S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300001 Conceptual and statistical problems associated with the use of diversity indices in ecology Barrantes Gilbert Sandoval Luis ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 451 460

Diversity indices, particularly the Shannon-Wiener index, have extensively been used in analyzing patterns of diversity at different geographic and ecological scales. These indices have serious conceptual and statistical problems which make comparisons of species richness or species abundances across communities nearly impossible. There is often no a single statistical method that retains all information needed to answer even a simple question. However, multivariate analyses could be used instead of diversity indices, such as cluster analyses or multiple regressions. More complex multivariate analyses, such as Canonical Correspondence Analysis, provide very valuable information on environmental variables associated to the presence and abundance of the species in a community. in addition, particular hypotheses associated to changes in species richness across localities, or change in abundance of one, or a group of species can be tested using univariate, bivariate, and/or rarefaction statistical tests. The rarefaction method has proved to be robust to standardize all samples to a common size. Even the simplest method as reporting the number of species per taxonomic category possibly provides more information than a diversity index value. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 451-460. Epub 2009 September 30.

Los índices de diversidad y en particular Shannon-Wiener, han sido ampliamente utilizados para el análisis de la diversidad a diferentes escalas geográficas y ecológicas. Estos índices de diversidad poseen serios problemas conceptuales y estadísticos, lo que dificulta o hace imposible la comparación de riqueza o abundancia de especies entre comunidades. Aquí describimos los problemas conceptuales y estadísticos asociados al uso del índice de diversidad Shannon-Wiener, y además presentamos métodos estadísticos alternativos que brindan una mayor información biológica de las especies y permiten una mejor comparación entre comunidades.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300002 Garantías Ambientales en la Constitución: Un nuevo modelo ecológico-político para Costa Rica y el resto del mundo Quesada A Gabriel ,Universidad Estatal a Distancia Centro de Educación Ambiental San José Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 461 472

Environmental Guarantees in the Constitution: a new ecological-political model for Costa Rica and the rest of the world. In the last thirty years significant changes to protect the environment have been introduced in the judicial, administrative and social systems. Costa Rica is a well known international model in the field of sustainable development, and here I present a proposal for adding environmental gaurantees to the Costa Rican Constitution. One of the most important changes in the Costa Rican judicial system has been the introduction of an environmental amendment in the Constitution (Article 50). However, it is still fundamental to introduce a Title of Environmental Guarantees in the Constitution of Costa Rica, with these components: first, the State, the public and the private sector have the duty of defending the right to a safe environment; second, public domain over environmental issues, and third, the use of the environment should be regulated by scientific and technical knowledge. If current efforts succeed, Costa Rica will be the first country in the world to include Environmental Guarantees in its Constitution. This would be an example to other nations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 461-472. Epub 2009 September 30.

La Constitución Política de Costa Rica incluye un párrafo sobre el derecho a un ambiente sano, la responsabilidad del Estado a garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho, así como la acción popular (Artículo 50). Sin embargo, es fundamental incluir en la Constitución un título de Derechos y Garantías Ambientales donde el Estado garantice, defienda y preserve el derecho a un ambiente biofísico y humano ecológicamente sostenible, donde se mantenga el dominio público sobre los elementos del ambiente, y se regule su uso y aprovechamiento de conformidad con las reglas de la ciencia y la técnica. Costa Rica sería el primer país en el mundo con un título constitucional de Derechos y Garantías Ambientales y daría el ejemplo a otras naciones en materia ambiental. Las Garantías Ambientales serán un instrumento ágil y eficiente para proteger el ambiente.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300003 Los manglares de Costa Rica: el Pacífico norte Zamora-Trejos Priscilla Cortés Jorge ,Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad de la Investigación Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología San José Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 473 488

Abstract: Costa Rica mangroves: the north Pacific. Costa Rica has mangrove forests on both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The Pacific side has 99% of the mangrove area of the country. In this review we compile available information on the mangroves of the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, from Bahía Salinas, on the border with Nicaragua, to the tip of the Peninsula de Nicoya at Cabo Blanco. We provide information on the location of the mangroves and all available information for each mangrove forest. These mangrove communities are smaller in extension and tree sizes, and have lower diversity compared to the mangroves on the southern section of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The dominant species are Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora racemosa along the canal edges, backed by Avicennia germinans, and farther inland Avicennia bicolor, Laguncularia racemosa and Conocarpus erectus. At Potrero Grande a healthy population of Pelliciera rhizophorae, a rare species, has been reported. We recognized 38 mangrove communities in this part of the country, based on the National Wetland Inventory, published papers, field observations, theses, technical reports, and the national topographic maps (1:50 000, Instituto Geográfico Nacional). Relatively detailed information could be found for only five mangrove forests, for 14 more only prelimary and incomplete lists of plants and in some cases of animal species are available, for nine there is even less information, and for nine more only their location is known, which in some cases was not correct. Detail mapping, characterization of the vegetation and fauna, physiological studies, analyses of biogeochemical and physical processes, economic valuations, and determination of the health status of the mangrove of the northern Pacific coast, as well as for the rest of Costa Rica, are neccesary and urgent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 473-488. Epub 2009 September 30.

Costa Rica tiene bosques de manglar en las costas Caribe y Pacífica. El 99% de los manglares del país se encuentran en la costa Pacífica. En este trabajo recopilamos la información disponible sobre los manglares del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, desde la frontera con Nicaragua hasta la Reserva Absoluta de Cabo Blanco, en la punta sur de la Península de Nicoya. La ubicación de los manglares y cualquier información disponible para cada manglar es resumida. El clima de esta región es seco con estaciones de lluvia y sequía muy bien definidas. Los manglares del norte son relativamente pequeños en extensión y tamaño de árboles, y de baja diversidad comparados con los del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Las principales especies de mangle son: Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa a lo largo de los bordes de los canales, seguido por Avicennia germinans, y más tierra adentro Avicennia bicolor, Laguncularia racemosa y Conocarpus erectus. En el manglar de Potrero Grande se informa de una población saludable de la especie de Pelliciera rhizophorae, especies muy poco abundante. Reconocemos 38 comunidades de manglares en el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica basado en el Inventario Nacional de Humedales, artículos publicados, observaciones de campo, tesis, informes técnicos y los mapas 1: 50 000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Se pudo encontrar información relativamente detallada pero fragmentada de únicamente cinco manglares (los descritos en esta publicación), de 14 solamente hay listas preliminares e incompletas de plantas y en algunos casos de animales, de nueve manglares más hay información todavía más limitada, y de otros nueve se conoce solamente su ubicación, que en algunos casos se comprobó que era incorrecta. Trabajos de mapeo detallado, caracterización de la vegetación y la fauna, estudios fisiológicos, análisis de procesos biogeoquímicos, evaluaciones económicas, y determinación del estado de salud de los manglares del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, y del resto del país son necesarios y urgentes.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300004 Bacterial contamination of automotive fuels in a tropical region: the case of Costa Rica Rodríguez-Rodríguez Carlos E Rodríguez-Cavallini Evelyn Blanco Rigoberto ,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia ,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Departament d’Enginyeria Química Spain ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Electroquímica y Energía Química Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 489 504

Microbial contamination of fuel has been the cause of several problems in transportation and storage of these products. Due to the lack of previous studies related to these problems in Costa Rica, bacterial quality was evaluated biannually in automotive fuels stored in the four oil distribution facilities of the Costa Rican Petroleum Refinery (RECOPE). In 12 oil storage tanks, for a total of 96 samples, mesophilic, heterotrophic aerobic/facultative counts (ASTM D6974-04) and identification of bacteria presented in regular gas, premium gas and diesel from the bottom and superior part of the tanks were done; in the samples containing an aqueous phase, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were also quantified by the most probable number technique (MPN), according to the ASTM D4412-84 standard. The higher contamination was shown at the bottom of the tanks (populations up to 10(4) UFC/l), especially if there was accumulated water, in which case populations reached 10(8) UFC/l. The most contaminated fuel was diesel (counts up to 10(4) UFC/l), whereas the less contaminated was premium gas. The less contaminated fuels were from the facilities of La Garita and Barranca, whereas the most contaminated were from Ochomogo. Nevertheless, the quantified populations did not cause significant alteration in quality physicochemical parameters in the samples analyzed. A total of 149 bacterial strains were isolated, 136 (91.3%) Gram positive and 13 (8.7%) Gram negative. The most frequent genera were Staphylococcus (24.0%), Micrococcus (21.9%), Bacillus (18.8%) and Kocuria (11.5%) among Gram positive bacteria and Pseudomonas (7.3%) among Gram negative bacteria. The majority of these genera have been found as fuel contaminants or even as degraders of this kind of products; nevertheless, some species for which their appearance or growth in hydrocarbons have not been described were found with low frequencies. SRB were present in counts up to 10(5) MPN/l in 42.9% of water containing samples (including all from diesel tanks), indicating biocorrosion processes risk in fuel transport and storage systems. From the findings in this study it is recommended to give a frequent maintenance to fuel containers, based on continuous drainage and removal of accumulated water, antimicrobial agent addition and microbial quality monitoring in country’s fuels. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 489-504. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se evaluó semestralmente durante dos años la calidad bacteriana de los combustibles almacenados en los cuatro planteles de la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo (Costa Rica). Para un total de 96 muestras se realizaron recuentos (norma ASTM D6974-04) e identificación de las bacterias presentes en gasolina regular, gasolina súper y diesel en los niveles superior e inferior de los tanques contenedores; en las muestras con fase acuosa se cuantificaron las bacterias reductoras de sulfato (SRB, norma ASTM D4412-84). La mayor contaminación se observó en el fondo de los tanques, sobretodo si se presentó una capa de agua almacenada. El diesel fue el combustible más contaminado, sin embargo, no se observó alteración importante en los parámetros fisicoquímicos de las muestras evaluadas. Se aislaron 149 cepas, 136 (91.3%) Gram positivas y 13 (8.7%) Gram negativas; los géneros más frecuentes fueron Staphylococcus (24.0%), Micrococcus (21.9%), Bacillus (18.8%), Kocuria (11.5%) y Pseudomonas (7.3%). Con bajas frecuencias se encontraron algunas especies para las que no se ha descrito su aparición o crecimiento en hidrocarburos. Las SRB se presentaron con recuentos de hasta 105 MPN/l en un 42.9% de las muestras con agua residual, principalmente en diesel, lo cual es indicativo de alerta por biocorrosión. A partir de los resultados se recomienda dar un mantenimiento frecuente a los contenedores, la adición de compuestos antimicrobianos y el monitoreo de la calidad microbiana de los combustibles del país.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300005 Humoral response of paracoccidioidomycosis sera in hamsters with different Venezuelan isolates Spencer Lilian M Mateu Guaniri Magaldi Sylvia García Fabiola Mata-Essayag Sofia ,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departamento de Biología Celular Venezuela ,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Medicina Tropical Sección de Micología Médica Caracas Venezuela ,Universidad Central de Venezuela Escuela de Bioanálisis Cátedra de Micología Caracas Venezuela 09 2009 2009 57 489 504

Humoral response of paracoccidioidomycosis sera in hamsters with different Venezuelan isolates. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a progressive systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paraccocidioides brasiliensis (Pb), endemic to Venezuela and Latin America. In this study, eight different Venezuelan isolates obtained from patients with PCM, were inoculated intraperitoneally in Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus) and studied by immune-serum. Each strain was collected by gently scraping the surface of the culture medium (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) and suspended in 3ml of 0.15 M phosphate-buffered saline. The antigen obtained was called Paraccocidioides brasiliensis Crude Antigen (CAP). Immunoblotting results showed that the immune-sera from hamsters recognized at least 3 bands: one over 200 kDa, and two of 80 and 15-20 kDa. This study suggests that IgG anti-CAP can reveal a significant variability in the eight Venezuelan isolates. Sera from 88 infected hamsters were evaluated by ELISA with eight different CAPs and Western blot with CAP 37383. ELISA results showed that, the antigen of the virulent isolate 37383 had the highest percentage (38%) of positivity, while the non-virulent isolate 1458 had the lowest one (13.6%). Furthermore, scanning densitometry revealed that the isolate 37383 had less bands than the non-virulent isolates. These results suggest that the ELISA test with CAP 37383 can detect circulating antibodies, and that this virulent isolate may be useful for the diagnosis of PCM, and to monitor disease responses to treatments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 505-513. Epub 2009 September 30.

La Paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), es una micosis sistémica causada por el hongo Paraccocidioides brasiliensis (Pb), endémica en Venezuela y Latino América. En este estudio ocho diferentes aislados venezolanos, obtenidos de pacientes con PCM, fueron inoculados intraperitonealmente en hámsteres y fueron estudiados por ELISA e inmunoblotting. Los antígenos obtenidos de P. brasiliensis fueron llamados, Antígeno Crudo (CAP). Los resultados del immunoblotting mostraron que los sueros inmunes de hámsteres reconocieron al menos tres bandas: una sobre 200, y otras de 80, y 15-20 kDa. Este estudio sugiere que la IgG anti-CAP muestra una variabilidad en los ocho aislados Venezolanos. Sueros de 88 hámsteres infectados fueron evaluados usando ELISA, el antígeno del aislado virulento 37383 mostró el más alto porcentaje de positividad (38%) en los sueros de los hámsteres estudiados. El aislado novirulento 1458 mostró un porcentaje bajo de positividad (13.6%). Además, un escaneo densitométrico reveló que el aislado 37383 tiene menos bandas que el otro aislado no-virulento. Por lo tanto, estos resultados sugieren que el ensayo de ELISA con CAP 37383 puede detectar anticuerpos circulantes y este aislado virulento puede ser útil para el diagnostico de PCM, y para el monitoreo de la respuesta al tratamiento de la enfermedad.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300006 Impacto de la luz artificial sobre la anidación de la tortuga marina Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae), en playa Cipara, Venezuela Rondón Médicci María Buitrago Joaquín Mccoy Michael ,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Instituto Internacional en Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre ,EDIMAR-FLASA Venezuela 09 2009 2009 57 515 528

Impact of artificial light on nesting in the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae) at Cipara beach, Venezuela. The number of Leatherback turtle nests and their spatial distribution was compared between years with and without artificial light, and between dark and lighted beach segments, in Cipara Beach, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. Residents were interviewed to identify their perceptions about the impact of artificial light on sea turtles. Mean volume of sand per meter of beach was larger at La Peña, Cipara and La Remate and smaller at Varadero (p<0.001), increasing from April to June and later decreasing until August (p<0.05). Mean percentage of gravel was higher at Varadero and La Peña, and lower at La Remate and Cipara. Most interviewed people said that artificial light does not affect sea turtles. Between 2000 and 2005, 1 217 leatherback landings and 1 056 nests were observed. Successful nests increased with the years (p=0.035) as well as total nest number (p=0.015). From 2000 through 2003 there were 743 landings, 661 nests and 374 clutches. During the two years with electric light (2004-2005), there were 474 landings, 395 nests and 232 clutches. Proportion of landings with nest building decreased significantly during the years with electric light (p= 0.005), but nesting success did not vary (p= 0.402). No significant difference was found between landings per beach meter in dark and lighted sectors (p=0.244), between nests built (p=0.379) and in the rate of successful nesting (p=0.516). Dark and lighted sectors did not differ in the proportion of landings with nest building (p=0.067) and success rate (p=0.833). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 515-528. Epub 2009 September 30.

En Playa Cipara, Península de Paria, Venezuela, se evaluó el impacto de la luz artificial sobre la anidación de la tortuga cardón. Se estimó el número de anidaciones y su distribución espacial a lo largo de la playa entre los años sin y con iluminación artificial y entre segmentos de playa iluminada y oscura. Se hicieron entrevistas a los residentes para conocer su percepción sobre el impacto de la luz artificial hacia las tortugas marinas. Entre el 2000 y 2005 se registraron 1 217 salidas de tortuga cardón; con 1 056 nidos. El número de nidos con huevos dependió significativamente del año (p=0.035) al igual que el número de nidos totales (p=0.015). En los años previos a la electricidad (2000-2003) se observaron 743 salidas, de las cuales 661 con nido y 374 nidadas confirmadas. En los dos años (2004-2005) con iluminación artificial, se contaron 474 salidas con 395 nidos y 232 nidadas. La proporción de salidas con construcción de nido disminuyó significativamente (p=0.005) en los años con luz eléctrica, pero no varió el éxito de desove (p=0.402). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre el número de salidas por metro de playa en los sectores oscuros y los iluminados (p=0.244), ni entre el número de nidos construidos (p=0.379), ni entre las anidaciones con desove (p=0.516). Tampoco en la proporción de las salidas totales que constituyeron anidaciones (p=0.067) entre los sectores iluminados y oscuros, ni en la proporción de nidos exitosos (p=0.833). El volumen medio de arena por metro de playa fue mayor en La Peña, Cipara y La Remate y menor en Varadero (p<0.001), aumentando de abril a junio y posteriormente disminuyó un poco hasta agosto (p<0.05). El porcentaje medio de gravas fue mayor en Varadero y La Peña y menor en La Remate y Cipara. La mayoría de los entrevistados consideraron que la luz artificial no afecta a las tortugas marinas.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300007 Cariotipo del pejelagarto tropical Atractosteus tropicus (Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae) y variación cromosómica en sus larvas y adultos Arias-Rodríguez Lenin Páramo-Delgadillo Salomón Contreras-Sánchez Wilfrido M Álvarez-González Carlos A ,Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas Villahermosa Tabasco México 09 2009 2009 57 529 539

Karyotype of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus Lepisosteiformes: Lepisosteidae) and chromosomal variation in their larval and adults. The karyotype of the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus is described from conventional Giemsa-staining of 295 mitotic chromosome slides from 120 larvae and 15 adults (five females and ten males) from Tabasco, southern of Mexico. The diploid number 2n = 56 chromosomes was calculated (73 spreads from 206 larval and 208 adult metaphases). Variation on chromosome number was from 46 (4.4%) to 64 (3.9%) chromosome elements on larval samples, whereas 58 (11.7 %) chromosomes were the second most abundant after the diploid number of 2n = 56 (35%). Such variation was related with the presence of mobile microchromosomes. The karyotype was determined from six clear chromosome spreads photographed from three females and three males. The averaged karyotype was integrated by eight pairs of metacentric (m) chromosomes, four submetacentric (sm) pairs, eight telocentric (t) pairs and eight pairs of telocentric micro-chromosomes (*t). The fundamental number was FN = 80 chromosome arms. We saw no sexual differences on chromosome structure. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 529-539. Epub 2009 September 30.

El cariotipo del pejelagarto Atractosteus tropicus se describe por medio de tinción Giemsa de 295 preparaciones cromosómicas en mitosis a partir de 120 larvas y 15 adultos (5 hembras y diez machos) de la población que habita en Tabasco, sureste de México. El número diploide 2n=56 cromosomas se dio en 281 dispersiones cromosómicas de un total de 445 muestras, de ellas 73 dispersiones provinieron de 206 metafases larvales, y 208 dispersiones de 239 metafases de adultos. Se observó variación en el número de cromosomas desde 46 hasta 64 elementos cromosómicos (larvas). Las metafases con 58 cromosomas fueron el segundo valor más abundante, después del número diploide 2n=56 (35%). En los adultos esa variación no fue relevante. Esta variación cromosómica se relaciona con microcromosomas móviles. El cariotipo se determinó de seis dispersiones cromosómicas bien definidas de tres hembras y tres machos; y el cariotipo promedio se integró de ocho pares de cromosomas metacéntricos (m), cuatro pares de cromosomas submetacéntricos (sm), ocho pares de telocéntricos (t), y ocho pares de microcromosomas telocéntricos (*t) El número fundamental observado en el cariotipo típico promedio fue NF = 80 brazos cromosómicos. No se detectaron diferencias sexuales.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300008 Variación morfológica de los peces Hemibrycon boquiae y Hemibrycon rafaelense (Characiformes: Characidae) en el Río Cauca, Colombia Román-Valencia César Arcila-Mesa Dahiana K Hurtado T Hernando ,Universidad del Quindío Laboratorio de Ictiología Armenia Colombia ,Universidad del Quindío Grupo de Investigación y Asesoría en Estadística Armenia Colombia 09 2009 2009 57 541 556

Morphological variation in populations of Hemibrycon boquiae and H. rafaelense from Rio Cauca, Colombia. We analyzed the variation in morphological and osteological characteristics of Hemibrycon boquiae and Hemibrycon rafaelense in the Cauca River. The multivariate analysis determined populations of H. boquiae in nine streams: Boquier, Honda, Las Aguilas, Doña Juana, Villa Paola, Portachuelo, The Snake, Aimes and Ramirez, and populations of H. rafaelense in four streams: Canceles, Clara, San Rafael and San Jose. There were morphometric differences among populations of H. boquiae (n= 277) and H. rafaelense (n= 121). Nevertheless, there were significant meristic discrepancies among populations of both species: number of scales between lateral line and anal fin, and number of scales between lateral line and pelvic fin. The absence of bilateral symmetry was observed in the number of maxillary teeth in H. boquiae. The cluster analysis distance for osteological characters, including the number of predorsal scales, separated H. boquiae and H. rafaelense in two defined groups. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 541-556. Epub 2009 September 30.

Analizamos la variación morfológica y osteológica en Hemibrycon boquiae y H. rafaelense en la cuenca del río Cauca. Los análisis multivariados determinan poblaciones de H. boquiae en las quebradas: Boquiae, Honda, Las Águilas, Doña Juana, Villa Paola, Portachuelo, La Víbora, Aimes y Ramírez y poblaciones de H. rafaelense en las quebradas: Canceles, La Clara, San Rafael y San José. No hay diferencias en la morfometría entre las poblaciones de H. boquiae y H. rafaelense. Se presentan discrepancias merísticas significativas para las poblaciones de H. boquiae (n= 277) y H. rafaelense (n= 121) en: número de escamas entre la línea lateral y la aleta anal, y número de escamas entre la línea lateral y la aleta pélvica. La distancia de similaridad del análisis de agrupamiento ("cluster") para los caracteres osteológicos, al igual que el número de escamas predorsales, apoyan la existencia de dos grupos discretos que corresponden a H. boquiae y H. rafaelense.

 morphology distribution Hemibrycon Andes tropical fish morfología distribución Hemibrycon Andes pez tropical Arcila-Mesa D.K Análisis filogenético y biogeográfico de las especies de Hemibrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) Análisis filogenético y biogeográfico de las especies de Hemibrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) 2008 Bertaco V.A Malabarba L.R Hidalgo M Ortega H A new species of Hemibrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the río Ucayali drainage, Sierra del Divisor, Perú Neotrop. Ichthy 2007 5 Burnaby T.P Growth-invariant discriminant functions and generalized distances Biometrics 1966 22 Eigenmann C.H The American Characidae Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool 1927 43 Garland Jr. T Kelly S.A Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution J. Exp. Biol 2006 209 Géry J The distribution pattern of the genus Hemibrycon, with a description of a new species from Surinam and an incursion into ecotaxonomy Bul. Aquatic Biol 1962 3 Ives A.R Midford P.E Garland T. Jr Within-species variation and measurement error in phylogenetic comparative methods Syst. Biol 2007 56 Langerhans R.B Layman G.A Langerhans A.K Dewitt T.J Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species Biol. J. Linnean Soc 2003 80 Lima F.C.T Malabarba L.R Backup P.A Pezzi da Silva J.F Vari R.P Harold A Benine R Oyakawa O.T Pavanelli C.S Menezes N.A Lucena C.A.S Malabarba M.C.S Lucena Z.M.S Reis R.E Langeani F Cassati L Bertaco V.A Moreira C Lucinda P.H.F Reis R.E Kullander S.O Ferrais Jr C.J Genera Incertae Sedis in Characidae Checklist of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America Checklist of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America 2003 Porto Alegre Edipucrs Lucena C.A.S Revisão taxonômica e filogenía das espécies transandinas do gênero Roeboides Günther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) Común. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, Serie Zoología Porto Alegre 2000 13 Maldonado-Ocampo J.A Ortega-Lara A Usma O Galvis N Villa-Navarro F.A Vasquez G Prada-Pedreros S Ardila R Peces de los Andes de Colombia Peces de los Andes de Colombia 2005 Bogotá Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander Von Humboldt" McCoy M.W Bolker B.M Osenberg C.W Miner B.G Vonesh J. R Size correction: comparing morphological traits among populations and environments Oecologia 2006 148 Miles C Los peces del Río Magdalena Los peces del Río Magdalena 1971 Ibagué Universidad del Tolima Mojica J.I Galvis G Sánchez-Duarte P Castellanos C Villa-Navarro F.A Peces del valle medio del río Magdalena, Colombia Biota Colomb 2006 7 Ortega-Lara A Usma J.S Bonilla P.A Santos N.L Peces de la cuenca alta del río Cauca, Colombia Biota Colomb 2006 7 Palencia P Clave identificatoria para los peces de la cuenca alta de los ríos Uribante y Doradas, Edo. Táchira, Venezuela Rev. Ecol. Lat. Am 1995 3 Román-Valencia C Redescripción de Hemibrycon boquiae (Pisces: Characidae), especie endémica de la quebrada Boquia, cuenca del Río Quindío, Alto Cauca, Colombia Dahlia Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiól 2001 4 Román-Valencia C Ruiz C.R.I Barriga R Una nueva especie de pez del género Hemibrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) Rev. Biol. Trop 2006 54 Román-Valencia C Ruiz-C R.I Barriga R Redescripción de Hemibrycon orcesi Böhlke 1958 y H. polyodon Günther 1864 (Pisces: Characidae), incluye clave para las especies de Hemibrycon en Ecuador Anim. Biodivers. Conserv 2007 30 Román-Valencia C Arcila-Mesa D.K Hemibrycon rafaelense (Characiformes, Characidae), a new species from the upper Cauca River, with key to Colombian species Anim. Biodivers. Conserv 2008 31 1 Román-Valencia C Ruiz-C R.I Giraldo A Dieta y reproducción de dos especies sintópicas: Hemibrycon boquiae y Bryconamericus caucanus (Pisces: Characidae) en la quebrada Boquia, río Quindio, Alto Cauca, Colombia Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s 2008 10 Román-Valencia C Vanegas-Ríos J. A García M. D Variación morfológica de Bryconamericus caucanus (Teleostei: Characidae) en los ríos Cauca-Magdalena y Ranchería, Colombia Rev Mex Biodivers Song J Parenti L.R Clearing and staining whole fish specimens for simultaneous demostration of bone, cartilage and nerves Copeia 1995 1995 Taylor W.R Van Dyke G.C Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study Cybium 1985 9 Vari R.P The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostaríophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationship, with a revisionary study Smith. Contr. Zool 1995 564 Weitzman S.H The osteology of Brycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family Stanford Ichthyol. Bull 1962 8 Villa-Navarro F.A Zuñiga-Upegui P.T Castro-Roa D García-Melo J.E García-Melo L.J Herrada-Yara M.E Peces del alto Magdalena, cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia Biota Colomb 2006 7
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300009 Fishery of the Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Epinephelidae) based on local ecological knowledge and fishery records in Yucatan, Mexico Aguilar-Perera Alfonso González-Salas Carlos Tuz-Sulub Armin Villegas-Hernández Harold ,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Departamento de Biología Marina Mérida Yucatán México ,Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida Mérida Yucatán México 09 2009 2009 57 557 566

The Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, a large-bodied (~ 2.5 m TL, > 400 kg) and critically endangered fish (Epinephelidae), is highly vulnerable to overfishing. Although protected from fishing in many countries, its exploitation in Mexico is unregulated; a situation that puts its populations at risk. Fishery records of E. itajara are scarce, which prevents determination of its fishery status. This work aimed to elucidate the E. itajara fishery in the northern Yucatan Peninsula by 1) analyzing available catch records and 2) interviewing veteran fishermen (local ecological knowledge) from two traditional landing sites: Dzilam de Bravo and Puerto Progreso. Historic fishery records from two fishing cooperatives were analyzed in order to elucidate the current situation and offer viable alternatives for conservation and management. Catches have decreased severely. Local knowledge obtained from fishermen represented a very important source of information for reconstructing the fisheries history of this species. Conservation measures that incorporate regional and international regulations on critically endangered fish species are suggested. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 557-566. Epub 2009 September 30.

La cherna, Epinephelus itajara, un mero (Epinephelidae) corpulento (~ 2.5 m TL, > 400 kg) y amenazado, es altamente vulnerable a la sobrepesca. Si bien es protegido en varios países, en México su explotación no está regulada; situación que pone a su población en riesgo. Sus registros pesqueros son escasos, lo que impide determinar su condición pesquera. Este trabajo intentó ilustrar la pesquería en el norte de la Península de Yucatán usando procedimientos que involucraron analizar registros y entrevistar a pescadores veteranos (conocimiento ecológico tradicional) de dos sitios de desembarque: Dzilam de Bravo y Puerto Progreso. Se analizaron registros pesqueros históricos de dos cooperativas pesqueras para determinar la situación actual y ofrecer alternativas viables para conservación y manejo. Las capturas han disminuido drásticamente. El conocimiento local obtenido de los pescadores representa una fuente muy importante de información para ayudar a reconstruir la historia pesquera de esta especie. Se sugieren medidas de conservación que incorporen regulaciones nacionales e internacionales para especies de peces.

 reef fish Goliath grouper fishery conservation Yucatan pez arrecifal mero Goliat pesquería conservación Yucatán Bullock L.H Murphy M.D Godcharles M.F Mitchell M.E Age, growth, and reproduction of jewfish, Epinephelus itajara, in the eastern Gulf of Mexico Fish. Bull 1992 90 Colin P.L Preliminary investigations of reproductive activity of the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara (Pisces: Serranidae) Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 1994 43 Craig M.T Graham R.T Torres R.A Hyde J.R Freitas M.O Ferreira B.P Hostim-Silva M Gerhardinger L.C Bertoncini A.A Robertson D.R How many species of goliath grouper are there?: Cryptic genetic divergence in a threatened marine fish and the resurrection of a geopolitical species Endang. Species Res. Doi 2008 Davis A Wagner J.R Who knows? on the importance of identifying "experts" when researching local ecological knowledge Human Ecol 2003 31 Frías-Torres S Habitat use of juvenile goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara in the Florida Keys, USA Endang. Species Res 2006 1 García-Téllez N Situación actual de la cherna (Epinephelus itajara, Lichtenstein 1822) en la costa de Quintana Roo, Mexico, con énfasis en la Bahía de Chetumal Situación actual de la cherna (Epinephelus itajara, Lichtenstein 1822) en la costa de Quintana Roo, Mexico, con énfasis en la Bahía de Chetumal 2002 Gerhardinger L.C Marenzi R.C Andrade A.B Medeiros R.P Hostim-Silva M Local ecological knowledge on the Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Serranidae) in Southern Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology 2006 4 Giménez-Hurtado R Coyula-Pérez-Puelles E.R Lluch-Cotac S.E González-Yañez A.A Moreno-García V Burgos-de-la-Rosa R Historical biomass, fishing mortality, and recruitment trends of the Campeche Bank red grouper (Epinephelus morio) Fish. Res 2005 71 Heemstra P.C Randall J.E FAO Species Catalogue: Groupers of the world (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date FAO Fisheries Synopsis 1993 16 125 Huntington H.P Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications Ecol. Appl 2000 10 Johannes R.E The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore fin-fisheries Trends Ecol. Evol 1998 13 Koenig C. Coleman F.C Eklund A.M Schull J Ueland J Mangroves as essential nursery habitat for goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) Bull. Mar. Sci 2007 80 Mutuku-Mathooko J Application of traditional ecological knowledge in the management and sustain-ability of fisheries in East Africa: a long-neglected strategy? Hydrobiologia 2005 537 Porch C.E Eklund A.M Standardized visual counts of goliath grouper off south Florida and their possible use as indices of abundance Gulf Mexico Sci 2004 2 Renán X Cervera-Cervera K Brulé T Probable nursery areas for juvenile groupers along the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst 2001 54 Sadovy Y Eklund A.M Synopsis of biological information on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch 1792) and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) Synopsis of biological information on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch 1792) and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) 1999 Actualización de la Carta Nacional Pesquera y su anexo Diario oficial (México) 2004 15 d Silvano R.A.M Begossi A Local knowledge on a cosmopolitan fish ethnoecology of Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) in Brazil and Australia Fish. Res 2005 71 Chan Tak-Chuen Padovani-Ferrera B Epinephelus itajara 2007 IUCN red list of threatened species 2007 IUCN red list of threatened species 2006 20 07
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300010 Taxonomía de onicóforos de Santander, Colombia y termogravimetría, calorimetría de barrido diferencial y espectroscopía infrarroja de la secreción adhesiva (Onychophora: Peripatidae) Jerez-Jaimes Javier H Bernal-Pérez M. Catalina ,Universidad Industrial de Santander Escuela de Ingeniería Química Bucaramanga Colombia ,Universidad Industrial de Santander Escuela de Biología Bucaramanga Colombia 09 2009 2009 57 567 588

Velvet worm taxonomy from Santander, Colombia and thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy of the adhesive secretion (Onychophora: Peripatidae). Onychophoran worms are terrestrial organisms that have changed relatively little since the mid-Cambrian. We collected Macroperipatus geagy in coffee plantations at "Hacienda El Roble", Santander, Colombia, and here redescribe the species based on 15 individuals. A digital three-dimensional reconstruction of the ventral side of the body indicates that the primary and accessory papillae lack a defined distribution pattern. Diagnostic characters: one main tooth and one accessory tooth in the outer jaw, and one main tooth, one accessory tooth and seven denticles in the internal jaw. Measurements: length (X=45.66 mm; SD=26.10), weight (X= 0.95 g; SD= 2.21) and number of lobopods (X= 28.13 pairs; SD= 1.30). We present a taxonomic key for six species of Macroperipatus. The liquid adhesive secretion lost 60% of the initial weight at 70 oC (solid: 13% close to 90 oC). The stability phase of the liquid secretion was within 90-280 oC (100 oC -205 oC in the solid secretion). The starting degradation temperature of the sample was 355 oC. Heat flow changes in the solid and liquid secretions were confirmed by the sample behavior during thermogravimetric analysis. The percentage of &#946; sheets calculated by infrared spectrum was 59%. In comparison with Nephila spiders, the onychophoran secretion lost more weight and entered the phase of degradation at lower temperatures. This secondary structure of proteins gives the onychophoran adhesive secretion a tensile strength and extensibility similar to those of the silk produced by spiders for prey-capture. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 567-588. Epub 2009 September 30.

Redescribimos taxonómicamente el gusano Macroperipatus geagy Bouvier 1899, a partir de 15 especímenes recolectados en los cafetales de hacienda El Roble, Santander, Colombia. De acuerdo con la reconstrucción en tres dimensiones de la superficie dorsal del cuerpo, las papilas primarias y accesorias de M. geagy se distribuyen sin formar un patrón determinado. Características diagnósticas: un diente accesorio y un diente principal en la mandíbula externa; y un diente principal, un diente accesorio y siete dentículos en la sierra de la mandíbula interna. Cuerpo: longitud (X=45.66; S=26.10 mm), peso (X= 0.95; S= 2.21) y pares de lobopodos (X= 28.13; S= 1.30). Se elaboró una clave para seis especies de Macroperipatus. La secreción adhesiva en estado líquido perdió 60% del peso inicial al alcanzar los 70 ºC, la muestra sólida perdió el 13% del peso cerca de los 90 ºC, la fase de estabilidad térmica de la secreción estuvo entre los 90 y 280 ºC en la secreción líquida y entre los 100 y 205 ºC en la sólida. La temperatura de inicio de la degradación de las muestras se registró a los 355 ºC. En comparación con la araña Nephila sp., el onicóforo perdió mayor porcentaje de peso y alcanzó la fase de degradación a temperaturas más bajas. Los cambios en el flujo de calor en la secreción adhesiva sólida y líquida de M. geagy fueron confirmados con el comportamiento de las muestras en el análisis de termogravimetría. La proporción de láminas beta calculado en el espectro infrarrojo de la secreción adhesiva fue del 59%. La presencia de este tipo de conformación de la estructura secundaria de las proteínas en la secreción adhesiva de M. geagy conferiría extensibilidad y resistencia a la tracción, en similitud con las fibras de seda tejidas por las arañas para depredación.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300011 Moluscos terrestres de las elevaciones cársticas de Viñales, Pinar del Río, Cuba Oliva-Olivera Wilfredo Real Raimundo ,Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Ciudad de la Habana Cuba ,Universidad de Málaga Málaga España 09 2009 2009 57 589 604

Land snails from the Viñales limestone highlands, Pinar del Río, Cuba. The land snails inhabiting the limestone highlands in Cuba are poorly known. From field surveys, traditional collection catalogues, and the literature, we list 136 species, 49 genera and 19 families, 90 % of the species endemic to Cuba; only five species are non-indigenous of the Cuban archipelago. Annulariidae and Urocoptidae are the most represented families, and Chondrothyra and Liocallonia are the genera with the highest number of species. Forty-four species of this list were absent from the consulted collections. We provide 16 new records of species in localities of the region; and 12 species seem to have become locally extinct. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 589-604. Epub 2009 September 30.

De acuerdo a los muestreos efectuados en localidades representativas de las elevaciones cársticas de Viñales (Cuba), la consulta de catálogos no automatizados de colecciones malacológicas y la revisión de la literatura, se dan a conocer 136 especies, agrupadas en 49 géneros y 19 familias, de moluscos terrestres procedentes de la región. El 90% de las especies identificadas son endémicas de Cuba y sólo cinco especies no son autóctonas del archipiélago cubano. Las familias mejor representadas son Annulariidae y Urocoptidae. Los géneros con mayor número de especies son Chondrothyra y Liocallonia. Cuarenta y cuatro especies detectadas en Viñales no estaban representadas en las colecciones consultadas, y 23 de ellas han sido recolectadas en este trabajo y aportadas a las colecciones del Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática de Cuba. Se dan a conocer 16 nuevos registros de especies en localidades de la región, mientras que 12 especies parecen haberse extinguido localmente.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300012 Sex ratio in two species of Pegoscapus wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) that develop in figs: can wasps do mathematics, or play sex ratio games? Ramírez-Benavides William Monge-Nájera Julián Chavarría Juan B ,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Revista Biología Tropical San José Costa Rica ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Estadística San José Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 605 621

The fig pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) have obligate arrhenotoky and a breeding structure that fits local mate competition (LMC). It has been traditionally assumed that LMC organisms adjust the sex ratio by laying a greater proportion of male eggs when there is superparasitism (several foundresses in a host). We tested the assumption with two wasp species, Pegoscapus silvestrii, pollinator of Ficus pertusa and Pegoscapus tonduzi, pollinator of Ficus eximia (= F. citrifolia), in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Total number of wasps and seeds were recorded in individual isolated naturally colonized syconia. There was a constant additive effect between the number of foundresses and the number of males produced in the brood of a syconium, while the number of females decreased. Both wasp species seem to have precise sex ratios and probably lay the male eggs first in the sequence, independently of superparasitism and clutch size: consequently, they have a non-random sex allocation. Each syconium of Ficus pertusa and of F. eximia colonized by one foundress had similar mean numbers of females, males, and seeds. The two species of wasps studied do not seem to adjust the sex ratio when there is superparasitism. Pollinating fig wasp behavior is better explained by those models not assuming that females do mathematical calculations according to other females’ sex ratios, size, number of foundresses, genetic constitution, clutch size or environmental conditions inside the syconium. Our results are in agreement with the constant male number hypothesis, not with sex ratio games. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 605-621. Epub 2009 September 30.

Las avispas (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) que polinizan las inflorescencias de los higos (Moraceae: Ficus) tienen arrenotoquia obligatoria y una estructura reproductiva que calza con la de los organismos que "compiten para aparearse localmente" ("organismos LMC"). Tradicionalmente se ha supuesto que estos organismos ajustan la proporción machos: hembras ("sex ratio"), ovipositando proporcionalmente más machos cuando más de una hembra colonizadora ocupa un hospedero (e.g. un higo). Se evaluó la hipótesis con dos especies de avispas polinizadoras: Pegoscapus silvestrii, hospedero Ficus pertusa y P. tonduzi, hospedero: Ficus eximia (= F. citrifolia) en el Valle Central, Costa Rica. Se contó el número total de avispas y semillas a partir de siconos individuales, colonizados naturalmente. Ambas especies tienen una proporción fija machos:hembras y probablemente ponen los huevos macho de primero, independientemente de la cantidad de huevos que ovipositan. La postura de huevos machos y hembras no es aleatoria. Hubo un efecto aditivo constante entre el número de colonizadoras y el número de machos producidos en un siconio, mientras que el número de hembras disminuyó. Higos de F. pertusa y de F. eximia colonizados por una avispa, produjeron promedios similares de hembras, machos y semillas. Las dos especies de avispas estudiadas y probablemente otros polinizadores (especialmente aquellas que se desarrollan en especies de higos que poseen inflorescencias que son generalmente polinizadas por una avispa), no parece que posean facultades adaptativas para ajustar la proporción sexual ovipositando más huevos machos cuando hay superparasitismo (varias colonizadoras). La oviposición de las avispas de los higos se explica mejor por los modelos LMC que no suponen que las hembras conocen número, tamaño y fertilidad de otras colonizadoras, o las condiciones ambientales dentro del higo donde ovipositan. Nuestros resultados demuestran estadísticamente que cada avispa colonizadora (de las dos especies estudiadas), oviposita el mismo número de huevos macho, independientemente del superparasitismo, reconocimiento genético o el número de huevos ovipositados (o "clutch size"), de acuerdo con la hipótesis del número constante de machos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la selección de la relación machos: hembras en las avispas estudiadas difiere de lo creído anteriormente.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300013 Is the butterfly Tomares ballus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) a potential pest of Lens culinaris (Leguminosae)? Martín Cano José Gurrea Pilar Montalbán Blanca Ureña Leticia Iglesias Javier ,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Biología Laboratorio de Entomología Madrid España 09 2009 2009 57 623 634

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is identified as a new host plant of the lepidopteran Tomares ballus. Five larvae of T. ballus were found on 19 May, 2007 in a crop of "castellana" lentils in Toledo Province, Spain and reared in the laboratory. The larval brown spiracles are slightly darker than the rest of the pupa. Traditional cultural practices reduce the insect’s probability of completing its life-cycle. We present flight phenology data for T. ballus from the unedited Atlamar database (1 073 records from 1887 to 2003), based on the 438 records for which the year, month and day are known. This period coincides with the flowering and formation of the legumes of various species of leguminosae, such as lentils. The peak activity of the imagos occurs in the second half of March and the first half of April, and the last larvae must be present in the field until the beginning of June. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 623-634. Epub 2009 September 30.

La lenteja (Lens culinaris) es una nueva planta hospedera de la mariposa Tomares ballus. Hallamos cinco larvas el 19 de mayo de 2007 en un cultivo de lentejas de la variedad "castellana" en la provincia de Toledo, España y las criamos en el laboratorio. Los espiráculos, de color marrón, son ligeramente más oscuros que el resto de la pupa. Las prácticas culturales tradicionales reducen al insecto la probabilidad de completar su ciclo de vida. Se presenta la fenología de datos de vuelo para T. ballus a partir de la base de datos Atlamar (1 073 registros de 1887 a 2003), sobre la base de los 438 registros en que se conocen año, mes y día. Este período coincide con la floración de diversas especies de leguminosas, incluyendo las lentejas. El pico de actividad de los imagos se produce en la segunda quincena de marzo y la primera quincena de abril, y las últimas larvas deben estar presentes en el campo hasta principios de junio.

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Plagas 2002 28 Pérez Andueza G de los Mozos Pacual M Portillo Rubio M Plagas clave de la lenteja (Lens culinaris Medikus) en Castilla-La Mancha (España Central): pérdidas de producción e influencia sobre los componentes del rendimiento Bol. Sand. Veg. Plagas 2004 30 Tolman T Lewington R Guía de las Mariposas de España y Europa Guía de las Mariposas de España y Europa 2002 Barcelona Lynx Thomas C.D Mallorie H.C Biological Conservation 1985 33 Van Swaay C. A. M Warren M.S Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhopalocera): Nature and Environment, No. 99 Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhopalocera): Nature and Environment, No. 99 1999 Strasbourg Council of Europe B79 Lens culinaris Medik. (L. esculenta Moench) B79 Lens culinaris Medik. (L. esculenta Moench) 2008 Regulated Plant Pest List Regulated Plant Pest List 2008 ^eWashington, DC United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300014 Cambios nictemerales de variables físicas y químicas en la Ciénaga de Paticos, complejo cenagoso de Ayapel, Colombia Montoya M Yimmy Aguirre R Néstor ,Universidad de Antioquia Departamento de Ingeniería Grupo de Investigación Gaia Colombia ,Universidad de Antioquia Departamento de Ingeniería Grupo de Investigación Gaia 09 2009 2009 57 635 646

Nictemeral variation of physical and chemical variables in the Paticos wetland, Ayapel swamp complex, Colombia. The nictemeral variation of abiotic factors in a key factor for tropical organisms. We evaluated some climatic, physical and chemical variables during four surveys of the hydrologic cycle in the Paticos wetland (8º21’08.2" N, 75º08’45.7" W). Of climatic variables, pluviosity presented the highest variation (C.v. = 1 022 %) followed by air temperature (C.V. = 19.7%). There was a high relation in the coefficients of variation for these variables (84:1). This relation may be associated with altitude. Throughout the day-night cycle, most variables presented significant differences; except for pluviosity, air and water temperature (because of their high variability). variables most related with nictemeral variation were pluviosity, wind speed and direction, air temperature and dissolved oxygen. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 635-646. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se evaluó la variación nictemeral de algunas variables climáticas, físicas y químicas durante cuatro muestreos dentro del ciclo hidrológico en la Ciénaga de Paticos (8º21’08.2" N, 75º08’45.7" W). Entre las variables climáticas, la pluviosidad presentó la mayor variación (C.V. = 1 022 %) seguida por la temperatura del aire (C.V. = 19.7 %). La elevada relación entre los coeficientes de variación de estas variables (84:1) está asociada a un incremento de esta relación con la disminución de la altura en la zona tropical. A través del ciclo día-noche la mayoría de las variables presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (excepto la pluviosidad, la temperatura del aire y del agua, lo cual se debe a su elevada variación). El análisis de correlación mostró que las variables más relacionadas con la variación nictemeral fueron la pluviosidad, la velocidad y dirección del viento, la temperatura del aire y del agua, el pH y la concentración de oxígeno disuelto.

 tropical wetland physical limnology seasonal variation nictemeral variation ciénaga tropical limnología física variación temporal variaciones nictemerales Estudio general de suelos de los municipios de Ayapel, Buena vista, Planeta Rica y Pueblo Nuevo (Departamento de Córdoba) Estudio general de suelos de los municipios de Ayapel, Buena vista, Planeta Rica y Pueblo Nuevo (Departamento de Córdoba) 1986 Bogotá Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi Plan básico de ordenamiento territorial. Municipio de Ayapel, Córdoba Plan básico de ordenamiento territorial. Municipio de Ayapel, Córdoba 2002 Montería^eCórdoba PBOT Arias P Evaluación limnológica de las planicies inundables de la cuenca norte del río Magdalena: Proyecto para el desarrollo de la pesca continental Evaluación limnológica de las planicies inundables de la cuenca norte del río Magdalena: Proyecto para el desarrollo de la pesca continental 1985 Bogotá Inderena-FAO Barbosa F.A Variaçao diurnal (24 hs) de parâmetros &#728; limnológicos básicos e da porductividade primaria do fitoplâncton da lagoa Carioca-Parque florestal do Rio Variaçao diurnal (24 hs) de parâmetros &#728; limnológicos básicos e da porductividade primaria do fitoplâncton da lagoa Carioca-Parque florestal do Rio 1981 Chalarca D Mejía R Aguirre N Aproximación a la determinación del impacto de los vertimientos de las aguas residuales domésticas del municipio de Ayapel, sobre la calidad del agua de la ciénaga Rev. Fac. Ing 2007 40 Esteves F.A Bozelli R.L Camargo A.F Roland F Thomaz S.M Variaçào diària (24 horas) de temperatura, O2 dossolvido, pH e alcalinidade em duas Lagoas costeiras do estado do Rio de Janeiro e sus implicaçóes no metabolismo destes ecosistemas Acta Limnol. Bras 1988 11 Esteves F.A Fundamentos de limnología Fundamentos de limnología 1998 Rio de Janeiro Interciencia Gavilan R.A Flutuaçoes nictemerais dos fatores ecológicos na represa de Barra Bonita-Medio Tieté-S. P Flutuaçoes nictemerais dos fatores ecológicos na represa de Barra Bonita-Medio Tieté-S. P 1990 Gocke K Laman E Rojas G Romero J Morphometric and basic limnological data of Laguna Grande de Chirripó, Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop 1981 29 Lewis J A revised classification of lakes based on mixing Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci 1983 40 Mitsch W.J Gosselink J.G Wetlands Wetlands 2000 ^eNew York John Wiley & Sons Montoya-M Y Variaciones nictemerales de algunas variables climáticas, físicas y químicas, en una laguna somera en Guatapé-Antioquia, Colombia Actual. Biol 2008 30 Ramírez J.J Variaciones verticales de temperatura y factores químicos en un ciclo de 24 horas en el embalse Punchiná, Antioquia, Colombia Acta Limnol Bras 1995 7 Ramírez J.J Variación diurna y estacional del contenido calórico, la estabilidad y el trabajo del viento en una laguna tropical Acta Limnol. Bras 2000 12 Ramírez J.J Cogollo Y Dinámica nictemeral y vertical de atributos físicos y químicos en tres ciénagas tropicales del parque nacional natural Los Katios, Chocó (Colombia) Dinámica nictemeral y vertical de atributos físicos y químicos en tres ciénagas tropicales del parque nacional natural Los Katios, Chocó (Colombia) 2004 Seminario Colombiano de Limnología Montería Urrego A.P Ramírez J.J Cambios diurnos en variables físicas y químicas en la zona de ritral del río Medellín, Colombia Caldasia 2000 22 Wills A.T Benjumea C.A Evaluación de la estratificación térmica y su relación con la hidrodinámica y la calidad del agua en la Ciénaga de Cachimbero Evaluación de la estratificación térmica y su relación con la hidrodinámica y la calidad del agua en la Ciénaga de Cachimbero 2004 Seminario Colombiano de Limnología Montería
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300015 Composition and abundance of zooplankton groups from a coral reef lagoon in Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico, during an annual cycle Álvarez-Cadena José N Ordóñez-López Uriel Almaral-Mendivil Alma Rosa Uicab-Sabido Amira ,Unidad académica Puerto Morelos Instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología Quintana Roo México ,Instituto politécnico nacional Centro de investigación y estudios avanzados 09 2009 2009 57 647 658

Zooplankton sampling was carried out monthly from January to December 1990 at station A near the coastline, and station B near the reef barrier, in a tropical coral reef lagoon in the Mexican Caribbean Sea. Samplings were made at midnight, near surface, with a conical net (mouth 0.40 m, mesh 330 µm) for 10 min. Salinity varied from 35.1 to 36.3 psu and temperature from 26.3 to 30.2 ºC. The Bray-Curtis test applied to these results has defined two seasons: the dry season from November to May, and the wet season from June to October. A total of 37 zooplankton groups were found. Copepods were the most abundant contributing 49.0% of the total capture with Acartia espinata, Calanopia americana and Farranula gracilis as the most numerous. In the total zooplankton, however, cirripeds captured in only 15 samples of 24 were second in abundance (20.9%). Decapods, present all year-round and more abundant during the wet season, were third and contributed 19.2%. The rest of the groups were scarce and only amphipods (2.4%) and larvaceans (2.0%) were relatively abundant. The abundance of captured organisms correlated with the abiotic factors measured, thus, in the dry season, abundance was lower (mean 7.3 orgs/m3), while in the wet season the mean catch was 36.8 orgs/m3. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 647-658. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se efectuaron muestreos mensuales de zooplancton en el Caribe de México de enero a diciembre de 1990 en dos estaciones en la laguna arrecifal de Puerto Morelos en el estado de Quintana Roo, una situada cerca de la línea de costa (A), y la otra próxima a la barrera de coral (B). Los arrastres se realizaron en condiciones de oscuridad (a medianoche), cerca de la superficie durante 10 min con una red cónica de boca de 0.40 m y malla de 330 micras. La salinidad varió de 35.1 a 36.3 ups y la temperatura de 26.3 a 30.2 oC. La prueba de Bray-Curtis definió dos épocas en el año, la de secas de noviembre a mayo, y la de lluvias de junio a octubre. Se capturaron un total de 37 grupos de zooplancton. Los copépodos, capturados en todas las muestras, contribuyeron con 49% del total en donde las especies Acartia espinata, Calanopia americana y Farranula gracilis fueron las más abundantes. Los cirripedios aún capturados únicamente en 15 ocasiones de 24, contribuyeron con 20.9% y fueron mayormente abundantes en la estación cerca de la barrera de arrecife. Los decápodos, presentes en todos los muestreos, contribuyeron con 19.2%. Otros grupos menos importantes fueron: anfípodos (2.4%) y larváceos (2.0%). La abundancia general del zooplancton coincide en general con las épocas del año, teniendo mayor abundancia durante la temporada de lluvias (36.8 org./ m3 en promedio) y menores capturas durante las secas con 7.3 org/m³ en promedio.

 copepods zooplankton coral-reef lagoon Puerto Morelos Mexican Caribbean Sea copépodos zooplancton laguna arrecifal Puerto Morelos Caribe de México Alldredge A Abandoned larvacean house: A unique food source in the pelagic environment Science 1972 177 Alldredge A Discarded appendicularian houses as sources of food, surface habits, and particulate matter in planktonic environments Limnol. Oceanogr 1976 21 Álvarez-Cadena J.N Cortés-Altamirano R Algunos factores físicos y Biológicos que afectan las poblaciones naturales de Acartia tonsa y A. Lilljeborgii (COPEPODA: ACARTIIDAE) en el estero de Urías, Sinaloa, México Invest. Mar. CICIMAR 1990 5 Álvarez-Cadena J.N Islas-Landeros M.E Suárez-Morales E A preliminary zooplankton survey in a Mexican eutrophicated coastal lagoon Bull. Mar. 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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300016 Crecimiento y mortalidad de la concha nácar Pteria sterna en bancos silvestres de Baja California Sur, México Wright-López Humberto Holguín-Quiñones Oscar Arreguín-Sánchez Francisco Roque-Villada Irene ,IPN Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas La Paz Baja California Sur México 09 2009 2009 57 659 670

Growht and mortality of the mollusk Pteria sterna in wild banks of Southern Baja California, Mexico. The Gulf of California nacre shell Pteria sterna is an important marine resource in Mexico, and the main species for "half" and round pearl production in the American continent. Wild spat can only be extracted legally for research or culture activities. This study calculates growth and mortality parameters for wild stocks in the eastern coast of Southern Baja California. Height’s data (353 dorso-ventral measurements) were taken from 1997 to 1999 at Santa Rosalía, Mulegé and Loreto Bay coast. The maximum length was estimated at 130.35 mm (124.22-136.48 mm, p>0.95). The length frequency data were set in a "virtual year". Seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated in the ELEFAN I routine, the values are: L&#8734; = 156.02 mm, k = 0.48 year-1, t0 = -0.216 years, C = 0.43, WP = 0.73. and t s = 0.5. The growth performance index was &#934;’ = 4.068. The total mortality was calculated from length-converted catch curve Z = 3.34 year-1. The length-weight relationship was fixed for the equation W = 0.000756 * L(i)2.7075 (r²= 0.90, n = 233). The growth parameters values in experimental repopulation conditions are quite different, in contrast with the growth estimated in wild stocks oysters. The value of total mortality is similar to the estimations for Pinctada fucata populations from the Red Sea and P. radiata from the Mediterranean Sea. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 659-670. Epub 2009 September 30.

La concha nácar Pteria sterna sustenta los perlicultivos en México, y es la base de producción de perlas en el continente Americano. Está bajo protección especial desde 1994, y solo puede capturarse semilla natural para cultivo e investigación. Determinamos su crecimiento y mortalidad en bancos silvestres, registrando la altura de ostras de Santa Rosalía, Mulegé y Bahía de Loreto (1997-99). La longitud máxima estimada fue 130.35 mm (124.22-136.48 mm, P>0.95). Las frecuencias de longitudes se ordenaron en un "año virtual" (Guanco 1991). Los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy estimados con el programa ELEFAN I fueron: L&#8734;= 156.02 mm, k=0.48año-1, t0=-0.216 años, C= 0.43 y WP = 0.73; el índice de desempeño de crecimiento fue &#934;’ = 4.068. La mortalidad total fue de Z = 3.34 año -1por longitud convertida a curva de captura. La regresión del peso total y la altura tuvo la expresión W = 0.000756 * L(i)2.7075 (r²=0.90, n=233). Mostramos la diferencia entre los parámetros de crecimiento en condiciones de repoblamiento experimental y aquellos de individuos silvestres de P. sterna. El valor de mortalidad total es comparable a aquellos de Pinctada fucata en el mar Rojo o P. radiata en el mar Mediterráneo.

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S., México Ecología de la captación de semilla de madreperla Pinctada mazatlanica y concha nácar Pteria sterna (Bivalvia: Pteriidae), en la isla Gaviota, bahía de La Paz, B. C. S., México 1997
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300017 Biodiversidad, morfometría y alimentación de los cangrejos del género Callinectes (Decapoda: Portunidae) en Santiago de Cuba Gómez Luna Liliana Sosa Montano Antonio Moreno Castillo Isabel Jover Capote Abdiel ,Universidad de Oriente Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado ,Universidad de Oriente Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado Departamento de Bioelectromagnetismo ,Universidad de Islas Baleares Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología España ,Universidad de Oriente Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Departamento de Biología 09 2009 2009 57 671 686

Biodiversity, morphometry and diet of Callinectes crabs (Decapoda: Portunidae) in Santiago de Cuba. On the basis of fishery intensity and proximity to river mouth, a total of 257 swimming Callinectes crabs were collected from March 2007 to April 2008 in eight localities. Captures were made with hanging nets, to a maximal depth of 1.5m, establishing a top time of 2 hr. The genus was widely distributed, and it is represented at least by four species: C. sapidus, C. similis, C. rathbunae and C. larvatus, the last two not included in the last list of Cuban crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda). The size and shape of the gonopods were very useful as taxonomical criteria, considering the prevalence of males. The most abundant species were C. sapidus (47.08%), and C. similis (30.35%). C. rathbunae, which was identified at 75% (6) of the localities, showed a better distribution, followed by C. sapidus, which appears in the 63% (5). Sex rate (Rs) by species (male:female) was 6.20 for C. rathbunae, 3.58 for C. similis, 1.40 for C. larvatus and 0.40 for C. sapidus. The most abundant species had a lower Rs value. Morphometrical analysis and weight allowed us to know the average carapace width (CW) and weight (W). C. sapidus had an average CW = 110.57 mm (DS 21.55, n = 121) and W = 84.46 g (SD 43.25, n = 121); C. rathbunae a CW = 115.50 mm (DS 14.94, n = 36) and W = 140.44 g (DS 55.02, n = 36); C. larvatus a CW = 76.04 mm (DS 10.88, n = 22) and W = 31.70 g (DS 14.67, n = 22); and C. similis had the minimal parameter values, with a CW = 59.77 mm (DS 14.09, n = 78) and W = 13.80g (DS 10.00, n = 78). These are the first records of the coastal crabs in the area. All values are lower than in previous reports. The largest individuals (CW>140 mm: C. rathbunae and C. sapidus) were captured in localities with adequate environmental characteristics. The stomach content suggests nine dietary categories, mainly fishes and macroalgae. The genus Callinectes has a diversified trophic spectrum. These crabs eat the available food, but they have a preference for the most abundant items. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 671-686. Epub 2009 September 30.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio del género Callinectes en la zona costera del municipio de Santiago de Cuba. Se realizó una recolecta de 257 ejemplares durante marzo de 2007 a abril de 2008, en ocho estaciones a lo largo de la costa. El género resultó estar ampliamente distribuido en el litoral y representado al menos por cuatro especies: C. sapidus, C. similis, C. rathbunae y C. larvatus, las dos últimas no incluidas en la lista publicada de crustáceos (Crustacea: Decapoda) cubanos. Las especies más abundantes resultaron ser C. sapidus y C. similis. C. rathbunae fue la más ampliamente distribuida. El análisis del contenido estomacal permitió identificar nueve categorías alimentarias, siendo las más importantes los peces y las macroalgas. Las especies de Callinectes tienen un amplio espectro trófico; comen no sólo lo disponible, sino también lo más abundante.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300018 Actividad alimentaria de los peces herbívoros y su impacto en arrecifes con diferente nivel de degradación antrópica Durán Alain Claro Rodolfo ,Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Ambiente (CITMA) Instituto de oceanología La Habana Cuba ,Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Ambiente (CITMA) Instituto de oceanología 09 2009 2009 57 687 697

The feeding activity of herbivorous fishes and their impact on coral reefs with different levels of anthropogenic degradation. The feeding activity of three herbivorous fishes (Sparisoma viride, Scarus iserti and Acanthurus coeruleus) and its impact on two coral reefs were studied during the dry (February) and rainy (August) seasons of 2006 in Cuba. One of the reef stations is at the "Acuario" dive point in the Guanahacabibes National Park, and is relatively pristine. The second one is located at the north coast of Havana City facing the Instituto de oceanología (IdO) and is subject to pollution and fishing pressures. Herbivore fish composition was analized, and foraging intensity was measured for all Acanthurid and Scarid species, by counting fish bites in 1 m²during five minute intervals (25 replicates). Concurrently, species foraging intensity was measured for juvenile, intermediate, and adult phases, counting fish bites during 10 minutes intervals (10 replicates). Algal consumption rate was estimated using a coefficent of consumed biomass per bite, for each size class. The algal cover was sampled at 20 m linear transects with four replicates at each site. Food items were assessed sampling algae at the observed bitten substrates. Compared to Acuario, herbivores in IdO showed lower species richness and higher density of small size fishes, but large-sized parrotfish was almost absent due to intense fishing. The highest bite rate was observed for the smallest fish size, but net consumption rate was three times greater for medium and great size fishes, which were more abundant in the protected area. Algal cover was lower in Acuario, while in IdO it was very high, and coral cover was very low. In both locations epiphytic algae were the preferred food. These results support generalizations referring to the importance of great size herbivores fishes in controlling excesive algal proliferation on coral reefs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 687-697. Epub 2009 September 30.

Estudiamos la actividad alimentaria de tres peces herbívoros (Sparisoma viride, Scarus iserti y Acanthurus coeruleus) y su impacto, en dos arrecifes de coral de Cuba, durante la época seca (febrero) y la lluviosa (agosto) del 2006. una de las estaciones en los arrecifes está en el lugar de buceo "Acuario" en el parque nacional Guanahacabibes, y es relativamente prístina. La segunda está en la costa norte de la Habana al frente del Instituto de oceanología (IdO) y es objeto de presiones de contaminación y pesca. La composición de los peces herbívoros fue analizada, y la intensidad de búsqueda de alimento ("forrajeo") medida para todas las especies de acantúridos y escáridos, contando los mordiscos de peces en 1 m2 durante intervalos de cinco minutos (25 repeticiones). La intensidad de forrajeo fue medida para las fases joven, intermedia, y adulta, contando los mordiscos de peces durante intervalos de 10 minutos (10 repeticiones). La tasa de consumo de algas se estimó usando un coeficiente de biomasa consumida por mordisco, para cada clase de tamaño. La cobertura de algas fue muestreada en transectos de 20 m en línea con cuatro repeticiones en cada sitio. Las piezas de comida fueron evaluadas por medio de muestreo de algas en los sustratos observados con mordiscos. En comparación con Acuario, los herbívoros en IdO mostraron riqueza de especies más baja y mayor densidad de peces pequeños, pero los peces loro de gran tamaño estuvieron casi ausentes debido a la pesca intensiva. La tasa de mordisqueo más alta se observó para los peces de tamaño más pequeño, pero la tasa neta de consumo fue tres veces mayor para los peces de mediano y gran tamaño, los cuales fueron más abundantes en el área protegida. La cobertura de algas fue más baja en Acuario, mientras que en IdO fue muy alta, y la cobertura de coral fue muy baja. En ambas localidades las algas epífitas fueron el alimento preferido. Estos resultados apoyan las generalizaciones con respecto a la importancia de los peces de gran tamaño para controlar la proliferación excesiva de algas en arrecifes de coral.

 coral reefs herbivore fishes algal consumption algal cover Sparisoma viride Scarus iserti Acanthurus coeruleus Guanahacabibes coral reefs herbivore fishes algal consumption algal cover Sparisoma viride Scarus iserti Acanthurus coeruleus Guanahacabibes Aguilar B. C La ictiofauna de la Ciudad Habana: Efectos acumulativos de agentes estresantes múltiples en varios niveles de organización biológica La ictiofauna de la Ciudad Habana: Efectos acumulativos de agentes estresantes múltiples en varios niveles de organización biológica 2005 Aguilar C González-Sansón G Ecología de la ictiofauna costera en la zona adyacente a la desembocadura del río Almendares (La Habana, Cuba): 1. Distribución espacial de la abundancia y la diversidad Rev. Invest. Mar 2002 23 1 Alcolado M. 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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300019 Crecimiento y mortalidad natural del pez Haemulon aurolineatum (Teleostei: Haemulidae) del suroeste de la isla de Margarita, Venezuela Bravo Edwis Eslava Nora González Leo ,Departamento de acuacultura Escuela de ciencias aplicadas del mar ,Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Área de biología y recursos pesqueros Venezuela 09 2009 2009 57 699 706

Growth and natural mortality of the fish Haemulon aurolineatum (Teleostei: Haemulidae) in the Southwest of Margarita Island, Venezuela. We analyzed the growth and natural mortality of the cují (Haemulon aurolineatum) in the southwest of Margarita Island, from July 2005 through June 2006. A sample of 1 378 males and 1 143 females collected from Boca del Río artisanal fishing vessels was analyzed. The common relation for both sexes was expressed by the equation P=0.038*L2.87. From the frequency data, a preliminary asymptotic length (L&#8734;) was estimated applying the routine of Powell and Wetherall, and the coefficient of growth (k) through ELEFAN I using program FISAT II (FAO-ICLARM). The modal progression analysis was used, previous decomposition of the frequency of lengths according to Bhattacharya, and it optimized the estimations of L&#8734; and k according to the procedure of Gulland and Holt. The curve of growth in length was fit to the model of von Bertalanffy, and described anexponential curve, where growth accelerated until the two years of age. The rate of natural mortality was high (M = 1.15 year-1), probably from high predation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 699-706. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se determinó el crecimiento y la mortalidad natural del cují (Haemulon aurolineatum) del suroeste de la isla de Margarita, entre julio 2005 hasta junio 2006, para lo cual se analizó una muestra de 2 541 ejemplares colectados de la pesca artesanal de Boca del Río. La relación talla-peso entre machos y hembras no mostró diferencias significativas en las pendientes "b" (p>0.05, ts = -1.69) ni en los interceptos "a" (p>0.05, ts = -1.01), por lo que se estableció una relación común para ambos sexos, expresada mediante el modelo P = 0.038*LT2.87. A partir de los datos de distribución de frecuencia de tallas se estimó la longitud asintótica (L&#8734;) con la rutina de Powell-Wetherall, y el coeficiente de crecimiento (k) con la rutina ELEFAN I (Gayanilo et al.1996). Se empleó el análisis de la progresión modal, previa descomposición de la frecuencia de longitudes de acuerdo al método de Bhattacharya (1967), y se optimizaron las estimaciones de L&#8734; y k según Gulland y Holt (1959). Los parámetros de crecimiento estimados (L&#8734; = 24.2 cm y k = 0.48 año-1) mostraron un crecimiento moderadamente rápido. Los datos de frecuencias de longitudes fueron ajustados al modelo de von Bertalanffy (1960), mostrando una tendencia de tipo exponencial, donde se observó un crecimiento acelerado hasta los 2 años de edad, que luego se hizo lento a medida que el pez alcanzó la longitud máxima. La tasa de mortalidad natural fue alta (M = 1.15 año-1), probablemente causada por alta depredación.

 growth mortality Haemulon aurolineatum cují Margarita Island Venezuela crecimiento mortalidad Haemulon aurolineatum isla Margarita Venezuela L. von Bertanlanffy Musk R Britton J Axford S Principles and theory of growth The effect of subjective fish scale ageing on growth and recruitment analyses: A case study from the UK The effect of subjective fish scale ageing on growth and recruitment analyses: A case study from the UK 1960 20 06 36 Bhattacharya C A simple method of resolution of a distribution into Gaussian components Biometrics 1967 23 Billings C Munro J The biology, ecology, exploitation and management of Caribbean reef fishes: Part V: The biology, ecology and bionomics of Caribbean reef fishes: Pomadasyidae (grunts) Res. Rep. 2001. Dpt. Univ. West Indies 1974 3 Carpenter K The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. 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NMFS 1983 448 De Lima M Lessa R Duarte-Neto P Dinâmica de Populações e Avaliação de Estoques dos Recursos Pesqueiros da Região Nordeste Dinâmica de Populações e Avaliação de Estoques dos Recursos Pesqueiros da Região Nordeste 2004 UFRPE-Departamento de Pesca, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Coordenação da Área de Dinâmica de populações) Froese R Binohlan C Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data J. Fish Biol 2000 56 Gayanilo F Sparre P Pauly D Stock assessment tools users manual Stock assessment tools users manual 1996 Roma FAO Giménez C Ricardo M Salaya J La Pesca Industrial de Arrastre La Pesca Industrial de Arrastre 1993 Caracas Carirubana González L.W Determinación de edad y crecimiento de la sardina, Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 (Pisces: Clupeidae) de la región nororiental de Venezuela Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. 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Mer 1958 23 Tresierra A Culquichicón Z Biología Pesquera Biología Pesquera 1993 Trujillo Libertad Wetherall J A new method for estimating growth and mortality parameters from length-frequency data Fishbyte 1986 4 Zar J.H Biostatistical analysis Biostatistical analysis 1996 ^eNueva Jersey Prentice Hall
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300020 Influence of watershed activities on the water quality and fish assemblages of a tropical African reservoir Mustapha Moshood K ,University of Ilorin Dept. of Zoology Ilorin Nigeria 09 2009 2009 57 707 719

Agricultural and fisheries activities around the watershed of an African tropical reservoir (Oyun reservoir, Offa, Nigeria) were found to contribute significantly to water quality deterioration of the dam axis of the reservoir, leading to eutrophication of that part of the reservoir. This is evident from the high amount of nitrate (6.4 mg/l), phosphate (2.2 mg/l) and sulphate (16.9 mg/l) in the water body which was higher than most other reservoirs in Nigeria. These nutrients originate in fertilizer run-offs from nearby farmlands and were found in higher concentrations in the rainy season which is usually the peak of agricultural activities in the locality. The eutrophication was more pronounced on the dam axis because it is the point of greatest human contact where pressure and run-off of sediments were high. The eutrophication altered the food web cycle which consequently affected the fish species composition and abundance with the dominance of cichlids (planktivorous group) and decline of some species in the fish population. Best management practices (BMP) to control and reduce the eutrophication and improve water quality and fish assemblages should be adopted and adapted to suit the situation in the reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 707-719. Epub 2009 September 30.

Las actividades agrícolas y pesqueras que se desarrollan alrededor del embalse tropical africano de Oyun, Offa, Nigeria, contribuyen de forma significativa al deterioro de la calidad del agua, provocando eutroficación. Esto es evidente a partir de la gran cantidad de nitrato (6.4 mg / l), fosfato (2.2 mg / l) y sulfato (16.9 mg / l), si se compara con otros embalses de Nigeria. Estos nutrientes proceden de fertilizantes utilizados en áreas agrícolas y las concentraciones aumentan en la estación lluviosa cuando aumentan las actividades agrícolas en la zona. La eutroficación es más pronunciada donde existe mayor actividad humana, y altera la cadena trófica y en consecuencia, la composición íctica, con predominio de los cíclidos y disminución de otros peces. Se requiere manejo de la cuenca para reducir la eutrofización y mejorar la calidad del agua y los peces.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300021 Natural and human-induced variability in the composition of fish assemblages in the Northwestern Cuban shelf González-Sansón Gaspar Aguilar Consuelo Hernández Ivet Cabrer Yureidy Suarez-Montes Noelis Bretos Fernando Guggenheim David ,Universidad de la Habana Centro de Investigaciones Marinas Cuba ,Establecimiento Pesquero de Los Arroyos Cuba ,Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies México 09 2009 2009 57 721 740

The main goal of the study was to obtain field data to build a baseline of fish assemblage composition that can be used comparatively for future analyses of the impact of human actions in the region. A basic network of 68 sampling stations was defined for the entire region (4 050 km2). Fish assemblage species and size composition was estimated using visual census methods at three different spatial scales: a) entire region, b) inside the main reef area and c) along a human impact coastal gradient. Multivariate numerical analyses revealed habitat type as the main factor inducing spatial variability of fish community composition, while the level of human impact appears to play the main role in fish assemblage composition changes along the coast. A trend of decreasing fish size toward the east supports the theory of more severe human impact due to overfishing and higher urban pollution in that direction. This is the first detailed study along the northwest coast of Cuba that focuses on fish community structure and the natural and human-induced variations at different spatial scales for the entire NW shelf. This research also provides input for a more comprehensive understanding of coastal marine fish communities’ status in the Gulf of Mexico basin. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 721-740. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se obtuvieron datos de campo para una línea base de la composición de la ictiofauna que pueda ser usada comparativamente para el análisis de impactos humanos futuros en la región. Se estableció una red básica de 68 estaciones de muestreo para la región completa (4 050 km2). La composición por especies y por tallas de la ictiofauna fue estimada utilizando métodos de censo visual en tres escalas espaciales diferentes: a) La región completa, b) dentro del área principal de arrecifes y c) a lo largo de un gradiente costero de impacto humano. El tipo de hábitat es el factor principal que induce la variación espacial en la composición de la ictiofauna, mientras que el impacto humano juega el papel principal en los cambios a lo largo de la costa. La tendencia de la talla de los peces a disminuir hacia el este da soporte a la idea de un impacto humano más severo en esa dirección, debido a la sobrepesca y la contaminación. Este es el primer estudio detallado a lo largo de la costa NW de Cuba que se enfoca a la estructura de la comunidad de peces y sus variaciones naturales o antropogénicas en escalas espaciales diferentes.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300022 Fecundity, growth, and survival of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes: Cichlidae) under laboratory conditions Ortega-Salas Armando A Cortés G Isabel Reyes-Bustamante Hugo ,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Mazatlán Sinaloa México ,Universidad de Sonora Depto. de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Sonora México 09 2009 2009 57 741 747

The freshwater angelfishes (Pterophyllum) are South American cichlids that have become very popular among aquarists, yet scarce information on their culture and aquarium husbandry exists. We studied Pterophyllum scalare to analyze dietary effects on fecundity, growth, and survival of eggs and larvae during 135 days. Three diets were used: A) decapsulated cysts of Artemia, B) commercial dry fish food, and C) a mix diet of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The initial larval density was 100 organisms in each 40L aquarium. With diet A, larvae reached a maximum weight of 3.80g, a total length of 6.3 cm, and a height of 5.8cm; with diet B: 2.80g, 4.81cm, and 4.79cm, and with diet C: 3.00g, 5.15cm, and 5.10cm, respectively. Significant differences were observed between diet A, and diet B and C, but no significantly differences were observed between diets B and C. Fecundity varied from 234 to 1 082 eggs in 20 and 50g females, respectively. Egg survival ranged from 87.4% up to 100%, and larvae survival (80 larvae/40L aquarium) from 50% to 66.3% using diet B and A, respectively. Live food was better for growing fish than the commercial balanced food diet. Fecundity and survival are important factors in planning a good production of angelfish. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 741-747. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se realizaron estudios de cultivo en laboratorio del pez ángel, Pterophyllum scalare, para analizar los efectos de su dieta en la fecundidad, crecimiento y sobrevivencia en huevos y larvas por un período 135 días. Tres dietas diferentes se utilizaron A) quistes decapsulados de Artemia, B) comida comercial seca para pez, C) una mezcla de rotíferos, Brachionus plicatilis y el cladocero, Daphnia magna. La densidad inicial de larvas en acuarios de 40L fue de 100 organismos. Utilizando la dieta A, las larvas alcanzaron un peso máximo de 3.80g, una longitud total de 6.3cm y una altura de 5.8cm; utilizando la dieta B, fue de 2.80g, 4.81cm y 4.79cm y con la dieta C, fue de 3.00g, 5.15cm y 5.10cm, respectivamente. Diferencias significativas se observaron entre la dieta A y las dietas B y C. La fecundidad varió de 234 a 1082 huevos en hembras de 20 y 50g, respectivamente. La sobrevivencia de los huevos varió de 87.4% a 100% y la sobrevivencia de las larvas (80 larvas por acuario de 40L) varió entre 50 y 66.3% con las dietas B y A, respectivamente. Los resultados indicaron, que la comida viva fue mejor para el crecimiento de los peces, que los alimentados con la comida comercial balanceada. La fecundidad y la sobrevivencia son factores importantes para la planificación de una buena producción del pez ángel.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300023 Diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in an insular Brazilian coastal forest de Andrade Kersten Rodrigo Borgo Marília Menezes Silva Sandro ,Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil ,Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Sociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Ambiental (SPVS) Curitiba Paraná Brazil ,Conservation International Brazil (CI) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil 09 2009 2009 57 749 759

The study was carried out in a 3 000m2 area of coastal Atlantic rain forest at Ilha do Mel island (25o30’’S 48o23’W), on 100 assorted trees separated into 2 meter-high strata starting from the ground. In each stratum all of the occurring epiphytic species were recorded. The sampled species were grouped into three categories: exclusive, preferential, and indifferent, according to their abundance in each strata, and selective, preferential and indifferent, according to abundance on the forophytes. Intermediate strata registered the highest diversity. Six species were considered exclusive to one or two strata, 15 were restricted to some strata and 5 presented a broad distribution. No epiphytic species showed uniform horizontal distribution on the area. The epiphyte richness in a host tree varied from zero to 30. Regarding to fidelity on host tree species, few selective or preferential, and mainly indifferent epiphyte species, were found. A total of 82 epiphyte species were sampled in the surveyed tree, and the Wittaker plot indicate a highly dominant assemblage. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 749-759. Epub 2009 September 30.

El estudio se realizó en un área 3 000 m2 de bosque atlántico húmedo en una isla brasileña, Ilha do Mel (25o30’’ S 48o23’ W). Seleccionamos 100 árboles de las 10 principales especies y las dividimos en estratos de dos metros a partir de la superficie del suelo. En cada estrato registramos todas las especies epífitas observadas. Las especies muestreadas fueron agrupadas en tres categorías: exclusivas, preferenciales, e indiferentes (según su abundancia en los estratos), y selectivas, preferenciales e indiferentes (según su abundancia en los árboles). Los estratos intermedios registraron las más altas diversidades. Seis especies fueron consideradas exclusivas a uno o dos estratos, 15 estuvieron limitadas a algunos estratos y 5 presentaron amplia distribución. Para ninguna especie epífita hubo distribución horizontal uniforme. La riqueza de las epífitas en un forofito varió de cero a 30 especies. Según la fidelidad de las epífitas en los árboles, registramos pocas especies selectivas o preferenciales y muchas indiferentes. En los 100 árboles examinados encontramos 82 especies de epífitas, y el diagrama del Wittaker indicó alta dominancia de unas pocas especies.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300024 It takes two to tango: self incompatibility in the bromeliad Tillandsia streptophylla (Bromeliaceae) in Mexico Ramírez Morillo Ivón M Chi May Francisco Carnevali Germán May Pat Filogonio ,Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Yucatán México 09 2009 2009 57 761 770

Floral phenology and breeding system of Tillandsia streptophylla (Bromeliaceae) were studied in a low inundated forest in Yucatan, Mexico. During the flowering season, from March to August, terminal scapose 1-branched, paniculate inflorescences are produced with one flower per branch opening per day, over a period of 11-29 days. Flowers are tubular, light violet, with the stigma placed below the anthers, both protruding above the corolla. Flowers are protandrous, with anthers releasing pollen from 0500 hours and stigma becoming receptive around 0900 hours. Controlled experimental crosses suggest that Tillandsia streptophylla is self incompatible and therefore, pollinator-dependent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 761-770. Epub 2009 September 30.

Estudiamos la fenología floral y el sistema de cruzamiento de la bromelia Tillandsia streptophylla (Bromeliaceae) en una selva baja inundable en Yucatán, México. Durante la estación de floración (marzo a agosto), las plantas producen una inflorescencia terminal, escaposa, paniculada, 1-dividida, con una flor abriendo por rama por día para un período de floración de 11-29 días por inflorescencia. Las flores son tubulares, de corola violeta claro, con el estigma y anteras exertos, pero las anteras más largas que el estigma en antesis. Las flores son protandras, con las anteras liberando el polen desde las 0500 horas y la receptividad del estigma comenzando a las 0900 horas. Los cruces experimentales controlados sugieren que Tillansdia streptophylla es auto incompatible y por ende, dependiente de los polinizadores.

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Gard 1986 73 Suárez H.D Forrajeo y anidamiento de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en epífitas mirmecófilas de Rio Hondo, México Forrajeo y anidamiento de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en epífitas mirmecófilas de Rio Hondo, México 2005 Ule E Ueber Bluthenverschluss bei Bromeliaceen mit berucksichtigung der Blutheneinrichtungen der ganzen familien Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gessellchaft 1896 14 Ule E Weiteres uber Bromeliaceen mit Bluthenverschluss und Bluthenein-richtungen dieser Familie Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gessellchaft 1898 16 Wendt T Ferreira Canela M.B Gelli de Faria A.P Iglesias Ríos R Reproductive biology and natural hybridization between two endemic species of Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae) Am. J. Bot 2001 88
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300025 Phenology and recruitment of Caryocar costaricense (Caryocaceae), an endemic tree species of Southern Central America Solís Silvia Lobo Jorge Grimaldo Mayori ,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de biología San José Costa Rica ,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas México 09 2009 2009 57 771 780

Basic aspects of the reproductive biology are largely unknown for most tropical tree species, although they are important elements to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activities as logging and forest fragmentation on these populations. In this study, data are presented on leaf and reproductive phenology, fruit production and seedling demography of a population of an endemic tree species of Southern Central America, Caryocar costaricense. This species has been affected by selective logging and forest fragmentation of its habitat. Phenology was studied by observation of 15-22 tree crowns during two reproductive periods (2003 and 2005). Circular plots were established around 11 adult trees to count the number of fallen fruits and seedlings during three years (2003, 2004, 2005). Although reproductive phenology is restricted to the short dry season in this species, seed germination occurred year-round. Fruit and seedling production shows a strong inter-individual variation within the study populations, with two large trees producing nearly 50%-70% of the fruits and seedlings during two years. Most of the seeds that fall beneath the tree crown are covered by litterfall or removed by fauna. We found evidence that many of these seeds become part of a seed bank in the forest floor. Because of the observed reproductive dominance of few large trees in these populations, we propose that selective logging on reproductive trees can severely impact the recruitment of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 771-780. Epub 2009 September 30.

Los aspectos básicos de la biología reproductiva de árboles tropicales son en su mayoría desconocidos, aunque son conocimientos esenciales para entender el impacto de actividades antropogénicas como la tala selectiva y la fragmentación de bosques. En este estudio se presentan datos sobre la fenología foliar y reproductiva, la producción de frutos, y la demografía de plántulas de una población de Caryocar costaricense, una especie endémica del sur de América Central, afectada por tala selectiva y fragmentación de su hábitat original. La fenología fue estudiada por medio de la observación de las copas de 15 a 22 árboles adultos durante dos períodos reproductivos (años 2003 y 2005). Para estudiar la caída de frutos y la dinámica de germinación y supervivencia de plántulas, se establecieron parcelas circulares alrededor de 11 individuos adultos, donde se realizaron observaciones durante tres años (2003, 2004, 2005). Aunque la fenología reproductiva está limitada a la corta estación seca local, la germinación de semillas se da todo el año. La producción de frutos y plántulas mostró una alta variación inter-individual, con dos árboles produciendo 50-70% de todos los frutos y plántulas durante dos años. La mayoría de las semillas que caen bajo la copa son cubiertas por mantillo o removidas por la fauna. Muchas de estas semillas se vuelven parte de un banco de semillas latente en el piso del bosque. Debido a la dominancia reproductiva de unos pocos grandes árboles en estas poblaciones, se propone que la tala selectiva sobre individuos reproductivos puede provocar un impacto severo sobre el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos en estas poblaciones

 phenology seed bank Caryocar costaricense demography plant reproduction tropical ecology selective logging fenología banco de semillas demografía reproducción de plantas ecología tropical tala selectiva Araujo F.D The ecology, ethnobotany and manage ment of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. around Montes Claros, MG, Brasil The ecology, ethnobotany and manage ment of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. around Montes Claros, MG, Brasil 1994 Oxford^eOxford Augspurger C.K Seedling survival of tropical tree species: interactions of dispersal distance, light-gaps, and pathogens Ecology 1984 65 Baskin J.M Baskin C.C Leck M.L Parker V.T Simpson R.L Physiology of dormancy and germination in relation to seed bank ecology Ecology of soil seed banks Ecology of soil seed banks 1989 London Academic Degen B Blanc L Caron H Maggia L Kremer A Gourlet-Fleury S Impact of selective logging on genetic composition and demographic structure of four tropical tree species Biol. Cons 2006 De Steven D Wright S.J Consequences of variable reproduction for seedling recruitment in three neotropical tree species Ecology 2002 83 Dombroski J.L.D Paiva R Camargo I.P Efeito da escarificação sobre a germinação do pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) Rev. Bras. Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 1998 20 Forget P Rankin-de Merona J.M Julliot C The effects of forest type, harvesting and stand refinement on early seedling recruitment in a tropical rain forest J. Trop. Ecol 2001 17 Frankie G Baker H.G Opler P.A Comparative phenological studies of trees in Tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica J. Ecol 1974 62 Garwood N.C Leck M.L Parker V.T Simpson R.L Tropical soil seed banks: a Review Ecology of soil seed banks Ecology of soil seed banks 1989 London Academic Gribel R Hay J.D Pollination ecology of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation J. Trop. Ecol 1993 9 Gourlet-Fleury S Cornu G Jésel S Dessard H Jourget J Blanc L Picard N Using models to predict recovery and assess tree species vulnerability in logged tropical forests: a case study from French Guiana Forest Ecol. Manag 2005 20 Harms K.E Wright S.J Calderón O Hernández A Allen-Herre E Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest Nature 2000 404 Kudo G Harder L.D Barrett S. C Flowering phenologies of animal-pollinated plants: reproductive strategies and agents of selection Ecology and Evolution of Flowers Ecology and Evolution of Flowers 2006 Oxford^eOxford Martins R.L Gribel R Polinização de Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. (Caryocaraceae) uma árvore emergente da Amazônia Central Rev. Bras. Bot 2007 30 McCullagh P Nelder J.A Generalized Linear Models Generalized Linear Models 1999 London Chapman & Hall McCarthy B.C Quinn J.A Within and among-tree variation in flower and fruit production in two species of Carya (Juglandaceae) Am. J. Bot 1989 76 Lobo J Barrantes G Castillo M Quesada R Maldonado T Fuchs E Solís S Quesada M Effects of selective logging on the abundance, regeneration and short-term survival of Caryocar costaricense (Caryocaceae) and Peltogyne purpurea (Caesalpinaceae), two endemic timber species of southern Central America Forest Ecol. Manag 2007 245 Prance G.T Woodson R.E Shery R.W Caryocaraceae Flora of Panama Flora of Panama 1976 Missouri Missouri Botanical Gardens Sothers C.A de Souza M.A.D Ribeiro J.E.L.S Caryocaraceae Flora da Reserva Ducke: Guia de identificação das plantas vasculares de uma floresta de terra-firme na Amazônia Central Flora da Reserva Ducke: Guia de identificação das plantas vasculares de uma floresta de terra-firme na Amazônia Central 1999 Manaus^eAmazonas Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia White G.C Bennetts R.E Analysis of frequency count data using the negative binomial distribution Ecology 1996 77 Van Schaik C. P Terborgh J.W Wright S.J The phenology of tropical forests: adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1993 24 Vázquez-Yanes C Orozco-Segovia A Medina E Mooney H.A Vázquez-Yanes C Ecophysiology of seed germination in the tropical humid forests of the World: A review Physiological ecology of plants in the wet tropics Physiological ecology of plants in the wet tropics 1984 The Hague Junk Zuidema P.A Boot R.G.A Demography of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) in the Bolivian Amazon: impact of seed extraction on recruitment and population dynamics J. Trop. Ecol 2002 18
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300026 Depredación pre-dispersiva de semillas en tres poblaciones del árbol Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae) Nahuel Morandini Marcelo de Viana Marta Leonor ,Universidad Nacional de Salta INEAH (Instituto de ecología y ambiente humano) Argentina 09 2009 2009 57 781 788

Pre-dispersal seed predation in three populations of the tree Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae). Predation is an important selective force that has shaped different strategies related to size, quantity and production time of fruits, seeds and seed reserves. The seeds of E. contortisiliqum are predated by the bruchid Merobruchus bicoloripes. We collected 1 300 fruits from 26 trees in San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy province), Castañares, and San Lorenzo (Salta province) Argentina. San Lorenzo is the wettest and highest site, while Castañares is the driest and lowest site. Jujuy is in the middle. In the laboratory, the fruits from each site were weighted and divided in three groups (small, medium and big). We counted the mature and predated seeds per fruit. In San Lorenzo, seed predation was higher in medium sized fruits while in Castañares and Jujuy seed predation was higher in both medium and bigger fruits. However, only in San Lorenzo we found a significant difference in preference for medium size fruits. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 781-788. Epub 2009 September 30.

La depredación se ha postulado como una importante fuerza selectiva que ha moldeado distintas estrategias relacionadas con el tamaño, la cantidad y el tiempo de producción de semillas, frutos y el contenido de reservas. Las semillas de Enterolobium contortisiliqum son depredadas por el brúquido Merobruchus bicoloripes. Se estudiaron tres poblaciones de E. contortisiliquum en relación al tamaño de los frutos, a la producción de semillas por fruto, y a la depredación de semillas, comparando la variabilidad dentro y entre poblaciones. Se recolectaron 1300 frutos de 26 árboles en San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy), Castañares y San Lorenzo (Salta). Los frutos se pesaron y se contaron las semillas viables y depredadas. San Lorenzo es el sitio más húmedo y de mayor altitud, y Castañares el de menor altitud y más seco. En San Lorenzo encontramos una mayor preferencia de depredación en frutos medianos. En Castañares y San Salvador de Jujuy, a pesar de que los frutos medianos y grandes presentaron mayores niveles de depredación, no encontramos diferencias en la preferencia por alguna clase de tamaño. Los mayores niveles de depredación se encontraron en Castañares y S. S. de Jujuy.

 Pre-dispersal seed predation bruchids Enterolobium contortisiliquum Merobruchus bicoloripes San Salvador de Jujuy Castañares San Lorenzo Argentina depredación pre-dispersiva brúquidos Enterolobium contortisiliquum Merobruchus bicoloripes San Salvador de Jujuy Castañares San Lorenzo Argentina Bawa K.S Webb C.J Flower, fruit and seed abortion in tropical for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns Am. J. Bot 1984 71 Bianchi A.R Yañez C.E Las precipitaciones en el Noroeste Argentino Las precipitaciones en el Noroeste Argentino 1992 Segunda Salta INTA Chambers J.C Mac Mahon J.A A day in the life of a seed: Movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1994 25 Cavers P. B Steel M. G Patterns of change in seed weight over time on individual plants Am. Nat 1984 124 Crawley M.J Fenner M Seed predators and plant population dynamics Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities 1992 Wallingfor^eOxfordshire CAB International Creadland P.F Fujii K Gatehouse A.M Johnson C.D Mitchell R Yosida T Biotype variation and host change in bruchids: causes and effects in the evolution of bruchid pests Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution 1990 Dordetch Kluwer de Viana M.L Distribución del cardón (Trichocereus pasacana): ¿Asociación positiva o dispersión? Distribución del cardón (Trichocereus pasacana): ¿Asociación positiva o dispersión? 1995 de Viana M.L Seed production and seed bank of Trichocereus pasacana (Cactaceae) in northwestern Argentina Trop. Ecol 1999 40 Digilio A.P Leganame P. R Los árboles indígenas de la provincia de Tucumán: Opera Lilloana XXXIV Los árboles indígenas de la provincia de Tucumán: Opera Lilloana XXXIV 1982 Tucumán Dimitri M.J Leonardis R.F.J Biolini J.S El Nuevo libro del árbol El Nuevo libro del árbol 1997 Tercera Buenos Aires Ed. el Ateneo Janzen D.H Seed eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal Evolution 1969 23 Janzen D.H Seed predation by animals Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1971 2 Janzen D.H Specificity of seed-attacking beetles in a Costa Rican deciduous forest J. Ecol 1980 68 Lee T. D Bazzaz FA Maternal regulation of fecundity: non-random uvule absortion in Cassia fasiculata Oecologia 1986 68 Mitchell R Bruchid beetles and seed packaging by palo verde Ecology 1977 58 Moles A.T Warton D.I Westoby M Do small-seeded species have higher survival through seed predation than large seeded species? Ecology 2003 84 Ortega Baes P de Viana M.L Saravia M The fate of Prosopis ferox seeds from unremoved pods at Nacional Park Los Cardones J. Arid Env 2001 48 Parciak W Seed size, number, and habitat of a fleshy-fruited plant: consequences for seedling establishment Ecology 2002 83 Schaal B.A Reproductive capacity and seed size in Lupinus texensis Am. J. Bot 1980 67 Silvertown J.W Lovett Doust J Introduction to Plant population Biology Introduction to Plant population Biology 1993 Londres Blackwell Stephenson A.G Marshall C Grace J The regulation of maternal investment in plants Fruit and Seed Production Fruit and Seed Production 1992 Cambridge Cambridge Strahler A.N Geografía Física Geografía Física 1986 Barcelona Omega Terán A.L Muruaga De L’ Argentier S Observaciones sobre bruquidos (coleoptera) del noroeste argentino: IV. Estudios morfológicos y biológicos de Amblycerus Hoffmanseggi (Gyll.), Acanthoscelides comptus kingsolver y merobruchus bicoloripes (pic) Acta Zoológica Lilloana 1981 XXXVI Tucumán Wulff R.D Seed size variation in Desmodium paniculatum: I Factors affecting seed size J. Ecol 1986 74
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300027 Resprouting from roots in four Brazilian tree species Hissae Hayashi Adriana Appezzato-da-Glória Beatriz ,Instituto de Botânica Seção de Anatomia e Morfologia São Paulo São Paulo Brazil ,Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil 09 2009 2009 57 789 800

Previous studies pointed out that species richness and high density values within the Leguminosae in Brazilian forest fragments affected by fire could be due, at least partially, to the high incidence of root sprouting in this family. However, there are few studies of the factors that induce root sprouting in woody plants after disturbance. We investigated the bud formation on root cuttings, and considered a man-made disturbance that isolates the root from the shoot apical dominance of three Leguminosae (Bauhinia forficata Link., Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, and Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd) and one Rutaceae (Esenbeckia febrifuga (St. Hil.) Juss. ex Mart.). All these species resprout frequently after fire. We also attempted to induce bud formation on root systems by removing the main trunk, girdling or sectioning the shallow lateral roots from forest tree species Esenbeckia febrifuga and Hymenaea courbaril L. We identified the origin of shoot primordia and their early development by fixing the samples in Karnovsky solution, dehydrating in ethyl alcohol series and embedding in plastic resin. Serial sections were cut on a rotary microtome and stained with toluidine blue O. Permanent slides were mounted in synthetic resin. We observed different modes of bud origin on root cuttings: close to the vascular cambium (C. tomentosum), from the callus (B. forficata and E. febrifuga) and from the phloematic parenchyma proliferation (I. laurina). Fragments of B. forficata root bark were also capable of forming reparative buds from healing phellogen formed in callus in the bark’s inner side. In the attempt of bud induction on root systems, Hymenaea courbaril did not respond to any of the induction tests, probably because of plant age. However, Esenbeckia febrifuga roots formed suckers when the main trunk was removed or their roots were sectioned and isolated from the original plant. We experimentally demonstrated the ability of four tree species to resprout from roots after disturbance. Our results suggest that the release of apical dominance enables root resprouting in the studied species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 789-800. Epub 2009 September 30.

Estudios anteriores señalaron que la alta riqueza de especies de Leguminosae en fragmentos de bosques afectadas por el fuego podría deberse, al menos parcialmente, a la alta incidencia de brotes de raíz en esta familia. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios. Investigamos la formación de brotes en tres Leguminosae (Bauhinia forficata Link., Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, e Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd) y una Rutaceae (Esenbeckia febrifuga (St. Hil.) Juss. ex Mart.). Todas estas especies suelen rebrotar después de los incendios. También hicimos cortes experimentales en árboles forestales: Esenbeckia febrifuga e Hymenaea courbaril L. Observamos tres orígenes: cerca del cambium vascular (C. tomentosum), desde el callo (B. forficata y E. febrifuga) y de parénquima (I. laurina). Hymenaea courbaril no respondió a ninguna de las pruebas de inducción, probablemente debido a la edad de la planta. Sin embargo, las raíces de Esenbeckia febrifuga forman retoños tras retirar el tronco o separar sus raíces. Hemos demostrado experimentalmente la capacidad de las cuatro especies de árbol de rebrotar a partir de sus raíces tras una perturbación grave.

 anatomy Leguminosae root buds Rutaceae propagation wood cuttings anatomía estacas leñosas Leguminosae propagación vegetativa Rutaceae yema radical Angeles G Evert R.F Kozlowski T.T Development of lenticels and adventitious roots in flooded Ulmus americana seedlings Can. J. For. Res 1986 16 Appezzato-da-Glória B Estelita M.E.M Caracteres anatômicos da propagação vegetativa de Mandevilla illustris (Vell.) Woodson e de M. velutina (Mart. ex Stadelm.) Woodson -Apocynaceae 1995 Congresso da Sociedade Botânica de São Paulo 1995 Bellingham P.J Sparrow A.D Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities Oikos 2000 89 Bond W.J Midgley J.J The evolutionary ecology of sprouting Int. J. Plant Sci 2003 164 Bosela M.J Ewers F.W The mode of origin of root buds and root sprouts in the clonal tree Sassafras albidum (Lauraceae) Am. J. Bot 1997 84 Burrows G.E Anatomical aspects of root bud development in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) Aust. J. Bot 1990 38 Del Tredici P Sprouting in temperate trees: a morphological and ecological review Bot. Rev 2001 67 Eliasson L Growth regulators in Populus tremula: III. Variation of auxin and inhibitor level in roots in relation to root sucker formation Physiol. Plantarum 1971 25 Farmer Jr R.E Aspen root sucker formation and apical dominance For. Sci 1962 8 Fink S The occurrence of adventitious and preventitious bud within the bark of some temperate and tropical trees Am. J. Bot 1983 70 Fraser E.C Lieffers V.J Landhäusser S.M Wounding of aspen roots promotes suckering Can. J. Bot 2004 82 Hayashi A.H Penha A.S Rodrigues R.R Appezzatoda-Glória B Anatomical studies of shoot bud-forming roots of Brazilian tree species Aust. J. Bot 2001 49 Jones A.M Auxin transport: down and out and up again Science 1998 282 Jones R.H Raynal D.J Spatial distribution and development of root sprouts in Fagus grandifolia (Fagaceae) Amer. J. Bot 1986 73 Karnovsky M.J A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron microscopy J. Cell Biol 1965 27 Lacey C.J Johnston R.D Woody clumps and clumpwoods Aust. J. Bot 1990 38 Martínková J Kocvarová M Klimešová J Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles Acta Oecol 2004 25 Mello M.O Melo M Appezzato-da-Glória B Bauhinia forficata Link Shoot regeneration: histological analysis of organogenesis pathway Braz. arch. biol. technol 2000 43 Paukkonen K Kauppi A Ferm A Root and stump buds as structural faculties for reinvigoration in Alnus incana (L.) Moench Flora 1992 187 Penha A. S Influência da propagação vegetativa a partir de raízes gemíferas nas características populacionais de espécies arbóreas em fragmentos de Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais Influência da propagação vegetativa a partir de raízes gemíferas nas características populacionais de espécies arbóreas em fragmentos de Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais 2004 Rodrigues R.R Colonização e enriquecimento de um fragmento florestal urbano após a ocorrência de fogo, Fazenda Santa Elisa, Campinas, SP: avaliação temporal da regeneração natural (66 meses) e do crescimento (51 meses) de 30 espécies florestais plantadas em consórcios sucessionais Colonização e enriquecimento de um fragmento florestal urbano após a ocorrência de fogo, Fazenda Santa Elisa, Campinas, SP: avaliação temporal da regeneração natural (66 meses) e do crescimento (51 meses) de 30 espécies florestais plantadas em consórcios sucessionais 1999 Rodrigues R.R Torres R.B Matthes L.A.F Penha A.S Tree species sprouting from root buds in a Semideciduous Forest affected by fires Braz. arch. biol. technol 2004 47 Sakai W.S Simple method for differential staining of paraffin embedded plant material using toluidine blue O Stain Tech 1973 48 Saner M.A Clements D.R Hall M.R Doohan D.J Crompton C.W The biology of Canadian weeds: 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill Can. J. Plant Sci 1995 75 Schier G.A Promotion of sucker development on Populus tremuloides root cuttings by an antiauxin Can. J. For. Res 1975 5 Schwarz J.L Glocke P.L Sedgley M Adventitious root formation in Acacia baileyana F. Muell. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech 1999 74 Sharples A Gunnery H Callus formation in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg. Ann. Bot 1933 47 Simões C.G Marques M.C.M The role of sprouts in the restoration of Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil Rest. Ecol 2007 15 Zasada J.C Schier G.A Aspen root suckering in Alaska: effect of clone, collection date and temperature Northwest Sci 1973 47 Zimmerman R.H Juvenility and flowering in wood plants: a review HortScience 1972 7
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300028 Cronología de la regeneración del bosque tropical seco en Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: I. Características edáficas Leiva Jorge A Mata Rafael Rocha Oscar J Gutiérrez Soto Marco V ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas San José Costa Rica ,Kent State University Department of Biological Sciences Ohio USA ,Universidad de Costa Rica Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit Alajuela Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 801 815

Chronology of tropical dry forest regeneration in Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. I. Edaphic characteristics. We characterized soil chemical and physical properties in eight tropical dry forest (TDF) successional sites along a time sequence (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 years) in Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Seventeen soils were identified, described, and classified in six orders. Most soils were classified as Entisols and Vertisols, but Mollisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Ultisols were also present. All soils showed good fertility that did not constrain species richness. High edaphic variation seemed the result of complex interactions among the pyroclastic origin of Santa Rosa ignimbritic plateau (SRIP), the lithological composition and acidity of ignimbritic rocks, the strong seasonality in rainfall, intense hydric and aeolic erosion, topographic variations within the SRIP, and past human intervention. Correlations performed on soils classified as Entisols (&lt;60 cm deep) showed a depletion of soil cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na and CEC) during the first 20 years of forest regeneration, that later recovered in mature TDF sites. Organic matter content did not change significantly along the TDF chrono-sequence. Substantial increments in macro-pores and soil hydraulic conductivity were observed, probably resulting from higher root biomass and turnover in older successional sites. Soil available water and meso-pore abundance were negatively correlated with TDF successional age. Our results indicate that edaphic chan ges observed along TDF regeneration might have been due to annual fires in pastures and young TDF sites, addition of decaying litter and fine roots as regeneration progressed, milder microclimate conditions during late regeneration in mature TDF sites, increased nutrient cycling, and the predominance of sandy loam textures among the soils examined. These changes in the soil environment with succession may have physiological and phenological consequences on the species appearing at different stages of TDF regeneration. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 801-815. Epub 2009 September, 30.

Se caracterizaron las propiedades químicas y físicas de los suelos a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de ocho fragmentos de bosque tropical estacionalmente seco (BTS) en Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, y se relacionaron con el estado sucesional de los sitios (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 y >100 años de regeneración). Se encontró una alta diversidad edáfica a escalas pequeñas (0.5-1 ha) y se describieron 17 clases dominantes de suelos, clasificados en seis órdenes. La mayoría de los suelos fueron clasificados como Entisoles y Vertisoles, pero los Mollisoles, Alfisoles, Inceptisoles y Ultisoles estuvieron representados también. Todos los suelos presentaron buenos índices de fertilidad que no restringieron la riqueza de las especies. La alta heterogeneidad edáfica pareció ser el resultado de la interacción entre el origen piroclástico de la meseta ignimbrítica de Santa Rosa, la composición litológica y la acidez de las rocas del material parental, la marcada estacionalidad de la lluvia, intensos procesos de erosión hídrica y eólica, variaciones topográficas locales, y la historia de intervención humana. Correlaciones efectuadas en los Entisoles (&lt;60 cm profundidad) revelaron un agotamiento de los cationes (Ca, Mg, K, Na y CIC) durante los primeros veinte años de regeneración, que más tarde se recuperaron en los bosque maduros. El contenido de materia orgánica no varió significativamente con la regeneración. Se observaron incrementos sustanciales en los macroporos y en la conductividad hidráulica, probablemente resultado de mayor biomasa y actividad radical en sitios sucesionales más viejos. La abundancia de mesoporos y el agua disponible para las plantas disminuyeron con la regeneración del bosque. Los resultados indican que los cambios observados en el suelo son resultado de la presencia anual de fuego, la adición de materia orgánica y minerales al suelo conforme la regeneración progresó, las condiciones microclimáticas más benignas conforme el bosque se desarrolló, el creciente ciclaje de nutrimentos, y la predominancia de texturas franco-arenosas en los suelos examinados. Estos cambios en las propiedades del suelo con la sucesión pueden tener importantes consecuencias sobre la fisiología y la fenología de las diversas formas de vida vegetal observadas durante la regeneración de los bosques tropicales estacionalmente secos.

 Santa Rosa National Park soils chemical properties physical properties seasonally dry tropical forests pastures forest succession Parque Nacional Santa Rosa suelos propiedades químicas propiedades físicas bosque seco tropical estacional pasturas regeneración arbórea sucesión Alfaro E.A Alvarado A Chaverri A Cambios edáficos asociados a tres etapas sucesionales de bosque tropical seco en Guanacaste, Costa Rica Agron. Costarric 2001 25 Bazzaz F.A The physiological ecology of plant succession Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1979 10 Bazzaz F.A Pickett S.T.A Physiological ecology of tropical succession: a comparative review Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1980 11 Bouyoucos G.J A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analyses of soils Agron. J 1951 43 Buol S.W Hole F.D McCraken R.J Soil Genesis and Classification Soil Genesis and Classification 1989 ^eIowa Iowa State University Certini G Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review Oecologia 2005 143 Chazdon R.L Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances Perspect. Plant. Ecol 2003 6 Chiesa S El flujo de pómez biotítico del Río Liberia (Guanacaste) Costa Rica, América Central Rev. Geol. Amér. Centr 1991 13 Clark D.B Palmer M.W Clark D.A Edaphic factors and the landscape-scale distributions of tropical rain forest trees Ecology 1999 80 Clark D.B Guariguata M.R Kattan G.H Los factores edáficos y la distribución de las plantas Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales 2002 Cartago LUR Cuevas E Bullock S.H Mooney H.A Medina E Biology of the belowground system of tropical dry forest Seasonally dry tropical forests Seasonally dry tropical forests 1995 Cambridge Cambridge University Daubenmire R Ecology of Hyparrhenia rufa (Ness) in derived savanna in north-western Costa Rica J. Appl. Ecol 1972 9 Ewel J Tropical succession: manifold routes to maturity Biotropica 1980 12 Fields M Perrott K.W The nature of allophane in soils: Part 3: Rapid field and laboratory tests for allophane New Zeal. J. Sci 1966 9 Gentry A.H Bullock S.H Mooney H.A Medina E Diversity and floristic composition of neotropical dry forests Seasonally dry tropical forests Seasonally dry tropical forests 1995 Cambridge Cambridge University Gerhardt K Tree seedling development in abandoned pasture and secondary forest in former tropical dry forest in Guanacaste, Costa Rica J. Veg. Sci 1993 4 Gillot P Chiesa S Alvarado G.E Chronostratigraphy of upper Miocene-Quaternary volcanism in Northern Costa Rica Rev. Geol. Amér. Centr 1994 17 Goldberg D.E The distribution of evergreen and deciduous trees relative to soil type: an example from the Sierra Madre, México, and a general model Ecology 1982 63 Guariguata M.R Ostertag R Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics Forest Ecol. Manag 2001 148 Hacke U.G Sperry J.S Ewers B.E Ellsworth D.S Schäfer K.V. 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Biogeogr 1980 7 Janzen D.H Wilson E.O Tropical dry forest: the most endangered major tropical ecosystem Biodiversity Biodiversity 1986 ^eWashington DC National Academic Janzen D.H Costa Rica’s Área de Conservación Guanacaste: a long march to survival through non-damaging biodevelopment Biodiversity 2000 1 Jaramillo V.J Sanford R.L Bullock S.H Mooney H.A Medina E Nutrient cycling in tropical deciduous forests Seasonally dry tropical forests Seasonally dry tropical forests 1995 Cambridge Cambridge University Jordan C.F Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems 1985 Londres Wiley Kramer E.A Lawrence W.F Bierregaard R.G Measuring landscape changes in remnant tropical dry forest Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities 1997 Chicago Chicago University Kussmaul S Denyer P Kussmaul S Estratigrafía de las rocas ígneas Geología de Costa Rica Geología de Costa Rica 2000 Cartago Tecnológica Lathwell D.J Grove T.L Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1986 17 Maas J.M Balvanera P Castillo A Daily G.C Mooney H.A Ehrlich P Quesada M Miranda A Jaramillo V.J García-Oliva F Martínez-Yrizar A Cotler H López-Blanco J Pérez-Jiménez A Búrquez A Tinoco C Ceballos G Barraza L Ayala R Mata J Variaciones pedogenéticas en tres secuencias topográficas del Pacífico seco de Costa Rica Variaciones pedogenéticas en tres secuencias topográficas del Pacífico seco de Costa Rica 1982 Medina E Bullock S.H Mooney H.A Medina E Diversity of life forms of higher plants in neotropical dry forest Seasonally dry tropical forests Seasonally dry tropical forests 1995 Cambridge Cambridge University Mesquita R.C.G Ickes K Ganade G Williamson G.B Alternative successional pathways in the Amazon Basin J. Ecol 2001 89 Mulkey S.S Chazdon R.L Smith A.P Tropical forest plant ecophysiology Tropical forest plant ecophysiology 1996 ^eNueva York Chapman & Hall Murphy P.G Lugo A.E Ecology of tropical dry forest Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1986 17 Nelson D.W Sommers L.E Page A.L Miller R.H Keeney D.R Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter Method of soil analysis -part 2- chemical and microbiological properties Method of soil analysis -part 2- chemical and microbiological properties 1982 Madison^eWisconsin ASA Raich J.W Fine roots re-grow rapidly after forest felling Biotropica 1980 12 Ruiz J Fandiño M.C Chazdon R.L Vegetation structure, composition, and species richness across a 56 year chronosequence of dry tropical forest on Providencia Island, Colombia Biotropica 2005 37 Russell A.E Raich J.W Valverde-Barrantes O.J Fisher R.F Tree species effects on soil properties in experimental plantations in tropical moist forest Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 2007 71 Sanford R.L Cuevas E Mulkey S.S Chazdon R.L Smith A.P Root growth and rhizosphere interactions in tropical forests Tropical forest plant ecophysiology Tropical forest plant ecophysiology 1996 ^eNueva York Chapman & Hall Keys to Soil Taxonomy Keys to Soil Taxonomy 2007 USDANRCS Statistica 5.5 for Windows [Computer program manual] Statistica 5.5 for Windows [Computer program manual] 2000 Tulsa^eOklahoma StatSoft Winters A.F Soils on the Pleistocene ignimbrite Bagaces formation, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: a report on the results of two theses Soils on the Pleistocene ignimbrite Bagaces formation, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: a report on the results of two theses 1997 Wageningen Wageningen Agricultural University Zar J.H Biostatistical analysis Biostatistical analysis 1999 ^eNueva Jersey Prentice-Hall Zinke P.J The pattern of influence of individual forest trees on soil properties Ecology 1962 43
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300029 Cronología de la regeneración del bosque tropical seco en Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: II. La vegetación en relación con el suelo Leiva Jorge A Rocha Oscar J Mata Rafael Gutiérrez-Soto Marco V ,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas San José Costa Rica ,Kent State University Department of Biological Sciences Ohio USA ,Universidad de Costa Rica Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit Alajuela Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 817 836

Chronology of tropical dry forest regeneration in Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. II. Vegetation in relation to the soil. Tropical dry forest (TDF) succession was monitored in Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. We analyzed the effect of soil type on forest structure and diversity. Eight seasonally-dry TDF sites located along a successional chrono-sequence (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 years) were examined in relation to 17 soil pedons and six soil orders. Soils had moderate to high fertility and were classified as Entisols and Vertisols, although Mollisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Ultisols were also present. One-hundred and thirty 500 m2 plots were established, 20 plots in secondary and 10 plots in mature TDFsites. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height were measured for saplings (dbh &#8805;1 and &lt;5 cm), shrubs and trees (dbh &#8805;5 cm). With the exception of two sites (40 and 60 years), soil type did not have significant effects on forest structure. However, tree diversity measured with Shannon-Wiener’s H’ and Fisher’s &#945; rarefaction curves, showed substantial differences among soil types, which became accentuated in mature forests. This pattern might be explained by non-random distributions of TDF trees, the scale of the study, the plot shape, and the use of systematic sampling designs. Low-fertility sites in general had higher species richness, consistent with idea that more restrictive soils reduce competition among trees and allow co-existence of species with contrasting growth rates. Changes in soil properties along a chrono-sequence of Entisols indicated that trees may experience more severe water stress as succession progresses, which may require adjustments in biomass allocation and phenological behavior of the dominant species. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization is more pronounced in mature TDF forests, and that most TDF trees are generalists in relation to soil type, highly tolerant to site heterogeneity, and show little physiological specializations in response to edaphic heterogeneity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 817-836. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se estudió la sucesión del bosque tropical seco (BTS) de Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, en cinco sitios boscosos secundarios y tres bosques maduros. Se analizó el efecto de la clase de suelo sobre la estructura del bosque y la diversidad de especies arbóreas. Los ocho sitios sucesionales estaban localizados a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de regeneración (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 años) en la que se identificaron 17 pedones y seis órdenes de suelos con moderada a alta fertilidad, clasificados como Entisoles y Vertisoles, aunque los Mollisoles, Alfisoles, Inceptisoles y Ultisoles estuvieron presentes también. Se establecieron 130 parcelas de 10 por 50 m (0.05 ha), 20 en cada bosque secundario y 10 en cada bosque antiguo (6.5 ha en total), de acuerdo con la topografía. Se midió el diámetro a la altura de pecho (dap) de todos los individuos presentes en cada parcela, la altura dominante y el área basal (m2ha-1), usando dos poblaciones: latizales (dap &#8805; 1 y &lt; 5 cm) y árboles (dap &#8805; 5 cm). Cada bosque presentó al menos dos pedones de suelo bien diferenciados. La alta variación edáfica encontrada se debió posiblemente al origen piroclástico de la meseta ignimbrítica de Santa Rosa, las variaciones en los tiempos de deposición del material parental, y los patrones de erosión. A excepción de dos sitios, no se presentaron diferencias importantes en la estructura del bosque entre las clases de suelos examinadas, según la densidad de individuos, el área basal y la altura dominante. La diversidad de especies arbóreas medida según el índice Shannon-Wiener y las curvas de rarefacción construidas con el índice &#945; de Fisher, presentaron diferencias considerables entre las clases de suelos. Esta tendencia se explicó por la influencia de las características edáficas sobre las distribuciones no aleatorias de las especies arbóreas, la escala de medición del estudio, la forma de la parcela, y el muestreo sistemático utilizado. En general, los suelos de menor fertilidad presentaron mayor riqueza de especies, indicando que los sitios más restrictivos redujeron la competencia y permitieron la coexistencia de individuos con tasas de crecimiento disímiles. Los cambios en las propiedades físicas encontrados a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de Entisoles indicaron que los árboles podrían experimentar estrés hídrico más severo conforme la sucesión avanza, lo que podría requerir ajustes en el comportamiento fenológico y en las propiedades ecofisiológicas de las especies dominantes. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que la especialización edáfica es más pronunciada en BTS maduros, y que la mayoría de las especies del BTS son generalistas en relación con la clase de suelo, altamente tolerantes a la heterogeneidad de los sitios, y muestran poca especialización fisiológica para responder a la variabilidad edáfica en distancias cortas.

 tropical soils Santa Rosa National Park soil chemical properties soil physical properties tropical dry forest succession secondary forests mature forests Parque Nacional Santa Rosa bosque seco tropical bosques secundarios bosques maduros regeneración arbórea estructura diversidad génesis de suelos curvas de rarefacción índices de similitud Alvarado A Stam A Redhead S Williamson B Crescentia alata (Jícaro) and vertisol distribution in burned savannah in Guanacaste, Costa Rica Tropical Biology: an ecological approach Tropical Biology: an ecological approach 1982 Miami University of Miami Bazzaz F.A The physiological ecology of plant succession Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 1979 10 Bazzaz F.A Pickett S.T.A Physiological ecology of tropical succession: a comparative review Ann. Rev. Ecol. 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Sci 1994 5 Villalobos-Rodríguez R Fenología y relaciones hídricas de los árboles de un fragmento de bosque seco neotropical Fenología y relaciones hídricas de los árboles de un fragmento de bosque seco neotropical 2001 Wright I.J Reich P.B Westoby M Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high- and low-rainfall and high-and low-nutrient habitats Funt. Ecol 2001 15 Zar J.H Biostatistical analysis Biostatistical analysis 1999 ^eNueva Jersey Prentice-Hall Zinke P.J The pattern of influence of individual forest trees on soil properties Ecology 1962 43
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300030 Beneficial effect of spider presence on seedling recruitment of the tropical rainforest tree Dipteryx oleifera (Fabaceae) Ruiz Javier Ingram-Flóres Cherryl Boucher Douglas H Chaves Luis F ,University of Michigan Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology USA ,Programa Científico Complementario Nicaragua ,Union of Concerned Scientists USA 09 2009 2009 57 837 846

This research presents evidence showing that: (1) lower arthropod herbivory correlates with seedling survival, and (2) spider presence correlates with lower arthropod herbivory, seedling growth, and seedling survival of the tropical rainforest tree species Dipteryx oleifera in eastern Nicaragua. The study was conducted from January 2005 to January 2006 in a 6.37 ha permanent plot established in 2002. Seedling height, spider behavior and presence on seedlings, and percentage of leaf area lost due to arthropod herbivory were measured. Arthropod herbivory was assessed from digital photographs of each seedling within the permanent plot. Seedling fate was followed in order to determine its correlation with spider presence, initial seedling size, and arthropod herbivory. A GLM showed that seedling survival correlated negatively with lower levels of arthropod herbivory (<20%), while seedlings with higher levels of herbivore damage experienced mortalities close to 100%. Results from another GLM suggests that seedling mean height (aprox. 8 cm) would be increased by approximately 1.5 cm for each year that spiders were present on seedlings and would be decreased 0.75 cm in height for each percent unit of arthropod herbivory. We also report a trend toward lower arthropod herbivory in seedlings colonized by spiders with aggressive traits, presumably because more aggressive spiders better defended seedlings against herbivorous arthropods than less aggressive spiders. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 837-846. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se presenta evidencia que sugiere (1) que los niveles bajos de herbivoría de artrópodos se correlacionan con la supervivencia de plántulas y, (2) que la presencia de arañas se correlaciona con los niveles bajos de herbivoría de artrópodos, crecimiento y supervivencia de plántulas de la especie de bosque húmedo tropical Dipteryx oleifera en el este de Nicaragua. El estudio se realizó entre enero del 2005 y enero del 2006 en una parcela de 6.37 ha establecida en 2002. Se midió altura de plántulas, presencia de arañas en plántulas, comportamiento de arañas, y porcentaje de herbivoría de artrópodos. La suerte de las plántulas fue monitoreada con el objetivo de determinar su correlación con la presencia de arañas, el tamaño inicial de las plántulas y herbivoría de artrópodos. Un GLM mostró que las plántulas con bajo nivel de daño de herbivoría (<20%) sobrevivieron más que las plántulas con niveles mayores de daño por herbivoría, las cuales experimentaron mortalidades cercanas al 100 por ciento. Los resultados de otro GLM sugieren que la altura media de plántulas (aprox. 8 cm) incrementó aproximadamente 1.5 cm por cada año en el cual las arañas se encontraron presente en las plántulas, y decrecieron 0.75 cm en altura por cada unidad de herbivoría. También se reporta menor herbivoría en plántulas colonizadas por arañas de comportamiento agresivo.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300031 Is the red spotted green frog Hypsiboas punctatus (Anura: Hylidae) selecting its preys?: The importance of prey availability López Javier A Scarabotti Pablo A Medrano María C Ghirardi Romina ,Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET - UNL) Ciudad Universitaria Paraje El Pozo Argentina ,Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología ,Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino Argentina ,Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini Buenos Aires 09 2009 2009 57 847 857

The study of the feeding ecology of amphibians is an old issue in herpetology. Notwithstanding, the lack of food resources data in many studies of amphibians feeding has lead to partial understanding of frog feeding strategies. In this study we evaluate the trophic selectivity of a red spotted green frog (Hypsiboas punctatus) population from a Middle Paraná River floodplain pond in Argentina, and discuss the importance of prey availability data when interpreting results from diet analysis. We analyzed the gut contents of 47 H. punctatus adults and compared frog’s diet with the environmental food resources. Prey availability was estimated by systematically seep-netting the microhabitat where anurans were localized foraging. We identified 33 taxonomic categories from gastrointestinal contents. Numerically, the most important prey categories were dipterans, followed by hemipterans, homopterans and coleopterans. The diet similarity between males and females was high and no statistical differences in diet composition were found. The most abundant food resources in the environment were dipterans, coleopterans, homopterans and collembolans. In order to assess whether frogs were selecting their preys, we calculated Pianka’s niche overlap index and Jacobs’ electivity index comparing gut contents to prey availability data. Trophic niche overlap was medium but significantly higher than expected by chance. The electivity index indicated that H. punctatus foraged dipterans slightly above their environmental abundance. Among the secondary preys, hemipterans were foraged selectively, homopterans were consumed in the same proportion to their occurrence in the environment, coleopterans were foraged quite under their availability and collembolans were practically ignored by frogs. Without food resources data, H. punctatus could be classified as a specialist feeder, but dipterans also were quite abundant in the environment. Our results show that H. punctatus fit better as a generalist feeder, foraging on their main food item and some secondary preys in similar proportion to their environmental availability; even though other secondary preys are being selectively preferred or ignored by frogs. Our data illustrate the importance of including the resource availability data on diet studies to improve the understanding of amphibian feeding ecology. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 847-857. Epub 2009 September 30.

La falta de datos sobre la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios en muchos trabajos sobre ecología trófica de anfibios ha llevado a una comprensión parcial de las estrategias alimentarias de este grupo. Este estudio evalúa la selectividad trófica de una población de Hypsiboas punctatus en una laguna del valle aluvial del río Paraná Medio en Argentina, y discute la importancia de los datos de disponibilidad de presas para interpretar las estrategias de alimentación de las ranas. Se analizaron los contenidos gastrointestinales de 47 adultos, y se compararon con la disponibilidad ambiental de presas, estimada mediante muestreo sistemático del micro-hábitat de forrajeo de los anuros. Se identificaron 33 categorías de presas. Las más importantes fueron dípteros, hemípteros, homópteros y coleópteros. Se encontró una elevada similitud entre la dieta de machos y hembras, y no se hallaron diferencias significativas en su composición. Los recursos alimenticios más abundantes fueron los dípteros, coleópteros, homópteros y colémbolos. La superposición de nicho trófico fue media (índice de Pianka) pero significativamente más elevada que la esperada por azar. H. punctatus consumió dípteros en una proporción levemente superior a su disponibilidad ambiental (índice de selectividad de Jacobs). La estrategia de depredación de H. punctatus se ajusta mejor a una táctica generalista, ya que su principal ítem presa y algunos ítems secundarios fueron capturados en proporciones similares a su disponibilidad ambiental, y solo una porción reducida de su espectro de recursos tróficos fue consumida selectivamente. Estos resultados evidencian la importancia de incluir los datos de disponibilidad de recursos en los estudios de alimentación para lograr un mejor entendimiento de la ecología trófica de los anfibios.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300032 Perch-height specific predation on tropical lizard clay models: implications for habitat selection in mainland neotropical lizards Steffen John E ,Auburn University Department of Biological Sciences USA 09 2009 2009 57 859 864

Predation has been hypothesized to be a strong selective force structuring communities of tropical lizards. Comparisons of perch height and size-based predation frequencies can provide a unique window into understanding how predation might shape habitat selection and morphological patterns in lizards, especially anoles. Here i use plasticine clay models, placed on the trunks of trees and suspended in the canopy to show that predation frequency on clay models differs primarily according to habitat (canopy vs. trunk-ground), but not according to size. These data are discussed in light of observed lizard abundances in the lowland forests of Costa Rica, and are presented as partial explanation for why fewer lizards are found in tree canopies, and more lizards are found on ground-trunk habitats. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 859-864. Epub 2009 September 30.

Existe la hipótesis de que la depredación es una fuerte fuerza selectiva que estructura las comunidades de lagartijas tropicales. Las comparaciones de las frecuencias de altura de la percha y de depredación con base en el tamaño pueden proveer una ventana única en el entendimiento de cómo la depredación podría moldear la selección del hábitat y los patrones morfológicos en las lagartijas, especialmente anoles. En este estudio uso modelos de plasticina, ubicados en troncos de árboles y suspendidos en el dosel para mostrar que la frecuencia de depredación en los modelos de plasticina difiere primariamente según el hábitat (dosel vs. tronco-suelo) pero no según el tamaño. Estos datos se discuten a la luz de las abundancias de lagartijas observadas en los bosques de bajura de Costa Rica, y se presentan como una explicación parcial a porqué menos lagartijas se encuentran en los doseles, y más lagartijas se encuentran en los hábitats suelo-tronco.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300033 Seed predation by mammals in forest fragments in Monteverde, Costa Rica Chinchilla Federico A ,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ecología México D.F México 09 2009 2009 57 865 877

Few studies have evaluated seed predation in fragmented landscapes, in which lower species diversity is expected to modifying ecological interactions. The rates of seed removal by mammals were investigated in a continuous forest and two fragmented patches of Premontane Tropical Moist Forest, in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The composition of mammalian seed-predators in each site was recorded during 16 months. The removal of four native tree species of experimental seeds: Ocotea valeriana and Ocotea whitei (Lauraceae), Panopsis costaricensis (Proteaceae) and Billia colombiana (Hippocastanaceae) in forest understories was followed during two annual fruiting seasons for each species. Results indicated similar species composition of seed-predators between continuous forest, the largest fragment (350 ha). However the smaller fragment (20 ha), had fewer seed predators. In this fragment, the specialized seed predator Heteromys desmarestianus (Rodentia) was more abundant. Unexpectedly, seed-predation in the two forest fragments and the continuous forest did not differ statistically for any of the seed species. Apparently, the higher abundance of small seed-predators in the fragments was compensated by the absence of medium and large seed-predators, like Agouti paca, Dasyprocta punctata (both Rodentia) and Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla) recorded in continuous forest. Removal of experimentally-placed seeds was higher when the number of naturally occurring seeds in the sites was lower. This result could best be attributed to differential satiation of seed predators rather than differences in richness or abundance of seed predators. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 865-877. Epub 2009 September 30.

Pocos estudios han evaluado la depredación de semillas en ambientes fragmentados, en éstos la menor diversidad de especies debe estar modificando las interacciones ecológicas. Se investigó la remoción de semillas por mamíferos en un bosque continuo y dos fragmentos en Monteverde, Costa Rica. Se registró la composición de mamíferos en cada sitio durante 16 meses y se observó la remoción de semillas experimentales del suelo del bosque. Se utilizó semillas de cuatro especies de árboles: Ocotea valeriana, Ocotea whitei, Panopsis costaricensis y Billia colombiana, durante dos periodos anuales de fructificación cada una. Los resultados indican una composición de depredadores de semillas similar entre el bosque continuo y el fragmento de 350 ha, más diversos que el fragmento de 20 ha, en el cual el especialista en semillas Heteromys desmarestianus fue más abundante. La depredación de semillas entre el bosque continuo y los fragmentos no fue estadísticamente diferente al considerar todas las especies de semillas, debido a la mayor abundancia de depredadores pequeños, que pudo compensar la ausencia de depredadores de talla mediana y grande que sí están presentes en el bosque continuo. La depredación sobre semillas fue mayor cuando la oferta de semillas no experimentales fue menor, indicando que la saciedad de los depredadores puede estar determinando la remoción de semillas en fragmentos, más que la riqueza o abundancia de especies depredadoras.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300034 Variabilidad genética en géneros de ciervos neotropicales (Mammalia: Cervidae) según loci microsatelitales Ruiz-García Manuel Martinez-Agüero María Álvarez Diana Goodman Simon ,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología Colombia ,University of Edinburgh Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology United Kingdom 09 2009 2009 57 879 904

Genetic variability in Neotropical deer genera (Mammalia: Cervidae) according to DNA microsatellite loci. Species conservation programs are highly based on analyses of population genetics. We compared eight Neotropical Cervidae (Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira, M. rufina, Odocoileus virginianus, Hippocamelus antisensis, Pudu mephistopholes, Ozotoceros bezoarticus and Blastoceros dichotomus) and some European and Asian Cervidae (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus and Dama dama). The European species C. elaphus was our standard for a high degree of genetic variability: we used a Scottish population originated in the mix of diverse Western European subspecies. On the contrary, Cervus nippon (a population from Scotland with a founder effect) was our standard for a depauperated population. The M. americana, M. gouzaoubira and O. virginianus samples had high diversity values close to our C. elaphus population (H= 0.64, 0.70 and 0.61, respectively), while M. rufina was very low, close to C. nippon. Several sample sets of Mazama and Odocoileus yielded a homozygote excess, probably due to the Wahlund (subdivison) effect. There was no evidence of recent bottleneck events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 879-904. Epub 2009 September 30.

Los programas de conservación de especies se apoyan fuertemente en estudios de genética poblacional. En el presente estudio, reportamos diversos análisis genéticopoblacionales en ocho especies de cérvidos neotropicales (Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira, M. rufina, Odocoileus virginianus, Hippocamelus antisensis, Pudu mephistopholes, Ozotoceros bezoarticus y Blastoceros dichotomus) y, adicionalmente, en varias especies de cérvidos europeos y asiáticos (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus and Dama dama). Una de esas especies europeas, la población de Cervus elaphus en Escocia, fue tomada como una población con un grado muy elevado de diversidad genética ya que proviene del cruce de diferentes grupos de ciervos rojos procedentes de diversas subespecies de la Europa continental. Desde una perspectiva de una diversidad genética depauperada, se tomó el nivel encontrado en una población de ciervos sika (Cervus nippon) en Escocia, que prácticamente no mostró variabilidad a nivel molecular. Respecto a esos dos casos que consideramos como de elevada y escasa variabilidad genética, encontramos que las poblaciones analizadas de Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira y Odocoileus virginianus estuvieron cerca del límite máximo encontrado para el ciervo rojo escocés (H=0.64, 0.70 y 0.61, respectivamente), mientras que M. rufina mostró el más bajo grado de variabilidad genética de las especies neotropicales, cercano al extremo mínimo presentado por C. nippon. Algunas de las muestras de Mazama y de Odocoileus, tomadas a nivel macrogeográfico, mostraron un exceso de homocigotos debido, probablemente, a la existencia de efecto Wahlund (efecto de subdivisión). Ninguna de las especies analizadas parece haber atravesado un cuello de botella reciente.

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S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300035 Llorente-Bousquets, J. & J.J. Morrone. 2005: Regionalización biogeográfica en Iberoamérica y tópicos afines Monge-Nájera Julián ,Universidad de Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical San José Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 905 906
S0034-774420090003 Revista de Biología Tropical Rev. biol. trop 0034-7744 Universidad de Costa Rica S0034-77442009000300036 García G., J.E. & G. Fuentes G. (eds.). 2007: Opciones al uso unilateral de plaguicidas en Costa Rica Monge-Nájera Julián ,Universidad de Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical San José Costa Rica 09 2009 2009 57 907 908