rodriguezi y O. devius. El 34.77 % del total de ratones capturados fueron P. mexicanus. Se capturaron en promedio 34 individuos por mes por hectárea en Tierra Fría y 11 en Potrero Grande; en Canto de las Aves sólo se capturaron 4 individuos en todo el muestreo. El tamaño estimado de la población de P. mexicanus no varió mensualmente en Tierra Fría, pero si en Potrero Grande. No se observó variación en la proporción de sexos en ninguno de los dos sitios. El valor promedio de peso en Tierra Fría fue de 43.83+1.93 g machos 39.29+2.07 g hembras. En Potrero Grande fue 43.54+3.42 g machos y 42.08+3.45 g hembras. En ninguno de los dos sitios se encontraron diferencias en la cantidad de individuos inmaduros a través del tiempo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mexican deer mouse</kwd>
<kwd>Peromyscus mexicanus</kwd>
<kwd>population ecology</kwd>
<kwd>Poás volcano National Park</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>density</kwd>
<kwd>ratón de patas blancas</kwd>
<kwd>Peromyscus mexicanus</kwd>
<kwd>ecología poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional volcán Poás</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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