<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Uso correcto del español en la redacción de artículos biológicos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Monge-Nájera</surname>
<given-names>Julián</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Méndez Anchía</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Biología Tropical </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Estatal a Distancia Programa de Producción de Material Impreso </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1589</fpage>
<lpage>1593</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Correct use of Spanish when writing biological papers. We present a list of the most frequent errors in biological manuscripts written in Spanish, and we explain which are the recommended options. Our article is based on the International Codes of Nomenclature, and the guidelines of the Real Academia de la Lengua and the Council of Science Editors. We group the indications in four categories: lexical errors (e.g. English cognates); spelling (graphic accents, punctuation, font), morphology (use of prepositions) and style (linguistic economy). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1589-1593. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Presentamos una lista de los errores más comunes en los manuscritos biológicos redactados en lengua española, explicando cuáles son las palabras recomendadas. Nos basamos en las recomendaciones de la Real Academia Española y los Códigos Internacionales de Nomenclatura, así como en las normas del Consejo de Editores Científicos. Agrupamos las correcciones y recomendaciones en cuatro categorías: léxico (e.g. anglicismos), ortografía (acentuación gráfica, puntuación, mayúsculas), morfología (régimen preposicional) y estilo (economía lingüística).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>writing in Spanish</kwd>
<kwd>correct use of the Spanish language</kwd>
<kwd>biology</kwd>
<kwd>science</kwd>
<kwd>bad translations</kwd>
<kwd>technical writing</kwd>
<kwd>redacción castellana</kwd>
<kwd>uso correcto del español</kwd>
<kwd>biología</kwd>
<kwd>ciencia</kwd>
<kwd>anglicismos</kwd>
<kwd>redacción técnica</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate tolerance in bacteria isolated from sediment of tropical water bodies polluted with detergents</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kehinde</surname>
<given-names>I.T</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eniola</surname>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olayemi</surname>
<given-names>Albert B.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Environmental and Public Health Research (EPHR) Laboratory  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Ilorin Department of Microbiology </institution>
<addr-line>Ilorin Kwara State</addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1595</fpage>
<lpage>1601</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The discharge of untreated detergent-bearing waste introduces linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) to the aquatic environment. The surfactant persists in some streams and rivers in Nigeria, some is adsorbed to suspended materials and end in the sediment of the receiving water bodies. In this study, bacteria isolated from sediments of some tropical detergent-effluent-polluted streams were tested for tolerance to LAS using the media dilution technique. LAS-tolerance was indicated by growth of the bacteria in the presence of the surfactant. The pH, concentrations of surfactant, population of heterotrophic bacteria and population of LAS-tolerant bacteria in the sediments were determined. A direct relationship (r= 0.9124) was found between the alkaline conditions (pH= 8.2-12.0) and high surfactant concentrations (45-132 mg/g) in the sediment. The sediments harboured a high population and a wide variety of bacteria; the populations of viable heterotrophic bacteria (vHB: 2.9×10(5) to 1.2×10(7) cfu/g) and LAS tolerant bacteria (LTB: 1.5×10(4) to 1.2×10(6) cfu/g) had a direct relationship (r= 0.9500). An inverse relationship resulted between each of them and the concentration of surfactant in the sediment, r vHB/ LAS = -0.9303 and rLTB/ LAS = -0.9143, respectively. Twelve bacteria species were isolated from the sediment: Alcaligenes odorans, Bacillus subtilis, Burkholderia cepacia, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus albus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. Most of them were adapted to the surfactant with their maximum acceptable concentrations ranging between 0.03 and &gt;1.0% (w/v). The sediments could serve as source of adapted organisms which can be used in bio-treatment of LAS-bearing waste. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4):7-15. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La descarga de desechos que contienen detergentes liberan sulfonatos de alquibenceno lineal (LAS) al ambiente acuático. El tensoactivador persiste en algunos arroyos y ríos de Nigeria, en parte es absorbido por materiales en suspensión y termina entre los sedimentos de los cuerpos de agua receptores. En este estudio, bacterias aisladas de los sedimentos de algunos arroyos tropicales que reciben efluentes contaminados con detergentes, fueron analizadas para determinar su tolerancia a los LAS, utilizando la técnica de dilusión del medio. Las bacterias se consideraron tolerantes a los LAS cuando continuaron creciendo aún en presencia del tensoactivador. En los sedimentos también se determinó acidez (pH), concentración de tensoactivador, poblaciones de bacterias heterotróficas y de bacterias tolerantes a los LAS. Se encontró una relación directa (r= 0.9124) entre condiciones alcalinas (pH= 8.2-12.0) y concentraciones altas de tensoactivador (45-132 mg/g) en los sedimentos. Además, los sedimentos mostraron albergar a una población grande y variada de bacterias; las poblaciones de bacterias heterotróficas (vHB: 2.9×10(5) -1.2×10(7) cfu/g) y bacterias tolerantes a los LAS (LTB: 1.5×10(4) -1.2×10(6) cfu/g), mostraron una relación directa (r= 0.9500). Por otra parte, una relación inversa se encontró entre cada una de ellas y la concentración de tensoactivador en los sedimentos, r vHB/ LAS = -0.9303 y rLTB/ LAS = -0.9143 respectivamente. Doce especies de bacterias fueron aisladas de los sedimentos: Alcaligenes odorans, Bacillus subtilis, Burkholderia cepacia, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus albus, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus faecalis. La mayoría de esas especies muestra adaptaciones al tensoactividor, siempre que éste se encuentre en concentraciones entre 0.03 y 1.0% (w/v). Los sedimentos pueden servir como una fuente de organismos que pueden ser utilizados en el bio-tratamiento de desechos que contengan LAS.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>LAS</kwd>
<kwd>surfactant</kwd>
<kwd>tolerance</kwd>
<kwd>detergent</kwd>
<kwd>effluent</kwd>
<kwd>LAS</kwd>
<kwd>tensoactivador</kwd>
<kwd>tolerancia</kwd>
<kwd>detergentes</kwd>
<kwd>efluentes</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<aff id="A02">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The ability of microorganisms to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons is important for finding an environmentally-friendly method to restoring contaminated environmental matrices. Screening of hydrocarbon-utilizing and biosurfactant-producing abilities of organisms from an estuarine ecosystem in Nigeria, Africa, resulted in the isolation of five microbial strains identified as Corynebacterium sp. DDv1, Flavobacterium sp. DDv2, Micrococcus roseus DDv3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DDv4 and Saccharomyces cerevisae DDv5. These isolates grew readily on several hydrocarbons including hexadecane, dodecane, crude oil and petroleum fractions. Axenic cultures of the organisms utilized diesel oil (1.0 % v/v) with generation times that ranged significantly (t-test, P &lt; 0.05) between 3.25 and 3.88 day, with concomitant production of biosurfactants. Kinetics of growth indicates that biosurfactant synthesis occurred predominantly during exponential growth phase, suggesting that the bioactive molecules are primary metabolites. Strains DDv1 and DDv4 were evidently the most metabolically active in terms of substrate utilization and biosurfactant synthesis compared to other strains with respective emulsification index of 63 and 78 %. Preliminary biochemical characterization indicates that the biosurfactants are heteropolymers consisting of lipid, protein and carbohydrate moieties. The hydrocarbon catabolic properties coupled with biosurfactant-producing capabilities is an asset that could be exploited for cleanup of oil-contaminated matrices and also in food and cosmetic industries. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 16031611. Epub 2008 December 30.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La capacidad de los microorganismos para degradar hidrocarburos del petróleo es de gran importancia para hallar un método aceptable y ambientalmente amigable para la restauración de terrenos ambientalmente contaminados. Al investigar las capacidades de los organismos de un ecosistema de estuario que utilizan hidrocarburos y producen biosurfactantes, se produjo como resultado el aislamiento de cinco cepas microbianas identificadas como Corynebacterium sp. DDv1, Flavobacterium sp. DDv2, Micrococcus roseus DDv3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y DDv4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae DDv5. Estas cepas crecieron fácilmente en varios hidrocarburos incluyendo hexadecanos, dodecanos, petróleo crudo y fracciones de petróleo. Los cultivos axénicos de organismos utilizaron diesel (1.0% v/v) con períodos por generación con ámbitos significativos (t-test, P &lt;0.05) de entre 3.25 y 3.88 días, con la consiguiente producción de bio-surfactantes. La cinética del crecimiento indica que la síntesis de bio-surfactante se produjo principalmente durante la fase de crecimiento exponencial, lo que sugiere que las moléculas bioactivas son metabolitos primarios. Las cepas DDv1 y DDv4 fueron evidentemente las más metabólicamente activas en términos de utilización del sustrato y la síntesis de bio-surfactantes en comparación con otras cepas con índices respectivos de emulsificación de 63 y 78%. La caracterización bioquímica preliminar indica que los bio-surfactantes son heteropolímeros constituidos de fracciones de lípidos, proteínas y carbohidratos. Las propiedades catabólicas de los hidrocarburos, junto con las capacidades de producción de bio-surfactantes, es una ventaja que puede ser aprovechada para la limpieza de terrenos contaminados con petróleo y también en la industria alimentaria y cosmética.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>biosurfactant</kwd>
<kwd>diesel oil</kwd>
<kwd>hydrocarbon</kwd>
<kwd>biodegradation</kwd>
<kwd>bacterial strains</kwd>
<kwd>bio-surfactante</kwd>
<kwd>diesel</kwd>
<kwd>hidrocarburos</kwd>
<kwd>biodegradación</kwd>
<kwd>cepas bacterianas</kwd>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Hematología y Trastornos Afines (CIHATA) </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Hematología </institution>
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</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Laboratorio de Investigación </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Laboratorio de Hematología </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<volume>56</volume>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Molecular detection of the BCR-ABL gen by RT-PCR In Costa Rican children with leukemia. Many leukemias could have chromosomic translocations and according to the transcripts formed by the genes involved, the patients present an specific phenotype of the leukemia. We show the first results of the investigation of the gen BCR-ABL using RT-PCR, in order to look for the t(9;22)(q34;q11) in pediatric leukemic children. We studied in total 55 patients, 6 (10.9%) of them were positive for that translocation. Two (3.63%) of the positive children had ALL and the other 4 (7.27%) presented CML, the genotyping analysis of the transcript was studied in these children. With the introduction of this methodology as part of the routine studies, the leukemic children could get in the future an specific diagnosis, that will be important to classify them in prognostic categories and to improve the detection of minimal residual disease. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1613-1618. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Muchas leucemias pueden presentar traslocaciones cromosómicas, las cuales, de acuerdo a los transcriptos formados por los genes involucrados, originará un fenotipo leucémica variable. En este trabajo se muestran los primeros resultados de pacientes pediátricos con leucemia, a los cuales se les hizo el estudio molecular por RT-PCR y el genotipaje para el gen BCR-ABL producto de la t(9;22)(q34;q11). De las 55 muestras estudiadas, 6 (10.9%) fueron positivas para el transcripto mencionado. De las 6 positivas, 2(3.63%) de esos pacientes tenían LLA y 4 (7.27%) eran LMC. La introducción de esta metodología en el manejo rutinario de los niños con leucemia, servirá para establecer un diagnóstico más preciso, un pronóstico más certero y un seguimiento adecuado de la enfermedad mínima residual.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>BCR-ABL</kwd>
<kwd>RT-PCR</kwd>
<kwd>LLA</kwd>
<kwd>Leukemia</kwd>
<kwd>genotype</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>BCR-ABL</kwd>
<kwd>RT-PCR</kwd>
<kwd>LLA</kwd>
<kwd>Leucemia</kwd>
<kwd>Genotipeo</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cytogenetic characterization of the neotropical fish Brycon henni (Pisces: Characidae). Brycon henni, is a native fish from Western Colombia is important as food and in sport fishing, and could be cultured in waters between 18 and 28ºC. A previous cytogenetic study in branchial cells indicated different chromosomal complements. Total blood samples were seeded in 4 ml Ham-F12 culture medium, supplemented with 0.5 ml Bovine Fetal Serum and 0.7 ml Phyitohemaglutinin M (Gibco®) during 96 hr at 28ºC; an antimitotic factor (100µl Colcemid® 10%) was added. Cells were incubated in 10 ml KCl hypotonic solution (0.56%) for 24 min at 37ºC, fixed in methanol; acetic acid (3: 1) three times, separated by centrifugations, extended drip, and the chromosomes slides were stained with 5% Giemsa (5%). The best metaphases (6 males and 8 females) were photographed. There was a diploid number of 50 chromosomes: Metacentrics (26M), Submetacentrics (16SM) and Subtelocentrics (8ST). The fundamental number is 100 arms. The evolutionary tendency is type B with no supernumerary chromosomes; a first pair of big metacentric chromosomes is characteristic for Brycon, while no chromosomic sexual heteromorfism was detected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1619-1628. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La sabaleta Brycon henni, es un pez nativo del occidente colombiano importante para la seguridad alimentaria de las poblaciones ribereñas y para la pesca deportiva por sus característica combativas. El desarrollarse entre los 18 y 28ºC la convierte en una especie de cultivo promisoria. Un estudio citogenético a partir de células branquiales indicó diferentes complementos cromosómicos. Este trabajo aplicó la técnica de cultivo de linfocitos a muestras de sangre de adultos. Las muestras de sangre total fueron sembradas en 4 ml de medio de cultivo Ham-F12, suplementado con 0.5 ml de Suero Fetal Bovino y 0.7 ml del mitógeno Fitohemaglutinina M (Gibco®) durante 96 hr a 28ºC; 1.5 hr antes de la cosecha agregamos 100µl de Colcemid al 10% como factor antimitótico. Cada cultivo se incubó con 10 ml de solución hipotónica KCl 0.56% por 24 min a 37ºC, para continuar con tres fijaciones sucesivas, centrifugaciones y tinción Giemsa al 5%. Las mejores metafases fueron fotografiadas en microscopio, correspondientes a 6 machos y 8 hembras, indicando un número diploide de 50 cromosomas, clasificados en Metacéntricos (26M), Submetacéntricos (16SM) y Subtelocéntricos (8ST), para un número fundamental (NF) de 100 brazos. La tendencia evolutiva hallada fue de tipo B; no se encontraron cromosomas supernumerarios pero sí un primer par de cromosomas metacéntricos grandes, considerado marcador para el género Brycon, no determinante de heteromorfismo sexual. Estos resultados coinciden con los demás bricónidos investigados, en donde se podría considerar un ancestro común con un número cromosómico básico y cariotipos simétricos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Karyotype</kwd>
<kwd>chromosomes</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>bryconids</kwd>
<kwd>lymphocytes</kwd>
<kwd>Cariotipo</kwd>
<kwd>cromosomas</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
<kwd>bricónidos</kwd>
<kwd>infocitos</kwd>
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<addr-line>Rio de Janeiro </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius is an endemic species from Brazil that is sexually dimorphic in adult plumage. Young males are similar to adult and young females until their second year. Adults and young females are not distinguishable in plumage. We tested whether iris colour can be used to separate adult females from immature females. We used for the first time the molecular sexing technique based on CHD-genes to confirm the sex of the individuals classified as &quot;female plumage with red iris&quot;, and to identify the sex of individuals classified as &quot;female plumage and brown iris&quot;. The adult males were used as a positive control. DNA samples from 190 individuals were analysed. The sizes of the PCR products were identified as 350 base pairs (bp) for CHD-Z and 388 bp for CHD-W. We confirmed that adult females have a red iris and the young females a brown iris. We could also separate young males and females which present the same iris colour and plumage. Although there are indications that the iris colour can be used by birds to identify the adults in co-operative breeding species such as the Brazilian tanager, more behavioural data are required to understand the role of iris coloration in this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1629-1633. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El ave Ramphocelus bresilius es una especie endémica de Brasil con dimorfismo sexual en el plumaje del adulto. Los machos jóvenes son similares a las hembras adultas y jóvenes hasta el segundo año de vida. Adultos y hembras jóvenes son indistinguibles por el plumaje. Evaluamos si el color del iris puede ser utilizado para distinguir hembras adultas de hembras inmaduras. Utilizamos por primera vez la técnica molecular de identificación de sexos basada en los genes CHD para confirmar el género de individuos clasificados como plumaje femenino con iris rojo, y para identificar el sexo de los individuos clasificados como plumaje femenino e iris marrón. Usamos machos adultos como control. Analizamos muestras de DNA de 190 individuos. Los tamaños de los productos del PCR fueron identificados como 350 pares de bases (pb) para CHD-Z y 388 pb para CHD-W. Pudimos confirmar que las hembras adultas presentan iris rojo y las hembras jóvenes iris marrón. También pudimos distinguir machos jóvenes de hembras, que presentan el mismo color de iris y plumaje.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Molecular sexing</kwd>
<kwd>iris colour</kwd>
<kwd>CHD-gene</kwd>
<kwd>Ramphocelus bresilius</kwd>
<kwd>Passeriformes</kwd>
<kwd>identificación de sexos</kwd>
<kwd>color del iris</kwd>
<kwd>genes CHD</kwd>
<kwd>Ramphocelus bresilius</kwd>
<kwd>Passeriformes</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Adverse reactions from community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI ) for onchocerciasis and loiasis in Ondo State, Nigeria</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
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<addr-line>Lagos </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Lagos State University Faculty of Science Department of Zoology</institution>
<addr-line>Lagos </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Ministry of Health Onchocerciasis Section </institution>
<addr-line> Ondo State</addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<aff id="A04">
<institution>,University of Calabar Department of Biological Sciences </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Onchocerciasis is an endemic disease in Ondo state, Nigeria. Community directed distribution of ivermectin is currently on-going in some local government areas of the state. Randomly selected persons (2 331 males and 2 469 females) were interviewed using a modified rapid assessment procedure for Loa loa (RAPLOA) to assess community directed treatment with ivermectin. The retrospective study evaluated the coverage, impacts and adverse reactions to the drug treatment. A questionnaire was administered by house-to-house visit in six local government areas, implementing community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in this bioclimatic zone. A total of 2,398 respondents were reported to have participated in the treatment. The overall ivermectin coverage of 49.96% was recorded (range 0 - 52% in different communities). Adverse reactions from ivermectin administration were experienced in 38% of individuals. Diverse adverse reactions experienced included predominantly itching (18.50%); oedema, especially of the face and the limbs (8.2%); rashes (3.4%) and body weakness (2.4%). Expulsion of intestinal worms occurred in 0.96% of the respondents. The occurrence of adverse reactions in relation to age categories was statistically significant. Neither fatal nor severe adverse reactions were reported by respondents. Significantly, despite experienced adverse reactions, continued participation, acceptability and compliance to ivermectin treatment was expressed by the various communities. This attitude is in consonance with the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) objectives. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1635-1643. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La oncocercosis es endémica en el estado Ondo, Nigeria. Se seleccionaron 4 800 personas al azar para evaluar con encuesta retrospectiva la cobertura, efectos y reacciones al tratamiento farmacológico con ivermectina administrado por la misma comunidad. La cobertura global de ivermectina fue 50 % con reacciones adversas en 38 % de los individuos. Estas fueron comezón picazón (18%), edema, especialmente de la cara y las extremidades (8%), erupciones cutáneas (3%) y debilidad (2%); dependieron de la edad y no hubo reacciones más graves. La expulsión de las lombrices intestinales se produjo en 96% de los encuestados. A pesar de las reacciones adversas, hubo continuidad, aceptación y cumplimiento del tratamiento con ivermectina, en consonancia con los objetivos del Programa Africano para el Control de Oncocercosis (APOC).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>onchocerciasis</kwd>
<kwd>loiasis</kwd>
<kwd>adverse reactions</kwd>
<kwd>community directed treatment with ivermectin</kwd>
<kwd>rapid assessment procedure for Loa loa</kwd>
<kwd>African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control</kwd>
<kwd>oncocercosis</kwd>
<kwd>loiasis</kwd>
<kwd>reacciones adversas</kwd>
<kwd>ivermectina</kwd>
<kwd>procedimiento de evaluación rápida para Loa loa</kwd>
<kwd>Programa Africano para el Control de Oncocercosis</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Saponinas esteroidales de la planta Agave brittoniana (Agavaceae) con actividad contra el parásito Trichomona vaginalis</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Las Villas Facultad de Química y Farmacia </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Central de Las Villas Departamento de Parasitología, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1645</fpage>
<lpage>1652</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Steroidal saponins from the plant Agave brittoniana with activity against the parasite Trichomona vaginalis. The genus Agave (Agavaceae), includes more than 300 species; around 16 of them show an homogeneous distribution throughout Cuba. Agave brittoniana (ssp. brachypus), is an endemic subspecies that grows in the central region of the country and its leaves are traditionally used in the treatment of parasitic diseases. The parasite Trichomonas vaginalis causes the disease known as trichomoniasis, that infects the genital tract. To test in vitro the plant against Trichomona vaginalis, the dried and powdered leaves were extracted three times with ethanol-water (7 : 3) by maceration at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the extract was suspended in distilled water, defatted with n-hexane, and extracted with water-saturated n-butanol. After solvent removal, a portion of the n-butanol extract was hydrolyzed. After extraction with ethyl acetate the hydrolysis products were compared with authentic sapogenins samples using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Most of the sapogenins (yuccagenin and diosgenin) were isolated and their structures were confirmed. using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The n-butanol extract was subjected to a separation process through column chromatography to obtain five fractions. After multiple separation processes by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the most active one produced one refined fraction that contained two saponins with the same aglycone (diosgenin) and one yuccagenin based saponin. Best results of the activity were obtained with the yuccagenin derived glycoside. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 16451652. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Agave, familia Agavaceae, tiene más de 300 especies, con aproximadamente 16 distribuidas en toda Cuba. Una de ellas, el Agave brittoniana Trel. (ssp. brachypus), es una subespecie endémica y sus hojas son tradicionalmente utilizadas en el tratamiento de enfermedades parasitarias. Se realizaron estudios &quot;in vitro&quot; de la actividad de productos de esta planta frente a Trichomona vaginalis. Las hojas secas y pulverizadas fueron extraídas tres veces con una mezcla de etanol-agua (7: 3) mediante maceración a temperatura ambiente. El disolvente fue evaporado a presión reducida y el extracto fue suspendido en agua destilada, desengrasado con n-hexano, y extraído con n-butanol saturado con agua. Luego de una extracción con acetato de etilo, los productos de la hidrólisis fueron comparados con patrones de sapogeninas mediante la cromatografía de capa fina (CCD). Aislamos las sapogeninas mayoritarias (yuccagenina y diosgenina) y confirmamos sus estructuras utilizando técnicas de resonancia magnética nuclear. Por otra parte, el extracto n-butanólico fue sometido a un proceso de separación biodirigido mediante cromatografía de columna, obteniéndose cinco fracciones. Después de múltiples separaciones, la más activa rindió una fracción purificada con dos sapogeninas con el mismo aglicón (diosgenina) y un glicósido de yucagenina. Los mejores resultados de esta actividad fueron obtenidos con el glicósido derivado de la yucagenina</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Anti-parasitic</kwd>
<kwd>Agave brittoniana</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomona vaginalis</kwd>
<kwd>steroidal saponins</kwd>
<kwd>Antiparasitario</kwd>
<kwd>Agave brittoniana</kwd>
<kwd>Trichomona vaginalis</kwd>
<kwd>sapogeninas esteroidales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos del Mar  </institution>
<addr-line> Nayarit</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<institution>,Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos del Mar  </institution>
<addr-line> Baja California</addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<year>2008</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Algal blooms at Banderas Bay, México (2000-2001), from SeaWiFS-sensor-data. Algal blooms for the period of 2000 and 2001 at Banderas Bay, México, were analyzed from SeaWiFS-ocean-color-sensor derived information. These events were related with the maximum chlorophyll week anomalies (ASi; a proxy variable constructed for the analysis of chlorophyll temporal variation in the bay). The winter-spring blooms were multispecific, while the summer-fall blooms were monospecific. Two proposals are made: 1) Winter-spring blooms are strongly related with mesoescale processes, due to their apparent temporal synchrony with the high chlorophyll levels in the coastal region from Sinaloa to Jalisco states; 2) Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Margalef 1961) blooms during the summer-fall periods could be induced by local conditions and the influence of previous events on the ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1653-1664. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron las proliferaciones algales ocurridas en Bahía de Banderas, México, durante los años 2000 y 2001 a partir de información derivada del sensor de color del océano SeaWiFS. Estos eventos estuvieron relacionados con los máximos niveles de Anomalías Semanales de Clorofila’ (As i; variable construida para analizar la variación temporal de la clorofila dentro de la bahía). Las proliferaciones ocurridas en los periodos invierno-primavera fueron multiespecíficos, mientras que en verano-otoño fueron dominadas por una sola especie. Se plantean dos propuestas: 1) las proliferaciones algales de invierno-primavera están fuertemente relacionadas a procesos de mesoescala dada su aparente sincronía temporal con altos niveles de clorofila en las costas de Sinaloa a Jalisco; 2) mientras que las proliferaciones de Cochlodinium polykrikoides durante los periodos verano-otoño son favorecidas por el efecto de otras proliferaciones algales previas sobre el ecosistema y por condiciones predominantemente locales en la bahía.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>algal blooms</kwd>
<kwd>satellite remote sensing</kwd>
<kwd>SeaWiFS</kwd>
<kwd>chlorophyll</kwd>
<kwd>Banderas Bay</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium polykrikoides</kwd>
<kwd>proliferaciones algales</kwd>
<kwd>sensores semotos satelitales</kwd>
<kwd>SeaWiFS</kwd>
<kwd>clorofila</kwd>
<kwd>Bahía de Banderas</kwd>
<kwd>Cochlodinium polykrikoides</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Gasterópodos asociados al alga calcárea Halimeda opuntia (Udoteaceae) en Puerto Rico</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Puerto Rico Departamento de Biología Programa de Biología Marina Costanera</institution>
<addr-line>Humacao </addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>1665</fpage>
<lpage>1675</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Gastropods associated with the calcareous alga Halimeda opuntia (Udoteaceae) in Puerto Rico. Gastropod communities associated with the calcareous green alga Halimeda opuntia are described and compared for two Puerto Rico coral reefs: one in the northeast with front tradewinds (windward zone) and one in the southwest (leeward zone). We analyzed the content of 21 lots (2432 g) of H. opuntia from leeward zone and 15 lots (2448 g) from the windward zone. In total we recovered 526 gastropods (prosobranchs) classified in 54 taxa. Thirteen species of gastropods represented 79.6% of the community. Differences between species richness and mean density values were not significant (p&gt;0.100). Forty species were identified from leeward and thirty one (31) species from windward. Gastropod mean density was 13.9 /100g of algae in leeward and 7.6/100g in windward. Significant differences were found for the Simpson Diversity Index (0.91 in the leeward and 0.82 in the windward community; t=3.44, &amp;#945;=0.005). We found no correlation between the weight of the algae and the frequency of the gastropods (R²=0.0893 in leeward, 0.0249 windward and 0.0923 for both). The relationship between species composition in lots of windward and leeward study sites was explored via polar ordination and no segregation was found. When compared, the gastropod communities found in H. opuntia collected in coral reefs in Puerto Rico were more similar within them than any other communities found in other genera of seaweed and in other environments. Our results agree with the hypothesis that H. opuntia offers the interstitial community a protected microhabitat from water movement impact. H. opuntia creates more homogenous conditions than those of the habitat where we found the algae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1665-1675. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describen y comparan las comunidades de gasterópodos asociados al alga verde calcárea H. opuntia. Se compararon estas comunidades en arrecifes coralinos de lugares geográfica y ambientalmente diferentes, uno en el noreste de Puerto Rico, frente a los vientos alisios (barlovento), el otro en el suroeste (sotavento). Se analizó el contenido de 15 lotes (2432 g) de H. opuntia recolectadas en la estación de sotavento y 21 lotes (2448 g) en la de barlovento. En los 36 lotes se recuperaron 526 gasterópodos (prosobranquios) que se clasificaron en 54 taxones. Trece especies de gasterópodos representaron el 79.6% de la muestra de la comunidad. No encontramos diferencias significativas en las densidades de gasterópodos ni en la riqueza de especies (p&gt;0.100). La densidad promedio fue de 13.9/100 g alga en la estación de sotavento y 7.6/100 g en la de barlovento. Se identificaron 40 especies diferentes en las muestras de sotavento y 31 en las de barlovento. Solamente se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de diversidad (Simpson), de 0.91 para la comunidad de sotavento y de 0.82 en la de barlovento (t = 3.44, &amp;#945; = 0.05). No encontramos correlaci&amp;#963;n entre el peso de la muestra del alga y la frecuencia de gaster&amp;#963;podos en ésta, R² = 0.0893 para sotavento, 0.0249 para barlovento y 0.0923 para datos combinados. Utilizando los métodos de ordenación polar se comprueba la similitud de las dos comunidades estudiadas. Estos resultados sostienen la hipótesis de que H. opuntia le ofrece a los organismos que viven en sus intersticios un microhábitat protegido del impacto del movimiento del agua, creando condiciones más homogéneas que las del hábitat donde encontramos creciendo el alga.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>gastropod</kwd>
<kwd>Halimeda opuntia</kwd>
<kwd>coral reef</kwd>
<kwd>Puerto Rico</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>gasterópodos</kwd>
<kwd>Halimeda opuntia</kwd>
<kwd>arrecife de coral</kwd>
<kwd>Puerto Rico</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Papilionoidea de la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos y Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera)</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<institution>,Museo de Zoología Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza </institution>
<addr-line>Iztapalapa </addr-line>
<country>México D.F</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Facultad de Ciencias Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México D.F.</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1677</fpage>
<lpage>1716</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Papilionoidea from Sierra de Huautla, Morelos and Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera). The Cuenca del Balsas region has significant biodiversity and endemicity of its herpetofauna, avifauna and vascular plants. Despite this, our knowledge of the Papilionoidea of the region is poor. We analyzed the local and temporal distribution of Papilionoidea at 24 localities in the states of Morelos and Puebla. The study sites are situated between 900 and 1300 m. a. s. l., and are composed of dry tropical forest (dtf). We recorded 8790 individuals of 83 genera and 142 species of Papilionoidea (sensu Kristensen, 1975), over 79 days of field work, with 2-4 days at each of the 24 localities. Twenty five species were newly recorded for the state of Puebla. Our data render Morelos and Puebla among the seven richest Mexican states, in terms of Papilionoidea diversity. Our results show that the Sierra de Huautla has the lowest diversity, but the highest standard abundance, compared to other Mexican regions with similar vegetation. Patterns of diversity and seasonal abundance are atypical, in that individuals of many species are unusually abundant during the wet months. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 16771716. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La Cuenca del Balsas es una región singular donde se encuentra una representación significativa de la riqueza y el endemismo de la flora, la herpetofauna y la avifauna mexicanas. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento respecto a los papilionoideos (Lepidoptera), en especial aquellos asociados con la selva baja caducifolia. Aquí se presenta un estudio sobre la distribución local y temporal de los Papilionoidea de la cuenca alta en su vertiente oriental al río Balsas, en particular de la sierra de Huautla y áreas adyacentes. Se efectuaron 25 periodos de trabajo en campo para 24 localidades de sbc de los estados de Morelos y Puebla, ubicadas en altitudes entre los 900 y 1300 m. Se capturaron 8790 ejemplares que corresponden a 83 géneros y 142 especies de Papilionoidea (sensu Kristensen, 1975: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae y Lycaenidae) 18 endémicas a México, además 25 especies constituyen nuevos registros para Puebla. Con este trabajo, ambos estados se ubican entre los siete más ricos de México. En el análisis de la distribución local de la riqueza y la abundancia de los Papilionoidea, se encontró que la sierra de Huautla es la que presenta la menor riqueza con respecto a otras regiones con sbc y uno de los valores más altos de abundancia estandarizada. El Tepehuaje (Morelos) fue la localidad donde se encontraron los valores máximos de todo el estudio. La lepidopterofauna de la sierra de Huautla presenta un patrón estacional atípico de la riqueza, mientras que su abundancia tiene un comportamiento claramente estacional en el que las poblaciones de papilionoideos fueron bastante mayores durante la época húmeda.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cuenca del Balsas</kwd>
<kwd>dry tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>phenology</kwd>
<kwd>richness</kwd>
<kwd>tropical forest</kwd>
<kwd>Bosque tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Cuenca del río Balsas</kwd>
<kwd>fenología</kwd>
<kwd>Mariposas</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>selva baja caducifolia</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura genética en cinco especies de flebótomos (Lutzomyia spp.) de la serie townsendi, grupo verrucarum, en Colombia (Diptera: Prychodidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Secretaria de Salud de Cundinamarca  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Yale University  </institution>
<addr-line>New Haven </addr-line>
<country>EEUU</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Instituto Nacional de Salud  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1717</fpage>
<lpage>1739</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetic structure in five Phlebotominae (Lutzomyia spp.), townsendi series, verrucarum group, in Colombia (Diptera: Prychodidae). Sixteen isoenzyme patterns were analyzed for five Colombian Lutzomyia species. The average unbiased expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.098 (Lu. youngi) to 0.215 (Lu. torvida). The five species samples, taken all the isoenzymes employed, were significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by homozygous excess with classical as well as Markov chain exact tests. Possible causes: (1) Wahlund effect within populations due to subdivision and/or sampling. Endogamy could be discarded because these loci were affected by highly different levels of homozygous excess. (2) Null alleles could be not discarded, at least for some isoenzymes. The hierarchical Wright´s F analysis showed high and significant values for each parameter. The average F IT value was 0.655 with a conspicous homozygous excess at a global level (all species taken together); the average F IS value was significantly positive (0.515) as well, with homozygous excess within each species. The genetic heterogeneity between the fives species was noteworthy (F ST = 0.288), indicating clear genetic differentiation. The more related species pairs were Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida (0.959) and Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa (0.960); while Lu. torvida-Lu. youngi (0.805) and Lu. quasitownsendi-Lu. youngi (0.796) were the most divergent (Nei´s genetic identity matrix). UPGMA and Wagner algorithms showed that the most divergent species was Lu. youngi, whereas the most related were Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida and Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa. A spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran´s I index) revealed a very weak, or inexistent spatial structure, which means that the speciation events between these species were independent from the geographic distances from where they currently live. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1717-1739. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron 16 sistemas isoenzimáticos para cinco especies colombianas del género Lutzomyia. Los niveles de heterocigosis media esperada insesgada oscilaron entre 0.098 (Lu. youngi) y 0.215 (Lu. torvida). Las cinco muestras estudiadas de forma global, para todos los marcadores analizados, presentaron desviación respecto al equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg por un exceso de homocigotos, tanto al utilizar algunas pruebas clásicas como tests exactos con cadenas de Markov. Este hecho puede estar favorecido por diversas causas: (1) la más probable es la existencia de efecto Wahlund en el seno de cada población debido a subdivisión y/o a la técnica de muestreo empleada. La endogamia puede descartarse ya que no todos los loci están afectados por el mismo tipo de exceso de homocigotos. (2) Sin embargo, no se puede descartar la existencia de alelos nulos, al menos, para algunos de los marcadores isoenzimáticos utilizados. El análisis jerarquizado con las F de Wright mostró valores elevados y significativos para cada uno de los estadísticos. El estadístico promedio F IT mostró un valor de 0.655 existiendo un conspicuo exceso de homocigotos a nivel total de todas las especies, el estadístico promedio F IS fue altamente positivo (0.515) mostrando exceso de homocigotos a nivel individual en cada una de las especies estudiadas. La heterogeneidad genética entre las cinco especies fue notable (F ST = 0.288). Esto muestra que esas especies están bien diferenciadas a nivel isoenzimático y que en el interior de cada especie también hay una subdivisión genética. La matriz de identidades genéticas de Nei muestra que las especies más relacionadas fueron Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida (0.959) y Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa (0.960) mientras que las genéticamente más distantes fueron Lu. torvida-Lu. youngi (0.805) y Lu. quasitownsendi-Lu. youngi (0.796). Con los algoritmos UPGMA y Wagner, se observó que la especie más divergente fue Lu. youngi, mientras que las relaciones más conspicuas se observaron entre Lu. longiflocosa-Lu. torvida y Lu torvida-Lu. spinicrassa. Adicionalmente, con un análisis de autocorrelación espacial (índice de Moran) la mayoría de los alelos utilizados presentaron una estructura espacial muy débil o inexistente, lo que significa que los eventos de especiación entre las especies estudiadas se dieron en forma independiente de las distancias geográficas existentes actualmente entre ellas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Isoenzymes</kwd>
<kwd>population genetics</kwd>
<kwd>Lutzomyia</kwd>
<kwd>verrucarum group</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Isoenzimas</kwd>
<kwd>genética de poblaciones</kwd>
<kwd>Lutzomyia</kwd>
<kwd>grupo verrucarum</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Costa Rica: population dynamics and its influence on the colony condition of Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Centro de Investigaciones Apícolas Tropicales </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<fpage>1741</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The development of Varroa destructor Anderson &amp; Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) population dynamics in Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies was monitored from February to July 2004 in Atenas, Costa Rica. A correlation between the mite infestation level and the colony condition was evaluated. For each colony, infestation of varroa in adult bees was measured twice a month. Sticky boards were placed on the bottom boards of each colony to collect fallen mites. The condition of the colonies was evaluated by measuring the amount of brood and adult bees. Our results consistently showed that mite infestation on adult bees increased significantly in the experimental colonies, rising to 10.0% by the end of the experiment. In addition, the mean mite fall increased significantly over the course of the study in the treated (R= 0.72, P&lt;0.05) and untreated colonies (R= 0.74, P&lt;0.05) to a level of 63.8 and 73.5 mites per day, respectively. The increase in varroa infestation coincided with a decrease in the amount of brood. Furthermore, adult bees with deformed wings or even without wings crawling in front of their hive occurred in highly infested colonies (mite infestation = 10.0% or more). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1741-1747. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La dinámica poblacional del ácaro Varroa destructor Anderson &amp; Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) en abejas africanizadas, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) fue monitoreada de febrero a julio 2004, en Atenas, Costa Rica. Asimismo, se analizó la relación entre el nivel de infestación de varroa y la condición de la colmena. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor fue evaluada en abejas adultas dos veces al mes. Además, se colocaron trampas adhesivas en el fondo de la colmena para recoger los ácaros que caen naturalmente. La condición de la colmena fue determinada midiendo la cantidad de cría y la población de abejas adultas. La infestación del ácaro V. destructor en abejas adultas aumentó significativamente durante el estudio hasta alcanzar un 10.0%. Igualmente, la caída natural de ácaros se incrementó, tanto en colmenas que fueron tratadas previa-mente con un acaricida químico (R= 0.72, P&lt;0.05) como en colmenas sin tratamiento (R= 0.74, P&lt;0.05), hasta llegar a 63.8 y 73.5 ácaros por día, respectivamente. El aumento de la infestación en las colmenas coincidió con una disminución en la cantidad de cría. La presencia de abejas adultas con alas deformes o sin alas, arrastrándose en frente de la colmena, fue observada en colmenas altamente infestadas con el ácaro de la varroa (infestación superior = 10.0%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
<kwd>Africanized honey bees</kwd>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>mite infestation</kwd>
<kwd>colony condition</kwd>
<kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
<kwd>abejas africanizadas</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>nivel de infestación</kwd>
<kwd>condición de la colmena</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad del Quindío Laboratorio de Ictiología </institution>
<addr-line>Armenia </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>1749</fpage>
<lpage>1763</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of fish of the genus Bryconamericus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from the Magdalena river, with a key to Colombian species. Based on a series of 90 specimens, and using morphometric, meristic and osteological characters, a new species of the genus Bryconamericus is described from Pontesuela Creek at the mouth of Coclina Creek in the middle Magdalena river Basin of Colombia. We use box graphs with 99% confidence intervals to illustrate the extent of meristic character overlap and to help distinguish this new taxon from other species of the Magdalena River. The species can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: the higher number of lateral line scales (50-54 vs. 30-50, except B. terrabensis with 47-54); more scales between the lateral line and the dorsal fin origin (9-11 vs. 4-9); more scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin origin (8-10 vs. 2-8); more scales between lateral line and anal fin origin (8-10 vs. 2-8, except B. terrabensis with 6-9) and more predorsal scales (16-18 vs. 9-16, except B. huilae with 14-19 scales, B. galvisi with 12-17 and B. tolimae with 13-17). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1749-1763. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Con base en una serie de 90 ejemplares, en caracteres morfométricos, merísticos y osteología, se describe una nueva especie de Bryconamericus de la Quebrada La Pontesuela, boca de la quebrada Coclina, cuenca media del río Magdalena en Colombia. Se utiliza un gráfico de cajas con intervalos de confianza al 99% para ilustrar la medida merística que mostrara menor solapamiento y distinguiera parcialmente al nuevo taxon de las otras especies del río Magdalena. La especie se distingue de sus congéneres por el mayor número de escamas: sobre la línea lateral (50-54 vs. 30-50, excepto B. terrabensis con 47-54 escamas), entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta dorsal (9-11 vs. 4-9), entre la línea lateral y el origen de las aletas pélvicas (8-10 vs. 2-8), entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta anal (8-10 vs. 2-8 excepto B. terrabensis con 6-9) y predorsales (16-18 vs. 9-16, excepto B. huilae con 14-19 escamas, B. galvisi con 12 a 17 y B. tolimae con 13-17).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bryconamericus sp. nov</kwd>
<kwd>Characid fish</kwd>
<kwd>Magdalena</kwd>
<kwd>South America</kwd>
<kwd>Bryconamericus sp. nov.</kwd>
<kwd>pez carácido</kwd>
<kwd>Magdalena</kwd>
<kwd>Sudamérica</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Composición taxonómica y relaciones zoogeográficas de los peces demersales de la costa occidental de Baja California Sur, México</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR)  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR- IPN) Instituto Politécnico Nacional </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1765</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Taxonomic composition and zoogeographic relations of demersal in the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The composition of demersal fish along the western coast of the State of Baja California Sur, México, including the limit of the northern distribution of the ichthyofauna of the eastern tropical Pacific, is presented. The survey was carried out on four oceanographic cruises between autumn 2004 and March 2006. Of 220 species in 132 genera and 73 families, 26.3% are species of wide distribution from San Diego County, USA to Panama and 21.7% are species restricted to the eastern tropical Pacific. Six species are new findings for the area or range expansions. The families with the most species are Paralichthyidae and Scorpaenidae, each with 16 species. The most frequent genus was Sebastes, with nine species. We present a table with common Spanish names, size range and status of each species inside the community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1765-1783. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta la composición sistemática de peces demersales de la costa occidental de Baja California Sur, límite de distribución norte de la ictiofauna del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Se realizaron cuatro cruceros oceanográficos durante otoño de 2004 a marzo de 2006. Este listado incluye 220 especies, 132 géneros y 73 familias. El 26.3% corresponde a especies de amplia distribución desde la Provincia de San Diego a la Provincia Panámica y el 21.7% son especies restringidas a la región del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Seis especies representan nuevos registros para la zona o ampliación de su ámbito de distribución. Las familias mejor representadas en número de especies fueron Paralichthyidae y Scorpaenidae, con 16 especies cada una. El género mejor representado fue Sebastes con 9 especies. Se presentan los nombres comunes, intervalo de tallas y el estatus de cada especie dentro de la comunidad</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California Sur</kwd>
<kwd>California Current</kwd>
<kwd>ichthyogeography</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California Sur</kwd>
<kwd>corriente de California</kwd>
<kwd>ictiogeografía</kwd>
<kwd>ámbito de extensión</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède: 1803) is a highly valued food-fish included among the dominant commercial catches exploited in major rivers of Africa. To provide useful biological data for management, samples were collected monthly between January (2005) and December (2007) in three zones: I: Upper Cross River (grassland), II: Middle Cross River (mixed forest and grassland), and III: Lower Cross River (rainforest)] along 200 km length of the Cross River, Nigeria. Data from 1 248 specimens were processed using: allometric coefficient (b), gonado-somatic index, Fulton’s condition factor and diversity indices. Male dominance was observed in all populations; C. nigrodigitatus reached maturity at 11.5cm (male) and 16.7cm (female) total length. Gonado-somatic index was higher for females with a peak in the early rains. The breeding period was between April and August with mean fecundity ranging between 4522 ±1924 eggs and 20321 ± 5543 eggs. This was directly related to total length and weight by the regression models: F = 2365.88 + 560.22 log L and F = 5025.81 +56.34 log W respectively. Exponential equations for length-weight relationships were Wt=-1.997 Lt2.206 (Zone I), W = -2.831 Lt3.040 (Zone II) and Wt= -2.245 Lt2.995 (Zone III). The mean allometric coefficient (b) showed significant departure from cubic value (negative allometry) for Zone I while Zones II and III showed no difference, indicating isometry. Dominant items in the diet were fish and fish parts constituting 21.6% with Food Richness and Gut Repletion Index of 18 and 100% respectively, in all zones. Diet Breadth of 0.802 (Zone I), 0.922 (Zone II) and 0.910 (Zone III) indicate a high trophic flexibility that enables switching from one diet to another according to availability. Mean condition factor for males varied from 0.718 ±0.117 minimum in Zone I to 0.996 ±0.062 maximum in Zone III. Forest inland wetlands (Zone II and III) of Cross River provided better condition for C. nigrodigitatus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1785-1799. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reproduction of the fish Poeciliopsis gracilis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) in Coatetelco, a tropical shallow lake in Mexico</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,U.N.A.M Laboratorio de Limnología </institution>
<addr-line>Iztapalapa </addr-line>
<country>México, D.F.</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,U.N.A.M Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera </institution>
<addr-line>Iztapalapa </addr-line>
<country>México, D.F.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1801</fpage>
<lpage>1812</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A reproductive analysis of 1 225 specimens of Poeciliopsis gracilis obtained through monthly samples from Coatetelco, a tropical shallow lake in Central Mexico, was made. There was an evident sexual dimorphism, including a difference in body size at the onset of reproduction. Sex ratio deviated significantly from unity. Monthly variations in gonadosomatic (GSI), hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes and ovarian development stages showed that the spawning season was from July to October, coinciding with the rainy season and phytoplankton biomass increase. The largest sizes were 50 mm for females and 43 mm for males. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1801-1812. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó el análisis reproductivo de 1 225 organismos de Poeciliopsis gracilis que se obtuvieron de manera mensual en el lago Coatetelco, un cuerpo somero tropical en México. Se hizo evidente un dimorfismo sexual en las características morfológicas de esta especie. Se observó una diferencia en el tamaño corporal entre los sexos al inicio de la reproducción. La proporción sexual fue diferente de uno. Con base en la variación mensual del índice gonadosomático (IGS), hepatosomático (IHS) y los estadios de madurez gonádica, se observó que la época de reproducción de P. gracilis se realiza entre julio y octubre, que coincide con la época de lluvias e incremento de la biomasa del fitoplancton. La talla más grande registrada fue de 50 mm para las hembras y de 43 mm para los machos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>chloropyll &quot;a&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>gonadosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>hepatosomatic index</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciliopsis gracilis</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>sex ratio</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>clorofila &quot;a&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>índice gonadosomático</kwd>
<kwd>índice hepatosomático</kwd>
<kwd>Poeciliopsis gracilis</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>proporción sexual</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Reproducción de la sardina, Sardinella aurita (Cupleiformes: Clupeidae) del sureste de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Área de Biología y Recursos Pesqueros</institution>
<addr-line>Porlamar </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<fpage>1813</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproduction of the Spanish sardine, Sardinella aurita (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) from the south-eastern area of Margarita Island, Venezuela. Sex ratio, sexual maturity, fecundity and time of spawning of the Spanish sardine (Sardinella aurita) from the south-eastern area of Margarita Island were determined through monthly samplings of commercial fisheries, from January 2004 to April 2005. A total of 3 736 individuals were examined. Sex ratio was 55.47% females and 44.53% males, with a 1:1.25 sexual proportion (&amp;#967;2 = 44.454, p &lt; 0.05). Length at first sexual maturity (L50) was 20 cm. Spawning of the species was confirmed to be partial and continuous throughout the year, with two peaks of intensity during the first and last quarters. Absolute fecundity ranged from 10 530 to 83 779 oocytes and it was proportional to body length (F = - 100 900 + 6 696.2 * L) and to body weight (F = 13 327 + 5 666.3 * P). Relative fecundity ranged from 149 to 1 020 oocytes/g and also was proportional to body length and weight. We concluded that the Spanish sardine exhibits two peaks of spawning activity per year with a very fluctuating partial fecundity which could possibly be explained by environmental variability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1813-1824. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinó la proporción y madurez sexual, fecundidad y época de desove de la sardina, Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 del sureste de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela; a través de muestreos mensuales provenientes de la pesca comercial desde enero 2004 hasta abril 2005, examinándose un total de 3 736 individuos. La composición global por sexos fue de 55.06% hembras y 44.19% machos, siendo la proporción sexual 1:1.25 (&amp;#967;² = 44.454, p &lt; 0.05). La talla de primera madurez sexual del 50% de la población fue de 20 cm de longitud. Se corroboró el carácter parcial y continuo del desove de la especie, cuyo periodo ocurrió durante todo el año, con dos periodos de relativa intensidad, correspondientes al primer (enero, febrero, marzo) y último trimestre (octubre, noviembre, diciembre) del año. La fecundidad absoluta osciló entre 10 530 a 83 779 óvulos, y la relativa varió entre 149 a 1 020 óvulos/g; siendo la fecundidad proporcional a la talla (F = - 100 900 + 6 696.2 * L) y al peso (F = 13 327 + 5 666.3 * P). Se concluye que la sardina presenta un potencial reproductivo alto y fluctuante, atribuida posiblemente, a la variabilidad ambiental.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sardinella aurita</kwd>
<kwd>reproductive</kwd>
<kwd>fecundity</kwd>
<kwd>Margarita Island</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>Sardinella aurita</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
<kwd>Isla de Margarita</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400019</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,U.N.A.M Unidad de Morfología y Función Laboratorio de Endocrinología de Peces</institution>
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<aff id="A03">
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1825</fpage>
<lpage>1835</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>the structural and ultrastructural features of gonads from endemic Mexican fish have received scarce attention. This study describes the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the oocyte in Chirostoma humboldtianum. The ovary is asynchronic, and as such, most phases of oocyte development are found in the same ovary. The complete process of oogenesis was divided in five stages: oogonium and folliculogenesis, primary growth, cortical alveoli and lipid inclusions, vitellogenesis and maturation. The presence of big filaments, which appear at the end of primary growth, induces some common follicular adaptation. During primary growth, abundant ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are grouped in the cytoplasm. At the end of this stage, the Z1 layer of the chorion is developed, while microvilli start to be evident as well. In the cortical alveoli and lipid droplets phase, intense PAS positive vesicles, some of them containing nucleoid material, are observed in the peripheral cytoplasm and the lipid droplets take a more central position. In vitellogenesis, the proteic yolk accumulates in a centripetal way while the chorion is completely formed. In maturation, the germinal vesicle migrates to the animal pole, meiosis is restored, and there is nuclear breakdown. The oocyte increases its size and holds some oil droplets and a big fluid mass of yolk. On the outside, filaments surround the oocyte completely. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1825-1835. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los aspectos estructurales y ultraestructrurales de las gónadas de peces mexicanos endémicos han sido poco estudiados. En el presente trabajo reportamos las características histológicas y ultraestructurales del ovocito de Chirostoma hulmboldtianum. El ovario es de tipo asincrónico, por ende, la mayoría de las fases del desarrollo del ovocito pueden ser encontradas en el mismo ovario. El desarrollo del ovocito fue dividido en cinco etapas: ovo-gonia y foliculogénesis, crecimiento primario del ovocito, inclusiones lipídicas y gránulos corticales, vitelogénesis y maduración. La presencia de grandes filamentos que aparecen al final de la etapa de crecimiento primario, inducen adaptaciones foliculares. Durante el crecimiento primario, en el citoplasma se encuentran abundantes ribosomas, retículo endoplásmico rugoso y agrupamientos de mitocondrias. Al final de esta etapa, inicia el desarrollo de la capa Z1 del corion, comenzando a ser evidentes las microvellosidades del ovocito. Durante la etapa de inclusiones lipídicas y gránulos corticales, vesículas PAS positivas, algunas de ellas con material nucleoide, se ubican en la periferia del ovocito, mientras que las que contienen material graso toman una posición más central en la célula. Durante la vitelogénesis se presenta una acumulación de vitelo protéico en un sentido centrípeto; durante esta etapa, el corion está completamente formado. En la maduración, la vesicular germinal migra hacia el polo animal, se reinicia la meiosis y se rompe la envoltura nuclear. El ovocito incrementa su tamaño y en el citoplasma se pueden observar algunas gotas de grasa y el vitelo se presenta como una gran masa acuosa. En el exterior, los filamentos rodean completamente al ovocito.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Chirostoma</kwd>
<kwd>ovary</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
<kwd>oocyte</kwd>
<kwd>teleost</kwd>
<kwd>Chirostoma</kwd>
<kwd>ovario</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
<kwd>oocitos</kwd>
<kwd>teleosteos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Feeding habits of the fish Lagodon rhomboides (Perciformes: Sparidae) at the coastal lagoon of Chelem, Yucatán, México. Stomach contents of Lagodon rhomboides, the most abundant fish species from seagrass beds in Chelem Lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico, were analyzed. The specimens were collected using a beach seine at eight stations distributed randomly in the lagoon during July, September and November 2002. The trophic components were analyzed by means of the relative abundance (%A) and frequency of occurrence (FO) indices. The trophic similarity between different ontogenetic stages was determined using the Bray-Curtis Index. A total of 90 stomach contents were analyzed. This species is omnivorous, including vegetal and animal material and has a wide trophic spectrum with 58 alimentary items. Trophic ontogenetic variation was significant with a transition from one feeding stage to the next. Small individuals (4.0 -8.0 cm LE) preferentially consume plankton preys and microcrustaceans, while in bigger sizes, the macrocrustaceans, annelids and macrophytes were the main food. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1837-1846. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó el contenido estomacal de Lagodon rhomboides (Sparidae), la especie más abundante de pez en la zona de pastos marinos en la laguna de Chelem, Yucatán, México. Los especímenes se recolectaron utilizando un chinchorro playero en ocho estaciones distribuidas aleatoriamente durante julio, septiembre y noviembre del 2002. Los componentes tróficos fueron analizados por medio del porcentaje de la abundancia relativa (%A) y la frecuencia de presencia (FO). La similitud trófica entre las diferentes etapas ontogénicas fue determinada usando el índice de Bray-Curtis. Se analizaron un total de 90 contenidos estomacales. Esta especie es omnívora e incluye en su alimentación componentes tanto de origen vegetal como animal; muestra una amplia generalización trófica con 58 componentes alimenticios. La variación trófica ontogénica fue significativa con una progresión alimenticia de una etapa alimenticia a la siguiente. Los individuos de menos talla, consumen preferentemente presas planctónicas y microcrustáceos s (4.0 - 8.0 cm de LE), mientras que en los de mayor talla, los macrocrustáceos (carideos), poliquetos y macrófitas constituyen el alimento principal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Trophic preferences</kwd>
<kwd>Lagodon rhomboides</kwd>
<kwd>stomach content analysis</kwd>
<kwd>Chelem lagoon</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>Preferencia trófica</kwd>
<kwd>Lagodon rhomboides</kwd>
<kwd>análisis del contenido estomacal</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de Chelem</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,University of Ibadan Department of Zoology Fisheries and Hydrobiology Unit</institution>
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<country>Nigeria</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diet and dietary habits of African Butter Catfish Schilbe mystus (Linne, 1766), an economically important fish in Oyan and Asejire lakes (Southwest Nigeria) were examined between July 2000 and December 2001. Stomach contents were analysed using the numerical, frequency of occurrence and points methods. The fish is predatory but the diet differs among lakes and seasons. Insects were more important in the diet of small (&lt;than 18 cm) fish. There were also differences in the quantity of food encountered in the stomachs of male and female S. mystus in both habitats. The pattern of food selection and consumption in this species differed between the two lakes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1847-1855. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Organogénesis del sistema digestivo del pez Pterophylum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1857</fpage>
<lpage>1870</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Organogenesis of the digestive system of the fish Pterophylum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae). There is little knowledge on the development of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Liechtenstein 1823), a species of economical and biological value for inland water ecosystems. We recorded net development time of each organogenetic stage, cumulative time and characteristic structure differentiation for each stage. We found eight organogenetic stages for the digestive system, between the gastrula and the total re-adsorption of the vitelin sack. The total time for the organogenetic development of the digestive system was 119 hours and 44 minutes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1857-1870. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Debido a la poca información sobre el desarrollo de sistemas orgánicos en el pez Pterophylum scalare (Liechtenstein 1823) estudiamos yiempo neto de desarrollo de cada estadio de la organogénesis, tiempo acumulado y diferenciación de estructuras características de cada estadio. Se obtuvo un total de 8 estadios en la organogénesis del sistema digestivo, comprendidos entre la gástrula y la reabsorción total del saco vitelino. La duración de la organogénesis del sistema digestivo fue de 119 horas 44 minutos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>organogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>stages</kwd>
<kwd>digestive system</kwd>
<kwd>embrionary development</kwd>
<kwd>cellular differentiation</kwd>
<kwd>fish</kwd>
<kwd>Organogénesis</kwd>
<kwd>estadios</kwd>
<kwd>sistema digestivo</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo embrionario</kwd>
<kwd>diferenciación celular</kwd>
<kwd>peces</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variación morfológica de la lagartija partenogenética Aspidoscelis rodecki (Squamata: Teiidae): implicaciones evolutivas y de conservación</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación en Recursos Bióticos  </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología </institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1871</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Morphologic variation of the parthenogenetic lizard Aspidoscelis rodecki (Squamata: Teiidae): evolutionary and conservation implications. Post-formational divergence has been used for the recognition of new parthenogenetic species. Currently, the parthenogenetic lizard Aspidoscelis rodecki McCoy and Maslin 1962 is recognized as a single taxon that was derived from a single, parthenogenetically capable, hybrid. This lizard had been derived via hybridization between individuals of two gonochoristic species, Aspidoscelis angusticeps Cope 1878 and Aspidoscelis deppii Wiegmann 1834. The distribution of A. rodecki includes Isla Contoy and Isla Mujeres and the adjacent mainland of Quintana Roo, México. Previous studies have found post-formational divergence in genetic, chromatic and life-history characteristics among a continental population (Puerto Juárez) and an insular population (Isla Contoy). A meristic analysis was carried out to evaluate the morphological divergence among both populations of A. rodecki. We used 38 individuals from Puerto Juárez and 23 individuals from Isla Contoy. Nine meristic characters with discrimination value among species of the genus Aspidoscelis were used in both univariate (t-Student) and multivariate analyses (principal components and canonical variate analysis). According to both analyses, Puerto Juárez is meristically distinguishable from Isla Contoy. Both populations differ in five meristic characters and were a high correct classification in the canonical variate analysis: 97% of Puerto Juárez and 100% of Isla Contoy. A small sample from Isla Mujeres and a single specimen from Punta Sam (mainland) may represent different morphological groups. Due to the patterns of phenotypic variation, A. rodecki is considered as a single variable parthenogenetic species with high priority to conservation. The populations of A. rodecki have been extremely affected by the tourism developers. If the habitat of the parthenogenetic lizard (beach grasses) is allowed to stay, the expansion by the developers will not affect the survivorship of these populations. Nevertheless, the first sign of development is the total destruction of natural grasses that occurs on the beach, leaving only sand. There is a last chance to save the parthenogenetic lizard A. rodecki, but any effort will be useless without the support from the environmental authority of Mexico and cooperation from the developers. We suggest that Puerto Juárez and Isla Contoy receive separate management because they have unique portions of phenotypic variation of A. rodecki. The two lizard populations can be considered separate &quot;Evolutionary Significant Units&quot; (ESU). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1871-1881. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La divergencia post-formación se ha utilizado para el reconocimiento de nuevas especies partenogenéticas. Actualmente, la lagartija partenogenética Aspidoscelis rodecki McCoy y Maslin 1962 es reconocida como una sola especie, que se originó de un híbrido partenogenético. Estudios previos han encontrado divergencia genética, en coloración y en características de historia de vida entre una población continental (Puerto Juárez) y una insular (Isla Contoy) en Quintana Roo, México. Se llevó a cabo un análisis merístico para evaluar la divergencia entre ambas poblaciones de A. rodecki. Se utilizaron 38 individuos de Puerto Juárez y 23 individuos de Isla Contoy. Se usaron nueve características merísticas y se realizaron análisis univariados (t de Student) y multivariados (análisis de componentes principales y análisis de variación canónica). De acuerdo a ambos análisis, Puerto Juárez es merísticamente distinguible de Isla Contoy. Ambas poblaciones difieren en cinco características merísticas y presentaron un alto porcentaje de clasificación en el análisis de variación canónica: 97% para Puerto Juárez y 100% para Isla Contoy. Una pequeña muestra de Isla Mujeres y un solo individuo de Punta Sam (continente) pueden representar otros grupos morfológicos. Con base en los patrones de variación fenotípica, A. rodecki es considerada como una sola especie partenogenética variable y prioritaria para la conservación. Debido a que cada población contiene una porción única de la variación de A. rodecki, Puerto Juárez e Isla Contoy merecen un manejo separado y se sugiere que cada una constituya una &quot;Unidad Evolutiva Significativa&quot; (ESU).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Squamata</kwd>
<kwd>Teiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Aspidoscelis rodecki</kwd>
<kwd>parthenogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>morphological variation</kwd>
<kwd>Squamata</kwd>
<kwd>Teiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Aspidoscelis rodecki</kwd>
<kwd>partenogénesis</kwd>
<kwd>variación morfológica</kwd>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Cátedra de Herpetología</institution>
<addr-line>La Plata Buenos Aires</addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1883</fpage>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la dieta y ecología alimentaria del ave conocida en Argentina como Pirincho (Guira guira), a través del análisis de 62 contenidos estomacales. Las muestras fueron obtenidas entre 1991 y 1997 (23 en primavera, 16 en verano, 10 en otoño y 13 en invierno), en las localidades de La Balandra y Punta Blanca, partido de Magdalena, provincia de Buenos Aires. Ambos sexos fueron analizados en conjunto debido a que no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número y en el peso de las presas consumidas por machos y hembras (U de Mann-Whitney). La dieta estuvo compuesta en un 100 % por ítemes de origen animal, representada por 92 entidades taxonómicas. Los invertebrados constituyeron más del 96% de la muestra por número, y los vertebrados un 31% del peso total. Los insectos fueron hallados en el 98% de las muestras, representando el 85% y 59% en número y peso del total consumido, respectivamente. En los contenidos estomacales se hallaron además anélidos, moluscos, crustáceos, arácnidos, anfibios, reptiles y aves. Estacionalmente no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número de las presas capturadas. En lo referente al peso, las muestras de invierno resultaron más pesadas que las de primavera y verano (Kruskal-Wallis). El Pirincho es un ave oportunista que consume exclusivamente presas de origen animal.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Guira Cuckoo</kwd>
<kwd>Guira guira</kwd>
<kwd>diet</kwd>
<kwd>Buenos Aires</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>Pirincho</kwd>
<kwd>Guira guira</kwd>
<kwd>alimentación</kwd>
<kwd>Buenos Aires</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Identificación de individuos de jaguares (Panthera onca) y pumas (Puma concolor) a partir de morfometría de sus huellas (Carnivora: Felidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departamento de Biología de Organismos </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>1893</fpage>
<lpage>1904</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Identification of individual jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) based on footprint morphometry (Carnivora: Felidae). Estimating feline abundance becomes particularly difficult, sometimes impossible, due to their elusive behavior and extensive space requirements. Available techniques are expensive and/or poorly efficient, therefore alternative methods are needed. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of identifying individual jaguars and pumas based on morphometric analyses of their tracks. The footprints of five jaguars and four pumas were drawn and the foot (hind or fore foot, left or right foot) and the substrate were recorded. We took 16 measures from each footprint including lengths, widths, areas and angles. Variables were analyzed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and substituted by the first Principal Component (PC) (&gt; 70 % variance). We assessed the effect of the substrate and type of foot by means of paired t-student tests, and found differences between fore and hind feet and footprints from the same individual when made on soil or sand. No differences were found between right or left feet. The footprints changed over time as revealed by Multiple ANOVA. Different individuals could be identifyied based on discriminant analyses with more than 70 % confidence. We conclude that this method is feasible and can be useful when studying endangered felines. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1893-1904. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Estimar la abundancia de felinos resulta particular-mente difícil o, incluso imposible, debido a su comportamiento críptico y sus amplios requerimiento espaciales. Las técnicas disponibles para estimar abundancia son costosas y poco eficientes, por lo que es necesario proponer métodos alternativos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de identificación de individuos utilizando el análisis morfométrico de huellas en yaguares y pumas. Para ello, se dibujaron huellas de cinco yaguares y cuatro pumas, registrándose el tipo de pata que dio origen a la huella y el sustrato. Para cada huella se tomaron 16 mediciones morfológicas de ángulos, largos, anchos y áreas. Las variables de largos, anchos y áreas fueron analizadas con un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y sustituidas por el primer componente principal (más del 70 % de la varianza en todos los casos). Se evaluó el efecto del sustrato y del tipo de pata a partir de pruebas t-pareadas, encontrándose diferencias entre huellas del mismo individuo dibujadas a partir de arena o tierra (t-pareadas p &lt; 0.05), así como diferencias en todas las variables para patas delanteras y traseras (t-pareadas p &lt; 0.05 en todos los casos). No se encontraron diferencias entre patas izquierdas o derechas. El efecto de la edad de la huella se estudió con Análisis Múltiples de Varianza, en los que se revelaron diferencias en las variables con respecto a la edad de la huella. Se realizaron análisis discriminantes por especies, sustrato de la huella y tipo de pata, para determinar la capacidad del método de discriminar entre individuos. Se obtuvo una adecuada separación de los individuos con más del 70 % de confianza. Se concluye que este método es factible y puede ser de gran utilidad especialmente en el caso de felinos amenazados.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>abundance estimation</kwd>
<kwd>felines</kwd>
<kwd>footprints</kwd>
<kwd>morphometrics</kwd>
<kwd>Panthera onca</kwd>
<kwd>Puma concolor</kwd>
<kwd>estimación de abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>huellas</kwd>
<kwd>morfometría</kwd>
<kwd>felinos</kwd>
<kwd>Panthera onca</kwd>
<kwd>Puma concolor</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Physicochemical water quality index, a management tool for tropical-flooding lagoons. We propose ICA-L, a wetland physicochemical water quality index (WWQI), to be used as a management tool for seasonal-flooding lagoons in Palo verde National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The goal is to preserve their natural role for native plants as well as migrants and local animal species. The index was developed in four steps: parameter selection, assignment of parameter weight, transformation of data to their corresponding sub indices and selection of an appropriate aggregation function. In this process, the following criteria were used as a reference: WQI from the National Sanitation Foundation, WQI for the Des Moines River, Escribano and De Frutos WQI, the international legislation on maximum acceptable concentration for different water quality variables, and the authors’ personal criteria. The index includes the following parameters: dissolved oxygen percent saturation, pH, nitrate concentration, total phosphorus concentration, chemical oxygen demand, concentration of suspended solids, electrical conductivity and temperature. The index sets itself to zero if the concentration of some toxic substance exceeds the maximum allowed limit. The adjustment values were based on &quot;weights&quot; defined in the National Sanitation Foundation Water quality Index (ICA-NSF). In this study, the weight of fecal coliforms count was excluded, the values of turbidity and the one for total solids were integrated into one (suspended solids) and a factor of 0.08 was assigned to the conductivity parameter. The sub indices associated to suspended solids were obtained from the quality of Kahler-Royer variation graph; the values for pH and the nitrate concentration from the graphs constructed for ICA-NSF. The percentage of dissolved oxygen saturation, in sites like irrigation channels, was evaluated directly from the quality variation graph constructed for ICANSF, whereas the same parameter for the flooding lagoons required an adjustment based on the optimal value for similar non contaminated ecosystems. The conductivity was evaluated from adjustments in the qualification functions commented by Escribano &amp; De Frutos. Chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and temperature, were qualified based on the functions developed for the ICA-L. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1905-1918. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se creó un índice fisicoquímico de calidad del agua (ICA-L), para lagunas que se desbordan, el cual fue validado en el sector de riego de Tamarindo, y en una sección del sistema de lagunas del Parque Nacional Palo verde (Guanacaste, Costa Rica). El índice incluye las variables: porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno disuelto, pH, concentración de nitratos, concentración de fósforo total, demanda química de oxígeno, concentración de sólidos suspendidos, conductividad eléctrica y temperatura. El índice se fija automáticamente en cero si la concentración de alguna sustancia tóxica excede el máximo permitido. Los factores de ponderación se ajustaron con base en los pesos definidos en el Índice de Calidad de Agua de la National Sanitation Foundation (ICA-NSF), se excluyó el peso del conteo de coliformes fecales, se integró la ponderación de turbiedad y de sólidos totales una sola, de sólidos suspendidos, y se asignó a la conductividad un factor de 0.08. El índice per-mite evaluar la capacidad del agua de las lagunas tropicales de inundación de agua dulce, para lograr el sostenimiento de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo de la vida acuática, cuando surgen peligros por prácticas agropecuarias.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>water quality index</kwd>
<kwd>freshwater tropical system</kwd>
<kwd>wetland</kwd>
<kwd>seasonal flooding lagoons</kwd>
<kwd>physicochemical index</kwd>
<kwd>Palo verde</kwd>
<kwd>índice de calidad del agua</kwd>
<kwd>sistema tropical de agua dulce</kwd>
<kwd>humedal</kwd>
<kwd>laguna estacional</kwd>
<kwd>índice físicoquímico</kwd>
<kwd>Palo verde</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spatio-temporal distribution of epifauna collected with a sledge was studied on the Cilician shelf of the Mediterranean Sea. There were two different communities: the shallow community was restricted to water at 5 and 10 m deep with sandy bottom inhabited abundantly by Conomurex persicus, Arnoglossus laterna and Murex trunculus. Conomurex persicus, an introduced tropical species predominated the shallow zone and distinguished it from the deep zone. The deep community (25-150 m) lacked shallow water species and was dominated by Arnoglossus laterna, Goneplax rhomboides and Parapenaeus longirostris. Seasonality was not a major factor in the epibenthic community structure of the entire shelf, but it is in the shallow waters. Bottom depth was main factor for structuring the community on the shelf. Sediment size and organic content is also a controlling factor for the&amp;#9;distribution of the epibenthic fauna. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1919-1946. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la distribución espacio-temporal de la epifauna recolectada con un trineo en la plataforma de Armenia Menor, Mar Mediterráneo. Hubo dos comunidades diferentes: una comunidad de aguas someras entre los 5 y 10 metros de profundidad con fondo arenoso&amp;#9;habitado en forma abundante por Conomurex persicus, Arnoglossus laterna y Murex trunculus. Conomurex persicus, una especie tropical introducida, predominó en la zona de aguas someras, y la diferenció de la zona profunda. La comunidad profunda (25-150 m) no presentaba especies de aguas someras y estaba dominada por Arnoglossus laterna, Goneplax rhomboides y Parapenaeus longirostris. La estacionalidad no fue un factor importante en la estructura de la comunidad epibentónica presente en toda la plataforma, pero sí lo fue en las aguas someras. La profundidad del fondo del mar fue el factor principal en la estructura de la comunidad en la plataforma. El tamaño del sedimento y el contenido de&amp;#9;materia orgánica es&amp;#9;también un factor que controla la distribución de la fauna epibentónica.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>epifauna</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400028</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Water use in four model tropical plant associations established in the lowlands of Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit </institution>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Island Forestry </institution>
<addr-line>Honolulu </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<institution>,University of Florida Department of Biology </institution>
<addr-line>Gainesville </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<fpage>1947</fpage>
<lpage>1957</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We examined soil water use patterns of four model plant associations established in the North Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica by comparing the stable hydrogen isotope composition, &amp;#948;D, in xylem sap and in soil water at different depths, under rainy and dry conditions. Four 5-year-old model plant associations composed of 2 tree species (Hyeronima alchorneoides and Cedrela odorata) having different architecture and phenology were studied. Average tree height was 8.9 and 7.6 m, respectively. Each tree species was grown in monoculture and in polyculture with 2 perennial monocotyledons (Euterpe oleracea and Heliconia imbricata). Maximum rooting depth at the time of &amp;#948;D determination was ~ 2 m for almost all species. Most roots of all species were concentrated in the upper soil layers. Stomatal conductance to water vapor (gS) was higher in the deciduous C. odorata than in the evergreen H. alchorneoides; within each species, gS did not differ when the trees were grown in mono or in polyculture. During the rainy season, gradients in soil water &amp;#948;D were not observed. Average rainy season xylem sap &amp;#948;D did not differ among members of the plant combinations tested (-30 ‰), and was more similar to &amp;#948;D values of shallow soil water. Under dry conditions, volumetric soil water content declined from 50 to ~ 35%, and modest gradients in soil water &amp;#948;D were observed. xylem sap &amp;#948;D obtained during dry conditions was significantly lower than rainy season values. xylem sap &amp;#948;D of plants growing in the four associations varied between -9 and -22‰, indicating that shallow water was predominantly absorbed during the dry period too. Differences in xylem sap &amp;#948;D of trees and monocots were also detected, but no significant patterns emerged. The results suggest that: a) the plant associations examined extracted water predominantly from shallow soil layers (&amp;lt;1 m), b) the natural isotopic variation in soil and plant water at the study site was low, and c) the plant mixes obtain water from more than a single soil layer simultaneously. Temporal factors were important in determining the competition and complementary relations observed among the trees and the perennial monocots. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, water use in these plant associations was determined largely by species-specific attributes such as biomass allocation to fine roots, phenology, and canopy architecture, and to a lesser extent by water limitations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1947-1957. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Examinamos los patrones de uso de agua del suelo de cuatro asociaciones vegetales establecidas en el Caribe norte de Costa Rica, comparando la composición isotópica del hidrógeno, &amp;#948;D, en la savia del xilema y en el agua del suelo en condiciones lluviosas y secas. Estudiamos cuatro asociaciones de cinco años de edad compuestas por dos árboles (Hyeronima alchorneoides y Cedrela odorata) con diferente arquitectura y fenología, cultivados en mono y policultivo con dos monocotiledóneas perennes (Euterpe oleracea y Heliconia imbricata). Las excavaciones mostraron que la profundidad máxima de las raíces fue de 2 m para casi todas las especies, y que la mayor densidad de raíces se encontraba en la superficie del suelo. La conductividad estomática (gS) fue mayor en el árbol caducifolio (C. odorata) que en el perennifolio (H. alchorneoides); dentro de cada especie, gS no difirió cuando los árboles fueron cultivados en mono o en policultivo. Los resultados sugieren que: a) las asociaciones examinadas extrajeron agua predominantemente de las capas superficiales del suelo (&amp;lt;1 m), b) la variación natural en el acceso al agua del suelo por parte de las especies, y en las propiedades del suelo, fue baja, y c) las combinaciones de plantas obtuvieron agua de varias capas del perfil del suelo simultáneamente. Los factores relacionados con el tiempo fueron importantes en la determinación de las relaciones de competencia y complementariedad observadas entre los árboles y las monocotiledóneas perennes. En las condiciones ambientales prevalecientes, el uso del agua por parte de estas asociaciones de plantas fue determinado más por atributos, como la asignación de biomasa a las raíces finas, la fenología, y las propiedades del dosel, que por limitaciones en la disponibilidad de agua.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cedrela odorata</kwd>
<kwd>Heliconia imbricata</kwd>
<kwd>Euterpe oleracea</kwd>
<kwd>Hyeronima alchorneoides</kwd>
<kwd>monoculture</kwd>
<kwd>polyculture</kwd>
<kwd>tropical agro-ecosystem design</kwd>
<kwd>water isotopes</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosistemas tropicales</kwd>
<kwd>Cedrela odorata</kwd>
<kwd>Heliconia imbricata</kwd>
<kwd>Euterpe oleracea</kwd>
<kwd>Hyeronima alchorneoides</kwd>
<kwd>isótopos del agua</kwd>
<kwd>monocultivos</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Stomach content analyses of the threadfin anglerfish Lophiodes spilurus (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae) associated with deepwater shrimp fisheries from the central Pacific of Costa Rica</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) and Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) Unidad de Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP)</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
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<fpage>1959</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Our knowledge of deepwater ecosystems along the Pacific of Central America is extremely limited. We analyzed the diet composition of 200 adult specimens of Lophiodes spilurus ranging in size from 7.8 to 17.8 cm total length (TL). Samples were obtained from deep bottom trawls (depth: 105-238 m) along the central Pacific of Costa Rica. We calculated the percentage of number (% N), weight (% W), and occurrence (% O) of each food item encountered in the stomachs; based on this information, the Index of Relative Importance (IR) was calculated. Moreover, we estimated diet overlap for three different size classes (&lt;10.1, 10.1-15.0 and &gt;15.1 cm TL). The results revealed exclusively two groups of benthic prey items: crustaceans (30%) and teleost fish (70%) in their diet. The most frequent preys were pandalid shrimps Plesionika trispinus (% O = 17) and the fathom mora Physiculus rastrelliger (% O = 12). The greatest diversity and frequency of abundance of food items was observed in intermediate-sized individuals (10.1-15.0 cm TL). Small-sized L. spilurus (&lt; 10.1 cm TL) fed mainly on teleost fish, while larger (&gt; 15.0 cm TL) preyed on large-sized stomatopods and teleost fish. There was a clear diet overlap between small and intermediate-sized L. spilurus (p &lt; 0.05). However, differences in diet-overlap were not detected in small and large-sized individuals or intermediate and large-sized specimens (p &gt; 0.05). Our results suggest that L. spilurus feeds exclusively on crustaceans (Decapoda and Stomatopoda) and benthic teleost fish along the Pacific of Costa Rica. While small and large-sized individuals showed a more pronounced selectivity for certain prey items, the high diversity of benthic prey items observed in intermediate-sized specimens suggest a more opportunistic foraging behavior. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1959-1970. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Nuestro conocimiento de los ecosistemas marinos de profundidad a lo largo de la costa centroamericana es muy limitado. En el presente estudio se analizó la composición alimenticia de 200 especimenes adultos de Lophiodes spilurus que medían entre 7.8 y 17.8 cm longitud total (LT). Las muestras fueron obtenidas de arrastres camaroneros (profundidad: 105-238 m) a lo largo del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica. Calculamos el porcentaje del número (% N), peso (% W) y presencia (% O) de cada ítem alimenticio encontrado en los estómagos. Basados en esta información, calculamos el Índice de Importancia Relativa (IR). Además, estimamos el traslape en la dieta de tres diferentes clases de tamaño (&lt;10.1, 10.1-15.0 y &gt;15.0 cm LT). Los resultados revelaron, exclusivamente, dos grupos de presas bentónicas: crustáceos (30%) y peces teleósteos (70%). Las presas más frecuentes fueron el camarón pandalido Plesionika trispinus (% O = 17) y la mora Physiculus rastrelliger (% 0 = 12). La mayor diversidad y frecuencia de abundancia de ítems alimenticios se observó en individuos intermedios (10.1-15.0 cm LT). Individuos pequeños (&lt; 10.1 cm TL) se alimentaron principalmente de peces teleósteos, mientras que individuos de mayor tamaño (&gt; 15.0 cm TL) consumieron organismos de mayor tamaño y peso como estomatópodos y peces teleósteos. Se encontró un claro traslape en la composición alimenticia de individuos de tamaño pequeño e intermedio de L. spilurus (p &lt; 0.05). Sin embargo, estas diferencias no se detectaron en individuos de tamaño pequeño y grande, ni en individuos intermedios y grandes (p &gt; 0.05). Nuestros resultados sugieren que en el Pacífico de Costa Rica L. spilurus se alimenta exclusivamente de crustáceos (Decapoda and Stomatopoda) y peces teleósteos bentónicos. Los especimenes medianos parecen alimentarse de forma oportunista.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diet composition</kwd>
<kwd>deepwater</kwd>
<kwd>Lophiodes spilurus</kwd>
<kwd>Pacific of Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>prey items</kwd>
<kwd>overlap</kwd>
<kwd>composición alimenticia</kwd>
<kwd>profundidad</kwd>
<kwd>Lophiodes spilurus</kwd>
<kwd>Pacífico de Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>presas</kwd>
<kwd>traslape alimenticio</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Sondeo ecológico rápido de las comunidades de peces tropicales en un área de explotación minera en Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<fpage>1971</fpage>
<lpage>1990</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Rapid ecological assessment of tropical fish communities in a gold mine area of Costa Rica. Gold mining impacts have generated a great concern regarding aquatic systems and habitat fragmentation. Anthropogenic disturbances on the structure and heterogeneity of a system can have an important effect on aquatic community stability. Ecological rapid assessments (1996, 2002, and 2007) were employed to determine the structure, composition and distribution of tropical fish communities in several rivers and smaller creeks from a gold mining area in Cerro Crucitas, Costa Rica. In addition, species composition and relative abundance were related with habitat structure. A total of 35 species were registered, among which sardine Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) and livebearer Alfaro cultratus (Poeciliidae) were the most abundant fish (71%). The highest species richness was observed in Caño Crucitas (s = 19) and Minas Creek (s = 18). Significant differences in fish communities structure and composition from Infiernillo river and Minas creek were observed (&amp;#955; = 0.0,F132, 66 = 2.24, p &lt; 0.001). Presence and/or absence of certain species such as Dormitor gobiomorus, Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Parachromis loiseillei and Atractosteus tropicus explained most of the spatial variation among sites. Habitat structure also contributed to explain differences among sites (&amp;#955; = 0.004, F60, 183 = 5.52, p &lt; 0.001). Substratum (soft and hard bottom types) and habitat attributes (elevation, width and depth) explained most of the variability observed in Infiernillo River, Caño Crucitas and Tamagá Creek. In addition, a significant association between fish species and habitat structure was observed. This study reveals a high complexity in tropical fish communities that inhabit a gold mine area. Furthermore,it highlights the importance of habitat heterogeneity in fish community dynamics. The loss and degradation of aquatic systems in Cerro Crucitas can have a strong negative effect on fish community structure and composition of local species. A better understanding of the use of specific habitats that serve as essential fish habitats can improve tropical fish conservation and management strategies, thus increasing local diversity, and thereby, the biological importance of the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1971-1990. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El impacto de las minerías de oro ha generado una gran preocupación por el deterioro de los hábitats acuáticos y la fragmentación de los sistemas naturales. Las perturbaciones antropogénicas sobre la estructura y heterogeneidad del sistema pueden influir en la estabilidad de las comunidades acuáticas. Sondeos ecológicos rápidos (1996, 2002, 2007) fueron empleados para determinar la estructura, composición y distribución de las comunidades de peces tropicales en varios ríos y quebradas del área de una minería de oro en el Cerro Crucitas, Costa Rica. Además, la composición de especies y abundancia relativa se relacionó con la estructura del hábitat. Se registró un total de 35 especies, de las cuales la sardina Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) y la olomina Alfaro cultratus (Poeciliidae) fueron las especies más abundantes (71%). La mayor riqueza de especies se observó en el Caño Crucitas (s = 19) y la quebrada Minas (s = 18). Se encontró una gran variación en la estructura y composición de las comunidades de peces, principalmente, en el río Infiernillo y Minas (&amp;#955; = 0.0, F132, 66 = 2.24, p &lt; 0.001). La presencia o ausencia de algunas especies como Gobiomorus dormitor, Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Parachromis loiseillei y Atractosteus tropicus explicaron la mayor parte de la variación espacial entre sitios. La heterogeneidad estructural del hábitat también contribuyó a explicar diferencias importantes entre sitios (&amp;#955; = 0.004, F60, 183 = 5.52, p &lt; 0.001). El tipo de sustrato (blando y duro) y la estructura del hábitat (elevación, ancho y profundidad) explicaron la mayor parte de la variabilidad observada en el río Infiernillo, el Caño Crucitas y la quebrada Tamagá. Además se encontró una asociación significativa entre las especies y la estructura del hábitat. Este estudio evidencia la complejidad en la estructura y composición de especies que habitan el área de la minería de oro, y acentúa la importancia de la heterogeneidad estructural del hábitat en la dinámica de las comunidades de peces tropicales. El deterioro y fragmentación de los hábitats acuáticos en el área de una minería de oro pueden tener un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la estructura de las comunidades de peces tropicales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tropical fish communities</kwd>
<kwd>anthropogenic disturbance</kwd>
<kwd>gold mine</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>ecological rapid assessment</kwd>
<kwd>species composition</kwd>
<kwd>comunidades de peces tropicales</kwd>
<kwd>disturbios antropogénicos</kwd>
<kwd>minería de oro</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>sondeos ecológicos rápidos</kwd>
<kwd>composición de especies</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Reproductive and morphological indicators of the fish Gambusia puncticulata (Poeciliidae) in very polluted sections of Almendares River, Cuba. The Almendares River watershed covers a large portion of Havana city. Human activities have negative impacts over it. We studied the alteration of biological processes in fish from polluted sites. Stressor-based cumulative effects assessment was applied at individual level in Gambusia puncticulata (Poey, 1854). Three sites of Almendares River were sampled monthly from July 2006 to June 2007. Length and weight of females, and condition factor for both sexes, were higher in the impacted sites. An increase of food supply due to eutrophication can explain why fishes are heavier and longer at polluted sites. Gonadosomatic, specific fecundity index and embryo numbers were significantly higher on the reference site. The Hepatosomatic index was higher in females from the most contaminated sites. Differences in &amp;#948;13C and &amp;#948;15N among contaminated and reference sites suggest that the food source is not the same. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1991-2004. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El río Almendares es el más grande de Ciudad de La Habana. La actividad humana adyacente ejerce un impacto significativo. Evaluamos las alteraciones de los procesos biológicos en los peces que viven en sitios muy contaminados de este río. Se aplicó una metodología basada en los efectos acumulativos de agentes estresantes múltiples a nivel de individuo en la especie Gambusia puncticulata (Poey, 1854). Este estudio se efectuó en tres sitios del río Almendares con muestreos mensuales desde julio del 2006 hasta junio del 2007. Se encontró un incremento en el largo y el peso de las hembras, y en el factor de condición para ambos sexos en los sitios más impactados. Este resultado se atribuye a la mayor disponibilidad de alimento debido a la eutrofización. El índice gonadosomático, el índice de fecundidad específica y el número de embriones por hembra, tuvieron valores significativamente más altos en el sitio de referencia. El largo relativo del gonopodio no mostró diferencia significativa entre sitios. El índice hepatosomático presentó valores más altos en las hembras provenientes de los sitios más contaminados. Las diferencias encontradas para &amp;#948;13C y &amp;#948;15N entre los sitios contaminados y el de referencia sugieren que las fuentes de alimento no son las mismas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Almendares River</kwd>
<kwd>contamination</kwd>
<kwd>Gambusia puncticulata</kwd>
<kwd>indicators</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>río Almendares</kwd>
<kwd>contaminación</kwd>
<kwd>Gambusia puncticulata</kwd>
<kwd>indicadores</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Itupararanga Reservoir is located at the Sorocaba River Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Five cities use the waters of this reservoir for human consumption. Despite this intensive use of the water resource, no study has been undertaken on the ichthyofauna of this reservoir. Collections were performed in nine sampling stations, where each three were located in the riverine, transitional and lacustrine zones. Fish specimens were collected using eight monofilament gillnets of 10 m length each, with varied mesh sizes, in the rainy and dry seasons, which corresponded to our spatial scale of analysis. Overall, 14 species of fish were identified, with the highest contribution from Characidae and Curimatidae. The most abundant species were: the &quot;lambari&quot;, Astyanax fasciatus, the &quot;saguiru&quot;, Cyphocharax modestus, the &quot;lambari bocarra&quot;, Oligosarcus paranaensis, and the &quot;mandi&quot;, Iheringichthys labrosus. Diversity tended to be higher during the dry season, although the difference was not statistically significant. Cluster analysis identified four season sampling groups differentiated by within-season distribution of species. Mantel’s test showed that this distribution was little affected by environmental factors, suggesting that biotic factors were more important in determining the species distribution within the reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2005-2020. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El embalse Itupararanga está localizado en la cuenca del río Sorocaba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, donde cinco ciudades usan sus aguas para consumo humano. A pesar del uso intensivo del recurso agua, ningún estudio se ha llevado a cabo para investigar la ictiofauna de este embalse. Recolectamos los peces en estación seca y lluviosa, en nueve estaciones de muestreo, tres estaciones en cada zona (riverina, transicional y lacustrina). los peces se recolectaron con ocho atarrayas de un filamento de 10 m cada una. En total, hallamos 14 especies de peces, con la contribución más alta de Characidae y Curimatidae. las especies más abundantes fueron: el &quot;lambari&quot;, Astyanax fasciatus, el &quot;saguiru&quot;, Cyphocharax modestus, el &quot;lambari bocarra&quot;, Oligosarcus paranaensis, y el &quot;mandi&quot;, Iheringichthys labrosus. la diversidad tendió a ser mayor durante la estación seca, aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. El análisis identificó cuatro grupos de estaciones de muestreo diferenciadas con base en la distribución de especies dentro de cada estación. la prueba de Mantel mostró que esta distribución fue poco afectada por factores ambientales, lo que sugiere que los factores bióticos fueron más importantes al determinar la distribución de especies dentro del embalse.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sorocaba river</kwd>
<kwd>Itupararanga Reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>structure community</kwd>
<kwd>species diversity</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>ichtyofauna</kwd>
<kwd>río Sorocaba</kwd>
<kwd>embalse Itupararanga</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de la comunidad</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad de especies</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>ictiofauna</kwd>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of the fish Synodontis clarias (Siluriformes: Mochokidae) from Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Lagos Department of Zoology, Parasitology Unit </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Ibadan Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Ibadan </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>2021</fpage>
<lpage>2026</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A total of 362 specimens of the fish Synodontis clarias were randomly selected and subjected to parasitological examination for helminth parasites. They were collected over a period of one year from Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. The prevalence of gastrointestinal infection was 38.7%. The helminth worms found include two cestodes, Proteocephalus spp., Wenyonia acuminata, and a nematode species, Raphidascaroides. Male specimens (196) presented a higher rate of infection (37.8%) than female specimens (166) which showed a rate of 23.5%. The overall worm burden was high (678) and it was independent of fish sex and fish size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2021-2026. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se muestrearon aleatoriamente un total de 362 especímenes de Synodontis clarias, los cuales fueron sometidos a análisis parasitológicos. Los especimenes fueron recolectados durante un período de un año del lago Lekki, Nigeria. La existencia de infecciones gastrointestinales fue de un 38.7% del total de especímenes examinados, lo cual representó 114 especímenes infectados con parásitos helmintos. Los gusanos helmintos encontrados incluyen dos céstodos, especies de Proteocephalus, Wenyonia acuminata, y una especie de nemátodo, Raphidascaroides sp. Los especímenes machos (196) presentaron una tasa de infección mayor (37.8%) que la presentada por hembras (23.5%). La cantidad total de gusanos parásitos fue alta (678) y fue independiente del sexo y la talla del pez.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Synodontis clarias</kwd>
<kwd>helminth</kwd>
<kwd>parasites</kwd>
<kwd>Proteocephalus</kwd>
<kwd>laguna Lekki</kwd>
<kwd>Lagos</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
<kwd>Synodontis clarias</kwd>
<kwd>helmintos</kwd>
<kwd>parásitos, Proteocephalus</kwd>
<kwd>laguna Lekki</kwd>
<kwd>Lagos</kwd>
<kwd>Nigeria</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Sporophyte morphology and gametophyte development of the fern Blechnum sprucei (Pteridophyta: Blechnaceae)</article-title>
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<addr-line>Madrid </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
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<institution>,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata Laboratorio de Estudios de Anatomía Vegetal Evolutiva y Sistemática </institution>
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<month>12</month>
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<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>2027</fpage>
<lpage>2040</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The fern Blechnum sprucei grows in Mesoamerica (Costa Rica) and South America, from Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It is a distinctive, somewhat vulnerable, mostly orophilous species. Fresh and dry herbarium material was used for this study. Herbarium material for anatomical studies comes from CTES, BA, LP, MA, SI and UC (Holmgren et al.1990). Selected representative specimens are additionally cited after taxonomic treatment of the species. Dry material was restored with aqueous 4:1 butil cellosolve. Pinnae were cleared with aqueous 6% NaOH, then coloured with aqueous 1 % TBO (Gurr 1966). Hand made transverse sections of young and adult stipes, and costae were done in fresh and restored herbarium material. Venation and epidermal patterns were analyzed in basal, apical and medium pinnae, but only the latter were illustrated. The size and density of stomata were measured in medium pinnae from all studied samples, values shown are the average of 25 measures per sample; sizes are expressed as minimum, media and maximum length x width, in µm, and density as minimum, media and maximum number of stomata / mm². Spores were studied with SEM, mounted on metal stubs with double sided tape, covered with gold under vacuum and photographed with a Jeol /EO JSM 6360 (15 KV) SEM. Spores were also studied with light microscope, mounted in DePex (DePex mounting medium, Gurr, BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole BH15 1TD, UK) and measured using an ocular micrometer. Measurements are based on a minimum sample of 100 spores taken from different specimens. Sizes are expressed as the longest equatorial diameter/ polar diameter, in µm. Gametophytes were studied from material collected in the subtropical forest of Tucumán Province, Argentina. Spore samples for cultures were taken from single sporophytes kept dry at room temperature since the date plants were collected. Gametophytes were grown under fluorescent light. Multispore cultures were established on mineral agar. Percentage of germination was recorded for a random sample of 50 spores from each of the two plates, every three days until there was no further increasing. Gametophytes were stained with chloral hydrate acetocarmine. The species has large sporophytes, suberect, scaly rhizomes, and dimorphic fronds with short, scaly stipes and lanceolate to elliptic sterile laminae. The rachises can grow indefinitely as radicant axis that vegetatively multi-plicate the plants. Pinnae are lanceolate, herbaceous, with crenate and papillose margins, superficially scaly and hairy, peciolulate, with free, visible veins regularly once furcated near the costa, ending in large, active hydathodes. The broadly elliptic fertile laminae bear distant pinnae, with vegetative tissue reduced to the portion that supports the indusium and the continuous coenosorus; terminal indefinite rachis, not proliferous, may be present. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2027-2040. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El helecho Blechnum sprucei crece en Mesoamérica (Costa Rica) y Sudamérica, desde Colombia a Bolivia, SE y centro de Brasil, Paraguay y Argentina. Es una especie característica, algo vulnerable y orófila. Se estudiaron caracteres exomorfológicos de especimenes provenientes de distintos puntos de su gran área de distribución. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un detallado análisis de los modelos epidérmicos jóvenes y maduros, del indumento de la lámina y los ejes, y de la organización vascular en los estipes y costas. Se han estudiado por primera vez la morfología esporal, el desarrollo de los gametófitos, que resultaron cordados y pelosos, y su expresión sexual. Presenta esporófitos grandes, suberectos, con rizomas escamosos y frondas dimórficas, con estipes cortos y escamosos y láminas estériles de lanceoladas a elípticas. El raquis puede crecer indefinidamente como un eje radicante que multiplica las plantas vegetativamente. Las pinnas son lanceoladas, herbáceas, con márgenes crenados y papilosos, y la superficie escamosa y pelosa. Son pecioluladas, con venas libres y visibles, regularmente furcadas cerca de la costa, terminando en hidatodos grandes y activos. Las láminas fértiles son anchamente elípticas y portan pinnas distales; presentan tejido vegetativo reducido a la porción que soporta el indusio y el cenosoro continuo. Pueden presentar raquis indefinidos, pero no prolíferos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Blechnum sprucei</kwd>
<kwd>anatomy</kwd>
<kwd>distribution, gametophyte</kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>sexual expression</kwd>
<kwd>spore</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>Blechnum sprucei</kwd>
<kwd>anatomía</kwd>
<kwd>distribución</kwd>
<kwd>gametófito</kwd>
<kwd>morfología</kwd>
<kwd>expresión sexual</kwd>
<kwd>espora</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420080004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400035</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Sustitución de la sabana nativa con plantaciones de Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae) en Venezuela: efecto sobre parámetros indicadores de cambios en el carbono del suelo</article-title>
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<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
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<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Rosa Mary</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas </institution>
<addr-line>Puerto La Cruz Estado Anzoátegui</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas Centro de Ecología  </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Simón Rodríguez Laboratorio de Biogeoquímica </institution>
<addr-line>Caracas </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>2041</fpage>
<lpage>2053</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Substitution of native savanna by Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae) plantations in Venezuela: effect on parameters that indicated changes in soil carbon content. A great extension (615 000 ha) of native savannas of the eastern plains of Venezuela have been replaced by plantations of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis; however, only scarce information exists about the impact of this land use on carbon dynamics in soils. We studied the effect of temporal variability and the substitution on the total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble carbon (WSC), microbial biomass C (Cmic), basal respiration (BR), microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) and Cmic/Corg ratio. Selected chemical properties and biological parameters of soils were measured under 3 and 29 year old forest plantations of P. caribaea and an adjacent native savanna which was considered the control. At each site, nine soil composite samples were collected (0-10 cm depth). The studied parameters did not show a defined pattern in relation to temporal variability. Higher carbon preservation occurs in soil microbial biomass under pine plantations. The basal respiration rate and qCO2 suggests that there is a more efficient microbial carbon utilization in the plantations. The Cmic/Corg ratio shows that the microbial biomass has an important stock of soil carbon in pine plantations. The conversion of savannas to pine plantations can increase soil carbon in the eastern plains of Venezuela, but this must be balanced with the ecological importance of natural savannas ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2041-2053. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Una gran extensión (615000 has) de las sabanas nativas de los Llanos Orientales de Venezuela está siendo reemplazada por plantaciones de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis; sin embargo, hasta ahora existe escasa información sobre el impacto de este manejo del suelo sobre los parámetros indicadores de la dinámica del carbono en el suelo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la variabilidad temporal y la sustitución sobre el contenido de carbono orgánico total (COT), carbono hidrosoluble (CHS), carbono microbiano (Cmic), respiración basal (RB), cociente metabólico microbiano (qCO2) y la relación Cmic/Corg. Las propiedades químicas y parámetros biológicos seleccionados fueron determinados en plantaciones de P. caribaea de 3 y 29 años de edad y en una sabana nativa adyacente a estas plantaciones, la cual fue considerada como control. En cada sitio de muestreo recolectamos nueve muestras compuestas (0-10 cm de profundidad). Los parámetros estudiados no mostraron un patrón definido in relación a la variabilidad temporal. Hay mayor preservación del carbono dentro de la biomasa microbiana presente en suelos de Uverito en plantaciones de pinos. La tasa de respiración basal y el cociente metabólico indican que en estos suelos existe una comunidad microbiana poco activa, la cual es más eficiente en la utilización del carbono en las plantaciones de pino. La relación Cmic/Corg indica que en las plantaciones la biomasa microbiana constituye una importante reserva del carbono en el suelo. La sabana nativa a plantaciones de pino caribeño en estos suelos puede ser considerada un manejo efectivo para incrementar la calidad del suelo en los llanos orientales de Venezuela, siempre y cuando se tome en cuenta la importancia ecológica de las sabanas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Carbon</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus caribaea</kwd>
<kwd>savanna</kwd>
<kwd>soil quality indicators</kwd>
<kwd>temporal variability</kwd>
<kwd>Carbono</kwd>
<kwd>indicadores de calidad del suelo</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus caribaea</kwd>
<kwd>sabana</kwd>
<kwd>variabilidad temporal</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400036</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Crecimiento, supervivencia y herbivoría de plántulas de Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae), una especie del sotobosque neotropical</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Unidad de Recursos Naturales </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of California Department of Botany and Plant Sciences </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Growth, survival and herbivory of seedlings in Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae), a species from the Neotropical undergrowth. Growth responses, survival, and herbivory, on seedlings of Brosimum alicastrum were studied in a neotropical Mexican forest. We selected 122 seedlings and divided them into three groups assigned to defoliation treatments: control or 0 (n=21), 50 (n=51) and 90% (n=50). Every 4 months during two years we measured seedling growth (in terms of relative growth rate in biomass, leaf area growth, produced leaves and height growth) and survival. In addition, we evaluated every 12 months pathogen damage and insect herbivory using a 2 mm-2 grid. Separately, we estimated mammal herbivory in 3-month old seedlings that were selected within a plot of 500 m x 10 m (N=1095). Pathogen damage and insect herbivory were evaluated within the same plot in 113 seedlings. We found that 50 % defoliated seedlings showed compensatory responses in all growth parameters. Relative growth rate and height growth also had a compensatory response in seedlings at 90% defoliation. Relative growth rate and leaf area growth gradually decreased with time although height growth seedling showed an opposite pattern. Leaves produced were not affected by time. Estimated seedling survival probability increased with defoliation to a maximum of 97%, decreasing at 24 month to 37%. Mammal herbivory was more frequent and severe than herbivory caused by pathogens and insects. In some cases, mammal herbivory produced total defoliation. Compensatory growth in leaf area growth, produced leaves and height growth seedling suggest a synergic compensatory mechanism expressed in a whole-plant growth biomass (relative growth rate). Compensation and survival results suggest trade-offs at the leaf level, such as leaf area growth and produced leaves versus chemical defenses, respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2055-2067. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudiaron las respuestas de crecimiento, supervivencia y los diferentes tipos de herbivoría sobre plántulas de B. alicastrum en una selva neotropical de México. Se seleccionaron 122 plántulas de una población las cuales se asignaron a tres tratamientos de defoliación: control o 0% (n=21), 50% (n=51) y 90% (n=50). Cada 4 meses durante dos años se midió su crecimiento (en términos de la tasa relativa de crecimiento en biomasa, área foliar, hojas producidas y altura) y supervivencia. Además cada 12 meses, mediante el uso de una cuadricula de 2mm-2, se evaluó la herbivoría causada por patógenos e insectos. También dentro de una parcela de 500 m largo x 10 m de ancho se evaluó en 1095 plántulas de 3 meses de edad la herbivoría por mamíferos. En la misma parcela pero en 113 plántulas se estimó la herbivoría por patógenos e insectos. Las plántulas defoliadas al 50% compensaron su crecimiento en todas las estructuras medidas, pero sólo la tasa relativa de crecimiento y altura lo hicieron con la defoliación al 90%. La tasa relativa de crecimiento y el área foliar disminuyeron gradualmente con el tiempo, contrario a la altura con un patrón opuesto. El número de hojas producidas no se afectó por el tiempo. La probabilidad estimada de supervivencia incrementó hasta un 95% con la defoliación y disminuyó hasta un 37% a los 24 meses. La herbivoría por mamíferos fue el más incidente y severo, en algunos casos hasta un 100% de defoliación. En tanto la causada por patógenos e insectos fue secundaria. El crecimiento compensatorio en área foliar, producción de hojas y altura sugieren un mecanismo compensatorio sinérgico expresado a nivel del crecimiento individual de la planta (tasa de crecimiento en biomasa). Al mismo tiempo junto con la supervivencia sugiere un posible compromiso entre las respuestas de crecimiento a nivel de la hoja - área foliar y hojas producidas - versus producción de defensas químicas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brosimum alicastrum</kwd>
<kwd>defoliation treatments</kwd>
<kwd>growth compensatory</kwd>
<kwd>herbivory</kwd>
<kwd>relative growth rate</kwd>
<kwd>seedling survival</kwd>
<kwd>Brosimum alicastrum</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento compensatorio</kwd>
<kwd>defoliación</kwd>
<kwd>herbivoría</kwd>
<kwd>tasa relativa de crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>supervivencia de plántulas</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Vertical stratification and host preference by vascular epiphytes in a Chiapas, Mexico, cloud forest. The high diversity of vascular epiphytes in neotropical montane forest has been explained as the result of vertical stratification of the forest and specific relationships between epiphytes and their hosts trees at local scales. In a lower montane cloud forest, we studied the vertical stratification and host preferences of vascular epiphytes in a 0.0625 ha plot where 41 trees &amp;#8805; of 10 cm DBH were sampled during 12 months in 2001 and 2002. We found 43 epiphyte species growing on 15 tree genera. We tested for vertical strata and host preferences using 19 epiphyte taxa. We found strong evidence that epiphytes divided the canopy, but those epiphyte species dispersed by animals were generalists with respect to hosts and vertical strata. Wind dispersed epiphytes were vertically stratified, with a higher richness in the lowest tree strata. On average the epiphytes preferred 3.5 host species, suggesting low host preference. Two host species, Ardisia and Quercus, were avoided by the majority of the epiphyte species. Our results show that epiphytes divided the canopy horizontally and were stratified vertically, suggesting that host identity could be important determining the abundance of colonizing sites for epiphytes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2069-2086. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En escala local, la alta diversidad de epífitas vasculares en bosques montanos neotropicales ha sido explicada por que logran estratificar verticalmente al dosel y tienen relaciones específicas con sus hospederos. En un bosque de montaña estudiamos la estratificación vertical y las preferencias de hospedero de las epífitas vasculares en un cuadrante de 0.0625 ha en donde muestreamos 41 árboles &amp;#8805;10 DAP, durante 12 meses en los años 2001 y 2002. Encontramos 43 especies de epífitas en 15 géneros de árboles. Probamos preferencia de estratos verticales o de hospedero con 19 táxones epífitos. Encontramos evidencia de que las epífitas se dividen el dosel; aunque, las epífitas dispersadas por animales tendieron a ser generalistas. Entre las epífitas dispersadas por el viento reconocimos una clara estratificación vertical, concentrando especies en la parte baja de los árboles. En promedio las especies de epífitas prefirieron 3.5 especies de hospederos, sugiriendo una baja preferencia. Dos especies de árboles resultaron ser malos hospederos, Ardisia y Quercus. Nuestros resultados muestran que las epífitas parten el dosel horizontalmente, se estratifican verticalmente y sugieren que la identidad de los hospederos es importante por que puede determinar la abundancia de sitios colonizables para muchas epífitas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>El Triunfo</kwd>
<kwd>epiphytes</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>host tree preference</kwd>
<kwd>vertical distribution</kwd>
<kwd>El Triunfo</kwd>
<kwd>epífitas</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>forofitos</kwd>
<kwd>distribución vertical</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,CIMAS Área de Biodiversidad y Territorio </institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Environmental services of the forest: an essay in an European Atlantic river basin based on a Central American experience. A Conservation Interest Index (CI) was designed to numerically assess the natural quality or value of a given terrestrial area. This CI has been applied along the Golako River Watershed (Biosphere Reserve, Basque Country, Spain). The area, although benefiting from some protection, is strongly influenced by human activities (forestry and cattle breeding). The CI is based on both available cartographic information about vegetation and fieldwork, the later needed to provide estimations for the various descriptors included in this index: in this way, a particular vegetation fragment received a final score on a scale from 0 to 1 000. A set of 9 Vegetation Units has been defined to analyze the current vegetation profile and, a ten plot (500 x 500 m) uniformly distributed sampling design has been implemented. Landscape homogenization is high where main land use relies on timbering, contrasting with the more heterogeneous and fragmented profile related to rural activities. At a height of more than 150 m forest appears to be dominant while human occupation becomes patchy, whereas abruptness restraints farms to locations below 100 m. Concerning the index performance, gradual differences have been displayed by the forest, which appears as the only vegetation unit attaining values above 500 (50% in the index scale), mature forest ranking highest (860), followed closely by the riparian forest. We have developed a formula to translate environmental value into economic benefit to promote conservation work at private property level, imitating the initial work undergone in Central American countries, where environmental services are rewarded irrespective of their conservation status. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2087-2098. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>Environmental services</kwd>
<kwd>quantitative vegetation assessment</kwd>
<kwd>conservation interest index</kwd>
<kwd>Basque Country</kwd>
<kwd>Reserva de la biosfera de Urdaibai</kwd>
<kwd>servicios ambientales</kwd>
<kwd>valoración cuantitativa de la vegetación</kwd>
<kwd>índice de interés para la conservación</kwd>
<kwd>país Vasco</kwd>
<kwd>Reserva de la biosfera de Urdaibai</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442008000400039</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Antifeedant activity of botanical crude extracts and their fractions on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults: I. Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (MAG)  </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center Department of Agriculture and Agroforestry </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Natural Products Research Center (CIPRONA) Associate Researcher</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
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<fpage>2099</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bemisia tabaci is an important virus vector on a number of crops worldwide. Therefore, a preventive approach to deal with viral epidemics may be the deployment of repellents or phagodeterrents at earlier stages of plant development (critical period). Thus, the crude extract and four fractions thereof (water, water:methanol, methanol, and diethyl ether) of mother-of-cocoa (Gliricidia sepium, Fabaceae) were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults under greenhouse conditions, on tomato plants, in Costa Rica. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments showed that the crude extract and some fractions exerted such effect on the insect. In the former (in sleeve cages), three fractions caused deterrence at doses as low as 0.1% (methanol), 0.5% (water:methanol) and 1.5% (diethyl ether). However, in the latter (plants exposed in a greenhouse) no one of the fractions performed well, suggesting that the deterrent principles somehow decomposed under the experimental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2099-2113. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Mundialmente, Bemisia tabaci es un importante vector de virus en numerosos cultivos. Por tanto, un enfoque preventivo para enfrentar las epidemias virales podría ser el empleo de sustancias repelentes o fagodisuasivas en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de las plantas (período crítico). Así, tanto el extracto crudo como cuatro fracciones (agua, agua:metanol, metanol y éter dietílico) del madero negro (Gliricidia sepium, Fabaceae) fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su actividad fagodisuasiva sobre los adultos de B. tabaci en condiciones de invernadero, utilizando plantas de tomate, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Tanto los experimentos de escogencia restringida como los de escogencia irrestricta revelaron que el extracto crudo y algunas fracciones mostraron dicha actividad. En los primeros experimentos (en jaulas de manga), tres fracciones causaron fagodisuasión a dosis tan bajas como 0.1% (metanol), 0.5% (agua:metanol) y 1.5% (éter dietílico). Sin embargo, en los segundos (plantas expuestas dentro de un invernadero) ninguna de las fracciones lo hizo, lo cual sugiere que los principios fagodisuasivos perdieron su actividad en esas condiciones experimentales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>mother-of-cocoa</kwd>
<kwd>Gliricidia sepium</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>extractos vegetales</kwd>
<kwd>madero negro</kwd>
<kwd>Gliricidia sepium</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400040</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Antifeedant activity of botanical crude extracts and their fractions on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults: II. Sechium pittieri (Cucurbitaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (MAG)  </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center Department of Agriculture and Agroforestry </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Associate Researcher. Natural Products Research Center (CIPRONA) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>2115</fpage>
<lpage>2129</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bemisia tabaci is a key pest of vegetables and other crops worldwide, but it is a particularly serious problem in the tropics, due to its ability to transmit several types of viruses, especially begomoviruses (Geminiviridae). Therefore, a preventive approach to deal with viral epidemics may be the deployment of repellents or phagodeterrents at earlier stages of plant development (critical period). Thus, the crude extract and four fractions thereof (water, water: methanol, methanol, and diethyl ether) of wild &quot;tacaco&quot; (Sechium pittieri, Cucurbitaceae), were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults under greenhouse conditions, on tomato plants, in Costa Rica. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments showed that the crude extract as well as some fractions exert such effect on the insect. In the former (in sleeve cages), fractions caused deterrence at doses as low as 0.1% (ether) and 0.5% (water and water: methanol), with the methanol fraction showing no activity. However, in the latter (plants exposed in a greenhouse) no one of the fractions performed well, suggesting that the deterrent principles somehow decomposed under the experimental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2115-2129. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Bemisia tabaci es una plaga clave de hortalizas y otros cultivos, mundialmente, y representa un problema particularmente serio en los trópicos, debido a su habilidad para transmitir varios tipos de virus, especialmente begomovirus (Geminiviridae). Por tanto, un enfoque preventivo para enfrentar las epidemias virales podría consistir en la utilización de sustancias repelentes o disuasivas en las eta-pas tempranas del desarrollo de la planta (período crítico). Así, el extracto crudo y cuatro fracciones (agua, agua: metanol, metanol, y éter dietílico) de tacaco cimarrón (Sechium pittieri, Cucurbitaceae), fueron evaluadas por su posible actividad fagodisuasiva sobre B. tabaci en un invernadero, utilizando plantas de tomate, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Tanto los experimentos de escogencia restringida como los de escogencia irrestricta mostraron dicha actividad en el extracto crudo y en algunas de sus fracciones. En el primer tipo de experimento (en jaulas de manga), las fracciones causaron fagodisuasión a dosis tan bajas como 0.1% (éter dietílico) y 0.5% (agua y agua: metanol), mientras que la fracción metanólica no la causó. Sin embargo, en los otros experimentos (plantas expuestas a B. tabaci dentro de un invernadero) ninguna de las fracciones funcionó bien, lo cual sugiere que los principios disuasivos se disiparon bajo esas condiciones experimentales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>wild &quot;tacaco&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>Sechium pittieri</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>extractos vegetales</kwd>
<kwd>wild &quot;tacaco&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>Sechium pittieri</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442008000400041</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Antifeedant activity of botanical crude extracts and their fractions on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults: III. Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (MAG)  </institution>
<addr-line>Cartago </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) Department of Agriculture and Agroforestry </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Associate Researcher. Natural Products Research Center (CIPRONA) </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>2131</fpage>
<lpage>2146</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bemisia tabaci is a key virus vector on several crops worldwide. Then, a preventive approach to deal with viral epidemics may be the deployment of repellents or phagodeterrents at earlier stages of plant development (critical period). Thus, the crude extract and four fractions thereof (water, water: methanol, methanol, and diethyl ether) of bitterwood (Quassia amara, Simaroubaceae) were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults under greenhouse conditions, on tomato plants, in Costa Rica. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments showed that the crude extract and some fractions exerted such effect on the insect. In the former case (in sleeve cages), all fractions caused deterrence at doses as low as 0.1 % (methanol), 0.5 % (water: methanol and diethyl ether), and 1% (water). In the latter case (plants exposed in a greenhouse) the methanol fraction stood out, followed by the diethyl ether fraction. Nonetheless, none of the fractions performed better than the deterrent control (mineral oil). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2131-2146. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>En el plano mundial, Bemisia tabaci es un importante vector de virus en numerosos cultivos. Un enfoque preventivo para enfrentar las epidemias virales podría ser el empleo de sustancias repelentes o fagodisuasivas en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de las plantas (período crítico). Tanto el extracto crudo como cuatro fracciones (agua, agua: metanol, metanol, y éter dietílico). Evaluamos extractos del árbol llamado &quot;hombre grande&quot; (Quassia amara, Simaroubaceae) fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su actividad fagodisuasiva sobre los adultos de B. tabaci, usando tomate, en condiciones de invernadero, utilizando plantas de tomate, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. Tanto los experimentos de escogencia irrestricta e irrestrictam, el extracto crudo y algunas fracciones mostraron dicha actividad. En los primeros experimentos (en jaulas de manga), todas las fracciones causaron fagodisuasión a dosis de apenas 0.1% (metanol), 0.5% (agua: metanol y éter dietílico) y 1% (agua). En los segundos (plantas expuestas dentro de un invernadero) sobresalió la fracción metanólica, seguida por la de éter dietílico. Sin embargo, ninguna de las fracciones superó al testigo fagodisuasivo (aceite mineral).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>bitterwood</kwd>
<kwd>Quassia amara</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>extractos vegetales</kwd>
<kwd>hombre grande</kwd>
<kwd>Quassia amara</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Centro de Ecología aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL) </institution>
<addr-line>Corrientes </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442008000400042&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The nematological fauna of most anuran species from Corrientes province, north of Argentina; has not been studied. We report for the first time the nematode species found in Rhinella schneideri and Scinax acuminatus. Forty four amphibians representing two species (R. schneideri -six males, three females and two juveniles- and S. acuminatus -fifteen males and eighteen females) were collected near the city of Corrientes, between January 2002 and December 2003 and searched for nematodes. R. schneideri contained eight species of nematodes (adults: Rhabdias füelleborni, R. elegans, Oswaldocruzia proencai, Cosmocerca podicipinus, C. parva and Falcaustra mascula; larvae: Porrocaecum sp. and Physaloptera sp.), and S. acuminatus contained three (adults: Cosmocerca parva and Oxyascaris caudacutus; larvae: Physaloptera sp.). We present morphology (scanning electron microscope) and metric information, range extensions, and new host records for these nematode species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2147-2161. Epub 2008 December 12.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cuarenta y cuatro anfibios pertenecientes a dos especies (Rhinella schneideri -seis machos, tres hembras y dos juveniles- y Scinax acuminatus -quince machos y dieciocho hembras) fueron recolectados para extraer nemátodos en las proximidades de la ciudad de Corrientes, provincia de Corrientes en Argentina, entre enero 2002 y diciembre 2003. Rhinella schneideri estuvo parasitada por ocho especies de nemátodos (adultos: Rhabdias füelleborni, R. elegans, Oswaldocruzia proencai, Cosmocerca podicipinus, C. parva y Falcaustra mascula; larvas: Porrocaecum sp. y Physaloptera sp.), y S. acuminatus presentó tres especies de nemátodos (adultos: Cosmocerca parva y Oxyascaris caudacutus; larva: Physaloptera sp.). Para todas estas especies de nemátodos se presentan datos morfológicos y métricos, y para algunas sus nuevos ámbitos y caracteres, así como también los detalles obtenidos mediante el microscopio electrónico de barrido. Éste es el primer informe de nemátodos parásitos para los citados anfibios de Corrientes, Argentina.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Amphibians</kwd>
<kwd>Rhinella schneideri</kwd>
<kwd>Scinax acuminatus</kwd>
<kwd>Nematodes</kwd>
<kwd>Corrientes</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>anfibios</kwd>
<kwd>Rhinella schneideri</kwd>
<kwd>Scinax acuminatus</kwd>
<kwd>nemátodos parásitos</kwd>
<kwd>Corrientes</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
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