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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Propuesta de sinonimia para las especies de cangrejo dulceacuícola Hypolobocera solimani e Hypolobocera triangula de Colombia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Campos</surname>
<given-names>Martha R</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guerra</surname>
<given-names>Luis A</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Caribe </institution>
<addr-line>San Andrés Isla </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>987</fpage>
<lpage>994</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A proposal to synonymize the freshwater crab species Hypolobocera solimani and Hypolobocera triangula from Colombia. It is proposed that Hypolobocera solimani and H. triangula be considered junior synonyms of H. alata and H. rotundilobata, respectively. We state that the following morphological differences represent natural variations within the population: a) first male gonopod, third maxilliped and larger cheliped between H. alata and H. solimani, and b) the differences of the first male gonopod between H. rotundilobata and H. triangula. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 987-994. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se propone considerar las especies H. solimani e H. triangula como sinónimos de H. alata e H. rotundilobata, respectivamente. Se afirma que las diferencias morfológicas a) del primer gonopodo, del tercer maxilipedo y de la quela mayor entre H. alata e H. solimani y b) las diferencias del primer gonopodo entre H. rotundilobata e H. triangula, no son significativas y se originan en variaciones naturales propias de las poblaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypolobocera solimani</kwd>
<kwd>Hypolobocera triangula</kwd>
<kwd>freshwater crabs</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudothelphusidae</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>junior synonym</kwd>
<kwd>Hypolobocera solimani</kwd>
<kwd>H. triangula</kwd>
<kwd>cangrejos de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>seudothelphusidae</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>sinónimos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Hemoglobinas anormales en la población neonatal de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abarca</surname>
<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Navarrete</surname>
<given-names>Marta</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Trejos</surname>
<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>de Céspedes</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Saborío</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Programa Tamizaje Neonatal </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Genética Médica y Metabolismo </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Oncohematología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>995</fpage>
<lpage>1001</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Abnormal haemoglobins in the newborn human population of Costa Rica. Hemoglobinopathies are hereditary autosomic recessive diseases. A total of 70 943 samples of whole blood collected by heel prick in filter paper (S&amp;S 903) from throughout Costa Rica (October 2005-October 2006) were analyzed to detect variants of hemoglobin by the iso-electric focusing technique. Eight hundred ninety one cases presented some variant, for a frecuency of 1/79. Five cases are homozygous for hemoglobin S (sickle cell disease) and one shows the double heterozygous genotype SC. in this study the S and C variants of hemoglobin, although with some local differences, are widespread all over the country. Thus, the prevention of new cases is important through the testing of hemoglobin in the Costa Rican National Newborn Screening Program, together with a interdisciplinary National Program of Education for the disease and carrier status (AS/AC) for patients, families and medicar personnel. This is the basis for proper genetic counseling, to improve treatment and to reduce morbi-mortality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 995-1001. Epub 2008 September 30</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se han analizado un total de 70 943 muestras de sangre total en papel filtro S&amp;S 903 de neonatos de Costa Rica (octubre 2005 a Octubre 2006) con el fin de detectar variantes de hemoglobina mediante la técnica de isoelectroenfoque. Se detectaron 891 casos con alguna variante para una frecuencia de 1/79. Se clasifican 5 casos homocigotos para hemoglobina S (anemia drepanocítica o anemia falciforme) y un caso doble heterocigoto para SC. En este estudio se demuestra que las variantes fenotípicas de hemoglobina S como la C, se encuentran distribuidas por todo el país con algunas diferencias locales, razón por la cual es importante que la prevención de nuevos casos se realicé a través de nuestro Programa Nacional de Tamizaje de Hemoglobinas junto con un Programa Nacional interdisciplinario de Educación para el portador del rasgo (AS/AC) como, para el enfermo y su familia; al igual que la instauración de programas dirigidos a médicos generales y enfermeras en todas las regiones de salud del país, para asegurar consejo genético a portadores y enfermos, y a la vez, mejorar los sistemas de tratamiento a los pacientes para reducir la morbi -mortalidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>hemoglobinopathy</kwd>
<kwd>neonatal screening</kwd>
<kwd>sickle cell disease</kwd>
<kwd>iso-electric focusing technique</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobin S</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobin C</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>hemoglobinopatías</kwd>
<kwd>tamizaje neonatal</kwd>
<kwd>anemia drepanocítica</kwd>
<kwd>isoelectro-enfoque</kwd>
<kwd>Hemoglobina S</kwd>
<kwd>Hemoglobina C</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An economical non-destructive method for estimating eelgrass, Zostera marina (Potamogetonaceae) leaf growth rates: formal development and use in northwestern Baja California</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada Departamento de Ecología Marina </institution>
<addr-line>California </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seagrass beds provide much of the primary production in estuaries; host many fishes and fish larvae, and abate erosion. The present study presents original analytical methods for estimating mean leaf-growth rates of eelgrass (Zostera marina). The method was calibrated by using data collected in a Z. marina meadow at Punta Banda estuary in Baja California, Mexico. The analytical assessments were based on measurements of leaf length and standard regression procedures. We present a detailed explanation of the formal procedures involved in the derivation of these analytical methods. The measured daily leaf-growth rate was 10.9 mm d-1 leaf-1. The corresponding value projected by our method was 10.2 mm d-1 leaf-1. The associated standard errors were of 0.53 and 0.56 mm d-1 leaf-1 respectively. The method was validated by projecting leaf-growth rates from an independent data set, which gave consistent results. The use of the method to obtain the mean leaf growth rate of a transplanted plot is also illustrated. Comparison of our leaf-growth data with previously reported assessments show the significant forcing of sea-surface temperature on eelgrass leaf dynamics. The formal constructs provided here are of general scope and can be applied to equivalent eelgrass data sets in a straightforward manner. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1003-1013. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las praderas de pastos marinos abaten la erosión y aportan gran parte de la productividad primaria de los esteros y son refugio de muchos peces y sus larvas. El presente trabajo introduce métodos analíticos para estimar las tasas medias de crecimiento foliar de Zostera marina L. y sus varianzas. La calibración del método se llevó a cabo utilizando datos de una pradera de esta fanerógama en el Estero de Punta Banda Baja California, México. Las referidas estimaciones analíticas, se basan en medias de longitud foliar y en procedimientos estandarizados de regresión. Dichas determinaciones son por ende no-destructivas. Se proporciona una explicación detallada de los aspectos formales de la derivación del método. El valor promedio observado de la tasa media diaria de crecimiento foliar fue de 10.9 mm d-1 leaf-1. El valor correspondiente proyectado mediante nuestro método fue de 10.2 mm d-1 leaf-1. Los errores estándar asociados fueron 0.53 y 0.56 mm d-1 leaf-1 respectivamente. Valores proyectados de la tasa media de crecimiento foliar diario utilizando datos de longitudes foliares publicadas por otros autores dieron también resultados consistentes. Se ilustra también el uso del método para proyectar la media de crecimiento foliar de una parcela transplantada de Zostera marina. La comparación de los resultados de este estudio con equivalentes reportados previamente nos permite concluir que las diferencias observadas pueden ser explicadas en función de la variabilidad de la temperatura superficial del mar en virtud del control de esta variable sobre la dinámica foliar de Z. marina. Las herramientas de estimación indirecta presentadas en este trabajo pueden aplicarse fácilmente a datos equivalentes de Z. marina.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>eelgrass</kwd>
<kwd>growth rates</kwd>
<kwd>analytical estimations</kwd>
<kwd>Zostera marina</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de crecimiento foliar</kwd>
<kwd>estimaciones analíticas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The main goal of this study is to provide estimations of mean mortality rate of vegetative shoots of the seagrass Zostera marina in a meadow near Ensenada Baja California, using a technique that minimizes destructive sampling. Using cohorts and Leslie matrices, three life tables were constructed, each representing a season within the period of monthly sampling (April 1999 to April 2000). Ages for the cohorts were established in terms of Plastochrone Interval (PI). The matrices were projected through time to estimate the mean total number of individuals at time t, n(t) as well as mortality. We found no statistical differences between observed and predicted mean values for these variables (t=-0.11, p=0.92 for n(t) and t=0.69, p=0.5 for mean rate of mortality). We found high correlation coefficient values between observed and projected values for monthly number of individuals (r=0.70, p=0.007) and monthly mortality rates (r=0.81, p=0.001). If at a certain time t a sudden environmental change occurs, and as long as the perturbation does not provoke the killing of all the individuals of a given age i for 0 &amp;#8804; i &amp;#8804; x - 1, there will be a prevailing number of individuals of age or stage x at a time t+1. This nondestructive technique reduces the number of field visits and samples needed for the demographic analysis of Z. marina, and therefore decreases the disturbance caused by researches to the ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1015-1022. Epub 2008 September 30</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El propósito principal de este estudio es el de proveer estimaciones de tasas promedio de mortalidad de tallos vegetativos de Zostera marina en una pradera cercana a Ensenada Baja California, utilizando una técnica que minimiza los muestreos destructivos para estos pastos marinos. Mediante la utilización de cohortes y matrices de Leslie, se construyeron tres tablas de vida, cada una representando a una estación dentro de período anual de muestreos mensuales (Abril 1999 a Abril 2000). Las edades de los cohortes fueron estimadas en términos de Intervalos de Plastocrono (IP). Las matrices de Leslie fueron proyectadas a través del tiempo para estimar el número total de individuos a un tiempo t, n(t) así como las tasas de mortalidad. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores medios observados y proyectados para estas variables (t=0.11, p=0.92 para n(t) y t=0.69, p=0.5 para la tasa media de mortalidad). Se encontraron altas correlaciones los valores observados y proyectados tanto en el número de individuos (r=0.70, p=0.007) como las tasas mensuales de mortalidad (r=0.81, p=0.001). Si a cierto tiempo t ocurre un cambio ambiental repentino, de tal manera que la perturbación no provoque la muerte de todos los individuos de una edad i para 0 &amp;#8804; i &amp;#8804; x-1, prevalecerá un número de individuos de edad o estadio x al tiempo t+1. Esta técnica no destructiva reduce el número de visitas al campo y de muestras necesarias para un análisis demográfico de Z. marina y por lo tanto decrece el disturbio causado al ecosistema.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>matrix models</kwd>
<kwd>demography</kwd>
<kwd>Zostera marina</kwd>
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<kwd>modelos de matrices</kwd>
<kwd>demografía</kwd>
<kwd>Zostera marina</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de mortalidad</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The impact of local extinction on genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica: consequences for the conservation of plant genetic resources</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
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<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Rocha</surname>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Regional Office for the Americas International Plant Genetic Resources Institute </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<institution>,Gembloux Agricultural University Department of Tropical Crop Husbandry and Horticulture </institution>
<addr-line>Gembloux </addr-line>
<country>Belgium</country>
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<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Kent State University Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1023</fpage>
<lpage>1041</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Plant populations may experience local extinction and at the same time new populations may appear in nearby suitable locations. Species may also colonize the same site on multiple occasions. Here, we examined the impact of local extinction and recolonization on the genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central valley of Costa Rica. We compared genetic diversity from the samples taken from the populations before and after extinction at 13 locations using microsatellite markers. Locations were classified according to the occurrence of extinction episodes during the previous five years into three groups: 1) populations that experienced extinction for more than one year, and were later recolonized (recolonized), 2) populations that did not experience local extinction (control), and 3) populations that did not experience local extinction during the study, but were cut to experimentally simulate extinction (experimental). Our data did not show a clear tendency in variation in allele frequencies, expected heterozygosity, and effective number of alleles within and between groups of populations. However, we found that the level of genetic differentiation between samples collected at different times at the same location was different in the three groups of populations. Recolonized locations showed the highest level of genetic differentiation (mean Fst= 0.2769), followed by control locations (mean Fst= 0.0576) and experimental locations (mean Fst= 0.0189). Similar findings were observed for Nei’s genetic distance between samples (di,j= 0.1786, 0.0400, and 0.0037, respectively). Our results indicate that genetic change in lima beans depends on the duration and frequency of local extinction episodes. These findings also showed that control populations are not in equilibrium. Implications of these results for the establishment of conservation strategies of genetic resources of lima beans are discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1023-1041. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las poblaciones de plantas pueden experimentar extinción local, y al mismo tiempo, pueden surgir a sus alrededores nuevas poblaciones. Algunas especies pueden colonizar el mismo sitio en múltiples ocasiones. Aquí examinamos el impacto de la extinción local y recolonización en la estructura genética de poblaciones silvestres del frijol lima (Phaseolus lunatus) en el valle Central de Costa Rica. Comparamos la diversidad genética de muestras tomadas en poblaciones, antes y después de la extinción, en 13 sitios, usando marcadores de microsatélite. Según los episodios de extinción durante los cinco años previos, clasificamos los sitios así: 1) poblaciones que han experimentado extinción por más de un año, y después han recolonizado (recolonizado), 2) poblaciones que no han experimentado extinción local (control), y 3) poblaciones que no han experimentado extinción local durante el estudio, pero fueron cortadas experimentalmente, simulando una extinción (experimental). Nuestros datos no mostraron una clara tendencia en la variación de las frecuencias alélicas, heterozigosidad, o número efectivo de alelos en y entre grupos de poblaciones. Los niveles de diferenciación genética entre muestras recolectadas en diferentes momentos en el mismo sitio fueron diferentes en los tres grupos de poblaciones. Los sitios recolonizados mostraron el mayor nivel de diferenciación genética (Fst = 0.2769), seguidos de los sitios control (Fst= 0.0576) y sitios experimentales (Fst= 0.0189). Obtuvimos resultados similares en la distancia genética Neis entre muestras (d i,j = 0.1786, 0.0400, y 0.0037, respectivamente). Los cambios genéticos en los frijoles lima dependen de la duración y frecuencia de los episodios de extinción local. Las poblaciones &quot;control&quot; no están en equilibrio. Las implicaciones de estos resultados para el establecimiento de estrategias de conservación de los recursos genéticos de habas se encuentran en discusión.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>genetic diversity</kwd>
<kwd>metapopulation</kwd>
<kwd>genetic differentiation</kwd>
<kwd>soil seed bank</kwd>
<kwd>in situ conservation</kwd>
<kwd>lima beans</kwd>
<kwd>Phaseolus lunatus</kwd>
<kwd>local extinction</kwd>
<kwd>recolonization</kwd>
<kwd>genetic resources</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad genética</kwd>
<kwd>metapoblación</kwd>
<kwd>diferenciación genética</kwd>
<kwd>banco de semillas del suelo</kwd>
<kwd>conservación in situ</kwd>
<kwd>frijol lima</kwd>
<kwd>Phaseolus lunatus</kwd>
<kwd>extinción local</kwd>
<kwd>recolonización</kwd>
<kwd>recursos genéticos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Cuatro compuestos nuevos del extracto no polar de la planta Amyris brenesii (Rutaceae) de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales</institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>1043</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Four new compounds from the non-polar extract of the plant Amyris brenesii (Rutaceae) from Costa Rica. Fractionation of a non polar extract of the aerial parts of Amyris brenesii collected in Río Cuarto, Grecia, Costa Rica has resulted in the isolation of four new compounds, 6-hidroxy-6-O-(3-hidroxymethyl-3methylalyl)-angelicin 1, 6-(N-acetyl-2-etanamin)-2,2-dimethyl-2H-cromen 2, the lignan 2,5-dehidrohinokinin 3 and N-acetyl-O-(geranyl)-tiramine 4. In addition, we isolated six previously known compounds: the lignans hinokinin 5 and Justicidin E 6, the coumarins scopoletin 7 and marmesin 8, 24-moretenoic acid 9, and the nitrogen compound O-(3,3-dimethylalyl)-halfordinol 10. All the separations were done with chromatographic techniques and the structures were elucidated by using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1043-1052. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El estudio fitoquímico de las partes aéreas de Amyris brenesii (Rutaceae) recolectadas en Río Cuarto, Grecia, Alajuela (Costa Rica) mostró la presencia de cuatro nuevos compuestos: la 6-hidroxi-6-O-(3-hidroximetil-3-metilalil)angelicina 1, el 6-(N-acetil-2-etanamin)-2,2-dimetil-2Hcromeno 2, el lignano 2,5-deshidrohinokinina 3 y la N-acetil-O-(geranil)-tiramina 4. Adicionalmente se aislaron los lignanos hinokinina 5, y justicidina E 6, las cumarinas escopoletina 7 y marmesina 8, el ácido 24-moretenoico 9 y el O-(3,3-dimetilalil)-halfordinol 10. Las separaciones se llevaron a cabo mediante la aplicación de técnicas cromatográficas y la elucidación de las estructuras se realizó con la ayuda de técnicas espectroscópicas de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de una y dos dimensiones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Rutaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Amyris</kwd>
<kwd>brenesii</kwd>
<kwd>lignans</kwd>
<kwd>furocoumarin</kwd>
<kwd>cromen</kwd>
<kwd>Rutaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Amyris</kwd>
<kwd>brenesii</kwd>
<kwd>lignanos</kwd>
<kwd>furocumarina</kwd>
<kwd>cromona</kwd>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tolerancia experimental de las especies vegetales Nicotiana glauca, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Tecoma stans, Medicago sativa y Spinacea oleracea al boro, en Argentina</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Salta Instituto de Ecología y Ambiente Humano </institution>
<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Experimental tolerance to boron of the plant species Nicotiana glauca, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Tecoma stans, Medicago sativa y Spinacea oleracea in Argentina. The activity of boron industries is a punctual and diffuse source of air, soil and water pollution. Therefore, it is a priority to study possible ways of reducing this impact. A relatively new technology for reducing soil pollution is phytoremediation, which uses plants and associate microorganisms. The first step in phytoremediation is to detect tolerant plant species, which is the objective of this work. A laboratory experiment to assess the germination, survival and growth of different species at different boron concentrations was carried out following a factorial design with two factors: plant species and boron concentration. Boron concentrations were determined at the beginning and the end of the experiment, taking into account substrates with and without vegetation. We found significant differences for treatment, species and the interaction species*treatment. N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia were the most tolerant species. The other species had a decrease in the response variables, with the concentration of the pollutant. All the species had a low survival at the highest boron concentration. The reduction in boron concentration at the end of the experiment was higher in the 30 ppm treatment with M. sativa and the lower was registered in the 20 ppm treatment with J. mimosifolia and in 30 ppm with T. stans and S. oleraceae. We conclude that N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia can be considered in remediation plans. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1053-1061. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La actividad de las industrias borateras constituye una fuente puntual y difusa de contaminación del aire, suelo y aguas superficiales y profundas. Por lo tanto, el estudio y experimentación acerca de las posibles formas de contrarrestar este impacto constituye una prioridad. Una técnica relativamente nueva para descontaminar suelos es la fitorremediación, que emplea plantas y microorganismos asociados. El primer paso es detectar las especies vegetales tolerantes, lo que constituye el objetivo de este trabajo. Se realizó un experimento en laboratorio para evaluar la germinación, la supervivencia y el crecimiento de distintas especies en diferentes concentraciones de boro. Al comienzo y al final del experimento se determinó la concentración de boro en el sustrato para cada tratamiento y para sustratos con y sin vegetación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas debidas al tratamiento, la especie y la interacción especie *tratamiento. M. sativa, N. glauca y J. mimosifolia fueron las especies de mayor tolerancia al boro. Las otras especies presentaron una disminución en todas las variables-respuesta en función de la concentración del contaminante. Todas presentaron una baja supervivencia en la máxima concentración. La disminución de boro fue máxima en el tratamiento de 30 ppm de boro con M. sativa y la menor se registró en los tratamiento de 20 ppm de boro con J. mimosifolia y de 30 ppm de boro con T. stans y S. oleraceae. Se concluye que N. glauca, M. sativa y J. mimosifolia podrían considerarse como prometedoras en remediación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>boron</kwd>
<kwd>contamination</kwd>
<kwd>tolerant plants</kwd>
<kwd>phytoremediation</kwd>
<kwd>boro</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>plantas tolerantes</kwd>
<kwd>fitorremediación</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Lactonas sesquiterpénicas de las plantas Viguiera sylvatica y Decachaeta thieleana (Asteraceae) modulan la producción de óxido nítrico y la fagocitosis de macrófagos RAW</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dupuy L</surname>
<given-names>Omar A</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonilla V</surname>
<given-names>José A.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro para Investigaciones en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Química </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Panamá Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal e Inmunobiología</institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad de Panamá </addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1063</fpage>
<lpage>1073</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sesquiterpene lactones of the plants Viguiera sylvatica and Decachaeta thieleana (Asteraceae) modulate nitric oxide production and phagocytosis of macrophages cell line RAW. Different species of the Asteraceae family are a potential source of sesquiterpene lactones with anti-inflammatory properties. Macrophages play a central role in the regulation of immune responses. In the present study, the in vitro effect of two sesquiterpene lactones, a millerenolide and a thieleanin, was assessed by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) by cell line RAW (murine macrophages) using the Griess reagent. Additionally, the effect of these sesquiterpene lactones on phagocytic capacity of latex particles and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) were evaluated microscopically. Treatment of macrophages with &gt;2.5 µg/ml of both sesquiterpene lactones, reduced the production of NO. A decreased number of macrophages able to reduce NBT were observed when these cells were treated with 3 µg/ml of millerenolide or 7.5 µg/ml of thieleanin. Treatment of macrophages with 4 µg/ml of millerenolide or 7.5 µg/ml of thieleanin, reduced the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Cytotoxic effects on the macrophages were only observed when the concentration was increased to 8 µg/ml of millerenolide or 25 µg/ml of thieleanin. Our results suggest that these sesquiterpene lactones could be useful compounds in the elaboration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1063-1073. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las plantas de la familia Asteraceae son una fuente potencial de lactonas sesquiterpénicas con propiedades antiinflamatorias. Los macrófagos son células que desempeñan una función central en la regulación de la respuesta inmune. Este estudio evaluó el efecto in vitro de dos lactonas sesquiterpénicas, un millerenólido y thieleanina, sobre la producción de óxido nítrico (NO) en una línea celular de macrófagos de ratón (RAW), utilizando el reactivo de Griess. Además, se estudió el efecto sobre la capacidad fagocítica de RAW, evaluando al microscopio la fagocitosis de partículas inertes de látex y la reducción de nitroazul de tetrazolio (NBT). Se observó que los macrófagos tratados con lactona sesquiterpénica (&gt;2.5 µg/ml) disminuyeron la producción de NO. Además, se observó una disminución de la cantidad de macrófagos capaces de reducir NBT, después que fueron tratados con millerenólido (3 µg/ml) o thieleanina (7.5 µg/ ml). Por otro lado, la exposición a 4 µg/ml de millerenólido ó 7.5 µg/ml de thieleanina redujo la cantidad promedio de partículas de látex fagocitadas. No se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos y control en cuanto al porcentaje de células fagocíticas. Sólo se observaron efectos citotóxicos sobre los macrófagos, cuando la concentración de millerenólido se incrementó a 8 µg/ml o la de thieleanina se aumentó a 25 µg/ml. Estos resultados sugieren que el millerenólido y la thieleanina podrían ser compuestos útiles en la elaboración de drogas antiinflamatorias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sesquiterpene lactones</kwd>
<kwd>millerenolide</kwd>
<kwd>thieleanin</kwd>
<kwd>immunomodulation</kwd>
<kwd>Asteraceae</kwd>
<kwd>lactonas sesquiterpénicas</kwd>
<kwd>millerenólido</kwd>
<kwd>thieleanina</kwd>
<kwd>inmunomodulación</kwd>
<kwd>Asteraceae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Morfología de la semilla y anatomía de la cubierta seminal de cinco especies de Calliandra (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) de Venezuela</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Agronomía Instituto de Botánica Agrícola</institution>
<addr-line>Aragua </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seed morphology and anatomy of the seed coat in five species of Calliandra (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) from Venezuela. Calliandra is an exclusively Neotropoical genus with 135 described species. There are 30 species in Venezuela. We studied seed morphology and the seed coat anatomy of five species: Calliandra riparia Pittier, Calliandra glomerulata Karsten var. glomerulata, Calliandra magdalenae (DC.) Benth. var. magdalenae, Calliandra surinamensis Benth. and Calliandra falcata Benth., to establish simililarities and differences amongst taxa for taxonomic characterization. Of the evaluated characters, 10 quantitative characters and 3 qualitative characters were selected as the most informative for the separation of species. Seed morphological characters of taxonomic value are form and size. Thickness of the light line, number of layers and space between the osteosclereids constitute distinctive characters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1075-1086. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la morfología de las semillas y la anatomía de la cubierta seminal en cinco especies venezolanas del género Calliandra, con la finalidad de establecer similitudes y diferencias entre estos taxa, para su utilización como criterio taxonómico. Se analizaron caracteres morfológicos de valor taxonómico; entre ellos la forma y el tamaño de la semilla, así como anatómicos tales como espesor de las diferentes regiones, la ubicación de la línea lúcida y el tamaño relativo de los espacios intercelulares en la hipodermis. Con los resultados se realizaron análisis de agrupamiento por medio de la función de análisis discriminante. Diez caracteres cuantitativos, y tres caracteres cualitativos, resultaron informativos para la separación de especies.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Calliandra</kwd>
<kwd>leguminosae</kwd>
<kwd>mimosoideae</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>seed coat</kwd>
<kwd>Calliandra</kwd>
<kwd>Leguminosae</kwd>
<kwd>Mimosoideae</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
<kwd>anatomía</kwd>
<kwd>semilla</kwd>
<kwd>cubierta seminal</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dinámica del daño foliar en plántulas de Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) y Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae) en el bosque altoandino de la Cordillera Oriental colombiana</article-title>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1087</fpage>
<lpage>1100</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Leaf damage dynamics of Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) and Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae) seedlings in the High-Andean Forest. Because of their slow growth, shade-tolerant species remain exposed to foliar damage long before reproductive age. Foliar damage can be controlled through synchronous leaf production and specialized phytochemical strategies. in this study, the dynamics of foliar damage in different cohorts of seedlings were evaluated to determine if the High-Andean species, Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae) and Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) appeal to the synchronous leaf production for controlling the herbivory and pathogenical damage, and to establish the possible relations between the healthy state, growth and mortality of seedlings. Since a recently-emerged seedling could not supply the physiological costs of specialized strategies, we expected the highest synchronous leaf production in the youngest individuals, and differences between cohorts in foliar damage. Four variables were measured to evaluate the health state along time, in three cohorts of seedlings: Proportion of predated leaves (Pp), proportion of healthy leaves (Ps), proportion of leaves with symptoms of disease or punctual damage (Pe) and growing (% increment of height). Both species showed significant differences between periods in the proportion of healthy leaves, but there was not an effect of time-cohort interaction, therefore synchronic production of leaves was not a strategy more used for any particular cohort. Foliar damage oscillated along time, fact that can be explained by the pulses of leaf production. However, this strategy had little efficiency to control the pathogen attack. in general, the unified behavior of all variables was affected by cohort, time, species an all the different interactions. Association between growing and foliar damage were conditioned by climate. The highest mortality ocurred during the dry season, and one fourth of the D. granadensis deaths were caused by the joint action of herbivory and drought. Results suggest that in spite of the synchronous leaf production in all cohorts, this strategy quickly loses the efficiency for controlling foliar damage, because the means of Ps were below of 0.25 at the end of the monitoring period. The differences between species in the dynamics of health state should explain partially their coexistence in the High-Andean forest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1087-1100. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Además de las estrategias fitoquímicas especializadas, las plantas pueden usar la producción sincrónica de hojas como un método de saciado de patógenos y herbívoros. Con el fin de determinar si las especies del bosque altoandino colombiano Clusia multiflora (Clusiaceae) y Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) recurren a la producción sincrónica de hojas para controlar los efectos de la herbivoría y el ataque microbiano, y establecer que relación existe entre el estado de salud, el crecimiento y la mortalidad de plántulas, se evaluó la dinámica del daño foliar sobre diferentes cohortes. Dado que una plántula tolerante a la sombra recientemente emergida no puede suplir los costos fisiológicos de una estrategia especializada, se esperaba una alta sincronía en la producción de hojas en las plántulas más jóvenes, y diferencias en el daño foliar entre cohortes. Se midieron cuatro variables que evaluaban el estado de salud a lo largo del tiempo, en tres cohortes de plántulas: Proporción de hojas predadas, proporción de hojas sanas, proporción de hojas enfermas o con daño puntual y crecimiento. Ambas especies mostraron diferencias significativas entre épocas, en la proporción de hojas sanas; pero no hubo un efecto de la interacción tiempo-cohorte, por lo tanto la producción sincrónica de hojas no fue una estrategia más usada por alguna cohorte en particular. El daño foliar osciló a través del tiempo, lo cual puede ser explicado por los pulsos en la producción de hojas. Sin embargo, ésta estrategia tuvo poca eficiencia para controlar el ataque por patógenos. En general, el comportamiento unificado de todas las variables fue afectado por la cohorte, el tiempo, la especie y todas las diferentes interacciones. La relación entre crecimiento y daño foliar fue condicionado por el clima. La mayor mortalidad se dio durante la estación seca, y un cuarto de las muertes en D. granadensis fueron causadas por la acción conjunta de herbivoría y sequía. Los resultados sugieren que a pesar de la producción sincrónica de hojas en todas las cohortes, fue poca la eficiencia para controlar el daño foliar, ya que las medias de Ps estuvieron por debajo de 0.25 al final del seguimiento. Las diferencias en la dinámica del estado de salud entre especies podrían explicar parcialmente la coexistencia en el bosque altoandino.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Synchronous leaf production</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>disease</kwd>
<kwd>drought</kwd>
<kwd>mortality</kwd>
<kwd>cohort</kwd>
<kwd>Producción sincrónica de hojas</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>herbivoría</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad</kwd>
<kwd>sequía</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Mycorrhizal-like interaction between gametophytes and young sporophytes of the fern Dryopteris muenchii (Filicales) and its fungal endophyte</article-title>
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<addr-line>México D.F </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The morphology of a Glomus-like fungus-host interaction in chlorophyllous gametophytes and young apogamic sporophytes of Dryopteris muenchii A.R. Sm. was studied from ferns cultivated in laboratory, using soil as substrate. An aseptate fungus colonized the gametophytes’ tissue through the rhizoids, developing vesicles. The fungus penetrated the young sporophytes primary roots by developing appressoria. It spread forming inter- and intra-cellular hyphae through the epidermis and the outermost cortical cell layers, where it formed vesicles, hyphal coils-like and arbuscules. The fungus hyphae never colonized the gametophyte-sporophyte cellular junction. The fungal structures observed on D. muenchii during this study, are rather similar to those reported for the plant host-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) interaction, where the AMF described belonged to Phylum Glomeromycota. Therefore, this study is a contribution to the scarce knowledgement of the association between AMF and chlorophyllous gametophytes and young apogamic sporophytes of ferns. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1101-1107. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la morfología de un hongo endófito afín al género Glomus, como colonizador de gametofitos clorofílicos y de esporofitos apogámicos jóvenes del helecho Dryopteris muenchii A.R. Sm.; el estudio se llevó a cabo con helechos cultivados en el laboratorio y utilizando tierra como substrato. El tejido del gametofito fue colonizado, a través de los rizoides, por un hongo miceliar aseptado, el cual formó vesículas. El hongo logró penetrar las raíces primarias de los esporofitos jóvenes desarrollando apresorios. El hongo se dispersó formando hifas inter- e intra-celulares a través de la epidermis y de la capa de células corticales más externas, donde produjo vesículas, estructuras similares a ovillos y arbúsculos. Las hifas del hongo nunca colonizaron las células de la unión entre el gametofito y el esporofito. Las estructuras observadas durante este estudio en D. muenchii, son muy similares a las de la interacción planta hospedera-hongo micorrícico arbuscular (HMA), en donde el HMA descrito corresponde al Phylum Glomeromycota. Por lo anterior, este estudio es una contribución al escaso conocimiento que se tiene sobre la asociación entre los HMA y gametofitos clorofílicos y esporofitos apogámicos de helechos jóvenes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Arbuscular mycorrhiza</kwd>
<kwd>endophyte</kwd>
<kwd>chlorophyllous gametophyte</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>endemic fern</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Micorriza arbuscular</kwd>
<kwd>endófito</kwd>
<kwd>gametofito clorofílico</kwd>
<kwd>Dryopteridaceae</kwd>
<kwd>helecho endémico</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fenología reproductiva y anatomía floral de las plantas Aloe vera y Aloe saponaria (Aloaceae) en Cumaná, Venezuela</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Velásquez-Arenas</surname>
<given-names>Róger</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Imery-Buiza</surname>
<given-names>José</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas Guayacán  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Departamento de Biología, Hebario IRBR Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1109</fpage>
<lpage>1125</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproductive phenology and flower anatomy of the plants Aloe vera and Aloe saponaria (Aloaceae) in Cumana, Venezuela. The reproductive phenology and the floral anatomy of two species of Aloe kept under nursery conditions were analized in eastern Venezuela from September 2001 to September 2002. A. vera flowered between December and May; A. saponaria from November through August. In both species, the anthesis lasted 48 h., the anther dehiscence coincided with the opening of the perianth, the stigma receptivity was higher on the second day of anthesis and nectar production reached 0.34 ml/flower. In A. vera 228±77 yellow flowers on long scapes of 76±11 cm and with 1 - 3 shafts were observed; A. saponaria had 94 ± 33 orange flowers on more compact scapes with 3-5 shafts. The pollen/ovule ratio was 4 115.2 in A. vera and 3 247.1 in A. saponaria, thus they can be classified as compulsory xenogams. Frequent visits of Apis mellifera, Trigona sp., Poliste sp., Eumenes sp., Vespa sp., Leucippus fallax and Amazilia tobaci were recorded. Although both species showed a high production of pollen and nectar, and the presence of potential pollinators, by the end of the flowering period, fruits were only observed in A. saponaria, with a 12 % reproductive efficiency. Coupled with the stigmatic receptivity results and the preliminary intra and interspecific crossing experiments, this suggests the existence of protandry and self-incompatibility as reproductive barriers reducing endogamy in these species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1109-1125. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la fenología reproductiva y aspectos anatómicos florales en dos especies de Aloe conservadas en condiciones de vivero en el oriente de Venezuela, de septiembre 2001 a septiembre 2002. A. vera floreció de diciembre a mayo; A. saponaria de noviembre a agosto. En ambas especies, la antesis duró 48 h, la dehiscencia de la antera coincidió con la apertura del perianto, la receptividad del estigma fue mayor al segundo días de antesis y la producción de néctar alcanzó 0.34 ml/flor. En A. vera se observaron 228±77 flores de color amarillo sobre escapos extensos de 76±11 cm y 1-3 ejes; a diferencia de A. saponaria con 94±33 flores anaranjadas en escapos más compactos de 62±5 cm y 3-5 ejes. La relación polen/óvulo fue de 4 151.2 en A. vera y 3 247.1 en A. saponaria, clasificándose como xenógamas obligatorias. Se registraron visitas frecuentes de Apis mellifera, Trigona sp., Poliste sp., Eumenes sp., Vespa sp., Leucippus fallax y Amazilia tobaci. A pesar de que ambas especies manifestaron una elevada producción de polen, néctar y la presencia de potenciales polinizadores, al término de la floración, sólo se observaron frutos en A. saponaria, con una eficiencia reproductiva de 12%, lo cual, junto a los resultados de la receptividad estigmática y los ensayos preliminares de cruzamientos intra e interespecíficos, sugiere la existencia de protandría y autoincompatibilidad como barreras reproductivas que reducen la endogamia en estas especies.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>fenología</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Spatial and temporal variations of meiofaunal communities from the western sector of the Gulf of Batabanó, Cuba: III. Vertical distribution</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de La Habana Centro de Investigaciones Marinas </institution>
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<institution>,Ministerio de La Industria Pesquera Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad Habana </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The vertical distribution of meiofauna within subtidal sediments was studied in four stations pertaining to mangrove or muddy flats habitats. In 2003, replicated samples were taken in dry (February) and wet (July) seasons at the Bacunagua Inlet, southwestern coast of Cuba. The abundance and number of meiofaunal taxa exhibited a vertical gradient possibly due to changes in the concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide, rather than food availability along this gradient. Nematodes are capable of distributing themselves throughout the whole sediment column due to their ability to tolerate reducing conditions; however depletion of communities along depth was evident. Their presence in deeper sediments (6 - 10 cm) suggests that certain species are adequately adapted to spend their entire life cycle in these harsh environments (where soluble tannins and decomposing organic matter predominate). Copepods showed a strong limitation to vertical distribution (concentrating in the top 2 cm), possibly in response to a sharp vertical decline in oxygenation within these organically enriched sediments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1127-1134. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la distribución vertical de la meiofauna dentro de los sedimentos en cuatro estaciones ubicadas en manglares y planos fangosos. En el año 2003, tomamos muestras (con repetición) en época de seca (febrero) y de lluvia (julio) en la ensenada de Bacunagua, costa suroccidental de Cuba. La abundancia y el número de táxones de la meiofauna mostraron un gradiente vertical debido posiblemente a cambios en las concentraciones de oxígeno y sulfuro de hidrógeno, más que a la disponibilidad de alimento a lo largo del gradiente. Los nemátodos son capaces de distribuirse a través de la columna de sedimento debido a su habilidad para tolerar condiciones reducidas; sin embargo, fue evidente la reducción de las comunidades con la profundidad. Su presencia en los sedimentos profundos (6-10 cm) sugiere que ciertas especies están adecuadamente adaptadas a permanecer todo su ciclo de vida en un ambiente adverso (donde predominan los taninos solubles y la descomposición de la materia orgánica). Los copépodos mostraron una fuerte limitación en su distribución vertical (concentrándose en los 2 cm superficiales) posiblemente como respuesta a un gradiente marcado en la oxigenación dentro de estos sedimentos enriquecidos orgánicamente.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>meiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>vertical distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
<kwd>mangroves</kwd>
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<kwd>meiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>distribución vertical</kwd>
<kwd>Mar Caribe</kwd>
<kwd>manglares</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Zoo-heleoplankton structure in three artificial ponds of North-eastern Argentina</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CONICET)  </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional del Nordeste  </institution>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1135</fpage>
<lpage>1147</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the present study was to compare the abundance and species richness of zoo-heleoplankton bigger than 53 µm in an annual cycle under similar climate conditions in three artificial ponds, in order to observe the changes during an annual cycle. Samples were taken monthly from June 1993 to July 1994 in Corrientes, Argentina. The first pond (A) was covered an 80% by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.), the second one (B) with bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kurtzing) and the last one (C) with organic matter deposited in the bottom. The water was more acidic at pond A, and the water at pond B contained more dissolved oxygen concentration than the water at the other two ponds. The zoo-heleoplankton densities varied between 20-1728 ind.l-1 at pond A, 42-4082 ind.l-1 at pond B and 148-2447 ind.l-1 at pond C. The maximum zoo-heleoplankton abundance was found in the pond with cyanobacteria bloom during Autumn 1994 and the minimum abundance was found in the one with a predominance of E. crassipes. The rank of species richness was pond A &gt; pond B &gt; pond C. Rotifera was the most abundant group in pond A whereas the larval stages of Copepoda were abundant in the other two ponds. Anuraeopsis navicula Rousselt 1910 was the dominant population in the pond with macrophytes prevalence. Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas 1776 and larval stage of Copepoda had variable proportions in the pond with cyanobacteria bloom. Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer 1929) was present during the annual cycle only in the pond with organic matter deposited in the bottom. The succession of taxa was observed in the pond with coverage of aquatic macrophytes and with cyanobacteria bloom. Differences in species richness and low similarity in zoo-heleoplankton between ponds were determined by differences in the quality of the water in relation to the presence of macrophytes, cyanobacteria, organic matter deposited in the bottom and fish predation. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise) revealed that water transparency, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were the environmental variables that explained more than 42% of variability in the abundance of the dominant species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1135-1147. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La finalidad del presente estudio fue comparar la abundancia y riqueza de especies del zoo-heleoplancton mayor de 53 µm, en un ciclo anual bajo condiciones climáticas similares en tres estanques artificiales, con el propósito de observar los cambios durante un ciclo anual. Las muestras fueron tomadas mensualmente desde junio de 1993 hasta julio de 1994 en Corrientes, Argentina. El primer estanque (A) estuvo cubierto un 80% por E. crassipes, el segundo estanque (B) con floraciones de M. aeruginosa y el tercer estanque (C) con materia orgánica depositada en el fondo. El agua fue más ácida en el estanque A y tuvo más concentración de oxígeno disuelto en el B. La densidad del zoo-heleoplancton fue variable entre 20-1728 ind.l-1 en el estanque A, 42-4082 ind.l-1 en el estanque B y 148-2447 ind.l-1 en el estanque C. El rango de la riqueza de especies fue estanque A&gt; estanque B&gt; estanque C. La máxima abundancia del zoo-heleoplancton se encontró en el estanque con floraciones de cianobacterias y la mínima entre macrófitas de E. crassipes. Rotifera fue el grupo más abundante en el estanque con presencia de macrófitas. Los estadios larvales de Copepoda fueron abundantes en los estanques con materia orgánica depositada en el fondo y con dominancia de cianobacterias. A. navicula fue la población dominante en el agua libre del estanque con predominio de macrófitas. B. calyciflorus y estadios larvales de Copepoda tuvieron proporciones variables en el estanque con cianobacterias. T. decipiens fue la única población presente en el estanque con materia orgánica depositada en el fondo. Se observó un patrón de sucesión de los taxa en el estanque con importante cobertura de macrófitas acuáticas y con floraciones de cianobacterias. Las diferencias en la riqueza de especies y la baja similitud del zoo-heleoplancton entre los estanques estuvieron determinadas por la calidad del agua en relación con la presencia de macrófitas, cianobacterias, materia orgánica depositada en el fondo y peces. El análisis de regresión múltiple (stepwise) reveló que la transparencia del agua, el oxígeno disuelto y la conductividad fueron las variables ambientales que explican más de 42% de variabilidad en la abundancia de las especies dominantes.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Zoo-heleoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>richness</kwd>
<kwd>aquatic macrophytes</kwd>
<kwd>cyanobacteria</kwd>
<kwd>organic matter</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>Zoo-heleoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>macrófitas acuáticas</kwd>
<kwd>cianobacterias</kwd>
<kwd>materia orgánica</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) en un quimiostato de dos cámaras</article-title>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1149</fpage>
<lpage>1157</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population growth rate of the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in two-stage chemostat. The population growth rates of Brachionus rotundiformis were estimated in two-stage chemostat cultures. Chlorella sorokiniana was supplied continuously from a steady state culture growing with constant illumination on limiting nitrate. Rotifer growth in the second stage was limited by the rate of algal supply. The algal supply rate and rotifer population growth rate were determined by the second-stage dilution rate. The maximum population growth rate in the transient state of B. rotundiformis (1.96 day-1) was observed at 2.5 x 106 cel/ml of the algae whereas in the steady state the maximum population growth rate (1.09 day-1) was similar to the point Hopf’s bifurcation predicted by Fussmann and was observed at 1 x 106 cel/ml of the algae. In the transient state, the rotifer’s growth rate increased and the duplication time decreased at higher algal concentrations, until reaching a peak where the population growth rate begins to decrease. In the steady state, the opposite was true. The growth rates observed in this work are among the highest recorded for this rotifer in continuous cultures. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1149-1157. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estimaron las tasas de crecimiento poblacionales de Brachionus rotundiformis en un quimiostato de dos cámaras. Suministramos Chlorella sorokiniana continuamente a partir de un cultivo en estado estacionario con iluminación constante y nitrato como nutriente limitante. El crecimiento del rotífero en la segunda cámara estuvo limitado por la tasa de suministro del alga. La tasa de suministro del alga y la tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero fueron determinadas a partir de la tasa de dilución en la segunda cámara. La tasa máxima poblacional de crecimiento en estado de transición de B. rotundiformis (1.96 día-1) se obtuvo a 2.5 x106 cel/ml del alga, mientras que en estado estacionario la tasa máxima (1.09 día-1) fue similar al punto de bifurcación de Hopf predicho en Fussmann et al., (2000) y se obtuvo a 1 x106 cel/ml del alga. En la fase de transición se observó que a mayor concentración del alga, mayor era la tasa de crecimiento del rotífero y menor su tiempo de duplicación, hasta alcanzar un pico donde comienza a decrecer. En la fase estacionaria se observó lo contrario. Los valores obtenidos se encuentran entre los más altos reportados hasta ahora para este rotífero en cultivos continuos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brachionus</kwd>
<kwd>chemostat</kwd>
<kwd>population growth rate</kwd>
<kwd>transient state</kwd>
<kwd>steady state</kwd>
<kwd>Hopf’s bifurcation</kwd>
<kwd>food concentration</kwd>
<kwd>Brachionus</kwd>
<kwd>quimiostato</kwd>
<kwd>tasa poblacional de crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>estado de transición</kwd>
<kwd>estado estacionario</kwd>
<kwd>bifurcación de Hopf</kwd>
<kwd>concentración de alimento</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Industrial de Santander Departamento de Biología Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad</institution>
<addr-line>Bucaramanga </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1159</fpage>
<lpage>1178</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the tropical and subtropical regions, there is a large number of species which has not been yet described. The high possibility of extinction makes their inventory a priority. In this paper, 23 diatoms taxa from Andean lotic systems and lentic waterbodies localized in the Departments of Antioquia, Santander and Chocó, Colombia, are analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Each taxon is described and information about environmental characteristic of the sites where they were collected and distribution in Colombia is given. The studied taxa belong to the orders Thalassiosirales (1), Aulacoseirales (1), Fragilariales (4), Cymbellales (7), Achnanthales (2), Naviculales (7), and Thalassiophysales (1). Fifteen of them are recorded for the first time in Colombia and Encyonema jemtlandicum in South America. A comparison with the diatom flora of the Colombian Amazonia showed that there were only three taxa in common to these two equatorial regions probably due to the influence of altitudinal gradient. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1159-1178. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este artículo se analizan con microscopios de luz y electrónico de barrido 23 taxones de diatomeas provenientes de sistemas lénticos y lóticos andinos localizados en los Departamentos de Antioquia, Santander y Chocó, Colombia. Cada taxon es descrito e ilustrado y se brinda información acerca de su distribución en Colombia y de las condiciones físicas y químicas en las que fueron colectados. Los taxones estudiados pertenecen a los órdenes Thalassiosirales (1), Aulacoseirales (1), Fragilariales (4), Cymbellales (7), Achnanthales (2), Naviculales (7) y Thalassiophysales (1). 15 de ellos son registrados por primera vez para Colombia y Encyonema jemtlandicum es primer registro para América del Sur. Una comparación con la flora diatomológica de la Amazonía Colombiana, mostró que únicamente 3 taxones fueron hallados en ambas regiones, probablemente debido a la influencia de los gradientes altitudinales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diatoms</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>inland waters</kwd>
<kwd>tropics</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Andean region</kwd>
<kwd>diatomeas</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>cuerpos de agua continentales</kwd>
<kwd>trópicos</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>región andina</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Sedimentación en comunidades arrecifales de Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, México</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Granja Fernández</surname>
<given-names>María R</given-names>
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<given-names>Ramón A</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Mar Programa de Biología Marina </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad del Mar Instituto de Recursos </institution>
<addr-line>Puerto Ángel Oax</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1179</fpage>
<lpage>1187</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sedimentation on reef communities at Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Although coral reef sedimentation is important because it modifies processes like symbioses, reproduction, recruitment and coral growth, Mexican Pacific studies are lacking. On this regard, spatio-temporal variations in sedimentation rate were investigated in six coral reef communities from Oaxaca. During February 2006-January 2007 (excluding April, July and August) two sediment structures, with four sediment traps each, were randomly installed. Sediment traps were replaced with a mean periodicity of 38 days, and the sediments were washed, filtered, dried and weighted in order to calculate sedimentation rate. Sedimentation rate was heterogeneous among localities 7.06, P &lt; 0.01). It was high at Isla Montosa (653.31 kg m-2 year-1) and Isla Cacaluta (450.09 kg m-2 (F5,36 = year-1), intermediate at San Agustín, Jicaral-Chachacual and Dos Hermanas (155.18-92.53 kg m-2 year-1) and low at La Entrega (14.33 kg m-2 year-1). Sedimentation rate was homogeneous through time (F7,34 = 0.85, P &gt; 0.5); nonetheless, during the dry season (November-March) sedimentation rate in the area oscillated between 6.8-73.5 mg cm-2 day-1, whereas during the rainy season (May-October) the values were 141-1088 % higher (74.5-147.6 mg cm-2 day-1, Mann-Whitney U = 137, n = 42, P = 0.03). There was a significant relationship between sedimentation rate and pluvial precipitation (Spearman R = 0.83, n = 8, P = 0.009), suggesting that the amount of sediment reaching coral communities is closely tied to regional precipitation. Sedimentation rates recorded at Isla Montosa (366.64 mg cm-2 day-1) and Isla Cacaluta (366.03 mg cm-2 day-1) during the rainy season can be considered lethal-sublethal considering sediment tolerance and rejection efficiency of stony corals. The absence of coral mortality during the rainy season may result from: a) high efficiency of active sediment removal, b) increased physiological tolerance to sediments, and c) a high degree of passive sediment removal via turbulence. Nonetheless, the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic induced sedimentation may cause a shift in coral community structure and eventually a loss of the reef areas in Bahías de Huatulco. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 11791187. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Aún cuando la sedimentación en arrecifes es importante pues sus efectos alteran procesos como la simbiosis, reproducción, reclutamiento y crecimiento, se carece de estudios en el Pacífico mexicano. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la tasa de sedimentación y su variación espacio-temporal en seis comunidades coralinas de Oaxaca. Durante febrero 2006- enero 2007 (exceptuando abril, julio y agosto), instalamos al azar dos estructuras con cuatro recolectores de sedimento cada una. Los recolectores fueron reemplazados aproximadamente cada 38 días y los sedimentos fueron enjuagados, filtrados, secados y pesados. La tasa de sedimentación fue heterogénea entre localidades 7.06, P &lt; 0.01); fue alta en Isla Montosa (653.31 (F5,36 = kg m-2 año-1) e Isla Cacaluta (450.09 kg m-2 año-1), inter-media en San Agustín, Jicaral-Chachacual y Dos Hermanas (155.18-92.53 kg m-2 año-1) y baja en La Entrega (14.33 kg m-2 año-1). La tasa de sedimentación no varió a lo largo del año (F7,34 = 0.85, P &gt; 0.5); no obstante, durante la temporada de secas (noviembre-marzo) la tasa de sedimentación en la zona osciló entre 6.8-73.5 mg cm-2 día-1, mientras que durante lluvias (mayo-octubre) osciló entre 74.5-147.6 mg cm-2 día-1, es decir, durante la temporada de lluvias la tasa de sedimentación fue 141-1088 % mayor que durante secas (Mann-Whitney U = 137, n = 42, P = 0.03). La relación entre la cantidad de sedimento y la precipitación pluvial fue significativa (Spearman R = 0.83, n = 8, P = 0.009), sugiriendo que el aporte de sedimento está relacionado con la escorrentía regional. La tasa de sedimentación registrada en Isla Montosa (366.64 mg cm-2 día-1) e Isla Cacaluta (366.03 mg cm-2 día-1) durante la temporada de lluvias, puede ser considerada como letal-subletal en función de la tolerancia y de la capacidad de rechazo de sedimento por parte de los corales; no obstante, la ausencia de mortalidad coralina, en respuesta a los niveles de sedimentación registrados durante la época de lluvias, y el desarrollo coralino observado en la región pudiera estar relacionado al efecto combinado de: a) la eficiencia de la remoción activa de sedimento, b) el posible incremento en la tolerancia fisiológica al sedimento por parte de los corales pétreos de Bahías de Huatulco, y c) la remoción pasiva de sedimentos vía la turbulencia de la zona. No obstante, el efecto combinado de la sedimentación natural aunado a la sedimentación resultado de actividades antropogénicas en la región, podría promover un cambio en la estructura arrecifal provocando la eventual pérdida de las comunidades coralinas en Bahías de Huatulco.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sediments</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentation rate</kwd>
<kwd>coral communities</kwd>
<kwd>Oaxaca</kwd>
<kwd>Mexican Pacific</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentos</kwd>
<kwd>tasa de sedimentación</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades coralinas</kwd>
<kwd>Oaxaca</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico mexicano</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variación espacio-temporal de Scleractinia, Gorgonacea, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Asteroidea, Echinoidea y Holothuroidea, de fondos someros de la isla San José, Golfo de California</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Laboratorio de Sistematica y Ecologia de Equinodermos</institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F. </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1189</fpage>
<lpage>1199</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Space-time variation of Scleractinia, Gorgonacea, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea, from shallow bottom in San Jose Island, Gulf of California. Between the years 1999 and 2000, six expeditions were made to Isla San José, in the Gulf of California. Observations and samples were taken of benthic macroinvertebrates in nine locations. Based on the samples, the specific components of three phyla were determined: Cnidaria (Scleractinia and Gorgonacea), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda), and Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea). The abundance of conspicuous benthic macroinvertebrates was visually estimated through free dives at a depth of between two and six meters along two transects parallel to the coast. A total of 38 taxa in three groups were determined. The most abundant species are Tripneustes depressus (44,9%),Echinometra vanbruntii (18,3%),Phataria unifascialis (8,9%), Centrostephanus coronatus (8,0%), Diadema mexicanum (5%) y Eucidaris thouarsii (3,6%). No significant differences between diversity (H’), equity (J) and richness of the species (S) during the months and site of study. The similarity analysis identified two groups from locations of the eastern and western coasts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1189-1199. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizaron seis expediciones a la isla San José, Golfo de California entre los años 1999 y 2000 en donde se llevaron a cabo las observaciones y muestreos. Con base en los muestreos se determinó el componente específico de tres filos de macroinvertebrados bentónicos en nueve localidades: Cnidaria (Scleractinia y Gorgonacea), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia y Cephalopoda), y Echinodermata (Echinoidea, Asteroidea y Holothuroidea). La abundancia del macrobentos conspicuo se estimó visualmente mediante buceo libre a una profundidad entre 2 y 6 m a lo largo de dos transectos en banda paralelos a la línea de costa. Se determinó un total de 38 táxones de los tres grupos. Las especies más abundantes son Tripneustes depressus (44,9%), Echinometra vanbruntii (18,3), Phataria unifascialis (8,9%), Centrostephanus coronatus (8,0%), Diadema mexicanum (5%) y Eucidaris thouarsii (3,6%). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad (H’), equidad (J) y riqueza de especies (S) entre los meses y localidades. El análisis de similitud identificó a dos grupos de las localidades del litoral oriental y occidental.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Macroinvertebrates</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
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<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Macroinvertebrados</kwd>
<kwd>Isla San José</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de California</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The freshwater crab Aegla platensis was used as a model to induce ovarian growth by adding different neuroregulators to a pellet food formulation. Added compounds were the dopaminergic inhibitor spiperone or the enkephalinergic inhibitor naloxone, both of them at a dose of 10-8 mol/animal. Animals were fed on the enriched pellets twice a week. After 7 wk, the gonadosomatic index (GI) was calculated as (gonad fresh weight / body fresh weight) x 100. GI significantly increased only for those females fed on spiperone pellets, compared to a control group receiving pellets with no compound added. During the assayed period, spiperone would be reverting the arrest exerted by dopamine on the neuroendocrine stimulation of ovarian growth. On the other hand, for both spiperone and naloxone a higher GI was correlated to a higher lipid content of both gonads and/or hepatopancreas, suggesting an increased energetic demand in accordance with an active investment in reproduction. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1201-1207. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizó al anomuro de agua dulce Aegla platensis como modelo para inducir el crecimiento ovárico mediante el agregado de diferentes neuroreguladores a una formulación de alimento pelleteado. Los compuestos agregados fueron el inhibidor dopaminergico spiperona ó el inhibidor encefalinérgico naloxone, ambos a una dosis de 10-8 moles/animal. Los animales fueron alimentados dos veces a la semana con pellets enriquecidos con alguno de los neuroreguladores. Luego de 7 semanas, se calculó el índice gonadomático (IG) como (peso gonadal fresco/ peso corporal fresco) x 100. El IG mostró un incremento significativamente sólo en aquellas hembras alimentadas con pellets enriquecidos con spiperona, en comparación con un grupo control que recibió pellets sin agregado alguno. Durante el período ensayado, la spiperona estaría revirtiendo el arresto ejercido por la dopamina sobre la estimulación neuroendocrina del crecimiento ovárico. Por otro lado, para ambos grupos experimentales (spiperona y naloxone), un mayor valor de IG estuvo correlacionado a un mayor incremento del contenido de lípidos tanto en gonadas como en hepatopáncreas, sugiriendo una demanda energética incrementada en relación con una activa inversión en reproducción</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anomuran crabs</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>ovarian growth</kwd>
<kwd>naloxone</kwd>
<kwd>spiperone</kwd>
<kwd>anomuros</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento ovárico</kwd>
<kwd>naloxone</kwd>
<kwd>spiperona</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Observaciones sobre la larva del cangrejo marino tropical (Decapoda: Porcellanidae) Petrolisthes armatus en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Díaz-Ferguson</surname>
<given-names>Edgardo</given-names>
</name>
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<name>
<surname>Arroyo</surname>
<given-names>Daisy</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
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<name>
<surname>Morales</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>José A</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Florida Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Gainesville </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1209</fpage>
<lpage>1223</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Observations on the larvae of the tropical marine crab Petrolisthes armatus in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. During October and November 1998 (rainy season), and December, February and March 1999 (dry season), larvae distribution of Petrolisthes armatus and associated decapods were sampled in three different sites at the Punta Morales peninsula, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. A total of 6014 decapod larvae were collected, and 73 belonged to the genus Petrolisthes spp. No significant total larval density differences were found between seasons (p&gt;0.05); but there was a greater density of P. armatus and other decapod larvae (p&gt;0.05) during the dry season. In addition, no significant variations on temperature and oxygen concentration were observed. P. armatus larval abundance was higher during low tide, in contrast with other decapod larvae. Significant differences among sites were found for other decapod larvae, but not for P. armatus. The only parameter that varied significantly between seasons was salinity and results demonstrate that this factor regulates temporal concentration of larvae. Moreover, flow-tide oscillations were the most important spatial factor in larval dynamics. We propose this mechanism: P. armatus liberates larvae during high tide; these larvae leave the coastal area during low tide and return to the rocky intertidal ecosystem during high tide, when they are ready to settle as megalopa (pre-juvenile stage). Parallel laboratory observations showed higher survival rates at lower salinities (15 ups against 35 ups) and that the duration of the period from zoea I to megalopa was, in average, 19 days. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1209-1223. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante octubre y noviembre de 1998 (estación lluviosa) y diciembre, febrero y marzo de 1999 (estación seca) se muestreó la distribución de la larva de Petrolisthes spp, así como la densidad del total de las larvas de decápodos en superficie y a 3 metros de profundidad. Los muestreos se realizaron en tres sitios de la zona de Punta Morales, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, por medio de arrastres con una red de plancton de 280 µm. Se recolectaron un total de 6014 larvas de decápodos de las cuales 73 (1.21%) pertenecían al género Petrolisthes spp. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estaciones (p &gt; 0.05), sin embargo fue posible observar una mayor densidad tanto de P. armatus como de larvas de decápodos en estación seca. Temporalmente el único parámetro físico-químico que varió significativamente fue la salinidad. En cuanto a la variación espacial no se encontraron diferencias significativas por profundidad, ni para Petrolisthes spp. ni para larvas de decápodos asociados (p &gt; 0.05), a pesar de que la variación de algunos parámetros como la temperatura y el oxígeno si lo fue. Entre mareas se encontraron diferencias significativas para las larvas de Petrolisthes spp., no así para larvas de decápodos. Para la especie estudiada se observó un mayor número de larvas en marea baja. Entre los sitios hubo diferencias significativas para las larvas de decápodos, pero no para Petrolisthes spp.; físico-químicamente estos sitios son muy parecidos y solo difieren en penetración de luz, lo que parece no afectar a la larva de Petrolisthes. spp. Los resultados demuestran que el principal factor que regula la concentración temporal de las larvas es la salinidad, mientras que espacialmente las oscilaciones en el flujo mareal son de mayor importancia. Debido a las diferencias observadas marealmente para la concentración de larvas se propone el siguiente mecanismo: P. armatus libera sus larvas en el máximo de marea, éstas salen hacia fuera de la costa con la marea baja y se reincorporan con la marea alta, cuando están cerca de la fase previa al asentamiento (la megalopa). Adicional a los resultados en el medio natural para esta especie también se estudió en el laboratorio la duración del periodo larval y la supervivencia de las larvas a salinidades extremas utilizándose los valores máximos y mínimos registrados en el medio natural (15 ups y 35 ups). Este ensayo demostró que las larvas presentan un mayor porcentaje de supervivencia en salinidades menores (15 ups) y que la duración del período de desarrollo es de 19 dias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Crustacea</kwd>
<kwd>Porcellanidae</kwd>
<kwd>Petrolisthes armatus</kwd>
<kwd>larvae</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Crustacea</kwd>
<kwd>Porcellanidae</kwd>
<kwd>Petrolisthes</kwd>
<kwd>larva</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica de poblaciones</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Nicoya</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1225</fpage>
<lpage>1254</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 117 species of freshwater decapod crustaceans are known from Brazil. Knowledge regarding the fauna of Decapoda from inland waters in the state of Bahia, northeast Brazil, is incipient. In spite of its wide territory and rich hydrographic net, only 13 species of limnetic decapods have been reported from that state. The objective of this contribution was to survey decapod crustaceans of some hydrographic basins in southeastern Bahia. The material described herein was obtained in samplings conducted between 1997 and 2005. voucher specimens were deposited in the carcinological collections of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil, and Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. A total of 13 species was collected. The carideans were represented by the atyids Atya scabra (Leach, 1815) and Potimirim potimirim (Müller, 1881) and the palaemonids Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836), M. amazonicum (Heller, 1862), M. carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758), M. heterochirus (Wiegmann, 1836), M. jelskii (Miers, 1877), M. olfersi (Wiegmann, 1836), and Palaemon (Palaemon) pandaliformis (Stimpson, 1871). The brachyurans were represented by the portunids Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 and C. sapidus Rathbun, 1895, the trichodactylid Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 and the panopeid Panopeus rugosus A. Milne-Edwards, 1881. Macrobrachium heterochirus represents a new record from Bahia, and M. amazonicum is reported for the first time in southeast Bahia. The occurrence of two extreme different forms of T. fluviatilis was observed. Form A is characterized by the frontal margin of carapace bordered by conspicuous granules, the anterolateral margin provided with developed teeth plus granules, and the posterolateral margin provided with granulation similar to that found on the front. In form B the frontal margin is smooth or has an inconspicuous granulation; the anterolateral margin is usually provided with 1-3 notches, and teeth (1-2), if present, are small; and the posterolateral margin is smooth or slightly granulated. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 12251254. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se conoce un total de 117 especies de crustáceos decápodos de agua dulce en Brasil. El conocimiento de la fauna de decápodos de las aguas continentales en el estado de Bahia, noreste de Brasil, es incipiente. A pesar de su amplio territorio y una rica red hidrográfica, solo se conoce de 13 especies de decápodos limnéticos en ese estado. El objetivo de este proyecto fue estudiar los crustáceos decápodos de algunas cuencas hidrográficas en el sureste de Bahia. El material descrito aquí se obtuvo de muestreos llevados a cabo entre 1997 y 2005. Los especímenes testigo se depositaron en las colecciones carcinológicas del Museo de Zoología, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brasil, y en el departamento de Oceanografía, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brasil. Se recolectó un total de 13 especies. Los carideos estuvieron representados por los átidos Atya scabra (Leach, 1815) y Potimirim potimirim (Müller, 1881) y los palaemónidos Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836), M. amazonicum (Heller, 1862), M. carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758), M. heterochirus (Wiegmann, 1836), M. jelskii (Miers, 1877), M. olfersi (Wiegmann, 1836), y Palaemon (Palaemon) pandaliformis (Stimpson, 1871). Los braquiuros estuvieron representados por los portúnidos Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 y C. sapidus Rathbun, 1895, los tricodáctilos Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 y el panopeido Panopeus rugosus A. Milne-Edwards, 1881. Macrobrachium heterochirus representa un nuevo registro en Bahia, y M. amazonicum se halló por primera vez en el sureste de Bahia. Se observó la existencia de dos formas diferentes extremas de T. fluviatilis. La forma A se caracteriza por el margen frontal del caparazón bordeado por gránulos conspicuos, el margen anterolateral presenta dientes desarrollados además de gránulos, y el margen posterolateral presenta granulación similar a la encontrada en el frontal. En la forma B el margen frontal es liso o tiene granulación incospicua; el margen anterolateral presenta usualmente 1-3 muescas, y los dientes, si están presentes (1-2), son pequeños; y el margen posterolateral es liso o levemente granulado.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fresh water shrimps</kwd>
<kwd>Caridea</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes</kwd>
<kwd>Trichodactylus</kwd>
<kwd>Panopeus</kwd>
<kwd>Brachyura</kwd>
<kwd>Brazilian fauna</kwd>
<kwd>camarones de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>Caridea</kwd>
<kwd>Callinectes</kwd>
<kwd>Trichodactylus</kwd>
<kwd>Panopeus</kwd>
<kwd>Brachyura</kwd>
<kwd>fauna brasileña</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Functional response of the predatory mite Chileseius camposi (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on densities of it prey, Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal </institution>
<addr-line>Valdivia </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The functional response of the phytoseiid predator Chileseius camposi González y Schuster, 1962 (Acarina:Phytoseiidae) on densities of its prey Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) was evaluated under controlled temperature (20 ± 2 ºC),, relative humidity (75 ± 15%) and photoperiod (16:8h L:D). A functional type II response was displayed (Holling’s disk). Holling, Wolf transformation and Rogers models gave similar values for estimating parameters of the Holling’s disk equation; however, estimates produced by the Livdahl and Stiven model were higher. Values of attack rate and handling time can be considered within the normal range for phytoseiid generalists. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1255-1260. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La respuesta funcional del ácaro fitoseido nativo Chileseius camposi González y Schuster, 1962, sobre el ácaro fitófago introducido Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) (Acarina:Tetranychidae) fue evaluada en condiciones controladas de temperatura (20 ± 2 ºC), humedad relativa (75 ± 15%) y fotoperíodo (16:8 h L:O). Una respuesta funcional de tipo II, fue determinada (disco de Holling). Los modelos de Holling, Wolf y Rogers dieron valores similares para la estimación de los parámetros de la ecuación del disco de Holling, la estimación de estos parámetros por el modelo de Livdahl y Stiven fueron mayores. Los valores encontrados para la razón de ataque y el tiempo de manipulación pueden ser considerados dentro del ámbito normal para fitoseidos generalistas.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Chilesius camposi</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ácaros asociados al coleóptero Passalus cognatus (Coleoptera: Passalidae) de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Villegas-Guzmán</surname>
<given-names>Gabriel A</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Tila M</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Reyes-Castillo</surname>
<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Departamento Zoología, Instituto de Biología Colección Nacional de Ácaros</institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad Universitaria </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Ecología  </institution>
<addr-line>Xalapa Veracruz</addr-line>
<country>México;</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1261</fpage>
<lpage>1268</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Mites associated to the Coleopteran Passalus cognatus (Coleoptera:Passalidae) from Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. There are few records of mites associated with the tropical coleopterans of Mexico. We examined 35 passalid beetles (bessbugs) Passalus cognatus from Los Tuxtlas region in Veracruz State, Mexico. Twenty of them had a total of 245 mites (representing eight species, eight genera, eight families and three suborders). The most abundant species were Uroobovella californiana Wisniewski &amp; Hirschmann (35%), Euzercon hyatti Hunter &amp; Rosario (20%), and Uropoda sp. (17.5%). The preferred attachment areas were the coxae; followed by the mesosternum and the humeri. Each beetle had 1 to 40 mites (average: 12); and we found 1-4 mite species per beetle. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1261-1268. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se revisaron 35 ejemplares de Passalus cognatus Truqui recolectados en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. En 20 de ellos se encontraron 245 ácaros pertenecientes a ocho especies, ocho géneros, ocho familias y tres subórdenes. Las especies de acáros más abundantes fueron Uroobovella californiana Wisniewski y Hirschmann (35%), Euzercon hyatti Hunter y Rosario (20%) y Uropoda sp. (17.5%). Las zonas de fijación preferidas por los ácaros fueron las coxas; en menor proporción el mesoesternón y los húmeros. Los pasálidos infestados presentaron de 1 a 40 ácaros, con un promedio de 12. El número de especies de ácaros por pasálido infestado fue de 1 a 4.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Passalus cognatus</kwd>
<kwd>mites</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Passalus cognatus</kwd>
<kwd>ácaros</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<volume>56</volume>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Interest in studying galls and their arthropods inducers has been growing rapidly in the last two decades. However, the Neotropical region is probably the least studied region for gall-inducing arthropods. A study of the richness and composition of gall-inducing arthropods was carried out at Coiba National Park in the Republic of Panama. Field data come from samples obtained between August 1997 and September 1999, with three (two-week long) more intensive samplings. Seventeen sites, representing the main land habitats of Coiba National Park were surveyed. 4942 galls of 50 insect and 9 mite species inducing galls on 50 vascular plants from 30 botanical families were colleted. 62.7% of the galls were induced by gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), 15.3% by mites, Eriophyidae, 8.5% by Homoptera, Psyllidae, 6.8% by Coccidae and 5.1% by Phlaeothripidae (Tysanoptera). The host plant families with the most galls were Myrtaceae with seven, Bignoniaceae with five and Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Melastomataceae with four. Leaf galls accounted for about 93% of collected galls. Most leaf galls were pit/blister galls followed by covering and pouch galls. Gall richness per collecting site was between 1 and 19 species. Coiba’s gall diversity is discussed in relation to data available from other tropical sites from continental Panama and the Neotropical region. Our results support the idea that it may be premature to conclude that species richness of gall inducers declines near the equator. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1269-1286. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El interés por el estudio de las agallas y los artrópodos que las inducen ha crecido en todo el mundo en los últimos veinte años. Sin embargo, los artrópodos que inducen agallas en la región Neotropical son probablemente los menos estudiados. Un estudio de la riqueza y composición de artrópodos que inducen agallas fue desarrollado en el Parque Nacional Coiba en la Republica de Panamá. Los datos provienen de muestreos intensivos de dos semanas, efectuados entre agosto de 1997 y septiembre de 1999, en 17 sitios del área insular del Parque Nacional Coiba. Un total de 4942 agallas, que corresponden a 50 especies de insectos y nueve de ácaros, fueron colectadas en 50 especies de plantas vasculares de 30 familias. El 62.7% de las agallas correspondieron a especies de la familia Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), el 15.3% a ácaros de la familia Eriophyidae, el 8.5% a Psyllidae (Homoptera), un 6.8% a Coccidae y el 5.1% a Phlaeothripidae (Tysanoptera). Las familias de plantas con más especies de inductores de agallas fueron Myrtaceae con siete, Bignoniaceae con cinco y Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae y Melastomataceae con cuatro. Las agallas formadas en hojas representaron el 93% del total. El número de inductores de agallas por sitio osciló entre uno y diecinueve. La riqueza de artrópodos inductores de agallas del Parque Nacional Coiba se discute con datos disponibles de la literatura para el área continental de Panamá y el Neotrópico. Nuestros resultados apoyan la idea de que es prematuro concluir que la riqueza de artrópodos que inducen agallas disminuye hacia el Ecuador.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Coiba</kwd>
<kwd>gall-inducing insects</kwd>
<kwd>gall richness</kwd>
<kwd>host plant</kwd>
<kwd>insect/plant interaction</kwd>
<kwd>Panama</kwd>
<kwd>Coiba</kwd>
<kwd>insectos gallícolas</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de agallas</kwd>
<kwd>plantas hospedadoras</kwd>
<kwd>interacción planta/insecto</kwd>
<kwd>Panamá</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Flesh flies species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a grassland and a woodland in a Nature Reserve of Buenos Aires, Argentina</article-title>
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<institution>,Departamento de Vectores  </institution>
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<country>Argentina</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo División Entomología</institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
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<institution>,Departamento de Vectores  </institution>
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<addr-line>Buenos Aires </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Temporal changes of flesh flies abundance were simultaneously recorded at monthly intervals during a year in a woodland and in a grassland at the &quot;Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur&quot; (RECS), Buenos Aires city, Argentina. Samples were taken at monthly intervals (February 2004-January 2005). Hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) were taken each sampling date with a hand net. Temperature was recorded at each hourly capture. The baits used were 200 g of rotten cow liver and 200 g of fresh dog faeces. Records of abundance included only species whose abundance was &amp;#8805;30 individuals accumulated during the whole sampling period. Considering overall abundance, a non-parametric Chi-square test was used to estimate deviations of an expected habitat and bait preference ratios of 1:1. The same criterion was applied to include species in a contingency table to describe their seasonality. The final matrix included four species whose associations to seasons were analyzed by using a Correspondence Analysis. To normalize the data, a log 10(n+1) transformation was applied prior to the analysis of correlation. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to examine the relationship between flesh-fly abundance with temperature and habitat preference. The entire sample accumulated 1 305 individuals and 18 species. The flies were more abundant in the grassland than in the woodland. Microcerella muehni, Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis, O. varia and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua exhibited the higher relative abundance, representing the remaining species less than 8 % of the entire sample. Most of the recorded species showed preference for faces as bait. Concerning the dominant species, all of them but M. muehni, a suggestively termophobic species, prevailed in late spring-summer. The observed species arrangement at both sites indicates low species diversity and equitability and high information per individual in the average. The referred community traits would indicate the possible effects of environmental disturbance due to the proximity of study sites to dense urban settlements. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1287-1294. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Variaciones numéricas de especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) se registraron durante un año a intervalos mensuales (febrero 2004-enero 2005), en un pastizal y un bosque de la &quot;Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur&quot; (RECS) de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se realizaron capturas horarias (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) en cada fecha de muestreo. La muestra de todo el año acumuló 1 305 individuos y 18 especies. Estos dípteros fueron más abundantes en el pastizal que en el bosque. Las especies más numerosas fueron: Microcerella muehni, Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis,O. varia y Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua, en tanto que las restantes representaron menos de 8 % del total. La mayoría de las especies mostraron preferencia por las heces como cebo. Las especies dominantes, con excepción de la especie termofóbica M. muehni, prevalecieron en la primavera tardía y en el verano. La alta dominancia específica observada podría ser indicativa del desorden ecológico provocado por la influencia de asentamientos urbanos adyacentes a los sitios de muestreo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sarcophagidae</kwd>
<kwd>Buenos Aires</kwd>
<kwd>grassland</kwd>
<kwd>woodland</kwd>
<kwd>species composition</kwd>
<kwd>seasonal abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Sarcophagidae</kwd>
<kwd>Buenos Aires</kwd>
<kwd>pastizal</kwd>
<kwd>bosque</kwd>
<kwd>composición específica</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia estacional</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Effect of landscape change on the structure of the sting-less bee community (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Meta, Colombia. Stingless bees represent one of the most diversified components of the natural Apoidea fauna of pollinators in the tropics. They use diverse kinds of substrates and inhabit varied habitats. Some species are typical for some natural either artificial place. The landscape alteration were this group of bees nests, has and important impact on the natural composition of its community structure, fact which is reflected in the nest density. We analyzed the structure composition of the stingless bees’ community in three environments in the Colombian llanos piedmont, an important region that represents the transition between Andean ecosystems and a savannah that is seriously threatened by cattle practices. We made systematic samples in secondary forest, agro-ecosystems and urban areas, recording the presence of 204 nests from 11 genera (24 species). The nest density per landscape was heterogeneous and never higher than 16 nests/Ha. We observed two nesting patterns and an effect of sampling criterion on the measured biodiversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1295-1308. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las abejas sin aguijón son unos de los polinizadores naturales más diversos de la fauna Apoidea en los trópicos. Nidifican en diversos sustratos y distintos ambientes, existiendo algunas especies típicas de lugares naturales o artificiales. La alteración del medio donde nidifican tiene un importante impacto sobre la composición natural de su estructura, hecho que se ve reflejado también en la densidad de nidos. Analizamos la composición de la estructura de la comunidad de abejas sin aguijón en tres paisajes del piedemonte llanero colombiano, una región importante por representar la transición entre ambientes andinos y de sabana (seriamente amenazada por la ganadería intensiva). Realizamos muestreos sistemáticos en bosque secundario, agro-ecosistema y zona urbana; registramos la presencia de 204 nidos de 11 géneros representados por 24 especies. La riqueza de abejas sin aguijón fue similar, aun cuando hubo diferencias significativas en la estructura de la comunidad en los tres paisajes. La densidad de nidos por paisaje fue heterogénea y nunca mayor de 16 nidos/Ha. Observamos dos patrones de nidificación y registramos diferente número de especies en la misma zona utilizando otro criterio de muestreo.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Agro-ecosystems</kwd>
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<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>llanos piedmont</kwd>
<kwd>Meliponini</kwd>
<kwd>spatial distribution</kwd>
<kwd>stingless bees</kwd>
<kwd>Abejas sin aguijón</kwd>
<kwd>agro-ecosistemas</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>distribución espacial</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Meliponini</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución de las mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea) del Estado de México, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
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<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1309</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) from Mexico State, Mexico. The State of Mexico is a region with great biological diversity, owing to its geographical and ecological features. Regarding Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, 15 % of the Mexican species are recorded in the State of Mexico, 17 % of which are endemic to the country. A checklist of the two superfamilies for the State of Mexico was integrated, based on published literature and databases at the Museo de Zoología of the Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. The checklist is composed by six families, 22 subfamilies, 197 genera and 325 species (95 Hesperiidae, 19 Papilionidae, 35 Pieridae, 54 Lycaenidae, 20 Riodinidae, and 102 Nymphalidae). A list of each species is presented, including collecting localities, flight month, and whether data correspond to scientific collection records or literature. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1309-1341. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El Estado de México posee características geográfico-ecológicas que lo hacen una región de gran diversidad biológica; respecto a Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea posee el 15% de las especies registradas para México, del cual el 17% son endémicas para el país. Con base en la información bibliográfica y la consulta de la base de datos del Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, se integró la lista de las dos superfamilias para el Estado de México; esta se compone de seis familias, 22 subfamilias, 197 géneros y 325 especies (95 Hesperiidae, 19 Papilionidae, 35 Pieridae, 54 Lycaenidae, 20 Riodinidae y 102 Nymphalidae). De cada especie se anexó la lista de localidades de recolecta, vuelo, la colección donde están depositados los ejemplares, o la cita de la cual se tomó el dato.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<institution>,Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera, Bahía de Banderas </institution>
<addr-line>Bucerias Nayarit</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1343</fpage>
<lpage>1359</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution and abundance of Katsuwonus pelamis larvae (Perciformes: Scombridae) in the Gulf of Mexico, 1982-1992. The epipelagic fish known as skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) is considered inside the &quot;little tuna&quot; group. The species is distributed in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. Despite its fisheries importance in Mexico, there is little knowledge about the species in the region. The information from 18 oceanographic cruises inside the Mexican exclusive economic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, was analyzed for the period 1982 to 1992. Plankton was collected in a paired 60 cm mouth bongo net sampler with 0.333 mm mesh nets in oblique tows. The maximum abundance was in spring and summer; 1986 had the largest population (4 881.8544 x 10(9) larvae) and 1983 the lowest density (566.3748 x 10(9)). The skipjack has suitable conditions for reproduction in this area, and the southwestern region is the most productive. The spawning was greater in the summer. The annual biomass was estimated in 2 513 to 21 659 tons, the high value corresponded to 1986, with potential yields between 7 472 and 10 071 tons. A local fishery seems viable but needs further evidence. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1343-1359. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El barrilete Katsuwonus pelamis, considerado en el grupo de los atunes menores, es una especie epipelágica, distribuida en aguas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, que ha llegado a convertirse en uno de los atunes más capturados. Sin embargo, en México se han realizado pocos estudios a pesar de su importancia en esta región. Analicé la información recolectada en 18 cruceros oceanográficos en la zona económica exclusiva mexicana del Golfo de México y Mar Caribe (1982 a 1992). Las muestras se obtuvieron mediante arrastres oblicuos de redes tipo bongo de 60 cm de boca y malla de 0.333 mm. Las máximas abundancias de larvas se presentaron en primavera y verano, y 1986 se caracterizó por tener una mayor población, un total de 4 881.8544 x 10(9) larvas, 1983 tuvo la más baja densidad con 566.3748 x 10(9). El barrilete se encontraba entonces en las condiciones adecuadas para su reproducción en esta área, siendo la región sudoccidental la más productiva; el desove fue mayor en verano. Las biomasas calculadas por temporada fueron de 2 513 a 21 659 toneladas, correspondiendo a 1986 el valor más alto, con un rendimiento potencial entre 7 472 y 10 071 t. Es factible explotarlo en el Golfo de México si otra información corrobora estos resultados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Katsuwonus pelamis</kwd>
<kwd>larvae</kwd>
<kwd>istribution</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Katsuwonus pelamis</kwd>
<kwd>larvas</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de México</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Astyanax cocibolca, a new characid (Pisces: Ostariophysi) from Lake Nicaragua, Central America</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Escuela de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1361</fpage>
<lpage>1370</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Astyanax cocibolca, a small filter-feeding species is a new characid species endemic to Lake Nicaragua. It is distinguished from the syntopic Astyanax aeneus by its high gill raker count, slender body, upturned snout, long maxillary bones, conical outer premaxillary teeth, lower number of scales above lateral line, more intense black lateral band, smaller size, and trophic niche partitioning. At present the new species utilizes the open-water habitat at least as a nursery where young can feed on the rich plankton population. Adults feed on copepoda, cladocera, fruits, seeds and algae. The bulk of the adult population presumably resides inshore. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1361-1370. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe Astyanax cocibolca, una nueva especie pequeña y planctívora, endémica en el Lago de Nicaragua. Se distingue de la especie simpátrica Astyanax aeneus por su alto número de branquiespinas, cuerpo delgado, hocico inclinado hacia arriba, maxilar serrado en algunos, dientes unicúspides en la fila exterior del premaxilar, menor número de escamas arriba de la línea lateral, banda negra lateral más intensa y tamaño menor.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>Astyanax</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo pez carácido</kwd>
<kwd>Lago Nicaragua</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The structural and ultrastructural features of gonads from endemic Mexican fish have received scarce attention. This study describes the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of oocyte from Chirostoma humboldtianum. The ovary is asynchronic, and as such, most phases of oocyte development are found in the same ovary. The complete process of oogenesis was divided in five stages: oogonium and folliculogenesis, primary growth, cortical alveoli and lipid inclusions, vitellogenesis, and maturation. The presence of big filaments, which appear at the end of primary growth, induces some common follicular adaptation. During primary growth, abundant ribosomes, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are grouped in the cytoplasm. At the end of this stage, the Z1 layer of the chorion is developed, while microvilli start to be evident. In the cortical alveoli and lipid droplets phase, intense PAS positive vesicles, some of them containing nucleoid material, are observed in the peripheral cytoplasm and the lipid droplets take a more central position. In vitellogenesis, the proteic yolk accumulates in a centripetal way while the chorion is completely formed. During maturation, the germinal vesicle migrates to the animal pole, meiosis is restored, and there is nuclear breakdown. The oocyte increases its size and holds some oil droplets and a big fluid mass of yolk. On the outside, filaments completely surround the oocyte. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1371-1380. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Organochlorine pesticides in lacustrine sediments and tilapias of Metztitlan, Hidalgo, Mexico</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology Marine Pollution Laboratory</institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Metropolitan Autonomous University Laboratory of Marine Ecosystems </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,UNAM FES-Zaragoza Biology School</institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Metropolitan Autonomous University Department of animal and Agricultural Production </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1381</fpage>
<lpage>1390</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The organochlorine pesticides (OP) are very stable molecules, due to this stability; they are very resistant in the environment and highly related to fat tissues with a wide diffusion property and an average time life higher then 10 years. We studied sediments (November 2001, April and June 2002) and organisms collected in April and July (2002) from the lacustric zone of Metzitlán, Hidalgo, Mexico. The analysis was performed according to UNEP/IAEA (1982) (sediments) and UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA (1986) (organisms) methods. Three chemical families of organochlorine pesticides were identified and analyzed to determine posible toxicological risk. The principal organochlorine compounds found in sediments were g-HCH, d-HCH, p,p’-DDT and the endosulfan sulfate; these xenobiotics come from agriculture lands near the river and lake, used intensively, and most probably carried by the rain and rain flows into the main water body. In the tilapias tissue, p,p’-DDD y d-HCH were detected. The average concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in sediments were within the internacional limits for freshwater benthonic fauna, although lindane (g-HCH) was near the limit. The fish were above the criteria established in the local legislation (NOM-027-SSA1-1993 y NOM-028-SSA1-1993). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1381-1390. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la cuenca lacustre de Metztitlán, Hgo. Se realizaron tres colectas de sedimentos recientes en noviembre (2001), abril y julio (2002) y dos colectas para organismos en abril y julio (2002). Los análisis se hicieron siguiendo la metodología para sedimentos propuesta por UNEP/IAEA (1982) y para tejido de organismos por UNEP/FAO/IOC/IAEA (1986). Se identificaron y cuantificaron tres familias químicas de plaguicidas organoclorados, para determinar el posible riesgo toxicológico de los sedimentos y de organismos en capturas comerciales. Los principales compuestos clorados en sedimentos fueron el g-HCH, d-HCH, p,p’-DDT y el sulfato de endosulfán; estos xenobióticos provienen de las zonas de cultivos aledañas al río y al lago, con un uso intensivo, probablemente transportados por lluvias y descargas fluviales hacia el cuerpo lacustre y en el tejido de organismos se detectaron principalmente el p,p’-DDD y d-HCH. Las concentraciones promedio de plaguicidas clorados en sedimentos no rebasaron los límites establecidos en los criterios de calidad ambiental internacionales para provocar efectos nocivos en la biota bentónica de los sistemas dulceacuícolas, aunque de manera puntual el lindano (g-HCH) registró niveles cercanos a dichos límites. Las tilapias rebasaron los criterios existentes en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM-027-SSA1-1993 y NOM-028SSA1-1993).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Organochlorine pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>sediment</kwd>
<kwd>particulate organic carbon</kwd>
<kwd>Metztitlán</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
<kwd>Plaguicidas organoclorados</kwd>
<kwd>sedimentos</kwd>
<kwd>tilapia (Oreochromis spp)</kwd>
<kwd>carbono orgánico particulado</kwd>
<kwd>Metztitlán</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1391</fpage>
<lpage>1401</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trophic webs of reef fishes at Cuba’s NW area. II. Functional groups. A conceptual model of the food webs, mainly with fish, was built in a rocky shore of Havana City with data covering from October 2004 to February 2006. The stomach contents of the most abundant fish was complemented with the literature. We used the Relative Importance Index method to describe diets of carnivorous and omnivorous fish; and a modification of the Relative Abundance method for sponge eaters and herbivorous fish. Agglomerative numeric classification techniques were used to determine the diet’s similarity. The matrix was made using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index. Ten functional trophic groups were formed on the basis of diet similarity. The cascade effect is evidenced in this area by the big top predator shortage and the dominance of a few low trophic level species. The regulator role of top predators is low because of over-fishing: the trophic web of this area is highly altered. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1391-1401. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se elaboró un modelo conceptual de la trama alimentaria en una zona del sublitoral rocoso de Ciudad de la Habana, con énfasis en los peces desde octubre del 2004 hasta febrero del 2006. Para ello se emplearon los contenidos estomacales de las especies más abundantes y la información disponible en la literatura. Para describir las dietas de las especies de peces carnívoras y omnívoras se empleó el índice de importancia relativa. Para los herbívoros y consumidores de esponjas se usó una modificación del método de abundancia relativa. Se emplearon técnicas de análisis de clasificación numérica jerárquica aglomerativa para determinar el grado de similitud en las dietas de los peces. La matriz fue construida empleando el índice de disimilitud de Bray-Curtis. El análisis de la similitud de las dietas permitió la formación de 10 grupos tróficos funcionales. La escasez de depredadores tope de gran tamaño y la dominancia de muy pocas especies de bajo nivel trófico, evidencian el efecto cascada en la zona estudiada. La trama trófica del área se encuentra muy alterada, debido a que el papel regulador de la ictiofagia está muy disminuido.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>reef fish</kwd>
<kwd>trophic webs</kwd>
<kwd>cascade effect</kwd>
<kwd>functional trophic groups</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>peces de arrecife</kwd>
<kwd>cadenas tróficas</kwd>
<kwd>efecto cascada</kwd>
<kwd>grupos tróficos funcionales</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Size structure, selectivity and specific composition of the catch in traps for marine fish in the Gulf of California. We analyzed the performance of three traps for marine fish between October 2005 and August 2006 in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The performance was measured as difference in selectivity, fish diversity, size structure and yield. The samples were collected with quadrangular traps 90 cm wide, 120 cm long and 50 cm high. Trap type 1 had a 5 x 5 cm mesh (type 2: 5 x 5 cm including a rear panel of 5 x 10 cm; trap 3: 5 x 10 cm). Most abundant in our traps were: Goldspotted sand bass (Paralabrax auroguttatus), Ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps), Spotted sand bass (P. maculatofaciatus) and Bighead tilefish (C. affinis); there was no bycatch. The number of fish per trap per haul decreased when mesh size was increased. We also observed a direct relationship between mesh size and average fish length. By comparing our traps with the authorized fishing gear (hooks-and-line) we found that the size structure is larger in traps. Traps with larger mesh size were more selective. Consequently, we recommend adding traps to hooks-and-line as authorized fishing gear in the small scale fisheries of the Sonora coast, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1403-1417. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio orientado a evaluar tres tipos de trampas (eficiencia de captura, estructura de tallas, selectividad y composición de especies) para la captura de peces marinos en el Golfo de California. La recolecta de muestras se efectuó con trampas de 90 cm de ancho, 120 cm de largo y 50 cm de alto, con malla galvanizada cuadrangular en tres tamaños: una trampa completamente construida con abertura de malla de 5 x 5 cm (trampa 1); otra con malla de 5 x 5 cm, pero con el panel trasero de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 2) y la tercera con malla de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 3). Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo entre octubre del 2005 y agosto del 2006. Las especies que presentaron mayor incidencia de captura en cuanto a proporción del volumen total fueron el extranjero (Paralabrax auroguttatus), pierna (Caulolatilus princeps), cabrilla arenera (P. maculatofaciatus) y conejo (C. affinis) y prácticamente todas las capturas tuvieron valor comercial. El número de organismos por trampa por lance decreció al aumentar el tamaño de malla, mientras que la talla media se incrementó con el tamaño de malla de las trampas. Además las tallas son más grandes en cualquiera de las trampas que las obtenidas con piola de mano con anzuelos (el arte de pesca autorizado). Los resultados de la selectividad de tallas indicaron que las trampas de malla grande fueron más selectivas que las de malla más pequeña. En consecuencia, la captura con tram-pas es mejor que con los anzuelos y línea de mano, por lo que las trampas serían una muy útil adición al conjunto de artes de pesca usados en la pesca artesanal de la costa de Sonora, México.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fish traps</kwd>
<kwd>hooks-and-line</kwd>
<kwd>gear selectivity</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of California</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>trampas para peces</kwd>
<kwd>anzuelos</kwd>
<kwd>selectividad de trampas</kwd>
<kwd>golfo de California</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dormitator is among the most important fish genera in the Mexican Pacific coastal lagoon systems. In Tres Palos Lagoon, the Fat Sleeper Dormitator latifrons is one of the most significant species based on catch volume, although it is only consumed locally. Very little information exists on this species’ parasitofauna. Composition and temporal variation in the metazoan parasite community structure of Dormitator latifrons from Tres Palos Lagoon (99º47’ W, 16º48’ N), Guerrero, Mexico, were determined using seasonal samples taken between April 2000 and June 2002. Ten parasite species (55 817 individuals) were recovered from 219 examined hosts. These species included eight helminths (Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, Echinochasmus leopoldinae, Clinostomum complanatum, Pseudoacanthostomum panamense, Saccocoelioides lamothei, Parvitaenia cochlearii, Contracaecum sp. and Neoechinorhynchus golvani) and two crustaceans (Argulus sp. and Ergasilus sp.). Five of the helminth species exhibited seasonal variation in their infection dynamics associated with environmental changes during the dry and rainy seasons. The variations in the infection dynamics generated changes in the community structure over time. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1419-1427. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre abril del 2000 y junio del 2002 se efectuó un estudio para determinar la composición y la variación temporal en la estructura de la comunidad de parásitos metazoarios del popoyote Dormitator latifrons en la laguna de Tres Palos, Guerrero, México, a partir de muestras temporales. Se recuperaron diez especies de parásitos (55 817 individuos) de 219 hospederos examinados. Estas especies incluyeron ocho helmintos (Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, Echinochasmus leopoldinae, Clinostomum complanatum, Pseudoacanthostomum panamense, Saccocoelioides lamothei, Parvitaenia cochlearii, Contracaecum sp. y Neoechinorhynchus golvani) y dos crustáceos (Argulus sp. y Ergasilus sp.). Cinco de las especies de helmintos registraron variación temporal en su dinámica de infección, la cual fue asociada con cambios ambientales durante las estaciones de secas y lluvias. Las variaciones en la dinámica de infección de estas especies generaron cambios en la estructura de la comunidad a lo largo del tiempo.</p></abstract>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad Centro Nacional de Planificación Eléctrica Proceso de Planeamiento Ambiental</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>1429</fpage>
<lpage>1447</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The diversity, abundance and distributional pattern of freshwater fish communities in the Térraba River, south Costa Rica, were investigated from the early dry season of 2004 to early rain season of 2005. There have been no preview studies on the freshwater fish distribution in Térraba. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine fish species richness, abundance and distribution there. Fish sampling was done using a combination of gears such as gill net, fine mesh net and visual observation. Thirty three species, 26 genera and 14 families were collected in four sampling sites along the river. The number and biomass captured during the entire study was 984 individuals and 147 410.9 g respectively. Most of them are carnivorous species (48%), 33.3% are omnivorous and 12% detritivorous, and only two species are herbivorous. The most important species in relative abundance (56.5%) and biomass (53.7%) in the study area was the machaca (Brycon behreae). It should be clear that although the list of fish species that occur in Térraba River is reasonably complete, knowledge of their ichthyogeographic history patterns is superficial. The main community component was secondary freshwater species; with 17 invading brackish water species and one introduced species (tilapia O. niloticus). Nine species are reported for the first time in this river. The diversity index H` varied from 2.32 (El Brujo) to 1.67 (Coto), a similar pattern was also showed for the other indexes. Most of our results were similar to those of previous studies on freshwater fish distribution elsewhere, however no significant correlation between species distribution and environmental variables was found, and we hypothesized that the depth and water velocity and geomorphological are major environmental variables that influence the fish distribution. Our findings are opposed to the tendency, for species composition, to increase from upstream to the mouth of the river, which is probably due to two major human activities (discharge of waste of pineapple fields and sediments in the main channel). These activities could constitute in the future a real threat for the fish population and other aquatic organisms. Growth rates, competition, predation pressures, community organization, biotic versus physical factors in relation to distribution, and many other aspects of fish biology remain to be studied. Future surveys will involve more quantitative surveys in different seasons and over time to monitor the long-term variation in the diversity and abundance of freshwater fish species in Térraba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1429-1447. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Desde el inicio de la estación seca del 2004 hasta la estación lluviosa de 2005, se llevó a cabo una investigación, con el objetivo de determinar la diversidad, abundancia y patrones de distribución de las comunidades de peces de agua dulce del río Grande de Térraba. El muestreo de peces se llevó a cabo utilizando una combinación de artes de pesca, entre ellas las redes agalleras, redes finas y observaciones visuales. Fueron recolectadas 33 especies, 14 familias y 26 géneros en las cuatro estaciones. Se capturaron 984 ejemplares para una biomasa de 147 410.9 g. La mayoría de las especies son carnívoras (48%), 33.3% son omnívoras y 12% detritívoras y sólo dos especies son herbívoras. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa (56.5%) y biomasa (53.7) fue la machaca (Brycon behreae). Aunque la lista de especies de peces en el río Térraba parece razonablemente completa, el conocimiento sobre los patrones ictiogegráficos es superficial. El principal componente comunitario son los peces de agua dulce secundarios con 17 especies estuarinas y una especie introducida (tilapia O. niloticus). Nueve especies son registradas por primera vez. El índice de diversidad H´ varió de 2.32 (El Brujo) a 1.67 (Coto), un patrón similar se encontró para los otros índices aplicados. Muchos de nuestros resultados fueron similares a los de previos estudios sobre distribución de peces de agua dulce en otras zonas, sin embargo no se encontró correlación significativa entre la distribución de especies y las variables ambientales. Se hipotetiza que la profundidad, velocidad del agua y atributos geomorfológicos son las variables físicas que influencian la distribución de peces. Los resultados de este estudio difieren de la tendencia de que la riqueza de especies se incrementa desde la parte alta hacia la boca del río, esta condición se atribuye a dos actividades humanas (descarga al canal principal de desechos de los cultivos de piña y sedimentos contaminados). Estas actividades podrían ser, en el futuro, una amenaza real sobre los peces y otros organismos acuáticos. Se deben estudiar otros aspectos de la historia natural de los peces de la zona, tales como crecimiento, competencia, depredación, organización comunitaria y los factores físicos y/o bióticos relacionados con la distribución ictiofaunística.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>freshwater fishes</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>spatial and temporal distribution</kwd>
<kwd>River Grande de Térraba</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Peces de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>distribución espacial y temporal</kwd>
<kwd>río Grande de Térraba</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Desarrollo embrionario-larval del pez tropical Hemirhamphus brasiliensis (Beloniformes: Hemirhamphidae) a partir de huevos recolectados del medio natural</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Nueva Esparta Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas </institution>
<addr-line>Boca del Río Estado Nueva Esparta</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Núcleo de Nueva Esparta Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar </institution>
<addr-line>Boca del Río Estado Nueva Esparta</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Embrionary-larval development of the tropical fish Hemirhamphus brasiliensis (Beloniformes: Hemirhamphidae) from eggs collected in the wild. The embryo formation and larval development of Hemirhamphus brasiliensis Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces: Hemirhamphidae) is described from morula stage eggs collected on Sargassum sp. Thalii in the field (10°50’55.2&quot; N y 64°09’467&quot; W). The eggs were spherical, 1 923.54 ±72.35 µm diameter with several corionic filaments, and are striated. During the first 48 h the embryo developed cephalic vesicle, miomers, and a heart located on the external body surface, beating strongly and circulating colorless blood which became pigmented red later. Before hatching, the larva developed kidney, gut tract, liver and biliar vesicle, pectoral fins, four pairs of gill arches and the mouth. The larva hatched at 114 h, the body was torpedo-shaped, yellow-green, with several dendriform melanophores; the pelvic fin was observed 72 h post hatching. At 240 hours the metamorphoses was completed. When the larvae hatched they could ingest Artemia metanauplii. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1449-1458. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la formación del embrión y el desarrollo larval del pez Hemirhamphus brasiliensis Linnaeus, 1758, a partir de huevos en estado de mórula, recolectados en el alga parda Sargassum sp. Los huevos eran esféricos con un diámetro de 1923.54 ±72.35 µm, con numerosos filamentos coriónicos y estrías en su superficie. Durante las primeras 48 h, el embrión desarrolló la vesícula cefálica, los miomeros y el corazón, el cual se ubicó en el exterior de cuerpo impulsando sangre incolora, la cual se pigmentó de rojo posteriormente. Antes de la eclosión se desarrollaron el riñón, estómago, hígado y la vesícula biliar, las aletas pectorales, cuatro pares de arcos branquiales y la boca. Las larvas eclosionaron a la 114 h, presentando el cuerpo robusto en forma de torpedo, verde-amarillo con melanoforos dendriformes. Al nacer ingirieron metanauplios de Artemia. A las 72 h después de la eclosión se observó el esbozo de la aleta pélvica y a las 240 h se completó la metamorfosis.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>embryo</kwd>
<kwd>larvae</kwd>
<kwd>hatch</kwd>
<kwd>Hemirhamphus brasiliensis</kwd>
<kwd>embrión</kwd>
<kwd>eclosión</kwd>
<kwd>Hemirhamphus brasiliensis</kwd>
<kwd>larva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080003</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000300037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Condiciones óptimas de cultivo de linfocitos y análisis parcial del cariotipo de la tortuga cabezona, Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en Santa Marta, Caribe Colombiano</article-title>
</title-group>
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<name>
<surname>Ann López</surname>
<given-names>Ellie</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Federal de Paraná  </institution>
<addr-line>Curitiba </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
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<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Lymphocyte culture and partial karyotype of the marine turtle Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Over the past few years an important reduction in the number of nesting marine turtle Caretta caretta individuals has been registered in the Colombian Caribbean, raising the question of a possible extinction in the medium term. A conservation plan is needed. We studied the culture requirements for C. caretta lymphocytes and preliminary karyotype analysis for cytogenetic identification, immunological study and toxicology without the need to kill individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 47 individuals in Santa Marta, Colombia and tests were made until optimal conditions were established for lymphocyte culture. The karyotype had 56 chromosomes, 32 macrochromosomes and 24 micro-chromosomes. An ideogram showed that C. caretta has four groups of chromosomes. Sexual chromosomes were not observed. These results do not coincide with the karyotype described from the Pacific (Japan). The present study is the first to include a complete description of the chromosome morphology of turtles from the Atlantic Ocean. it is possible that one of the adaptive strategies of this species is genetic interchange with other species of the family, producing viable hybrids. individuals in this study might be viable hybrids of C. caretta and further molecular studies are needed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1459-1469. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En los últimos años se ha registrado una disminución importante en el número de individuos de la tortuga marina Caretta caretta anidantes en el Caribe colombiano, situación que pone en evidencia la posibilidad de su extinción a mediano plazo. Por esto, es necesario implementar planes para su manejo y conservación. En este estudio se determinaron los requerimientos del cultivo de linfocitos de Caretta caretta para la obtención de cariotipos que permitan la identificación citogenética, el estudio inmunológico y toxicológico de individuos sin necesidad de sacrificarlos. Se muestrearon 47 individuos de C. caretta de Santa Marta, Colombia obteniendo sangre periférica con la que se realizaron ensayos de las diferentes variables hasta obtener las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo convencional de linfocitos. El cariotipo obtenido presentó 56 cromosomas: 32 macrocromosomas y 24 microcromosomas. El ideograma mostró que C. caretta tiene cuatro grupos de cromosomas: el grupo A compuesto por doce (12) pares de cromosomas de mayor tamaño. El Grupo B compuesto por cuatro (4) pares de cromosomas medianos y pequeños y el Grupo C conformado por 12 pares de microcromosomas. No se observaron cromosomas sexuales. Estos resultados están en desacuerdo con el cariotipo descrito por Kamesaki (1989), debido posiblemente a que las muestras analizadas en ese estudio fueron colectadas en el Océano Pacifico (Japón). El presente estudio es el primero realizado con tortugas del Océano Atlántico que cuenta con la descripción completa de la morfología cromosómica. Es posible, que una de las estrategias adaptativas de esta especie sea el intercambio genético con otras especies de la familia, que produce individuos híbridos viables. En este aspecto se ha descrito la hibridación de tortugas Caretta caretta con Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys kempii, esto sugiere la posibilidad que los individuos caracterizados en este estudio sean híbridos viables de C. caretta, por lo tanto, se hace necesario realizar estudios a nivel molecular.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>karyotype</kwd>
<kwd>chromosomes</kwd>
<kwd>ideogram</kwd>
<kwd>Caretta caretta</kwd>
<kwd>Atlantic Ocean</kwd>
<kwd>cariotipo</kwd>
<kwd>cromosomas</kwd>
<kwd>ideograma Caretta caretta</kwd>
<kwd>Océano Atlántico</kwd>
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<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>1471</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The crocodylid Crocodylus acutus is found in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica only in small populations, and the species is protected by law. RAPD was used to analyze 70 DNA samples of Crocodylus acutus from the rivers Jesus Maria, Tarcoles and Tusubres in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica in order to estimate genetic diversity, differentiation among populations, gene flow and genetic distance between them. Genetic diversity was low in the three rivers, H = 0.2201 in the Jesus Maria river, 0.2358 in the Tarcoles river and 0.2589 in the Tusubres river. Among the three populations there is a metapopulational dynamic (GST = 0.0367), mainly between the populations of the Jesus Maria and Tarcoles rivers. The value of gene flow (Nm = 13.1361) and the number of individuals reported for each river in 2004 suggests that the population of the Tarcoles river is the source and those from Jesus Maria and Tusubres are the drains. There was a direct relationship between the genetic distance and the geographical distance (z =1.1449, r =0.9731, p&lt; 0.0010). A conservation strategy for these crocodiles must consider the existence of the metapopulation between the three rivers and the importance of studying the genetics of the American Crocodile in the rest of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, as well as over the entire distribution range of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1471-1480. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se utilizó la técnica de ADN Polimórfico Amplificado al Azar (RAPD) para analizar muestras de ADN de 70 individuos de C. acutus provenientes de los ríos Jesús María, Tárcoles y Tusubres en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica para estimar la diversidad genética, la diferenciación entre poblaciones, el flujo genético y la distancia genética. La diversidad genética fue baja en los tres ríos H = 0.2201 en el río Jesús María, 0.2358 en el río Tárcoles y 0.2589 en el río Tusubres. La diversidad genética para el total de los individuos también fue baja, H = 0.2452. Entre las tres poblaciones hay una dinámica metapoblacional (G ST = 0.0367) principalmente en las poblaciones de los ríos Jesús María y Tárcoles. El valor de flujo genético (Nm = 13.1361) y el número de individuos registrado para cada río por Porras (2004) sugieren que la población del río Tárcoles está cumpliendo el papel de fuente y las de Jesús María y Tusubres constituyen los sumideros. Hubo relación directa entre la distancia genética y la distancia geográfica (z = 1.1449, r = 0.9731, p&lt; 0.0010). Estos resultados indican la necesidad de diseñar una estrategia para la conservación de estos cocodrilos que considere la existencia de la metapoblación entre los tres ríos y también es importante realizar un estudio genético en el resto de la costa Pacífica del Costa Rica y en todo el ámbito de distribución de esta especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Crocodylus acutus</kwd>
<kwd>genetic diversity</kwd>
<kwd>gene flow</kwd>
<kwd>genetic distance</kwd>
<kwd>metapopulation</kwd>
<kwd>Crocodylus acutus</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad genética</kwd>
<kwd>flujo de genes</kwd>
<kwd>distancia genética</kwd>
<kwd>metapoblación</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population genetics of Colombian Guinea Pigs, Cavia spp. (Rodentia: Caviidae) with RAPD molecular markers. The genus Cavia occurs in South America, mainly in grasslands.. We collected blood samples from 97 individuals in six field populations and analyzed them with RAPD molecular markers. One wild type (C. anolaimae) was differentiated from the domestic form (C. porcellus), in agreement with other authors who used morphological, osteological and karyotipic results. Genetic diversity was considerable in both species, but higher in C. porcellus. The levels of genetic heterogeneity were also higher among the populations of C. porcellus (F ST = 0.254) than among the populations of C. anolaimae (F ST = 0.118). These significant levels of genetic heterogeneity, and the low levels of gene flow, were consistent with a complex domestication process for Cavia porcellus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1481-1501. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300040</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comportamiento social del mono capuchino común Cebus olivaceus (Primates: Cebidae) en tres exhibiciones zoológicas de Caracas, Venezuela</article-title>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Experimental </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Social behavior of the Wedge-capped Capuchin Monkey Cebus olivaceus (Primates: Cebidae) in three zoological exhibits of Caracas, Venezuela. Captivity represents an extreme situation for primates, especially for those with large home ranges, and its effect on their behavior might be considerable. The Wedge-capped Capuchin Monkey Cebus olivaceus is the most common primate in Venezuelan zoos. To estimate the effect of confinement on C. olivaceus behavior, we analyzed the social behavior of three groups that differed in captivity conditions, in zoological exhibits in Caracas (Caricuao, Parque del Este, El Pinar). Caricuao’s group moved freely over a non-fenced area of 15 ha, Parque del Este’s and El Pinar’s groups lived in relatively small outdoor enclosures. Social behaviors were described using focal-animal sampling, group scans and ad libitum sampling. The frequency, duration and time devoted to each behavior (per focal period per individual) were estimated. Relative dominance between pairs of individuals was established as well as affiliative associations. The repertory of social behaviors was similar between groups and to which has been observed in nature, but the duration and frequency of affiliative and agonistic interactions differed between groups. Affiliative behaviors were less frequent but longer in Caricuao than in the other two groups, while agonistic behaviors were more frequent in El Pinar and Parque del Este. Differences between groups are explained by variation in captivity conditions. We suggest that confinement generates social tension and favors agonism, while affiliative encounters help reduce this tension. On the other hand, differences in agonism between captive and natural groups may result form prolonged association, restrictions to keep optimal spacing or leave the group. All groups had some social structure (e.g., dominance ranks, association and repulsion between individuals) but the social dynamic was partly disrupted. Dominance ranks were not clear throughout the group, the top male was not dominant over the top female, dominant individuals did not interact affiliatively more than other individuals, and females did not affiliate frequently with other females. All of these observations are contrary to which has been observed in nature. As a whole, C. olivaceus tolerates captivity well because its behavioral repertoire is similar to that in natural conditions, and abnormal or undesirable behaviors (e.g., self-mutilation, stereotyped actions), were not observed. Nonetheless, there is an effect of captivity, reflected in a disruption of the social dynamic. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1503-1520. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El confinamiento es una situación extrema para los primates con áreas de vivienda extensas, y su efecto sobre la conducta puede ser considerable. Cebus olivaceus es el primate más común en los zoológicos de Venezuela pero su conducta en esta condición no ha sido documentada. Para estimar el efecto del confinamiento sobre el comportamiento social de C. olivaceus, observamos tres grupos en zoológicos de Caracas (Caricuao, Parque del Este, El Pinar), que diferían en las condiciones de cautiverio. El grupo en Caricuao, podía desplazarse libremente en un área no cercada, mientras que en Parque del Este y El Pinar estaban en fosas relativamente pequeñas. Se determinó el repertorio de conductas sociales y la frecuencia, duración y tiempo dedicado por individuo a cada comportamiento. Se realizaron observaciones focales de cada individuo, barridos del grupo y observaciones ad libitum. Se estableció la dominancia relativa y las asociaciones afiliativas entre individuos. El repertorio de conductas sociales fue similar entre grupos y respecto a lo observado en condiciones naturales. Sin embargo, las conductas afiliativas fueron menos frecuentes pero más largas en el grupo de Caricuao, mientras que las conductas agonísticas fueron más frecuentes en Parque del Este y El Pinar. Además, el agonismo fue menos frecuente en los grupos observados que en la naturaleza. Las diferencias entre grupos se explican por la condición del cautiverio. Sugerimos que con el confinamiento incrementa la tensión social y la probabilidad de encuentros agonísticos, en contraposición, la afiliación reduciría esta tensión. Por otra parte, la convivencia prolongada, la imposibilidad de mantener distancias individuales óptimas o de migrar del grupo promoverían la reducción del agonismo, a largo plazo, lo que explicaría las diferencias con los grupos naturales. En los tres grupos hubo cierta estructura social (relaciones de dominancia, afiliaciones y repulsiones entre individuos), pero algunos aspectos de la dinámica social están alterados. Los rangos de dominancia no fueron claros, el macho alfa no dominaba a la hembra de mayor rango, los dominantes no interactuaban afiliativamente más que otros individuos, y las hembras no se afiliaban preferentemente con otras hembras. Estas observaciones son contrarias a lo descrito en la naturaleza. Globalmente C. olivaceus tolera bien el cautiverio porque presenta un repertorio de conductas similar al observado en la naturaleza y no muestra conductas anormales (auto agresión, movimientos estereotipados); sin embargo la dinámica social es afectada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sociality</kwd>
<kwd>agonism</kwd>
<kwd>affiliation</kwd>
<kwd>dominance</kwd>
<kwd>captivity</kwd>
<kwd>social structure</kwd>
<kwd>tropical primate</kwd>
<kwd>Cebus olivaceu</kwd>
<kwd>Wedge-capped Capuchin monkey</kwd>
<kwd>socialidad</kwd>
<kwd>dominancia</kwd>
<kwd>agonismo</kwd>
<kwd>afiliación</kwd>
<kwd>cautiverio</kwd>
<kwd>estructura social</kwd>
<kwd>primate tropical</kwd>
<kwd>mono capuchino común</kwd>
<kwd>Cebus olivaceus</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The North Eastern region of India is undergoing industrial development at a faster rate than expected. Roads form the main system of transportation and communication owing to the hilly topography of the region. Automobiles discharge a number of gaseous and trace metal contaminants. Human activities like stone grinding, road construction and sand milling also increase the atmospheric dust and heavy metal contaminant level. These contaminants get settled on leaf surfaces at roadsides and enter in contact with phylloplane microorganisms. This study compares microorganisms on leaf surfaces of alder (Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae)) on roadside and non-roadside environments. Two sites dominated by alder were selected. One at a busy road intersection on the National Highway no. 44 in Shillong with high traffic density (8 000-9 000 heavy vehicles/day), taken as the polluted site and the other one in a forest approximately 500 m away from the roadside considered as the unpolluted site. Analysis of phylloplane microorganisms, lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and sulphur was carried out from leaves. The bacterial population was higher at the unpolluted site. Bacterial population showed a significant negative correlation with lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and sulphur. Similarly, fungal population was higher at the unpolluted site. A total of 29 fungal species were isolated from the phylloplane of A. nepalensis (polluted site 16 species; unpolluted site 28 species). Some fungal forms like Mortierella sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Aureobasidium pollulans were dominant in the polluted site. Numbers of phylloplane fungi and bacteria were significantly reduced in the polluted site. The correlation coefficient indicated a detrimental effect of metals like lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and sulphur on the microbial community of leaf surfaces. The specificity of certain fungi to the unpolluted site may be attributed to their sensitivity to pollution. The predominance of Aureobasidium pollulans, Fusarium oxysporum and Mortierella sp. in the polluted site may be due to their resistance to pollutants in roadside conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1521-1529. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La región nororiental de la India está experimentando un rápido desarrollo industrial y debido a la topografía montañosa de la región, los automóviles descargan variedad de contaminantes. Actividades humanas como moler piedra y construir caminos también aumentan el polvo atmosférico y la contaminación con metales pesados. Este estudio compara microorganismos en superficies foliares del árbol Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae). Se estudió uno sitio en una intersección de Shillong, con alta densidad de tráfico (8 000-9 000 vehículos pesados/día), tomada como el sitio contaminado, y otro en un bosque aproximadamente a 500 m de la carretera (sitio no contaminado). Se contabilizaron bacterias, hongos, plomo, zinc, cobre, cadmio y sulfuro. La población bacteriana era más alta en el sitio no contaminado. La población bacteriana mostró una correlación negativa significativa con el contenido de plomo, cinc, cobre, cadmio y sulfuro foliares en el sitio contaminado, mientras que en el sitio no contaminado la correlación fue insignificante. La población de hongos también fue más alta en el sitio no contaminado. Un total de 29 especies de hongos fueron aislados A. nepalensis: 16 en el sitio contaminado y 28 en el no contaminado. Algunas especies de hongos como Mortierella sp., Fusarium oxysporum y Aureobasidium pollulans fueron dominantes en el sitio contaminado. El número de hongos y bacterias fue significativamente menor en el sitio contaminado. El coeficiente de correlación indicó un efecto perjudicial de metales como el plomo, el zinc, el cobre, el cadmio y el sulfuro en esta comunidad que habitan superficies de hojas. La especificidad de ciertos hongos al sitio no contaminado se puede atribuir a su sensibilidad a la contaminación. El predominio de Aureobasidium pollulans, Fusarium oxysporum y Mortierella sp. en el sitio contaminado puede ser debido a su resistencia a los agentes contaminadores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Alnus nepalensis</kwd>
<kwd>roadside</kwd>
<kwd>pollution</kwd>
<kwd>heavy metals</kwd>
<kwd>phylloplane</kwd>
<kwd>microbial community</kwd>
<kwd>Alnus nepalensis</kwd>
<kwd>carretera</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>metales pesados</kwd>
<kwd>filosfera</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad de microorganismos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de los Andes Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena</institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Hunting may have drastic effects on some populations of frugivores and seed dispersal agents, which in turn may affect patterns of forest regeneration and plant diversity. However, when a species disappears, it is possible that the population of other species increases due to competition release, compensating or not, their ecological roles. The main aim of this study was to measure density compensation in primate communities, their possible effects on seedling and sapling diversity, and compensation of seed removal rates in two canopy trees (Apeiba aspera and Hymenaea oblongifolia). The study site was Amacayacu National Park (Colombian Amazon), where we carried out a census of mammal species using line transect methods in two forests with different levels of hunting pressure. Vegetation plots were used to quantify plant diversity for seedlings and saplings (4 m² and 25 m² respectively), and fruit traps were set up to estimate seed removal of A. aspera and H. oblongifolia. Large primates were less frequently encountered near human settlements, while small primates exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting a density compensation effect. The diversity of regenerating plants was higher in the forest where large primates occur. Seed removal was higher in forests with large primates for A. aspera, but not for H. oblongifolia. Overall, the results support the hypothesis of density compensation on the primate community; however, there is no strong evidence of ecological compensation in terms of seed dispersal and regeneration in the species studied. Finally, the presence of large seed dispersers (e.g. Lagothrix lagothricha) was associated with higher plant diversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1531-1542. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La cacería ha tenido fuertes efectos en algunas poblaciones de frugívoros y dispersores de semillas, lo cual en consecuencia puede afectar los patrones de diversidad de plantas y regeneración del bosque. Sin embargo, es posible que extinciones locales promuevan el incremento de otras especies, que pueden o no compensar roles ecológicos. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la posibilidad de compensación por densidad en las comunidades de primates y sus posibles efectos sobre la diversidad de plántulas y juveniles, así como también la remoción de semillas de dos árboles (Apeiba aspera e Hymenaea oblongifolia). El trabajo fue realizado en el Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu (Amazonas - Colombia). Hicimos censos de mamíferos usando transectos lineales en dos bosques con diferentes presiones de cacería. Además, levantamos parcelas de vegetación para plántulas y juveniles (4 m² y 25 m² respectivamente), y ubicamos trampas de frutos bajo al menos seis árboles de cada especie, en cada bosque, para estimar la remoción de semillas. Los encuentros con primates grandes fueron menos frecuentes en bosques cerca de las comunidades indígenas, mientras que para los primates pequeños el patrón fue contrario, sugiriendo un efecto de compensación por densidad. Por otra parte, la diversidad de plántulas y juveniles fue más alta en bosques donde la densidad de primates grandes es mayor. La remoción de semillas fue mayor en bosques con mayor densidad de primates grandes para A. aspera, pero para H. oblongifolia las diferencias entre bosques no fueron significativas. En general, los resultados de este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de compensación por densidad en la comunidad de primates, sin embargo, no hay evidencia fuerte de compensación ecológica en términos de dispersión de semillas y regeneración. Finalmente, la presencia de dispersores grandes (ej. Lagothrix lagothricha) estuvo asociada con una mayor diversidad de plantas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Colonization hypothesis</kwd>
<kwd>Density compensation</kwd>
<kwd>Janzen-Connell hypothesis</kwd>
<kwd>Plant diversity</kwd>
<kwd>Primate Communities</kwd>
<kwd>Seed dispersal</kwd>
<kwd>hipotesis de la colonización</kwd>
<kwd>compensación por densidad</kwd>
<kwd>hipótesis de Janzen-Connell</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad de plantas</kwd>
<kwd>comunidad de primates</kwd>
<kwd>dispersión de semillas</kwd>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000300043</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Caracterización de bordes de bosque altoandino e implicaciones para la restauración ecológica en la Reserva Forestal de Cogua (Colombia)</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<fpage>1543</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Characterization of High Andean forest edges and implications for their ecological restoration (Colombia). The growth of a forest patch through colonization of the adjacent matrix is mostly determined by the particular characteristics of the edge zone. Knowing how these characteristics are related to a specific edge type and how they influence the regeneration process, is important for High Andean forest edges restoration. This study aimed to characterize three types of High Andean forest edge in Cogua Forest Reserve (Colombia): 1) edge of Chusquea scandens, 2) &quot;paramizado&quot;, and 3) old edge, characterized for being in a later successional state. Two forest patches were chosen for each edge type and 13 criteria were analyzed; these were of topographic order, micro-environmental order, vegetation structure and species composition. in each patch the vegetation was evaluated by means of two 60 m transects perpendicular to the edge and along the matrix-edgeinterior of the forest gradient. All woody plant species were identified and counted to determine their abundance. Environmental variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and light radiation) were measured in one of the transects. Three of the 13 criteria were of little importance in shaping the type of edge habitat (slope, patch shape and area). The others were closely related with the micro-environmental conditions and in turn with the vegetation structure and composition; this relationship confers particular characteristics to each edge type. The microclimate and floristic edge limits coincided; edges extend between 10 and 20 m into the forest depending on the edge type. The paramizado edge has the smallest environmental self-regulation capacity and is more exposed to fluctuations of the studied variables, because of its greatest exposition to the wind action and loss of the tallest trees (between 10 and 15 m) which regulate the understorey microclimate. This low environmental buffer capacity prevents the establishing of mature forest species (for example, Schefflera sp. and Oreopanax bogotensis) although they are found in other areas within the same patch. All these results show that the paramizado edge needs the most intervention for its restoration. The Chusquea scandens edge forest is the most sheltered since this species acts as a protecting shield. However it still needs to be controlled to allow the adjacent matrix colonization by the forest species and natural regeneration, as it does in the old edge type forest, which moreover has an intermediate self-regulating capacity relative to the other two. The vegetation composition reveals that most of the edge species can also grow inside, beyond the forest edge. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1543-1556. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se caracterizaron tres tipos de borde de bosque altoandino: borde de Chusquea scandens, paramizado y antiguo; este último denominado así por presentar un estado sucesional más avanzado. Se seleccionaron dos parches de bosque por cada tipo de borde, para analizar 13 criterios entre fisiográficos, microclimáticos, estructura y composición de la vegetación. Tres de los criterios (pendiente, forma y área del parche) son poco determinantes del tipo de hábitat de borde, los demás están estrechamente relacionados con las condiciones del microambiente y éste a su vez con la estructura y composición de la vegetación, confiriendo características particulares a cada hábitat de borde. El borde paramizado muestra la menor capacidad de autorregulación ambiental estando más expuesto a la fluctuación en estas variables, debido a su exposición directa a la acción del viento y a la pérdida de los estratos arbóreos más altos (entre 10 y 15 m), por lo que requiere la mayor intervención para su restauración. El borde de chusque es el más resguardado al actuar esta especie como una barrera protectora, que sin embargo debe ser controlada para promover la expansión del bosque como habita en el borde antiguo, el cual presenta una capacidad reguladora intermedia entre los otros dos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Chusquea scandens</kwd>
<kwd>disturbance</kwd>
<kwd>ecological restoration</kwd>
<kwd>forest edge</kwd>
<kwd>matrix</kwd>
<kwd>microclimate</kwd>
<kwd>Chusquea scandens</kwd>
<kwd>bordes de bosque</kwd>
<kwd>disturbio</kwd>
<kwd>matriz</kwd>
<kwd>microclima</kwd>
<kwd>paramización</kwd>
<kwd>restauración ecológica</kwd>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of environmental variables on the shrub and tree species distribution in two Semideciduous Forest sites in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil</article-title>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Solos </institution>
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<country>Brazil</country>
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<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<year>2008</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300044&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The floristic variations of shrub and tree components were studied in two sites of Semideciduous Forest, initial forest and mature forest, located in the Mata do Paraíso Forest Reserve, in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, in order to analyze the floristic similarity and the correlations between environmental variables and the distribution of tree species in these forests. Individual trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) &amp;#8805; 4.8 cm were sampled in twenty 10 x 30 m plots (10 plots in each site). The plots were distributed systematically at 10 m intervals. The environmental variables analyzed were: the canopy openness and soil chemical and texture characteristics. The two forest sites showed clear differences in the levels of canopy openness and soil fertility, factors that reflect the floristic and successional differences of the shrub and tree component, revealed by the low similarity between these forests by cluster analysis. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of environmental variables and species abundance indicated that the species in these forests studied are distributed under strong influence of canopy openness, moisture and soil fertility. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 15571569. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estudiamos las variaciones florísticas de arbustos y árboles en dos sitios de un bosque semicaducifolio, bosque primario y bosque maduro, en la Reserva Forestal Mata do Paraíso, en Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Sudeste de Brasil, para analizar la similitud florística y las correlaciones entre las variables ambientales y la distribución de tres especies en estos bosques. Árboles individuales con diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) &amp;#8805; 4.8 cm. fueron muestreados en veinte parcelas de 10 x 30 m (10 parcelas en cada sitio). Las parcelas se distribuyeron sistemáticamente a intervalos de 10 m. Las variables ambientales fueron analizadas así: la abertura del dosel y características químicas y de textura del suelo. Los dos sitios de bosque mostraron diferencias evidentes en la abertura del dosel y fertilidad del suelo, factores que reflejan las diferencias florísticas y sucesionales de arbustos y árboles, revelado por la baja similitud entre estos bosques por medio de análisis de conglomerados. El análisis de correspondencia canónica (CCA) de variables ambientales y abundancia de especies indican que las especies en los bosques estudiados están distribuidas bajo una fuerte influencia de la abertura del dosel, humedad y fertilidad del suelo</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Semideciduous forest</kwd>
<kwd>canonical correspondence analysis</kwd>
<kwd>soil-vegetation relationship</kwd>
<kwd>hemispherical photographs</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>bosque semicaducifolio</kwd>
<kwd>análisis de correspondencia canónica</kwd>
<kwd>relación suelo-vegetación</kwd>
<kwd>fotografías hemisféricas</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000300045&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We studied the arboreal composition of the tropical mountain rainforest’s upper canopy in the San Martín Pajapán volcano, Tatahuicapan, Veracruz, México (18°26’ N; 94°17’ W). Two forest stands were studied, one in an exposed position and one protected. The Shannon index of diversity and the Jaccard index of affinity were calculated to calculate affinities between plots and between stands of different environmental exposures. The average Shannon value was 3.391 +0.121 for the exposed zone and 3.511 +0.53 for the protected zone. There is a greater species number and tree density in the exposed stand. This difference might be caused be different orientation to dominant winds. The diversity index value is high is similar between the stands, despite the important difference in species composition. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1571-1579. Epub 2008 September 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la composición arbórea del bosque tropical lluvioso en el volcán de San Martín Pajapán. Se comparan dos áreas en diferente exposición: expuesta a los vientos dominates y protegida de los vientos. El valor medio del índice de diversidad de Shannon es de 3.391 +0.121 para la zona expuesta y 3.511 +0.53 para la protegida. El número de especies y la densidad de árboles por hectárea es mayor en la zona expuesta y la composición de especies es muy diferente entre las parcelas.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>neotrópico</kwd>
<kwd>selva lluviosa</kwd>
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