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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and molecular diagnosis of a Costa Rican family with autosomal recessive myotonia congenita (Becker disease) carrying a new mutation in the CLCN1 gene</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Morales</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cuenca</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>del Valle</surname>
<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vásquez</surname>
<given-names>Melissa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brian</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sittenfeld</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>Keith</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Xi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ashizawa</surname>
<given-names>Tetsuo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Programa de Investigación en Neurociencias </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia (Neurolab)  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Neurología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Neurología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution>,University of Glasgow Institute of Biomedical and Live Sciences Division of Molecular Genetics</institution>
<addr-line>Scotland </addr-line>
<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A08">
<institution>,University of Texas Medical Branch Department of Neurology </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Myotonia congenita is a muscular disease characterized by myotonia, hypertrophy, and stiffness. It is inherited as either autosomal dominant or recessive known as Thomsen and Becker diseases, respectively. Here we confirm the clinical diagnosis of a family diagnosed with a myotonic condition many years ago and report a new mutation in the CLCN1 gene. The clinical diagnosis was established using ocular, cardiac, neurological and electrophysiological tests and the molecular diagnosis was done by PCR, SSCP and sequencing of the CLCN1 gene. The proband and the other affected individuals exhibited proximal and distal muscle weakness but no hypertrophy or muscular pain was found. The myotatic reflexes were lessened and sensibility was normal. Electrical and clinical myotonia was found only in the sufferers. Slit lamp and electrocardiogram tests were normal. Two affected probands presented diminution of the sensitive conduction velocities and prolonged sensory distal latencies. The clinical spectrum for this family is in agreement with a clinical diagnosis of Becker myotonia. This was confirmed by molecular diagnosis where a new disease-causing mutation (Q412P) was found in the family and absent in 200 unaffected chromosomes. No latent myotonia was found in this family; therefore the ability to cause this subclinical sign might be intrinsic to each mutation. Implications of the structure-function-genotype relationship for this and other mutations are discussed. Adequate clinical diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder would allow focusing the molecular studies toward the confirmation of the initial diagnosis, leading to a proper clinical management, genetic counseling and improving in the quality of life of the patients and relatives. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 1-11. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La miotonía congénita es una enfermedad muscular caracterizada por miotonía, hipertrofia y rigidez. Se presenta con dos patrones de herencia, autosómica dominante en cuyo caso recibe el nombre de miotonía de Thomsen, o autosómica recesiva conocida como miotonía de Becker. En este trabajo se confirmó el diagnóstico clínico presuntivo hecho hace algunos años en una familia con una condición miotónica y se reporta una nueva mutación en el gen CLCN1. El diagnóstico clínico se estableció después de estudios oculares, cardíacos, neurológicos y electrofisiológicos. El diagnóstico molecular fue hecho mediante la PCR, SSCP y secuenciación del gen CLCN1. El caso índice y los otros individuos afectados exhibieron debilidad muscular proximal y distal, pero no se encontró hipertrofia ni dolor muscular. Los reflejos miotáticos estuvieron disminuidos y la sensibilidad fue normal. Se encontró miotonía clínica y eléctrica solo en los individuos afectados. Las pruebas de lámpara de hendidura y electrocardiograma resultaron normales. Dos individuos afectados presentaron disminución de las velocidades de conducción sensitiva y latencias distales sensoriales prolongadas. El cuadro clínico concuerda con la miotonía de Becker, lo cual se confirmó con el hallazgo de una mutación responsable de la enfermedad en el gen CLCN1 (Q412P), la cual se encontró en la familia y estuvo ausente en 200 cromosomas provenientes de la población general. No se encontró miotonía latente, por lo que probablemente la habilidad de causar este signo subclínico es intrínsica de cada mutación. Afinar el diagnóstico clínico diferencial de las enfermedades neuromusculares permitiría enfocar los estudios moleculares hacia la confirmación del diagnóstico inicial en forma eficiente, lo cual permitiría un manejo clínico y asesoramiento genético más adecuados y una mejora en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>myotonia congenita</kwd>
<kwd>myotonic dystrophy</kwd>
<kwd>Becker myotonia</kwd>
<kwd>chloride channelopathy</kwd>
<kwd>SSCP</kwd>
<kwd>miotonía congenita</kwd>
<kwd>distrofia miotónica</kwd>
<kwd>miotonía de Becker</kwd>
<kwd>canalopatía de cloruro</kwd>
<kwd>SSCP</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Southern Illinois University Department of Zoology </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Cornell University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology </institution>
<addr-line> NY</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Southern Illinois University Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center </institution>
<addr-line> IL</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dispersal capabilities determine and maintain local gene flow, and this has implications for population persistence and/or recolonization following environmental perturbations (natural or anthropogenic), disease outbreaks, or other demographic collapses. To predict recolonization and understand dispersal capacity in a stream-breeding frog, we examined individual movement patterns and gene flow among four subpopulations of the Neotropical glassfrog, Centrolene prosoblepon, at a mid-elevation cloud forest site at El Copé, Panama. We measured male movement directly during a two year mark-recapture study, and indirectly with gene flow estimates from mitochondrial DNA sequences (mtDNA). Individuals of this species showed strong site fidelity: over two years, male frogs in all four headwater streams moved very little (mean = 2.33 m; mode = 0 m). Nine individuals changed streams within one or two years, moving 675-1 108 m. For those males moving more than 10 m, movement was biased upstream (p &lt; 0.001). Using mtDNA ND1 gene sequences, we quantified gene flow within and among headwater streams at two spatial scales: among headwater streams within two adjacent watersheds (2.5 km²) and among streams within a longitudinal gradient covering 5.0 km². We found high gene flow among headwater streams (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;/img/revistas/rbt/v56n1/signo.jpg&quot; WIDTH=23 HEIGHT=17&gt;ST = 0.007, p = 0.325) but gene flow was more limited across greater distances (&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;/img/revistas/rbt/v56n1/signo.jpg&quot; WIDTH=28 HEIGHT=15&gt;CT = 0.322, p = 0.065), even within the same drainage network. Lowland populations of C. prosoblepon potentially act as an important source of colonists for upland populations in this watershed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 13-26. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La capacidad de dispersión determina y mantiene el flujo genético local, y esto tiene implicaciones para la persistencia poblacional y/o la recolonización que sigue a perturbaciones ambientales. Examinamos patrones individuales de movimiento y flujo genético entre subpoblaciones de Centrolene prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) en un sitio de elevación media en El Copé, Panamá. Medimos directamente el movimiento de los machos durante un estudio de marcado-recaptura, e indirectamente con estimaciones de flujo genético a partir de secuencias de ADN mitocondrial (mtDNA). Los individuos mostraron fuerte fidelidad a su lugar: por más de dos años, las ranas macho de los cuatro arroyos al inicio del río se movieron muy poco (promedio = 2.33 m; moda = 0 m). Nueve individuos cambiaron de corriente de agua en uno o dos años, moviéndose 675-1108 m. Usando la secuencia genética ND1 del ADN mitocondrial, medimos el flujo genético en dos escalas espaciales: entre arroyos que originan el río (2.5 km²) y entre arroyos con un gradiente longitudinal en 5.0 km². Encontramos un flujo genético alto entre los arroyos al inicio del río (f = 0.007, p = 0.325 y otro más limitado en distancias mayores (f = 0.322, p = 0.065).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Centrolenidae</kwd>
<kwd>dispersal</kwd>
<kwd>gene flow</kwd>
<kwd>mark-recapture</kwd>
<kwd>mitochondrial DNA</kwd>
<kwd>Neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>Centrolenidae</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión</kwd>
<kwd>flujo genético</kwd>
<kwd>marcado-recaptura</kwd>
<kwd>ADN mitocondrial</kwd>
<kwd>Neotrópico</kwd>
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<institution>,Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo  </institution>
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<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phytoplankton from Tehuantepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico and some biogeographical relationships. Phytoplankton species collected from the limnetic to euryhaline sections of Tehuantepec River were identified, classified and compared with regional information from Mexico and South America. We collected 15 samples every three months from July 1997 through August 1998 with a 20 µm net and a van Dorn bottle. Indicator values and a code checklist are included. A total of 58 families, 121 genera, 273 species, one subspecies, 75 varieties, 13 forms and one morphotype were identified in the taxa Bacillariophyta (42.0 %), Chlorophyta (29.0 %), Cyanoprocaryota (18.0 %), Euglenophyta (5.0 %), Dinophyta (3.0 %), Cryptophyta (2.0 %) and Chrysophyta (1.0 %). The predominant families were Scenedesmaceae (24 species), Oocystaceae (22), Bacillariophyceae (21), Chaetocerotaceae (15) and Euglenaceae (14). Five families, eight genera, 72 species, 45 varieties and eight forms are first records for Mexico. The species Chroococcus turgidus, Microcystis flosaquae and Pseudanabaena limnetica (which produce massive blooms or red tides) are important in this river of moderate water quality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 27-54. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El fitoplancton recolectado en el río Tehuantepec con características limnéticas a eurihalinas se determinó, clasificó y comparó con información regional de México y Suramérica. Se incluyen valores indicadores y un código del listado florístico para facilitar el manejo de estas algas. Se determinó un total de 58 familias, 121 géneros, 273 especies, una subespecie, 75 variedades, 13 formas y un morfotipo, pertenecientes a las divisiones Bacillariophyta (42.0 %), Chlorophyta (29.0 %), Cyanoprocaryota (18.0 %), Euglenophyta (5.0 %), Dinophyta (3.0 %), Cryptophyta (2.0 %) y Chrysophyta (1.0 %). Las familias mejor representadas fueron Scenedesmaceae (24 especies), Oocystaceae (22), Bacillariophyceae (21), Chaetocerotaceae (15) y Euglenaceae (14). Se establecen nuevos registros para México: cinco familias, ocho géneros, 72 especies, 45 variedades y ocho formas. En este río, que presenta una moderada calidad del agua, sobresalieron las especies Chroococcus turgidus, Microcystis flosaquae y Pseudanabaena limnetica (como productoras de mareas rojas).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>limnetic</kwd>
<kwd>euryhaline</kwd>
<kwd>indicator values</kwd>
<kwd>massive blooms</kwd>
<kwd>water quality</kwd>
<kwd>fitoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical</kwd>
<kwd>limnético</kwd>
<kwd>eurihalino</kwd>
<kwd>valores indicadores</kwd>
<kwd>florecimientos masivos</kwd>
<kwd>calidad del agua</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Universidad de La Habana Centro de Investigaciones Marinas </institution>
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<addr-line>Ciudad Habana </addr-line>
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<addr-line>Ciudad Habana </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The meiofauna from seagrass meadows in the western sector of the Gulf of Batabanó, Cuba were studied to describe the spatial and temporal variations in community structure. Replicated cores were taken in three locations (arranged in m- and km-scales) and in two seasons (dry and wet). The meiofauna (metazoans between 500 and 45 µm) were identified to major taxa. Temporal changes in the meiofaunal communities could not be detected and they are not linked to the subtle seasonal changes in the water column. A larger variation in community structure was observed in the spatial m-scale (among cores in a station) probably accredited to heterogeneity of microenvironment and biological processes. A second source of variation in the km-scale (among locations) was identified relating to physical processes affecting seagrass meadows: marine currents and anthropogenic disturbances. Distribution patterns of meiofauna across locations coincide with one study from 20 years ago in seagrass beds (i.e. higher densities in area closer to break-shelf and diminution of fauna at southern of Pinar del Río); however, cumulative anthropogenic disturbances on seagrass meadows would most likely explain the depletion of communities observed in our survey in comparison with decades ago. Estimates of meiofaunal density and richness of major taxa from our study (and other areas from the Cuban shelf) are consistently lower than other temperate and tropical sites; possibly caused by low primary productivity due to narrow tidal amplitude and oligotrophic waters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 55-63. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La meiofauna asociada a pastos marinos en el sector occidental del Golfo de Batabanó, Cuba se estudió para describir las variaciones espaciales y temporales en la estructura de la comunidad. Se tomaron muestras repetidas, a escala de m- y km, en tres localidades y en dos estaciones (seca y lluvia). La meiofauna (metazoos entre 500 y 45 µm) fue identificada hasta grupos taxonómicos principales. No se detectaron cambios estacionales en la estructura de las comunidades de meiofauna ni asociación con los factores abióticos en la columna de agua. La mayor variación en la estructura de la comunidad fue observada a escala espacial de metros (entre muestras en una estación), causada probablemente por la heterogeneidad del micro-ambiente y procesos biológicos. La segunda fuente de variación aparece en escala de kilómetros (entre localidades) y está relacionada a procesos físicos que afectan los pastos marinos: corrientes marinas y disturbios antropogénicos. Los patrones de distribución de la meiofauna a través de las localidades coinciden con un estudio de hace 20 años en pastos marinos (densidades mayores en las áreas más cercanas al borde de la plataforma y menores en el Sur de Pinar del Río); sin embargo, la acumulación de los efectos del impacto antropogénico probablemente explique la disminución de la densidad en las comunidades actuales de meiofauna. Los estimados de densidad de meiofauna y de riqueza de táxones en nuestro estudio (y en otras áreas de la plataforma de Cuba) son coherentemente más bajos que en otros sitios templados y tropicales; la causa posible es la baja productividad primaria debido a la estrecha amplitud de mareas y la oligotrofia de las aguas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>meiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>seagrass meadows</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
<kwd>spatial distribution</kwd>
<kwd>meiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>pastos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>mar Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>distribución espacial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Effects of a submarine discharge of urban waste on octocoral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) communities in Cuba. The composition and structure of octocoral communities on coral reefs close to a submarine outfall were studied at Reparto Flores, west of Havana City, Cuba. Octocoral community changes after the deployment of the submarine outfall in 2000 were monitored from June 2002 to September 2005, taking as baseline the data existing before its construction. The area also receives the influence of the polluted river Quibú that passes through a great part of the west side of the City. Sampling was done by means of SCUBA diving, counting and identifying colonies in situ within a 1 m² frame that was randomly placed as many times as to warrant stabilized values of Shannon and Weaver’s heterogeneity index H’. In agreement with the available hydrochemical information, changes in the diversity indexes (Shannon and Weaver`s heterogeneity index H’, Pielou’s equitability index J’, and Margalef’s species richness index R1), the Herrera-Moreno’s comparative pollution index (ICC), and density of some octocoral species at a depth of 10 m suggest a decrease in the influence of polluters from 1989 to 2005. Nevertheless, these indicators were affected in 2004 by a sudden intense but brief colonization of Briareum asbestinum, a species that is not typical of polluted places. At a depth of 20 m, a co-dominance of Plexaura kuekenthali and Eunicea clavigera (resistant and non resistant to pollution, respectively) and an increase of the comparative pollution index (ICC) was observed. The increase of P. kuekenthali, a pollution indicator, suggests a rise in the pollution effect 20 m in depth, because of the recent impact caused by the greater closeness of the outfall mouth 50 m deep. Results corroborate the hypothesis about the pollution indicator character of P. kuekenthali. However, this could not be explored for Eunicea flexuosa (also considered a pollution-indicator) due to an intensive illegal selective extraction for lucrative handicraft purposes, which led to a remarkable decrease in its density. B. asbestinum and E. clavigera were outlined as poorly resistant to pollution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 65-75. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>bioindicators</kwd>
<kwd>communities</kwd>
<kwd>coral reefs</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>gorgonians</kwd>
<kwd>octocorals</kwd>
<kwd>pollution</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes de coral</kwd>
<kwd>bioindicadores</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>gorgonias</kwd>
<kwd>octocorales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Latin American Malacology. Freshwater Mollusks from Argentina. A report and an updated list with comments on the species of freshwater molluscs of Argentina which covers an area of 2 777 815 km² is presented. Distributions of Gastropoda and Bivalvia families, endemic, exotic, invasive as well as entities of sanitary importance are also studied and recommendations on their conservation are provided. Molluscs related to the Del Plata Basin have been thoroughly studied in comparison to others areas of the country. This fauna exhibits relatively the biggest specific richness and keeps its affinity with the fauna of other regions of the basin in areas of Paraguay and Brasil. The 4 500 records of molluscs considered in this paper arise from the study of the collections of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales &quot;Bernardino Rivadavia&quot;, Buenos Aires; Museo de La Plata, La Plata and Fundación &quot;Miguel Lillo&quot;, Tucumán. These institutions keep very important collections of molluscs in southern South America. Field information has recently been obtained and localities cited by other authors are also included in the data base. Until today, 166 species have been described, 101 belonging to 10 families of Gastropoda and 65 to 7 of Bivalvia. Families with highest specific richness are Lithoglyphidae (22) and Sphaeriidae (25), respectively. The number of endemic species (those present only in Argentina) by family is: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae (1), Cochliopidae (10), Lithoglyphidae (11), Thiariidae (3), Chilinidae (11), Lymnaeidae (2) and Physidae (2?); Bivalvia: Hyriidae (1?); Etheriidae (1?) and Sphaeriidae (10). Families with a distribution that comprise almost the whole country are: the Sphaeriidae and the gastropods Cochliopidae, Chilinidae and Lymnaeidae. Families Erodonidae and Solecurtidae (Bivalvia) were registered in mixohaline environments from Buenos Aires province. Gastropod families Thiaridae and Glacidorbiidae show a very restricted distribution. The rest of the families are present mainly in the center and north of the country. Species of sanitary interest are the propagators of: schistosomiasis -Biomphalaria peregrina, B. straminea y B. tenagophila, Planorbidae-, fasciolasis -Lymnaea viatrix and L. columnella, Lymnaeidae- and dermatitis -Chilina gibbosa and C. fluminea, Chilinidae. Invasive species are: Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae) and Limnoperna fortunei (Mytilidae). The construction of new areas for the protection and conservation of the high risk endemic species of freshwater molluscs is a priority. It is necessary to give special attention to the species of the patagonic mountain range and of the mesopotamic area of the Del Plata Basin. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 77-111. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta un estado de situación y una lista actualizada y comentada sobre las especies de moluscos de agua dulce de la República Argentina. Se aborda en Gastropoda y Bivalvia la distribución a nivel de familias; las entidades endémicas, exóticas, invasoras y de importancia sanitaria. Los moluscos relacionados a la cuenca del Plata presentan la mayor riqueza específica. Base de datos: 4 500 registros relevados de las tres colecciones más importantes de la Argentina: MLP, MACN y FML. Además, se incluye información de recolecciones actuales y localidades citadas por otros autores. Hasta el presente han sido descritas 166 especies. De ellas 101 pertenecen a 10 familias de Gastropoda y 65 a 7 de Bivalvia. Las familias que presentan mayor riqueza específica son Lithoglyphidae (22) y Sphaeriidae (25), respectivamente. Sphaeriidae, Cochliopidae, Chilinidae y Lymnaeidae se distribuyen prácticamente en todo el país. Erodonidae y Solecurtidae se registran en ambientes mixohalinos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Thiaridae y Glacidorbiidae presentan una distribución muy restringida. Especies endémicas de la Argentina: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae (1), Cochliopidae (10), Lithoglyphidae (11), Thiariidae (3), Chilinidae (11), Lymnaeidae (2) y Physidae (2?); Bivalvia: Hyriidae (1?); Etheriidae (1?) y Sphaeriidae (10). Especies de interés sanitario: propagadoras de: Esquistosomiasis, Biomphalaria peregrina, B. straminea y B. tenagophila (Planorbidae); Fasciolasis, Lymnaea viatrix y L. columnella (Lymnaeidae); y dermatitis esquistosómicas, Chilina gibbosa y C. fluminea (Chilinidae). Especies de origen asiático: Corbicula fluminea (Corbiculidae) y Limnoperna fortunei (Mytilidae). Es prioritaria la formación de áreas protegidas para la conservación de especies endémicas, especialmente de la Mesopotamia Argentina.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>freshwater molluscs</kwd>
<kwd>Gastropoda</kwd>
<kwd>Bivalvia</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>moluscos de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>Gastropoda</kwd>
<kwd>Bivalvia</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Generación y transferencia del conocimiento: El inicio de un intercambio diferente</article-title>
<source>Generación y transferencia del conocimiento: El inicio de un intercambio diferente</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Buenos Aires </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Fundación CYF</publisher-name>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of gastropod mollusc (Apogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) habitats in two crater lakes in Nicaragua</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>McCrary</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey K</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Madsen</surname>
<given-names>Henry</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Liza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Luna</surname>
<given-names>Inti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>López</surname>
<given-names>Lorenzo J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,College of Natural Resources National Agricultural University </institution>
<addr-line>Managua </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Copenhagen Faculty of Life Science Mandahl-Barth Research Centre for Biodiversity and Health in Developing Countries and DBL Center</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Denmark</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,National Engineering University  </institution>
<addr-line>Managua </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,University of Central America  </institution>
<addr-line>Managua </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Lake Apoyo Nature Reserve Biological Research Station FUNDECI/GAIA</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The aquatic gastropod mollusc, Pyrgophorus coronatus, may perform an important role in the transmission of an emergent ocular pathology among fishes in Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. This disease emerged after an introduction of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the subsequent loss of Chara sp. beds in the lake. We compared the mollusc population densities in three habitats (sandy/muddy substrates, rocks, and Chara vegetation) at varying depths (1.5, 10, 20, and 30 m) in two volcanic crater lakes in Nicaragua: Lake Apoyo and Lake Xiloa, where lower numbers of affected fishes were found and tilapia has not been introduced. Duplicate samples at 1.5 m depth were taken in each habitat monthly for a year, and triplicate samples for bathymetric analysis of snail populations were performed during August, 2005. Samples of fixed surface area were filtered in a 0.4 cm size screen and live snails were counted from each sample. The preferred snail habitat in both lakes, Chara beds, was vastly reduced in Lake Apoyo via consumption by introduced Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Structureless sandy substrates (mean ± standard error 3.1±1.3 ind/m²) had lower population densities than other habitats in Lake Xiloá (rocks 590.9±185.3 ind/m²; vegetation 3 686.5±698.2 ind/m2; ANOVA I, p&lt;0.01 in both cases) but this difference was attenuated in Lake Apoyo (sand 384.4±111.1 ind/m2; rocks 1 480.4±384.8 ind/m²; 0.01&lt;p&lt;0.05), where the snails on sandy bottoms were mostly embedded in filamentous algae coating this substrate. Snail population densities in Chara were lower at 20 m than more shallow depths in both lakes. Chara was not found at 1.5 m depth in Lake Apoyo, and was not present at 30 m depth in either lake. Shell lengths in rocky substrate in Lake Apoyo (3.62±0.12 mm) were greater than in Lake Xiloá (2.39±0.12 mm), suggesting differential snail predation levels in the lakes (p&lt;0.005). Snail populations increased by 67 % inside exclusion cages in sandy substrates in Lake Apoyo (paired t-test, p&lt;0.05), demonstrating the importance of foraging pressure on snail populations. Snail populations in open cages, on the other hand, were reduced by 23 % (p&lt;0.05), suggesting the importance of subacuatic structure in feeding areas for molluscivorous fishes. We found a significant preference toward Chara by the snails (p&lt;0.05) and significant foraging pressure on them (p&lt;0.05) in sandy/muddy substrates. The disruption of Chara by introduced tilapias in Lake Apoyo may play a role in the emergence of ocular pathologies in the lake. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 113-120. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El gasterópodo acuático, Pyrgophorus coronatus, podría jugar un papel importante en la transmisión de una patología ocular emergente entre los peces de la laguna de Apoyo, Nicaragua. Esta enfermedad surgió después de una introducción de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) y la subsecuente pérdida de lechos de Chara sp. en la laguna. Comparamos las densidades poblacionales del caracol en tres hábitats (substratos arenosos/lodosos, rocas y vegetación de Chara) en dos lagunas cratéricas volcánicas en Nicaragua: La laguna de Apoyo y la laguna de Xiloá, donde no se encuentraron grandes cantidades de peces afectados y donde no se han introducido tilapias. Mensualmente, por un año tomamos muestras duplicadas a 1.5 m profundidad mensualmente por un año, y durante agosto de 2005, muestreos triplicados de las poblaciones del molusco, para análisis batimétrico (1.5, 10, 20 y 30 m). Para determinar el número de individuos por unidad de área superficial, las muestras fueron filtradas en un colador de 0.4 cm de apertura de malla y contamos los moluscos vivos en cada muestra. El hábitat preferido de los caracoles en ambas lagunas fue la vegetación de Chara, que en la laguna de Apoyo fue vastamente reducida al ser consumida por las tilapias nilóticas introducidas (Oreochromis niloticus). Los substratos arenosos, menos estructurados que los otros sustratos estudiados, tuvieron densidades poblacionales más bajas (media ± error estándar 3.1±1.3 ind/m²) que en los otros hábitats en la laguna de Xiloá (vegetation 590.9±185.3 ind/m²; rocas 3 686.5±698.2 ind/m²; ANOVA I, p&lt;0.01 en ambos casos) pero esta diferencia fue atenuada en la laguna de Apoyo (arena 384.4±111.1 ind/m²; rocas 1 480.4±384.8 ind/m²; 0.01&lt;p&lt;0.05), donde los moluscos sobre los fondos arenosos habitan una capa de algas filamentosas sobre el substrato. La densidad poblacional en Chara fue más baja a 20 m profundidad que en sitios más someros de ambas lagunas. No encontramos Chara a 1.5 m de profundidad en la laguna de Apoyo, tampoco la encontramos a 30 m de profundidad en ambas lagunas. Las conchas de los gasterópodos en rocas fueron más largas en la laguna de Apoyo (3.62±0.12 mm) que en la laguna de Xiloá (2.39±0.12 mm) (p&lt;0.005), lo que sugiere distintos niveles de depredación de moluscos en las dos lagunas. En la laguna de Apoyo, las densidades poblacionales sobre los sustratos arenosos se aumentaron por 67 % dentro de las jaulas de exclusión (p&lt;0.05) sobre los substratos arenosos en la laguna de Apoyo, manifestando la importancia de la presión por depredación sobre las poblaciones de moluscos en este hábitat. Sin embargo en jaulas abiertas, las poblaciones del caracol fueron 23 % menores que en areas sin jaulas (p&lt;0.05), destacando la importancia de estructuras subacuáticas en las areas de alimentación de peces moluscívoros. Encontramos una preferencia significativa hacia Chara (p&lt;0.05) y presión de depredación significativa (p&lt;0.05) en los substratos arenosos/lodosos. La pérdida de vegetación de Chara por la actividad alimenticia de las tilapias introducidas en la laguna de Apoyo puede jugar un papel importante en la emergencia de patologías oculares en los peces de la laguna.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Chara</kwd>
<kwd>cichlid</kwd>
<kwd>Pyrgophorus coronatus</kwd>
<kwd>tilapia</kwd>
<kwd>trematode</kwd>
<kwd>emergent disease</kwd>
<kwd>Chara</kwd>
<kwd>cíclido</kwd>
<kwd>Pyrgophorus coronatus</kwd>
<kwd>tilapia</kwd>
<kwd>tremátodo</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad emergente</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reproductive and larval cycle of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Ostreoida: Pectinidae), during El Niño-La Niña events and normal weather conditions in Antofagasta, Chile</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Avendaño</surname>
<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cantillánez</surname>
<given-names>Marcela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Le Pennec</surname>
<given-names>Marcel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Thouzeau</surname>
<given-names>Gérard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Antofagasta Facultad de Recursos del Mar Laboratorio de Cultivo y Manejo de Moluscos</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Uiversité de la Polynésie Française Laboratoire de biologie </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,IUEM  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seasonality, amplitude, and magnitude of spawning events were determined for Argopecten purpuratus in the La Rinconada marine reserve, Antofagasta, Chile, between December 1995 and January 2004. During the same period, samples of scallop larvae were obtained in vertical plankton hauls recovered within this reserve in an area routinely exposed to circular, gyre-like currents which helped retain the larvae within the bay. The reproduction of this population in normal or cool (e.g. &quot;La Niña&quot;, 1998-2000) years occurred throughout the year, with a more active period between September and April, declining in June and August; this contrasted with the warmer &quot;El Niño&quot; oceanographic period of 1997-98 in which reproductive activity was more intense and prolonged throughout the entire year. The reproductive events in this population were mostly synchronous, although one asynchronous period occurred each year following the more intense March to May spawnings. This reproductive activity generated a continuous presence of larvae in the area in which no strict relation could be found between the intensities of spawning and numbers of larvae in the water. Larval presence was, however, generally correlated with active spawning periods. Important increases in larval numbers recorded at the end of 1999 and the beginning of 2003 were correlated with census data showing a higher percentage presence of broodstock over 90 mm in shell length during these years. An adequate stock of this size class is needed for a successful seed capture program in the reserve (for mass culture). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 121-132. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre 1995 y 2004 se determinó, con el índice gonadosomático, el ciclo reproductivo de Argopecten purpuratus en La Rinconada, Antofagasta, Chile. Paralelamente se realizaron muestreos larvales mediante arrastres verticales de plancton. La reproducción, en años normales y fríos (La Niña, 1998-2000), ocurre todo el año, con un período más intenso entre septiembre y abril, declinando en junio y agosto. En contraste, esta actividad no declina en condiciones de &quot;El Niño&quot; 1997-1998. En esta población los eventos reproductivos son sincrónicos, con un período altamente asincrónico entre marzo y mayo, al culminar los desoves más intensos. Esta actividad reproductiva, genera la presencia continua de larvas en el área. No hay relación entre intensidad de puestas y número de larvas, sin embargo, los períodos de mayor abundancia están directamente relacionados con períodos de mayor actividad reproductiva. Los incrementos importantes en el número de larvas entre fines de 1999 y comienzos del 2003 se asocian con un mayor número de reproductores sobre 90 mm de longitud. Esto indica la importancia de mantener un stock adecuado de este grupo demográfico, si se espera implementar programas de captación larval de esta especie en la reserva.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>ciclo larval</kwd>
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<kwd>Chile</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The fish species composition and variation of catch from the small-scale gillnet fishery before, during and after the 1997-1998 ENSO event, central Mexican Pacific</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CICESE Departamento de Ecología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,CICIMAR Departamento de Pesquerías </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the tropical and subtropical coastal zone, were highly diverse fish communities occur, it is important to study the small scale fisheries exploiting these communities. For this study, 219 fishing days were carried out in Bahia de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico. Four gillnets with different mesh sizes (76.2, 88.9, 101.6 and 114.3 mm) were used for the fishing operations, from April 1994 to March 1995 and from January 1998 to December 2000. A total of 26126 organisms weighting 11680 kg were caught. One hundred and eighty three species belonging to 57 families and 19 orders were identified. Ten species accumulated more than 60% of the total abundance and biomass, the remaining species (173) individually contributed with less than 2% of the total abundance and biomass. The most important species in the catch were Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caballus, Haemulon flaviguttatum, Scomberomorus sierra, C. caninus, C. sexfasciatus, Lutjanus guttatus and L. argentiventris. The catch per unit of effort showed a large variation during the study, both in number and biomass. On average, 110 fishes and 48.5 kg fishing day-1 were caught. The maximum values were recorded during January and October 1998 (250 fishes and 100 kg fishing day-1), and the minimum values were recorded during September and November 1994 (25 org. and 10 kg fishing day-1). The total abundance and biomass was lower during the 1994-95 period (F=6.16, 8.32, P&lt;0.05). There were statistically significant differences among the annual catch from each gillnet. All the environmental changes caused by the ENSO event had ecological and economic effects that can be rated from moderate to severe. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 133-152. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se llevaron a cabo 219 días de pesca experimental en la Bahía de Navidad, Jalisco, México. Se utilizaron cuatro redes de enmalle de diferente luz de malla (76.2, 88.9, 101.6 and 114.3 mm de luz de malla), de abril de 1994 a marzo de 1995 y de enero de 1998 a diciembre de 2000. En total se capturaron 26126 organismos que pesaron 11680 kg. Fueron identificadas 183 especies pertenecientes a 57 familias y 19 órdenes. Diez especies acumularon más del 60% de la abundancia y biomasa total, el resto de las especies (173) individualmente aportaron menos del 2% de la abundancia y biomasa total. Las especies más importantes en la captura fueron Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caballus, Haemulon flaviguttatum, Scomberomorus sierra, C. caninus, C. sexfasciatus, Lutjanus guttatus y L. argentiventris. La captura por unidad de esfuerzo mostró una gran variación durante todo el periodo de estudio, tanto en número de organismos como en biomasa. En promedio se capturaron 110 organismos/día de pesca (48.5 kg/día de pesca). Los valores máximos se registraron durante enero y octubre de 1998 (250 peces y 100 kg por día de pesca), y el mínimo se registró durante septiembre y noviembre de 1994 (25 organismos y 10 kg por día de pesca). La abundancia y biomasa total fue menor durante el periodo 1994-1995 (F=6.16, 8.32, P&lt;0.05). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la captura anual de las diferentes redes. Los cambios ambientales provocados por el evento ENOS tuvo efectos que pudieran considerarse de moderados a severos, tanto ecológicos como económicos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>fish species composition</kwd>
<kwd>small-scale fisheries</kwd>
<kwd>El Niño southern oscillation</kwd>
<kwd>catch per unit of effort</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Jalisco</kwd>
<kwd>composición específica de peces</kwd>
<kwd>pesquería artesanal</kwd>
<kwd>El Niño Oscilación del Sur</kwd>
<kwd>captura por unidad de esfuerzo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<addr-line>Ciudad de La Habana </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction of the fish Gymnothorax equatorialis (Pisces: Muraenidae) in Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. A total of 707 Gymnothorax equatorialis were collected monthly in the Jalisco and Colima coast, Mexico, from December 1995 to December 1998 and from August to November 1999, in order to determine their reproduction patterns. Females outnumbered and had longer bodies (mean length 54.7 cm) than males (52.1 cm). The minimum, maximum and mean values of total fecundity were respectively 9 660, 99 992 and 32 029 eggs. The total body length at which 50 percent of individuals have ripe gonads (L50) was 43.7 cm for females and 42.7 cm TL for males. Ovaries had two main types of oocytes: small inmature in cromatin nucleolus phase (85.1 µm) and large mature in secundary vitellogenesis phase (701.6 µm). High numbers of spermatozoa were observed in the seminal tubes of ripe testicles, which presented a lobular development. Based in gonad features and temporal changes in the gonad-somatic index, it is concluded that G. equatorialis has two relatively short reproduction periods (at the middle and at the end of the year). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 153-163. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el fin de analizar los aspectos reproductivos de Gymnothorax equatorialis se recolectaron mensualmente 707 organismos en las costas de Jalisco y Colima, México, de diciembre de 1995 a diciembre de 1998 y de agosto a diciembre de 1999. Las hembras fueron más numerosas y presentaron una longitud (54.7 cm) mayor a la de los machos (52.1 cm). La fecundidad total mínima fue de 9 660 huevos, la máxima de 99 992 y la media fue 32 029 huevos. La talla en la que el 50 % de los individuos presentan gónadas maduras (L50) fue de 43.7 cm de longitud total en hembras y de 42.7 cm en machos. Los ovarios presentaron dos tipos de ovocitos, los pequeños inmaduros en fase cromatina nucleolo (85.1 µm) y los grandes maduros en fase de vitelogénesis secundaria (701.6 µm). En el testículo maduro se observó una gran cantidad de espermatozoides en el tubo seminal y el desarrollo del testículo es de tipo lobular. Con base en las características de las gónadas y la evolución temporal del índice gonadosomático, se concluye que G. equatorialis se reproduce dos veces al año (a mediados y finales del año).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gymnothorax equatorialis</kwd>
<kwd>Reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>spawning seasons</kwd>
<kwd>first maturity</kwd>
<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>Coast of Jalisco and Colima</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnothorax equatorialis</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>temporada de reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>primera madurez</kwd>
<kwd>fecundidad</kwd>
<kwd>Costa de Jalisco y Colima</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<lpage>170</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Track analysis and Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) were performed to analyze the distribution pattern of Costa Rican freshwater fishes. A basic matrix (presence/absence) was prepared using the distribution of 77 freshwater fish. The data were analyzed with CLIQUE software in order to find generalized tracks (cliques). Data also were analyzed with the software NONA and Winclada version 1.00.08 in order to perform the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). Fourteen equally probable cliques were found with 31 species in each and the intersection of the amount was selected as a generalized track dividing the country in two main zones: Atlantic slope from Matina to Lake Nicaragua and Pacific slope from the Coto River to the basin of the Tempisque River connected with some branches oriented to the central part of the country. PAE analysis found ten cladogram areas (72 steps, CI=0.45, RI=0.64), using the &quot;strict consensus option&quot; two grouping zones were identified: Atlantic slope and Pacific slope. Both PAE and Track Analysis show the division of the two slopes and the orientation of the generalized track suggests new biogeographical evidence on the influence of both old and new southern elements to explain the migrations of freshwater fish into Central America during two different geological events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 165-170. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con el objetivo de analizar el patrón de distribución de peces de agua dulce de Costa Rica se aplicó un análisis de trazos y de parsimonía de endemismos (PAE). Se construyó una matriz básica utilizando la distribución de 77 especies. Se utilizó el programa CLIQUE con la intención de encontrar los trazos generalizados y NONA y Winclada, versión 1.00.08, con el fin de llevar a cabo el PAE. Se encontró un total de 14 cliques igualmente probables con 31 especies. De esta cantidad se construyó un trazo generalizado que constituye la intersección del total, dividiendo el país en dos zonas: Atlántico, desde Matina hasta el Lago de Nicaragua y Pacífico desde el río Coto hasta el río Tempisque conectado con la región central del país. El PAE encontró diez cladogramas de áreas (72 pasos, CI=0.45, RI=0.64), cuyo consenso estricto identificó dos zonas de agrupamiento: Atlántico y Pacífico. Ambos análisis muestran la división entre las dos vertientes y la orientación de los trazos generalizados sugiere nueva evidencia de la influencia biogeográfica de los denominados elementos de migración antiguo y nuevo del sur, los cuales se habían sugerido empíricamente en el pasado para explicar las migraciones hacia Centroamérica en dos periodos geológicos diferentes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>freshwater fishes</kwd>
<kwd>biogeography</kwd>
<kwd>PAE</kwd>
<kwd>Track Analysis</kwd>
<kwd>panbiogeography</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>peces de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>biogeografía</kwd>
<kwd>PAE</kwd>
<kwd>análisis de trazos</kwd>
<kwd>Panbiogeografía</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<year>2008</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Pacific jack Caranx caninus is a common species fished by artisanal fishermen off the coast of Colima, México. During 2002, monthly samples of morphometric data and otoliths were taken to determine age and growth. Seven age groups were identified. The highest growth, 14.4 cm, takes place during the first year of life. During the second year, C. caninus grows 11.76 cm; the third year 9.61 cm; the fourth 7.85 cm; the fifth 6.41 cm and sixth year 5.24 cm. The constants of von Bertalanffy´s growth equation were: L&amp;#8734; = 83.26 cm, W&amp;#8734; = 18.138 g, K = 0.202, t o = -0.283 and A0.95 = 15 years. Growth curves of other species of the same genus were calculated in order to compare them with the one obtained in the present work. The gonadosomatic index presented higher values during November and May. The periods of more intensive feeding are from August to February. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 171-179. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El jurel Caranx caninus es una especie común que se captura en la pesca artesanal frente a las costas de Colima, México. Mensualmente, durante 2002, se tomaron datos morfométricos y muestras de otolitos para determinar la edad y el crecimiento. Se encontraron siete grupos de edad; durante el primer año de vida se da el mayor crecimiento, hasta 14.4 cm. Durante el segundo año, C. caninus crece 11.76 cm; el tercero 9.61 cm; el cuarto 7.85 cm; el quinto 6.41 cm y el último año crece 5.24 cm. Las constantes de la ecuación de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy fueron: L&amp;#8734; = 83.26 cm, W&amp;#8734; = 18.138 g, K = 0.202, to = -0.283 y la longevidad A0.95 = 15 años. Las curvas de crecimiento de otras especies del mismo género se compararon con las obtenidas en el presente trabajo. El índice gonadosomático presentó valores más altos durante noviembre y mayo. Los periodos de tiempo de alimentación más intensa son de agosto a febrero.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Caranx caninus</kwd>
<kwd>age and growth</kwd>
<kwd>length frequency distribution</kwd>
<kwd>sagittae</kwd>
<kwd>asterisci</kwd>
<kwd>von Bertalanffy’s equation</kwd>
<kwd>longevity</kwd>
<kwd>Caranx caninus</kwd>
<kwd>edad y crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>distribución de frecuencia de talla</kwd>
<kwd>sagittae</kwd>
<kwd>asterisci</kwd>
<kwd>ecuación von Bertalanffy</kwd>
<kwd>longevidad</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We compared the geographic distribution of groups of chondrychthid fishes of two physically proximal, although geographically different, regions that include the Juan Fernández seamounts and the central Chilean continental slope, both sampled at mesopelagic and mesobenthonic depths. The ridge is in the Nazca Plate, while the slope region in on the South American Plate, and is closer to the South American continent. We found six species of Chondrichthyes for the seamounts (four orders, four families). The slope sampling produced ten species of Chondrichthyes, of which Torpedo tremens De Buen 1959, was the only species in common with the Juan Fernández area. There are clear differences between the Chondrichthyes of the two regions. These fisheries require adequate administrative modes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 181-190. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio de distribución geográfica comparativa entre conjuntos de peces condrictios de dos sectores geográficamente cercanos, pero geológicamente distintos, el sector este de la cordillera sumergida de Juan Fernández y el talud continental de Chile central, a profundidades mesopelágicas y mesobentónicas. La cordillera está sobre la placa de Nazca, el talud en la Sudamericana. Comparamos familias, géneros y especies, mediante el índice de Jaccard. Hay seis especies de condrictios en los montes submarinos (cuatro órdenes y cuatro familias). El talud tiene diez especies, y únicamente comparte con la cordillera a Torpedo tremens De Buen 1959. Estos condrictios requieren modos administrativo-pesqueros adecuados.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Using collection specimens, we measured the density and wing area of trichomes in 37 species of the bromeliad genus Tillandsia, specifically the abaxial proximal, abaxial distal, adaxial proximal and adaxial distal parts of the leaf. The product of the trichome &quot;wing&quot; area by the number of trichomes (means) produced a pure number (T) that was correlated to ecological features. The correlation was positive with respect to arid environments (xeric Tillands) and negative with respect to humid environments (mesic Tillands). Bulbous, and particularly myrmecophytic species and species with tanks, represented particular categories. Other intermediate types were identified based on the T number, totalling five ecological types. In comparison with other systems of ecological typification for Tillands and other Bromeliaceae, the present system offers measurable data whose analysis is reproducible. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 191-203. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Medimos el número por milímetro cuadrado y el área del &quot;ala&quot; (parte móvil) de los tricomas en las partes adaxial próxima y distal, y adaxial próxima y distal, de la hoja de 37 especies de bromelias del género Tillandsia. El producto del área del ala para el número de los tricomas (promedio) produjo un número puro (T). Hallamos que T se correlaciona con las características ecológicas de las tilandsias investigadas. La correlación es positiva con respecto a ambientes áridos (especies xéricas) y negativa con respecto a los ambientes húmedos (especies mésicas). Las especies con bulbo, y particularmente las asociadas con hormigas y especies con de tanque representan categorías particulares. Identificamos otros tipos intermedios, agradando así cinco tipos ecológicos. En comparación con otros sistemas de tipificación ecológica, este sistema ofrece la ventaja de ser reproducible y cuantitativo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>ecological types</kwd>
<kwd>Tillandsia</kwd>
<kwd>trichome</kwd>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>tipos ecológicos</kwd>
<kwd>Tillandsia</kwd>
<kwd>tricoma</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Restingas are considered stressful habitats associated with the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and their ecological interactions are poorly known. The goal of the present study was to determine the potential role of frugivorous birds as seed dispersers in a restinga habitat. Data were collected in Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, southeastern Brazil, where the main physiognomy (Open Clusia Formation) is characterized by the presence of patches of vegetation covering 20 to 48 % of the sandy soil and reaching a height of 5 m. Birds were captured with mist nets (12 x 2.5 m; 36 mm mesh; 1 680 net-hrs) and had their fecal and regurgitate samples inspected for seeds. Six plant species found in these bird samples were studied. The germination of seeds obtained from plants was compared to those from the birds. Both groups of seeds were set on Petri dishes at room temperature and washed when infected with fungi. In general, there was no effect on germination rate, and the effect on germination speed was negative. Germination of seeds from Pilosocereus arrabidae treated by the birds seemed to be influenced by storage of defecated seeds, while few Miconia cinnamomifolia seeds both from plants and from birds germinated. Ocotea notata presented a great variation in time to the onset of germination, perhaps an advantage against dissecation. Aechmea nudicaulis, Clusia hilariana and Erythroxylum subsessile probably take advantage of the arrival to favorable microhabitats, not by the gut effect on the seeds. All plant species studied are numerically important for the community and some of them are main actors in the succession of vegetation patches. Among the birds, Mimus gilvus is an important resident species, endemic to restingas in Brazil, while Turdus amaurochalinus is a visitor and may be important for plants that fructify during its passage by the study site. Although the effect of pulp removal was only tested for one species (Achmea nudicaulis) in the present study, we confirmed that the tested effect of restinga frugivorous birds on seed germination was generally null. Although there is a need for more detailed studies on specific animal-plant interactions on this habitat, the overall effect of the birds on seed dispersal in restinga is probably positive. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 205-216. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las restingas se consideran hábitats estresantes asociados al bosque del Atlántico brasileño y sus ecológicas se conocen poco. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue determinar el papel potencial de las aves frugívoras como dispersores de plantas en un hábitat de restinga. La información se recolectó en el Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Brasil. Las aves se capturaron con redes de niebla y sus muestras fecales y de regurgitación se inspeccionaron en busca de semillas. Estudiamos seis especies de plantas de estas muestras. En general, el efecto del paso por el sistema digestivo de las aves sobre el porcentaje de germinación fue nulo (y negativo en la velocidad de germinación). Todas las especies de plantas estudiadas son numéricamente importantes a la comunidad y algunas de ellas tienen papeles principales en la sucesión de parches de vegetación. Entre las aves, Mimus gilvus es una especie residente importante, endémica de tales hábitats en Brasil, mientras que Turdus amaurochalinus es una especie visitante y puede ser importante para las plantas que fructifican durante su paso por el sitio del estudio. El efecto general de los pájaros en la dispersión de semillas en la restinga es probablemente positivo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Atlantic forest</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>dispersal</kwd>
<kwd>Mimus gilvus</kwd>
<kwd>restinga</kwd>
<kwd>seed germination</kwd>
<kwd>Turdus amaurochalinus</kwd>
<kwd>Dispersión de semillas</kwd>
<kwd>bosque atlántico brasileño</kwd>
<kwd>germinación</kwd>
<kwd>Mimus gilvus</kwd>
<kwd>restinga</kwd>
<kwd>Turdus amaurochalinus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the peach palm (Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes Kunth) was evaluated using four nuclear DNA microsatellites in an effort to elucidate the evolution and domestication of this crop. A total of 258 samples from seven wild populations and eleven races were analyzed. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 50 alleles were identified. Average genetic diversity (0.67) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst=0.16) were high when all populations were considered. Genetic differentiation was lower when the populations were grouped according to their origin into Western and Eastern populations (Fst=0.13 for both). Gene flow was slightly higher among Western populations (Nm=1.71) than among Eastern populations (Nm=1.62). The Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique and Guatuso races seem to have been subjected to intense human selection. Hybrid populations exist in Azuero, Tuira, Cauca, vaupés, Puerto Ayacucho and Solimões, probably resulting from exchange and introgressions among sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Genetic distance (Dm) was estimated to determine the degree of relationship among populations using the neighbor-joining method; the wild populations from Maracaibo were used as the outgroup. The populations were divided into three general groups: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua and B. macana var arapuey), Eastern Amazon (Tembe, Pará and Acre) and a third group with two subgroups, Western (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique and Guatuso) and Upper Amazon (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, vaupés and Putumayo). The genetic relationships strongly support the hypothesis that peach palm was brought into cultivation independently in no less than three areas: the Western Andes (extending into lower Central America); Upper Amazon (extending into the Solimões and its tributaries), and the Eastern Amazon (extending from Bolivia to the lower Amazon through the Madeira River). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 217-245. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la diversidad genética en cuatro microsatélites de ADN de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) para relacionarlos con su evolución y domesticación. Se analizaron 258 muestras procedentes de siete poblaciones silvestres y once razas cultivadas. Todos los loci eran polimórficos y se identificaron 50 alelos en total. La diversidad genética fue alta (0.67). Todas las poblaciones reunidas obtuvieron una alta diferenciación genética (Fst=0.16), pero cuando se separaron en poblaciones occidentales y orientales fue menor (Fst=0.13 para ambas). El flujo genético presente en las poblaciones occidentales fue mayor (Nm=1.71) que en las orientales (Nm=1.62). Por otra parte, se encontró que las razas de Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique, y Guatuso aparentemente han sido sometida a una intensa selección humana. Además, la existencia de poblaciones híbridas es el resultado del intercambio entre pueblos del neotrópico e introgresiones con poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas. Se estimó la distancia genética Dm para generar un dendograma por el método del vecino más cercano. Definimos tres grupos de poblaciones: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua y B. macana var arapuey), Amazonía Oriental (Tembe, Pará y Acre) y el grupo compuesto por dos subgrupos, Occidental (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique y Guatuso) y Alto Amazonas (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, Vaupés y Putumayo). La relación genética coincide con la hipótesis de que la palmera del pejibaye ha sido domesticada independientemente por lo menos en tres regiones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bactris gasipaes</kwd>
<kwd>pejibaye</kwd>
<kwd>peach palm</kwd>
<kwd>genetic diversity</kwd>
<kwd>evolution</kwd>
<kwd>microsatellites</kwd>
<kwd>races</kwd>
<kwd>wild relatives</kwd>
<kwd>Bactris gasipaes</kwd>
<kwd>pejibaye</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad genética</kwd>
<kwd>relaciones filogenéticas</kwd>
<kwd>domesticación cultivo</kwd>
<kwd>microsatélites</kwd>
<kwd>razas</kwd>
<kwd>poblaciones silvestres</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura poblacional y relaciones ambientales del árbol tropical Nectandra rudis (Lauraceae), una especie rara en el occidente de México</article-title>
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<surname>García Moya</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur  </institution>
<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Campus Montecillo Colegio de Postgraduados </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Campus Montecillo Colegio de Postgraduados </institution>
<addr-line>Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>56</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population structure and environmental relationships of the tropical tree Nectandra rudis (Lauraceae), a rare species in western Mexico. The tree N. rudis is a rare species from western Mexico of which community and population features are unknown. We studied a population in an altitudinal gradient, from 550-1 850 m above sea level in the Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, Mexico. We established four 60x48 m sample sites at vertical distances of 100 m along this altitudinal gradient. Within each plot, ten 100 m² circular sub-sampling units were randomly located. At each unit, we recorded diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height for all woody vegetation =2.5 cm dbh. Basal area, tree density, frequency, species richness and importance values per species and plot. We estimated the vertical structure (total tree height) and diameter( as M=5log10N) for all N. rudis individuals. A direct ordination through Canonical Correspondence Analysis was done, involving amongst other species, edaphic and environmental data matrices. The record of 44 N. rudis individuals, in seven out the 56 plots sampled, represents the most septentrional record for the species and the first in Western Mexico. its density and basal area represented 4.5 % and 8.7 % respectively of the total estimated for the community. The greatest importance values were observed at 1 650 m above sea level. The population structure of N. rudis is structured into five diameter categories in an inverse &quot;J&quot; shaped distribution. This is a typical behavior observed to occur in the Lauraceae, which produces big seeds of short viability that germinate when there is high soil moisture content. The species tend to form dense seedling banks although only a reduced number of them are able to survive. Species richness varies from 27 to 39 at plot level; the greatest importance values for the plots on which N. rudis was found, corresponds to Urera verrucosa (Liebm.) V.W. Steinm., N. rudis, Ficus sp., Beilschmiedia manantlanensis Cuevas y Cochrane, amongst others. Canonical Correspondence Analysis suggests that environmental variables such as rooted trees, crown cover, litter depth and soluble magnesium are the more significant explanatory variables for the distribution and abundance of N. rudis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 247-256. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nectandra rudis es una especie rara en el occidente de México. Analizamos la población y la comunidad donde se desarrolla, en la Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco, México. Establecimos cuatro parcelas de 60x48 m con diferencias altitudinales de 100 m entre sí. En cada una seleccionamos aleatoriamente diez círculos de 100 m² cada uno, en los cuales medimos los diámetros normales y las alturas de las especies leñosas con diámetro &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;/img/revistas/rbt/v56n1/mayorigual.jpg&quot; WIDTH=20 HEIGHT=19&gt;2.5 cm. Para cada especie y por parcela determinamos el área basal, la densidad, la frecuencia, la riqueza de especies y los valores de importancia. Establecimos la estructura vertical y diamétrica de N. rudis. Hicimos una ordenación directa con la matriz de especies y las variables edáficas y ambientales. El registro de N. rudis en la Sierra de Manantlán representa el primer registro para el occidente de México y el más septentrional del taxon. La población se estructura en cinco categorías diamétricas y genera una curva en forma de &quot;J&quot; invertida. La riqueza de especies en las parcelas donde se encuentra N. rudis, varía de 27 a 39, y los mayores valores de importancia son para Urera verrucosa, N. rudis y Ficus sp. La ordenación directa permite postular a la presencia de árboles caídos, la cobertura, la profundidad del horizonte superficial y el magnesio soluble, como los factores ambientales de mayor influencia en la distribución y abundancia de N. rudis.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Canonical Correspondence Analysis</kwd>
<kwd>Nectandra rudis</kwd>
<kwd>populational structure</kwd>
<kwd>Sierra de Manantlán</kwd>
<kwd>western Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica</kwd>
<kwd>estructura poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>Nectandra rudis</kwd>
<kwd>occidente de México</kwd>
<kwd>Sierra de Manantlán</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In tropical dry forests most plants are deciduous during the dry season and flush leaves with the onset of the rains. In Costa Rica, the only species displaying the opposite pattern is Bonellia nervosa. To determine if seasonal changes in light availability are associated with the leaf and reproductive phenology of this species, we monitored leaf production, survival, and life span, as well as flower and fruit production from April 2000 to October 2001 in Santa Rosa National Park. Leaf flushing and flower bud production took place shortly after the autumnal equinox when day length starts to decrease. Leaves began expansion at the end of the wet season, and plants reached 70 % of their maximum leaf area at the beginning of the dry season, maintaining their foliage throughout the entire dry period. Leaf shedding occurred gradually during the first three months of the wet season. Leaf flushing and shedding showed high synchrony, with leaf numbers being related to light availability. Maximum leaf production coincided with peaks in radiation during the middle of the dry season. Decreasing day length induces highly synchronous flower bud emergence in dry forest species, but this is the first study indicating induction of leaf flushing by declining day length. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 257-268. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los bosques tropicales secos la mayoría de las plantas pierden sus hojas durante la estación seca y las producen con el inicio de las lluvias. En Costa Rica la única especie que muestra el patrón fenológico inverso es Bonellia nervosa. Para determinar si los cambios estacionales en la disponibilidad de luz estaban asociados con la fenología foliar y reproductiva en esta especie, monitoreamos la producción y sobrevivencia de hojas, así como la producción de flores y frutos de abril del 2000 a octubre del 2001 en el Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. La producción de hojas y botones florales ocurrió poco después del equinoccio de otoño, cuando el fotoperíodo comenzó a disminuir. Las hojas comenzaron a expandirse a finales de la estación lluviosa, y las plantas alcanzaron 70 % de su área foliar máxima al inicio de la estación seca, manteniendo las hojas durante todo el período seco. La caída de hojas tuvo lugar gradualmente durante los primeros tres meses de la estación lluviosa. La producción y caída de hojas mostró alta sincronía, estando el número de hojas relacionado con la disponibilidad de luz. La producción máxima de hojas coincidió con picos en la radiación a mediados de la estación seca. La disminución del fotoperíodo induce alta sincronía en producción de botones florales en especies del bosque seco, pero este es el primer estudio que reporta la inducción de producción de hojas debido a la disminución en el fotoperíodo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>photoperiodic induction</kwd>
<kwd>inverse phenology</kwd>
<kwd>Bonellia nervosa</kwd>
<kwd>Santa Rosa National Park</kwd>
<kwd>tropical dry forest</kwd>
<kwd>inducción fotoperiódica</kwd>
<kwd>fenología inversa</kwd>
<kwd>Bonellia nervosa</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional Santa Rosa</kwd>
<kwd>Bosque Tropical Seco</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100019</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a secondary dry forest of Oaxaca, Mexico</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Facultad de Ciencias Depto. de Ecología y Recursos Naturales</institution>
<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<addr-line> México D.F</addr-line>
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<fpage>269</fpage>
<lpage>277</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Plant cover loss due to changes in land use promotes a decrease in spore diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), viable mycelium and, therefore, in AMF colonization, this has an influence in community diversity and, as a consequence, in its recovery. To evaluate different AMF propagules, nine plots in a tropical dry forest with secondary vegetation were selected: 0, 1, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, and 27 years after abandonment in Nizanda, Oaxaca, Mexico. The secondary vegetation with different stages of development is a consequence of slash and burn agriculture, and posterior abandonment. Soil samples (six per plot) were collected and percentage of AMF field colonization, extrarradical mycelium, viable spore density, infectivity and most probable number (MPN) of AMF propagules were quantified through a bioassay. Means for field colonization ranged between 40 % and 70 %, mean of total mycelium length was 15.7 ± 1.88 mg-1 dry soil, with significant differences between plots; however, more than 40 % of extracted mycelium was not viable, between 60 and 456 spores in 100 g of dry soil were recorded, but more than 64 % showed some kind of damage. Infectivity values fluctuated between 20 % and 50 %, while MPN showed a mean value of 85.42 ± 44.17 propagules (100 g dry soil). We conclude that secondary communities generated by elimination of vegetation with agricultural purposes in a dry forest in Nizanda do not show elimination of propagules, probably as a consequence of the low input agriculture practices in this area, which may encourage natural regeneration. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 269-277. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La vegetación secundaria con diferentes grados de desarrollo es consecuencia de prácticas agrícolas de roza-tumba-quema y su posterior abandono. La remoción de la vegetación por cambios de uso de suelo promueve una disminución en la diversidad de esporas, micelio viable y por lo tanto de la colonización de los hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA), lo cual repercute en la diversidad de la comunidad y como consecuencia en su regeneración. Para evaluar los propágulos de HMA se seleccionaron nueve parcelas con vegetación secundaria con diferentes edades de abandono: 0, 1, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, 27 años, en la región de Nizanda, Oaxaca, México. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo (seis por parcela) y se cuantificó la colonización de campo, el micelio extrarradical, la densidad de esporas viables, así como la infectividad y el número más probable de propágulos infectivos (NMP). Los promedios de la colonización de campo fueron de 40 a 70 %, el promedio de la longitud de micelio total alcanzó 15.7 ± 1.88 mg-1 suelo seco con diferencias significativas entre parcelas, pero más del 40 % del micelio extraído no fue viable. Se encontraron entre 60 y 456 esporas en 100 g de suelo pero más del 64 % presentaron algún tipo de daño. Los valores de infectividad se encontraron entre 20 % y 50 %, mientras que el NMP presentó un promedio de 85.42 ±44.17 (100 g de suelo seco). Concluimos que las comunidades secundarias generadas por la eliminación de la vegetación con fines agrícolas en la selva baja caducifolia en Nizanda no presentan eliminación de propágulos, probablemente por el bajo impacto de la agricultura, lo cual indica que la regeneración natural es posible.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)</kwd>
<kwd>AMF field colonization</kwd>
<kwd>AMF spores density</kwd>
<kwd>most probable number (MPN)</kwd>
<kwd>secondary vegetation</kwd>
<kwd>tropical dry forest</kwd>
<kwd>hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA)</kwd>
<kwd>colonización de campo</kwd>
<kwd>densidad de esporas</kwd>
<kwd>número más probable</kwd>
<kwd>vegetación secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>selva tropical caducifolia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán  </institution>
<addr-line> Yucatán</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>279</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Hechtia schottii is a terrestrial, rosetofilous, dioecious, polycarpic succulent herb, that grows mainly in shrubby associations, and less frequently, in secondary low caducifolious forests, both on calcareous soils or limestone outcrops in Yucatan and Campeche States, Mexico. We studied phenology, floral and pollination biology, and breeding system at Calcehtok, Yucatan, during two flowering seasons. Plants bloom mainly during the dry season (November-April) and disperse seeds during the rainy season (May-October). Both floral morphs have diurnal anthesis; pollen is removed ca. 1 h after anthesis starts and both floral morphs are visited by several insect species, especially bees, but results suggest that the introduced honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the pollinator. Controlled crossings show that the species is functionally dioecious and requires to be serviced by pollinators based on fruit setting only in unassisted cross pollination crosses. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 279-289. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Hechtia schottii es una hierba terrestre, suculenta, rosetófila, dioica y policárpica, que crece en asociaciones arbustivas y selva baja caducifolia secundaria, ambos en suelos calcáreos o limosos. Estudiamos la fenología, la biología floral, reproductiva y de la polinización en una población en Calcehtok, Yucatán, México, durante dos estaciones de floración. Las plantas florecen principalmente en la época de secas (noviembre-abril) y la dispersión de semillas es durante la estación de lluvias (mayo-octubre). Ambas formas (morphs) florales tienen antesis diurna; el polen es removido ca. 1 h después del comienzo de la antesis y ambas formas florales son visitadas por varias especies de insectos, especialmente abejas, pero los resultados sugieren que la abeja introducida, Apis mellifera, es el polinizador. Cruces controlados muestran que la especie es funcionalmente dioica y que requiere de un polinizador, ya que solo produce frutos por polinización no asistida entre formas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hechtia schottii</kwd>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive biology</kwd>
<kwd>dioecy</kwd>
<kwd>pollinators</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán</kwd>
<kwd>Hechtia schottii</kwd>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>biología reproductiva</kwd>
<kwd>dioico</kwd>
<kwd>polinizador</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Yucatán</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Control in vitro tick (Boophilus microplus; Acari: Ixodidae) through plant extracts. Hydro-alcohol extracts of ten tropical plants were tested by the immersion method on mature ticks (Boophilus microplus Canestrini 1887). The biological evaluation was made with raw hydro alcoholic extracts (R-OH) to determine the most promissory compounds, which later were fractioned in their polar and non-polar parts. The polar parts showed a significantly inferior effect. The species that produced the highest mortality were Zizigium aromaticum, Morus alba, Piper nigrum and the mixture of Allium sativum- Z. aromaticum (all non-polar); on oviposition: M. alba, P. nigrum and the mixture of A. sativum - Z. aromaticum (all non-polar); on eclosion: P. nigrum, Z. aromaticum, Echinacea angustiofilia, Poligonum punctatum, M. alba and the mixture of A. sativum- Z. aromaticum (all non-polar): on control percentage: P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum and M. alba (all non-polar, except for M. alba in which both fractions showed important activity); and finally, on the percentage of oviposition inhibition: P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum, Gliricidia sepium and M. alba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 291-302. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Usando el método de inmersión, probamos el efecto de extractos vegetales hidroalcohólicos de diez plantas tropicales en garrapatas adultas (Boophilus microplus Canestrini 1887). Usamos extractos crudos hidroalcohólicos (R-OH) para determinar los compuestos más promisorios, los que posteriormente se fraccionaron en sus partes polares y no polares. Las particiones polares de los extractos vegetales mostraron un efecto significativamente inferior que las no polares. Las mayores mortalidades se lograron con: Zizygium aromaticum, Morus alba, Piper nigrum y la mezcla de Allium sativum - Z. aromaticum (todos no polares); sobre la oviposición M. alba, P. nigrum y la mezcla de A. sativum - Z. aromaticum (todos no polares); sobre la eclosión P. nigrum, Z. aromaticum, Echinacea angustifolia, Poligonum punctatum, M. alba y la mezcla de A. sativum- Z. aromaticum (todos no polares); sobre el porcentaje de control P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum y M. alba (todos no polares, con excepción de M. alba en el cual ambas fracciones mostraron actividad importante); sobre el porcentaje de inhibición de la oviposición P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum, Gliricidia sepium y M. alba.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>ticks</kwd>
<kwd>integrated management</kwd>
<kwd>natural extract</kwd>
<kwd>Boophilus microplus</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>garrapatas</kwd>
<kwd>manejo integrado</kwd>
<kwd>extractos naturales</kwd>
<kwd>Boophilus microplus</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anthropoentomophagic biodiversity of the Zongolica region, Veracruz, Mexico. During two and a half years (2003-2005) we recorded the insect species used as food at Zongolica, Veracruz State, Mexico. Interviews were made among people (200) of this municipality to know which insects they consumed. The total of registered species was 57 (Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera). The Orthoptera was the most frequently ingested. Twenty-four of these species were new records for edible insects of Mexico. They are eaten in immature stages or as adults, generally only roasted. Consumption is seasonal. Some species are commercialized in the &quot;tianguis&quot; (little town markets) and/or in the larger Zongolica market. There is a &quot;protoculture&quot; of three species, one cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius) and two moths (Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée and Arsenura armida armida Cramer). In Zongolica, anthropoentomophagy is an ancestral habit. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 303-316. Epub 2008 March 31</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante dos años y medio (2003-2005) se rastrearon a los insectos que se ingieren en el área de Zongolica, Veracruz: para ello se entrevistó a la gente de ese municipio (200), para conocer cuáles especies ingerían. El total de especies registradas, ascendió a 57 distribuidas en los órdenes Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera, correspondiendo el mayor consumo al primer orden. De las especies registradas, 24 son nuevos registros de insectos comestibles para México. Estos se consumen tanto en estado inmaduro como en estado adulto y generalmente se ingieren asados. Hay una secuenciación estacional en el consumo de las diferentes especies y algunas de ellas (las cucarachas, la cuetla, la cuecla, los chapulines, los toritos, etc.) se comercializan en los tianguis (puestos de venta callejeros informales que se realizan un día a la semana en diversos lugares del país) o en el día de mercado en Zongolica. Existe el &quot;protococultivo&quot; de tres especies: una cucaracha (Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius) y dos mariposas (Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée y Arsenura armida armida Cramer). La antropoentomofagía es un hábito ancestral en Zongolica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>edible insects</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Zongolica</kwd>
<kwd>Veracruz</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>insectos comestibles</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Zongolica</kwd>
<kwd>Veracruz</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000100023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diversidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres en la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua y sus preferencias de hábitat</article-title>
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<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Asociación Gaia  </institution>
<addr-line>Managua </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Centroamericana Centro de Malacología y Diversidad Animal (CEMADIA) </institution>
<addr-line>Managua </addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>332</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity of terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the Pacific region of Nicaragua, and their habitat preferences. Landsnail communities of the Nicaraguan Pacific Slope were studied. The study area was subdivided into 21 quadrats (ca. 40 x 40 km). A high taxonomic richness was found: 79 species, 43 genera and 23 families. Species richness (S) per quadrat ranged from 17 through 50. The biogeographic index presented higher values on quadrats 5 (3.04), 6 (3.03), 8 (2.96) and 11(2.96). Quadrat 11 had the highest species richness (S=50), and one of the highest biogeographic index values (IB=2.96). Gastropod mollusk communities are favored by sites with an illumination of filtered sun, associated to riparian forests and with a susbtratum of wet soils and leaf litter. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 317-332. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron las comunidades de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres de la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua, con el método de cartografiado UTM. El área de estudio fue subdividida en 21 cuadrículas. Se recolectaron un total de 79 especies distribuidas en 43 géneros y 23 familias, lo que significa una alta riqueza de especies, géneros y familias. El valor más alto de riqueza de especies (S) correspondió a la cuadrícula 11 (S=50, Península de Chiltepe), y el valor más bajo a la cuadrícula 1 (S=17, Península de Cosigüina). El índice biogeográfico calculado con base en la información sobre distribución de las especies, presentó los valores más altos en las cuadrículas 5 (3.04), 6 (3.03), 8 (2.96) y 11(2.96). La cuadrícula 11 tuvo la mayor riqueza de especies (S=50) y uno de los mayores índices biogeográficos (IB=2.96). Esta cuadrícula contiene dos áreas protegidas y se encuentra en un estado de conservación relativamente bueno. El hábitat idóneo para una comunidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres presenta una iluminación de sol filtrado, asociado con bosques de galería y sustrato de suelo húmedo suelto con hojarasca.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>terrestrial gasteropods</kwd>
<kwd>Nicaragua</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>gasterópodos terrestres</kwd>
<kwd>Nicaragua</kwd>
<kwd>vertiente Pacífica</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>hábitat</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of dietary calcium on growth and oviposition of the African land snail Limicolaria flammea (Pulmonata: Achatinidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Lagos Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Akoka Lagos</addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>333</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In an attempt to elucidate the role of calcium in the life of the edible Achatinid snail, Limicolaria flammea (Müller) I investigated short and long term effects of calcium added to the food. The short term experiments lasted for 18, 30 and 32 weeks respectively, while the long term experiment to determine life time utilization of calcium carbonate lasted for 15 months. In the short term experiments, hatchlings were divided into densities of one, ten and 50 snails. In the 10 snail group, there was a positive correlation between calcium provision, body weight (t test, p &lt; 0.01; r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.0001) and shell length (t test, p &lt; 0.01; r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.00001). There was also a positive correlation between increase in shell length and availability of calcium in the 1 snail group (t test, p&lt; 0.01; r = 0.99, p &lt; 0.00001). In the 50-snail group, the correlation was positive for shell length of the snails (t test, p &lt; 0.05; r = 0.99, p &lt; 0.0001) and body weight (t-test, p &lt; 0.05; r = 99, p &lt; 0.00001). Mortality was very high in the snails deprived of calcium and they did not produce eggs. In the long term experiment, there were three feeding peaks in L. flammea. In the first feeding peak, amount of food and calcium ingested by the snails increased in the first three months of life. The second feeding peak occurred at six months of age, while the last occurred at 10 months of age. The amount of calcium ingested during the second peak decreased gradually in the 4th and 5th month. The amount of calcium ingested was lowest during the 3rd feeding peak. The period of highest weight gained by the snails was between the 1st and 6th month and then dropped at between six and 12 months of age which corresponds to the period of egg production. There were also three peaks of egg production; the first was between six and eight months (535 eggs), the second at between 10 and 11 months (350 eggs) and the third at 13 to 14 months (310 eggs) respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 333-343. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudié el efecto de agregar calcio al alimento sobre el desarrollo del caracol pulmonado africano Limicolaria flammea (Müller). La cantidad de calcio tuvo una correlación positiva con el peso corporal (T de Student, p &lt; 0.01; r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.0001) y la longitud de concha (T de Student, p &lt; 0.01; r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.00001). Los caracoles que no recibieron calcio murieron en gran cantidad y no produjeron huevos. En un experimento a largo plazo, hubo picos de consumo del calcio y el mayor aumento de peso fue en los seis meses iniciales. Los picos de producción de huevos fueron entre los seis y los ocho meses (535 huevos), entre los diez y once meses (350 huevos) y en los meses 13 y 14 (310 huevos).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>calcium</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>life time utilization</kwd>
<kwd>oviposition</kwd>
<kwd>Limicolaria</kwd>
<kwd>Achatinidae</kwd>
<kwd>calcio</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>uso durante el periodo vital</kwd>
<kwd>ovoposición</kwd>
<kwd>Limicolaria</kwd>
<kwd>Achatinidae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The annual life history of a population of the aquatic Coleopteran Derallus angustus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>Liliana Alicia</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,División Entomología del Museo de La Plata  </institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>345</fpage>
<lpage>348</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Derallus Sharp, 1882 is a Neotropical genus of aquatic coleopterans that belongs in the tribe Berosini and includes 15 species. D. angustus Sharp is widely distributed from Guatemala to Argentina. The population dynamics of this species was studied by periodic sampling of a natural population from the southernmost Subtropical Domain of the Neotropical Region. The study site was near Punta Lara (34°47’ S, 58°01’ W; Ensenada, Buenos Aires province, Argentina). Twenty seven samples consisting of 20 units of aquatic vegetation (200 cm² each) were taken during one year. Larvae and adults were removed from the vegetation and counted (pupae were not studied). There was a peak of first instar larvae abundance at the end of spring, and another at the end of summer. Adults and third instar larvae were present throughout the whole year. The population is interpreted as being univoltine and including two periods of enhanced reproductive activity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 345-348. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Derallus Sharp, 1882, de distribución Neotropical, pertenece a la tribu Berosini y está representado por 15 especies. D. angustus Sharp está ampliamente distribuida desde Guatemala hasta Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la dinámica poblacional de esta especie, en un limnótopo ubicado en el extremo sur del Dominio Subtropical de la Región Neotropical. El sitio de muestreo está localizado en Punta Lara (34°47’ S, 58°01’ W, Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Se realizaron 27 muestreos durante un período de un año, cada uno consistió en la extracción de 20 muestras al azar de 200 cm² de vegetación flotante. El estado de pupa no fue incluido en este estudio. Se reconocieron dos picos de máxima abundancia del primer estadio larval (el primero a fines de primavera y el otro a fines del verano). Durante todo el período de estudio se registraron tanto adultos como larvas de tercer estadio. Se interpreta que la población es univoltina con dos períodos de actividad reproductiva.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>aquatic insects</kwd>
<kwd>Hydrophilidae</kwd>
<kwd>Derallus angustus</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>insectos acuáticos</kwd>
<kwd>Hydrophilidae</kwd>
<kwd>Derallus angustus</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100026</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Crecimiento del caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius, Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) en dos condiciones de cautiverio</article-title>
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<addr-line>Caicara del Orinoco estado Bolívar</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>349</fpage>
<lpage>354</lpage>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>para determinar el crecimiento del caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius), en diferentes condiciones de cautiverio, se criaron 40 ejemplares durante 11 meses y 15 días. Se utilizaron dos tanques circulares, con una superficie de 28.3 m² y un volumen de 62.2 m³, construidos con bloques de concreto y protegidos con techo de láminas galvanizadas e internamente cubiertos con láminas de resina. Un tanque fue cubierto parcialmente con láminas galvanizadas (Tanque I) y el otro se techó totalmente (Tanque II). Se colocaron 20 cocodrilos en cada tanque y a los dos grupos se les administró una dieta compuesta por 85% de carne de res, 10% de carne de pescado, 5% de huevos de gallina y mezcla de minerales y vitaminas. El crecimiento en longitud total y peso difirió entre grupos (p &lt; 0.001). Los cocodrilos del tanque II obtuvieron un mayor crecimiento promedio en longitud total (103.0 ± 6.81 cm) y peso (3 987 ± 0.98 g). En el tanque los valores fueron 88.9 ± 7.58 cm; y 2 705 ± 0.69 g. El mayor crecimiento en el tanque II se debió a mayores niveles de temperatura del aire y del agua. La tasa de supervivencia fue 97.5%. La investigación demostró la factibilidad de criar cocodrilos en estas condiciones de cautiverio para la conservación y para propósitos comerciales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>growth</kwd>
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<kwd>cautiverio</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>Crocodylus intermedius</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Richness and abundance of birds in riparian forest belts of varied breadths at the Sesesmiles river microwatershed, Copan, Honduras. Riparian forests protect many species of plants and animals. We studied bird communities in riparian forest belts of the Sesesmiles river microwatershed, Copan, Honduras (140o 43’ 12&quot; - 140o 58’ 35&quot; N, 88o 53’ 23&quot; - 89o 14’ 17&quot; W). The main goal was to explore the effects of belt breadth on the richness and abundance of avian species visiting these forests. We selected 20 belts, and randomly established 30 observation points to monitor bird presence in the dry (March-April 2005) and rainy (June-July 2005) season (N= 60 observations). A total of 1 294 birds belonging to 145 species were recorded. Bird diversity was significantly correlated to the breadth of the riparian belts, with a greater number of species and individuals in belts 50 m wide or wider. Insectivorous and nectarivorous birds were the most abundant guilds. All bird species identified depend to some degree on riparian forests and are affected by belt breadth. Riparian belts over 50 m should be kept or established in order to conserve bird populations within agricultural and fragmented landscapes in similar tropical areas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 355-369. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudió se realizó en la microcuenca del río Sesesmiles, Departamento de Copán, Honduras. El propósito fue explorar el efecto del ancho de franja de los bosques ribereños sobre la riqueza y abundancia de especies de aves que visitan estos bosques. Se encontraron 1 294 aves pertenecientes a 145 especies en bosques ribereños. La diversidad de aves estuvo ligada al ancho de franja de los bosques ribereños: se encontró mayor número de especies e individuos, en anchos iguales o mayores a 50 m. Las especies pertenecientes al grupo alimenticio de los insectívoros y nectarívoros fueron las más abundantes en las franjas ribereñas. Todas las especies de aves identificadas dependen de los bosques ribereños y responden al ancho del bosque; aún las especies más generalistas tienen algún grado de dependencia a las franjas ribereñas más anchas. Para conservar las poblaciones de aves en los paisajes agrícolas fragmentados es de suma importancia mantener franjas ribereñas que sean mayores a 50 m de ancho y que brinden suficientes habitas y recursos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>dependencia del bosque</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000100028</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B.C. (CICESE)  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Community structure and association of waterbirds with spatial heterogeneity in the Bahía Magdalena-Almejas wetland complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico. To test the hypothesis that spatial heterogeneity determines waterbird diversity in a coastal wetland, we compared waterbird density, diversity, and species composition among various habitats and landscapes units in Bahía Magdalena-Almejas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Based on diversity patterns and bird distribution, we assessed the effect of coastal development on the waterbird community structure. To gather information on habitat features and waterbird populations we conducted waterbird censuses in 329 habitat segments along the internal coastline of the study area, from February 2002 to February 2003. We performed non-parametric analyses to test the null hypothesis of no diference on waterbird density, and diversity among landscape units and seasons. The species composition was evaluated using ordination techniques. Waterbird density was higher in winter and autumn in the three lagoons of the study area, particularly in the insular coast, sandy beach and dunes; it was higher in the few segments of antropic sustrate. Diversity was significantly higher in mangrove habitat along the peninsular coast, and in mangrove-dunes association on the insular coast. Although modification of coastal natural habitat and boat transit disturbance had no influence on waterbird density or diversity, the highest richness of waterbirds occurred in well preserved areas. Species composition analysis showed differences between Santo Domingo Channel and Magdalena Bay. Pelagic and mangrove habitat had a species composition difference higher than those associations in other habitats. Such differences in species assemblages by habitat and landscape units suggest that communities are structured according to the range of available natural resources in structurally complex habitats, and that dominant piscivorous waterbird species were favored in this community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 371-389. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para probar la hipótesis que la heterogeneidad espacial determina la diversidad de aves acuáticas en un humedal costero, comparamos la densidad, diversidad y composición de especies de aves acuáticas entre habitats y otras unidades de paisaje del complejo Bahía Magdalena-Almejas, Baja California Sur, México. Se realizaron censos de aves acuáticas en 329 segmentos de habitat de la línea de costa interna del complejo lagunar, desde febrero 2002 hasta febrero 2003. La densidad de aves fue mayor en invierno y otoño en las tres lagunas del área de estudio; de las zonas, la densidad fue mayor en la costa insular; y de los habitats en playa arenosa y dunas pero en los pocos segmentos de sustrato antrópico la densidad fue alta. La diversidad fue significativamente mayor en otoño; en Canal Santo Domingo; en la costa peninsular; y de los habitats en manglar-dunas y manglar. La modificación del habitat natural costero y el disturbio por tránsito de embarcaciones no tuvieron influencia en la densidad o diversidad de aves acuáticas, pero la riqueza acumulada mayor ocurrió en las costas bien conservadas y sin disturbio. El análisis de la composición de especies mostró diferencias entre las asociaciones de Canal Santo Domingo y Bahía Magdalena. El ambiente pelágico y el manglar tuvieron diferencia mayor en la composición de especies con respecto a las asociaciones de los demás habitats, tales diferencias en elencos de especies por habitat sugieren que la comunidad de aves está estructurada de acuerdo a los recursos naturales disponibles de las lagunas, zonas y habitats, en relación con la complejidad estructural de las unidades de paisaje. Las condiciones ecológicas del complejo lagunar ocasionan que las aves acuáticas piscívoras sean el grupo dominante de esta comunidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bahía Magdalena-Almejas</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California Sur</kwd>
<kwd>coastal zones</kwd>
<kwd>community structure</kwd>
<kwd>density</kwd>
<kwd>disturbance</kwd>
<kwd>heterogeneity</kwd>
<kwd>waterbirds</kwd>
<kwd>aves acuáticas</kwd>
<kwd>densidad</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de la comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>análisis espacial</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía Magdalena-Almejas</kwd>
<kwd>B.C.S</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<given-names>Mónica E</given-names>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada División de Biología Experimental y Aplicada Departamento de Biología de la Conservación</institution>
<addr-line>San Diego California</addr-line>
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<institution>,Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Departamento de Ecología</institution>
<addr-line> Jalisco</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>391</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Laguna de Cuyutlán, in the state of Colima, Mexico, is the only large coastal wetland in a span of roughly 1150 km. Despite this, the study of its birds has been largely neglected. Between 2003 and 2006 we assessed the waterbirds nesting in the middle portion of Laguna Cuyutlán, a large tropical coastal lagoon, through field visits. We documented the nesting of 15 species of non-Laridae waterbirds: Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), Tricolored Egret (Egretta tricolor), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea), Great Egret (Ardea alba), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Black-crowned Nightheron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Yellow-crowned Night-heron (Nyctanassa violacea), Green Heron (Butorides virescens), Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), White Ibis (Eudocimus albus), Black-bellied Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris), Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), and Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus). These add to six species of Laridae known to nest in that area: Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla), Royal Terns (Thalasseus maximus), Gull-billed Terns (Gelochelidon nilotica), Forster’s Terns (S. forsteri), Least Terns (Sternula antillarum), and Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), and to at least 57 species using it during the non-breeding season. With such bird assemblages, Laguna Cuyutlán is an important site for waterbirds, which should be given conservation status. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 391-397. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante la prospección de la parte media de la Laguna Cuyutlán, una gran laguna costera en Colima, México, entre 2003 y 2006, documentamos la anidación de 15 especies de aves acuáticas que no pertenecer a la familia Laridae: Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Egretta tricolor, Egretta thula, Egretta caerulea, Ardea alba, Bubulcus ibis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Nyctanassa violacea, Butorides virescens, Platalea ajaja, Eudocimus albus, Dendrocygna autumnalis, Rallus longirostris, Charadrius alexandrinus e Himantopus mexicanus. Estas se suman a seis especies de Laridae que anidan en esta parte de la laguna: Larus atricilla, Thalasseus maximus, Gelochelidon nilotica, Sterna forsteri, Sternula antillarum y Rynchops niger, y a cuando menos 57 especies de aves acuáticas que la usan durante la época no reproductiva. Con estas comunidades ornitológicas, la Laguna Cuyutlán es un sitio importante para las aves acuáticas, que debería recibir estatus de protección.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tropical coastal lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>breeding</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove</kwd>
<kwd>Phalacrocoracidae</kwd>
<kwd>Ciconiiformes</kwd>
<kwd>Charadriiformes</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna costera tropical</kwd>
<kwd>anidación</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>manglares</kwd>
<kwd>Phalacrocoracidae</kwd>
<kwd>Ciconiiformes</kwd>
<kwd>Charadriiformes</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>From the mechanical complexity in biology. Through history, each century has brought new discoveries and beliefs that have resulted in different perspectives to study life organisms. In this essay, I define three periods: in the first, organisms were studied in the context of their environment, in the second, on the basis of physical and chemical laws, and on the third, systemically. My analysis starts with primitive humans, continues to Aristoteles and Newton, Lamarck and Darwin, the DNA doble helix discovery, and the beginnings of reduccionism in science. I propose that life is paradigmatical, that it obeys physical and chemical laws but cannot be explained by them I review the systemic theory, autopoiesis, discipative structures and non- linear dynamics. I propose that the deterministic, lineal and quantitative paradigm of nature are not the only way to study nature and invite the reader to explore the complexity paradigm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 399-407. Epub 2008 March 31.</p></abstract>
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