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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las Plantas y Carlos Darwin</article-title>
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<given-names>Luis D</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Academia Nacional de Ciencias  </institution>
<addr-line>San Pedro </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>909</fpage>
<lpage>913</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución de bacterias potencialmente fijadoras de nitrógeno y su relación con parámetros fisicoquímicos en suelos con tres coberturas vegetales en el sur de la Amazonia colombiana</article-title>
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<institution>,Insituto Amazónico de Investigación Científica-SINCHI  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Corporación Corpogen  </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá DC </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>915</fpage>
<lpage>927</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Distribution of potentially nitrogen-fixing bacteria and its relationship with physicochemical parameters in soils with three vegetation types in the southern Colombian Amazon region. Potentially nitrogen-fixing microaerobic and aerobic bacteria were isolated from several Colombian Amazon soils (forest, pastures and chagras) and two landscapes (floodable and non floodable areas). The abundance and distribution of bacteria were evaluated, as well as their relationship with soil physical and chemical characteristics. Landscape had a direct influence on the abundance of the microaerobic bacteria, with higher numbers in forest and pasture soils in non- floodable zones. The aerobic isolates (N=51) were grouped into 19 morphologies, with the highest numbers found in forest soil in floodable zones. A higher number of aerobic morphologies was shared among forest sites (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling and Analysis of Similarity p&lt;0.05), and 40% of the distribution was explained by lime percentage and Al concentration. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 915- 927. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la abundancia y distribución de bacterias microaerófilas y aerobias potencialmente fijadoras de nitrógeno aisladas a partir de suelos bajo coberturas de bosque, pastizal y chagra en dos paisajes, terraza y llanura inundable, en el sur de trapecio amazónico. Se relacionó el recuento en placa en el medio Ashby de estas bacterias aerobias con las características físicas y químicas del suelo. Se encontró mayor abundancia de bacterias aerobias y microaerofilas en suelos bajo cobertura de pastizal. Se observó influencia directa del paisaje sobre la abundancia de bacterias microaerófilas registrando mayores recuentos los suelos bajo terraza en las coberturas de bosque y pastizal. Los aislamientos aerobios obtenidos (51) se agruparon en 19 morfologías, de las cuales se obtuvo mayor número en suelos bajo bosque y en el paisaje de llanura inundable. A través del análisis multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) y análisis de similaridades (ANOSIM) (p&lt;0.05) se comprobó que entre los sitios de muestreo bajo la cobertura de bosque se comparten mayor número de morfologías de bacterias aerobias que bajo las demás coberturas. El programa BIOENV indicó que esta distribución fue explicada en un 40% por las variables % limo y Al (meq/100 g).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>nitrogen-fixing bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>amazon soil</kwd>
<kwd>floodable zone</kwd>
<kwd>non floodable zone</kwd>
<kwd>forest transformation</kwd>
<kwd>bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno</kwd>
<kwd>suelo amazónico</kwd>
<kwd>llanura inundable</kwd>
<kwd>terraza</kwd>
<kwd>transformación del bosque</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) leaf extract combined with anti-venom serum on experimental Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae) envenomation in rats</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Western Sao Paulo  </institution>
<addr-line>SP </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Western Sao Paulo Medical Clinic Department of Small Animals</institution>
<addr-line>SP </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Sao Paulo State University School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Department of Veterinary Clínic</institution>
<addr-line>SP </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<institution>,Department of Clinical Pathology  </institution>
<addr-line>SP </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Adamantinenses Integrated Department of Pharmacology </institution>
<addr-line>SP </addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>929</fpage>
<lpage>937</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Crotalic envenomation represents the highest number of deaths when compared to other snakebite envenomations of medical interest. Crotalic venom has important characteristics such as neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and clotting and hemolytic action. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory aspects of Crotalus durissus terrificus experimental envenomation in Wistar rats treated with antivenom and the aqueous extract of the plant Mikania glomerata. The animals were divided into three groups: Group C (control); Group VS-venom and antivenom; Group VSM-venom, antivenom and aqueous extract of M. glomerata. Crotalic poison caused clinical and laboratory alterations in Wistar mice. Significant linical alterations were: temperature decrease, edema in the venom inoculated member, sedation and a locomotion decrease in groups VS and VSM when compared with group C. A faster recovery from sedation was observed only for animals of group VSM when compared to VS. There was an increase in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and creatine kinase in the VS and VSM groups, compared to group C. Wistar rats showed a high resistance to crotalic venom. Additional studies with different doses, time of treatment, different administration methods and histopathological and immunological studies are necessary to understand the action of M. glomerata in crotalic accidents. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 929-937. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El envenamiento crotálico representa el número más alto de muertes cuando es comparado con envenenamientos por mordeduras de otras serpientes de interés médico. El veneno crotálico tiene importantes características de acción neurotóxica, miotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad, coagulación y acción hemolítica. Este trabajo evaluó los aspectos clínicos y de laboratorio del envenenamiento experimental con el veneno de la serpiente Crotalus durissus terrificus en las ratas Wistar tratadas con suero antiofídico y extracto acuoso de M. glomerata. Los animales fueron separados en tres diferentes grupos: grupo control (C); grupo veneno+suero (VS), grupo veneno+suero+extracto acuoso de M. glomerata (VSM). El veneno crotálico causó alteraciones clínicas y diferencias en los análisis sanguíneos practicados a los ratones Wistar evaluados. Las alteraciones clínicas más importantes fueron una disminución de la temperatura, edema en el miembro inoculado de veneno, la sedación y una disminución de la locomoción en los grupos VS y VSM comparado con el grupo C. Una rápida recuperación de la sedación estadísticamente significativa fue observada en los animales del grupo VSM al compararse con los del grupo VS. Los análisis sanguíneos mostraron un aumento en el número de leucocitos, neutrofilos y creatina quinasa en los grupos VS y VSM comparados con el grupo C. Los ratones Wistar mostraron una alta resistencia al veneno del crótalo. Estudios adicionales con variación en las dosis, tiempo de tratamiento, y métodos de administración, así como la realización de estudios histopatológicos e inmunológicos son importantes para comprender la acción de M. glomerata en accidentes crotálicos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Crotalus durissus terrificus</kwd>
<kwd>Mikania glomerata</kwd>
<kwd>antivenom</kwd>
<kwd>rat</kwd>
<kwd>venom</kwd>
<kwd>Crotalus durissus terrificus</kwd>
<kwd>Mikania glomerata</kwd>
<kwd>suero antiofídico</kwd>
<kwd>rata</kwd>
<kwd>veneno</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano Programa Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias Naturales</institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana UNESIS Departamento de Biología</institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Natural lesions and regeneration of ramets of Montastraea annularis (Scleractinia: Faviidae) in a degraded reef of the Colombian Caribbean. Currently, Montastraea annularis populations are suffering from high partial mortality rates; yet few studies have determined type, frequency and intensity of natural lesions in situ. During a year we followed natural lesions that appeared on healthy ramets of a population on a degraded reef within a Marine Protected Area in Colombia, to infer the effect on population size structure. From September 2003 to September 2004, 94% of the ramets presented lesions caused by bleaching, predation; or algae, sponge and borrower interactions. Predation caused 47% of the lesions and algae 36%; most lesions (85%) were small (&lt;5cm²), although some were bigger than 60cm2 (0.3%). Lesion recovery was high (83%), but 11.2% did not recover or grow. On 2.5% algae invasion was seen. Bleaching lesions affected more ramet area (&gt;60% of its live tissue) and were evident from September to November, yet total recovery was found in three months. In contrast, lesions by algae (36%), showed less recovery (6.7%), and a tendency to grow in time. In general, percentage of affected tissue area of a ramet in any month was lower than 10%. Nevertheless from May to September, the area affected was larger (10-50%) due to an increase in frequency and abundance of predation, bleaching and algal damage, and a decrease in recovery. At the end of the year, lesions that did not recover caused partial mortality in 25% of the ramets. Ramets with lesions shrunk throughout the year and by the end of year, 21% passed to a smaller class size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 939-954. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las poblaciones de Montastraea annularis muestran síntomas de declinamiento y sin embargo, pocos estudios se han realizado sobre tipos, frecuencias e intensidad de lesiones naturales in situ. Durante un año, septiembre 2003 a septiembre 2004, se hizo el seguimiento anual de lesiones naturales que aparecieron en ramets sanos de una población en un arrecife degradado dentro de un Área Marina Protegida, para inferir su efecto en la estructura de talla de la población. El 94% de los ramets presentaron lesiones causadas por blanqueamiento, depredación e interacciones con algas, esponjas y bioerodadores. La depredación causó el 47% y la interacción con algas el 36%. El 85% de las lesiones eran de tallas pequeñas (&lt;5cm²) aunque algunas fueron mayores a 60 cm² (0.3%). La recuperación de las lesiones fue alta (83%), sin embargo 11.1% no se recuperaron y por el contrario aumentaron. En el 2.5% de las lesiones hubo invasión de algas. Las lesiones causadas por blanqueamiento afectaron mayor área de los ramets (&gt;60% de su tejido vivo) en los meses de septiembre a noviembre, pero la recuperación fue del 100% a los tres meses. Por el contrario, las lesiones con algas (36%), mostraron menor recuperación (6.7%) y una tendencia a aumentar el área de lesión con el tiempo. En general, el porcentaje de área de tejido afectada por lesiones en un ramet durante cualquier mes fue menor a 10%. Sin embargo, de mayo a septiembre el porcentaje de tejido afectado fue mayor (10-50%) debido al incremento en la frecuencia y abundancia de depredación, blanqueamiento e interacción con algas, y a la menor tasa de recuperación. Al final de un año, las lesiones que no se recuperaron causaron mortalidad parcial en el 25% de los ramets. El efecto de las lesiones y la recuperación sobre el tamaño de los ramets evidenció disminución de talla a lo largo del año, y al final de este, significó que el 21% pasara a una clase de talla menor.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>natural lesions</kwd>
<kwd>recovery</kwd>
<kwd>bleaching</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>Montastraea annularis</kwd>
<kwd>partial mortality</kwd>
<kwd>size-class structure</kwd>
<kwd>lesiones naturales</kwd>
<kwd>recuperación</kwd>
<kwd>blanqueamiento</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
<kwd>Montastraea annularis</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad parcial</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de clases de talla</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Mandinga Lagoon in the Mexican State of Veracruz is an important ecological zone that produces 32% of the oyster output in the state of Veracruz, the main oyster producer in Mexico. Samples of water, sediment, and oysters were collected in 2003 and 2004 to study heavy metal pollution. Metal concentrations were determined in water, soil, and oyster tissues from fresh and detoxified Crassostrea virginica, and histology samples were analyzed. Metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) concentrations in water were within the Mexican legal limits. The recorded values in sediments corresponded to those not producing biological effects (ERL). In the tissues, the highest concentrations corresponded to Pb, above 5.84 &amp;#956;gg-1 dry weight (d.w.); Cd was of 2.23 &amp;#956;gg-1 d.w., and Cr above 6 &amp;#956;gg-1 d.w. The metal levels detected in oysters exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPL) for Cd and Pb, and oysters were unable to eliminate the concentrations of the bioaccumulated metals during the detoxification stage. The histopathological analysis revealed lesions in the digestive gland, edema, atrophy of epithelia in the digestive tubules, the presence of brown vesicles, hemocytic reaction, and necrosis. During detoxification, a higher number of epithelia were observed in the tubules, as well as an increase in brown vesicles and hemocytic reaction. Forty seven percent of oysters presented histopathological lesions related to metal concentrations. It is important to monitor metal concentrations, to detect the source of pollution, andto evaluate the effects on organisms to establish culture areas and adequate criteria for the exploitation of such an important fishery resource. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 955-962. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400006</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Trama trófica de una comunidad de peces en una pradera marina en el Caribe Venezolano</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Instituto de Biología Marina Experimental </institution>
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<addr-line>Valencia </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trophic network of a fish community in a seagrass bed in the Venezuelan Caribbean. Seagrass beds are considered important feeding places for a variety of fish species characterized with complex trophic interactions. In this paper we described the trophic network of a fish community inhabiting a seagrass bed in the Venezuelan Caribbean. In addition, a consumption index (CI) for each prey ingested is proposed using two variables: abundance and consumption frequency. Eight samplings (at four time intervals: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00 hours) were done in August 2005 and January 2006. Fifty one fish species in 29 families were captured; Haemulidae was the most abundant. Crustacea was the most important food resource of the 28 food items identified. The relative importance of trophic guilds, considering abundance and taxonomic species richness, was: benthophagous&gt;herbivorous&gt;piscivorous. The features of the trophic network were: 1) high proportion of short chains (two links), 2) high number of intermediate species, 3) high consumption of benthos, 4) low CI values and 5) few species with a high number of linkages. Temporal (hourly and monthly) differences were obtained in fish species number (total, intermediate and top), total linkages, connectivity and maximal chain lengths. The connectance did not show significant temporal variation and it was similar to other environments with different species richness. In contrast, the connectivity was lower than the one reported for environments with low species richness. As in other reports, the temporal variation of the trophic parameters and the community structure was different. The values of CI for the different preys were low except for harpacticoid copepods and crustacean larvaes. The cluster value of CI was high for benthos (&gt;80 %) and, in general, low for plankton and nekton preys. The seagrass bed studied was an important feeding place where the configuration of trophic network changed in different temporal scales and reflected the dynamic of the feeding relationships this fish community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 963-975. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las praderas marinas son consideradas sitios importantes de alimentación para una variedad de especies de peces, por lo que en estos sistemas son frecuentes las interacciones tróficas complejas. En el presente trabajo se describió la trama trófica de la ictiofauna en una pradera marina ubicada en el Caribe Venezolano. Adicionalmente, se propuso una medida de la intensidad de consumo de cada presa (IC), considerando dos variables: la abundancia y la frecuencia de uso. Se realizaron ocho muestreos (en 4 horarios: 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 y 24:00 horas) en agosto 2005 y enero 2006. Se capturaron 51 especies pertenecientes a 29 familias siendo Haemulidae la más abundante y se identificaron 28 items alimenticios dentro de los cuales, Crustácea fue el más importante como recurso alimenticio. La importancia de los gremios tróficos considerando la abundancia y la riqueza taxonómica de especies fue: bentófago&gt;herbívoro&gt;piscívoro. Las características de la trama trófica fueron las siguientes: 1) una mayor proporción de cadenas cortas (dos eslabones), 2) un elevado número de especies intermedias. 3) un elevado consumo de bentos, 4) unas bajas intensidades de consumo y 5) un reducido número de especies involucradas en el mayor número de uniones tróficas estimadas. Se obtuvieron diferencias temporales (horarias y mensuales) en el número de especies (totales, intermedias y topes), de uniones totales, en la conectividad y en la longitud máxima de cadena. No se observó una variación temporal en la conectancia y sus valores resultaron parecidos a los reportados para otros ambientes marinos con distinta riqueza de especies. Por el contrario, los valores de conectividad resultaron menores a los obtenidos en ambientes con menor riqueza de especies. Como en otros reportes, los parámetros tróficos estimados fueron poco sensibles a los cambios intracomunitarios. IC resultó bajo, a excepción de lo obtenido para los copépodos harpacticoides y las larvas de crustáceos, mientras que, los valores de IC agrupados resultaron altos para las presas del bentos (&gt;80 %) y, en general, bajos para las presas del plancton y necton. La pradera evaluada fue un importante sitio de alimentación en el que cambió la configuración de la trama trófica a distintas escalas temporales, reflejando la dinámica de las relaciones alimentarias de la comunidad de peces.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>food web</kwd>
<kwd>ichthyofauna</kwd>
<kwd>seagrass bed</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuelan Caribbean</kwd>
<kwd>trama trófica</kwd>
<kwd>ictiofauna</kwd>
<kwd>pradera marina</kwd>
<kwd>caribe venezolano</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Abundance variations of fishes from sites with different levels of pollution in the sublittoral sector of Havana City, Cuba. The impact of human activity affects fish populations. We studied the abundance of three selected fish species (Stegastes partitus, Thalassoma bifasciatum and Halichoeres bivittatus) in four sites with different degrees of pollution in Havana City: 30th street and 16th street; Miramar; Red Boy of Havana Bay; and the ending of Almendares&amp;acute;s River. The sites were divided into five zones depending on their bottom characteristics. The counts were made with the visual census technique with a 5m² quadrat, from June-July 2003 to January 2004. Each time we made nine counts per zone. S. partitus and T. bifasciatum were more abundant in clean water areas, while Halichoeres bivittatus seems to resist the levels of pollution present in the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 977-992. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Esta investigación establece la variación de la abundancia de tres especies de peces seleccionadas en cuatro sitios con diferente grado de contaminación: la Calle 30 y la Calle 16 de Miramar, la Boya Roja de la Bahía de La Habana y la desembocadura del río Almendares. Los conteos fueron realizados desde junio-julio del 2003 hasta enero del 2004. Los sitios de trabajo fueron divididos en cinco biotopos según las características del fondo. El método empleado fue el censo visual en un cuadrado de 5m de lado. En cada uno se hicieron nueve conteos cada vez. Se contaron todos los individuos de las especies Stegastes partitus, Thalassoma bifasciatum y Halichoeres bivittatus. Las especies fueron más abundantes en zonas de aguas más limpias, excepto Halichoeres bivittatus que parece presentar mayor resistencia a zonas con cierta contaminación.</p></abstract>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Impact of two artificial reefs on diurnal artisanal fishing at gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombian Caribbean. Fishing activity in two artificial reefs (ARs) was monitored between August 2001 and August 2002 in the gulf of Morrosquillo, to investigate their possible impact on the fishery dynamics. We determined catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition, and found 19 species in Punta de Piedra and 36 in Tolú (16 species common to both). In Punta de Piedra, CPUE was 0.40 kg/hour/fisherman and estimated annual catch was 1 830 kg (Tolú values: 0.42 kg/hour/fisherman and 4 820 kg). No significant differences in CPUE were found between ARs and no seasonal pattern was evident. The differences in total composition and extracted biomass between ARs were mainly a consequence of greater effort exerted in Tolú, whereas the absence of trends and correlation with environmental factors of CPUE and species caught suggests that the ARs are near their carrying capacity. As expected, the ARs supported and improved CPUE and fishing success in comparison with reported values of natural habitats, traditional fishing grounds and some artificial habitats in the zone, owing to their greater volume, structural complexity and vertical profile. However, this increase could also be the result of biomass aggregation, not production. The potential negative impacts of ARs on the environment require experimental research. The deployment of non-extractive ARs and the controlled usage for fishery purposes could be a useful tool for resource enhancement and management in the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 993-1007. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Entre los meses de agosto de 2001 y agosto de 2002 se hizo el seguimiento de la actividad pesquera en dos arrecifes artificiales (AAs) instalados en el Golfo de Morrosquillo, con el fin de evaluar sus posibles impactos en la dinámica pesquera del área. Se determinó la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) y su composición, registrando un total de 19 especies en Punta de Piedra y 36 en Tolú con 16 especies en común. La CPUE fue de 0.40kg/hora/ pescador en Punta de Piedra y de 0.42kg/hora/pescador en Tolú, y la biomasa extraída total estimada fue de 1 830kg y 4 820kg en Punta de Piedra y Tolú respectivamente, para pescadores que trabajaron con línea de mano en horas diurnas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de CPUE entre los AAs y no fue evidente ningún patrón estacional. Las diferencias en composición y biomasa extraída total entre los AAs fueron principalmente consecuencia del mayor esfuerzo ejercido en Tolú, mientras que la ausencia de tendencias y correlaciones de los factores abióticos con la CPUE y las especies capturadas, sugiere que los AAs están cerca de su capacidad de carga. Como era de esperarse, los AAs mantuvieron y mejoraron la CPUE en comparación con valores reportados en hábitats naturales, caladeros tradicionales de pesca y algunos hábitats artificiales del sector, debido a su mayor volumen, complejidad estructural y perfil vertical. Sin embargo, este incremento puede ser el resultado de la agregación de biomasa más que la producción en los AAs, lo cual tiene impactos negativos potenciales sobre el ambiente que necesitan ser evaluados con el desarrollo de investigaciones experimentales. La disposición de AAs no-extractivos y el uso controlado para propuestas pesqueras, puede ser una herramienta útil para el enriquecimiento y manejo de los recursos en el área.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>artificial reefs (ARs)</kwd>
<kwd>catch per unit effort (CPUE)</kwd>
<kwd>fishery dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>gulf of Morrosquillo</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>Caribbean Sea</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes artificiales (AAs)</kwd>
<kwd>captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE)</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica pesquera</kwd>
<kwd>pesca diurna</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Morrosquillo</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>I measured physico-chemical properties and phytoplankton in the small, shallow tropical reservoir of Oyun (Offa, Nigeria) between January 2002 and December 2003. I identified 25 phytoplankton genera in three sampling stations. Bacillariophyceae dominated (75.3%), followed by Chlorophyceae (12.2%), Cyanobacteria (11.1%) and Desmidiaceae (0.73%). The high amount of nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and silica) explain phytoplankton heterogeneity (p&lt;0.05). Phytoplankton was abundant during the rainy season, but the transition period had the richest assemblage and abundance. Fluctuations in phytoplankton density were a result of seasonal changes in concentration of nutrients, grazing pressure and reservoir hydrology. The reservoir is eutrophic with excellent water quality and a diverse phytoplankton assemblage: fish production would be high. These conditions resulted from strategies such as watershed best management practices (BMPs) to control eutrophication and sedimentation, and priorities for water usage established through legislation. Additional measures are recommended to prevent oligotrophy, hypereutrophy, excessive phytoplankton bloom, toxic cyanobacteria, and run-off of organic waste and salts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1009-1025. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Embalse de agua dulce</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The influence of physico-chemical properties of Oyun Reservoir, Offa, Nigeria (a shallow tropical African reservoir) on its zooplankton composition and abundance were investigated at three stations for two years between January 2002 and December 2003. Diversity is not high: only three groups of zooplankton were found: Rotifera with eight genera; and Cladocera and Copepoda with three genera each. Rotifera dominated numerically (71.02%), followed by Cladocera (16.45%) and Copepoda (12.53%). The zooplankton was more prevalent during the rainy season, and there were variations in the composition and abundance along the reservoir continuum. Factors such as temperature, nutrients, food availability, shape and hydrodynamics of the reservoir, as well as reproductive strategies of the organisms, strongly influence the generic composition and population density of zooplankton. Prevention of ecological deterioration of the water body would greatly should result in a more productive water body, rich in zooplankton and with better fisheries. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1027-1047. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La influencia de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del Reservorio Oyun, Offa, Nigeria (un embalse tropical somero) sobre la composición y abundancia del zooplancton fue investigada en tres estaciones entre enero de 2002 y diciembre de 2003. La diversidad no resultó muy alta con tres grupos de zooplancton: Rotifera con ocho géneros, y Cladocera y Copepoda con tres géneros cada uno. Rotifera dominó (71.02%), seguido de Cladocera (16.45%) y Copepoda (12.53%). El zooplancton fue más común durante la temporada de lluvias, y hubo variaciones en su composición y abundancia a lo largo del embalse. Factores tales como la temperatura, los nutrientes, la disponibilidad de alimentos, la forma y la hidrodinámica del embalse, así como las estrategias reproductivas de los organismos, influyen fuertemente en la composición genérica y la densidad poblacional del zooplancton. La prevención del deterioro ecológico de esta masa de agua, resultaría en un cuerpo de agua más productivo, rico en zooplancton y con mejor pesca.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>zooplankton</kwd>
<kwd>Rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>Cladocera</kwd>
<kwd>Copepoda</kwd>
<kwd>reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>physico-chemical factors</kwd>
<kwd>zooplancton</kwd>
<kwd>Rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>Cladocera</kwd>
<kwd>Copepoda</kwd>
<kwd>embalse</kwd>
<kwd>factores físico-químicos</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Immunodetection of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL) in Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera: Monogononta)</article-title>
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<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
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<given-names>María Del Rosario</given-names>
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<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Centro de Ciencias Básicas </institution>
<addr-line>Aguascalientes </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología </institution>
<addr-line>Aguascalientes </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Centro de Ciencias Básicas Departamento de Morfología</institution>
<addr-line>Aguascalientes </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Departamento de Química Centro de Ciencias Básicas</institution>
<addr-line>Aguascalientes </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1049</fpage>
<lpage>1058</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The endocrine system controls and coordinates behavioral, biochemical, and physiological processes through signal mechanisms using neuropeptides or products of neurosecretory cells. Among invertebrates, this system is poorly studied in rotifers, in which estrogens and androgens significantly affect sexual reproduction. This is the first report of the presence of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL) in rotifers. Analyses included the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with primary antibodies LH (Anti-Rat LH serum for RIA), PRL (Anti-Rat PRL serum for RIA), FSH (Anti-Rat FSH serum for RIA) and TSH (Anti-Rat TSH serum for RIA). These hormones were found in females, males and parthenogenetic and sexual eggs of the freshwater Brachionus calyciflorus. The immunoreactivity of FSH, LH, TSH and PRL in females was observed in: ovaries, cerebrum, mastax, stomach, lorica, and the stomach gland. However, in males LH was observed only at the trochal disk and cerebrum. The hormones FSH, TSH and PRL, were observed in testicles, contractil vesicles, and cementary gland of males. Regarding amictic or parthenogenetic eggs, the hormones LH, FSH, TSH, and PRL were located mainly in the micromeres, and the staining in the macromeres was weak. On the other hand, in the mictic or sexual eggs the inner shell is stained for the hormones PRL and LH, opposite to the staining of FSH and TSH, located mainly in the embryo. In general, immuno-reactivity was observed in areas important for the reproductive, excretory, digestive and developmental processes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1049-1058. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se logró detectar la presencia de las hormonas: Hormona Luteinizante (LH), Hormona Folículo Estimulante (FSH), Hormona Estimulante de la Tiroides (TSH) y Prolactina (PRL) en Brachionus calyciflorus siendo el primer reporte de la presencia de dichas hormonas en rotíferos. Estas hormonas fueron identificadas por un método inmunológico-histológico-químico usando el complejo avidina-biotina- peroxidasa con los siguientes anticuerpos primarios: LH (Anti-Rata LH suero para RIA), PRL (Anti-Rata PRL suero para RIA), FSH (Anti-Rata FSH suero para RIA) y TSH (Anti-Rata TSH en suero para RIA). Estas hormonas se encontraron en las hembras, machos, huevos partenogenéticos y huevos sexuales del rotífero dulceacuícola B. calyciflorus. La reactividad inmunológica de FSH, LH, PRL y TSH en las hembras se observó en ovarios, cerebro, mástax, estómago, lorica, y la glándula del estómago. Sin embargo, en machos, la LH se observó sólo en el disco trocal y cerebro mientras que las hormonas FSH, PRL y TSH, se observaron en testículos, vesícula contráctil, y la glándula cementaria. En cuanto a los huevos partenogenéticos o amícticos, las hormonas LH, FSH, TSH, y PRL, se encontraron principalmente en los micrómeros, y en los macrómeros la tinción es débil. Por otra parte, el huevo sexual o míctico muestra reactividad inmunológica en la cubierta interior del huevo para las hormonas LH y PRL, lo contrario para FSH y TSH, las cuales se observaron principalmente en el embrión. La reactividad inmunológica fue observada, en general, en áreas importantes para los procesos reproductivos, excretorios, digestivos y del desarrollo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gonadotropic hormones</kwd>
<kwd>lactogenic hormones</kwd>
<kwd>thyroid hormones</kwd>
<kwd>Rotifera</kwd>
<kwd>invertebrates</kwd>
<kwd>hormonas gonadotrofinas</kwd>
<kwd>hormonas lactogénicas</kwd>
<kwd>hormonas tiroideas</kwd>
<kwd>Rotífera</kwd>
<kwd>invertebrados</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Copepods from La Plata, Argentina were investigated to characterize the local community of larvivorous copepods inhabiting mosquito breeding sites and to identify new predator species of the mosquitoes which occur in artificial containers, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. Diversity of larvivorous cyclopoids was highest in permanent pools. Predation by sex and age, selectivity on mosquito species, and daily predation rate during five days were studied for Acanthocyclops robustus, Diacyclops uruguayensis, Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus. Female copepods presented the highest predatory capacity. No predatory preference for mosquito species was found. According to overall predation potential, copepods were ranked as follows: D. uruguayensis &lt; A. robustus &lt; M. albidus &lt; M. longisetus. Copepod tolerance to desiccation and capacity to survive in water from artificial containers were also evaluated. D. uruguayensis and A. robustus survived under dry conditions, but D. uruguayensis showed lower survival in water from cemetery flower vases. M. albidus did not survive under dry conditions and did not tolerate water extracted from artificial containers. M. longisetus survival was not severely reduced after desiccation or breeding in water from flower vases. The Neotropical cyclopoids D. uruguayensis and A. robustus can be considered good candidates and merit further research as biological control agents for mosquitoes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1059-1068. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se hizo una prospección de copépodos en La Plata, Argentina, con los objetivos de caracterizar la comunidad local de copépodos larvívoros en sitios de cría de mosquitos, e identificar nuevas especies depredadoras de los mosquitos de contenedores artificiales Aedes aegypti y Culex pipiens. La diversidad de ciclopoides larvívoros fue máxima en charcos permanentes. Se examinó la depredación por sexos y edad, la selectividad por especies de mosquito, y la tasa de depredación diaria durante cinco días en Acanthocyclops robustus, Diacyclops uruguayensis, Macrocyclops albidus y Mesocyclops longisetus. Los copépodos hembra presentaron la capacidad depredadora más alta. No se encontró preferencia por alguna especie de mosquito. De acuerdo al potencial de depredación en general, los copépodos se ordenan así: D. uruguayensis &lt; A. robustus &lt; M. albidus &lt; M. longisetus. También se evaluó la tolerancia a la desecación del hábitat y la capacidad de resistir en agua de contenedores artificiales. D. uruguayensis y A. robustus sobrevivieron en condiciones de sequía, pero D. uruguayensis presentó menor supervivencia en agua de floreros de cementerio. M. albidus no sobrevivió condiciones de sequía y no toleró el agua extraída de contenedores artificiales. Los ciclopoides neotropicales D. uruguayensis and A. robustus son buenos candidatos y merecen investigación ulterior como agentes de control biológico de mosquitos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Copepoda</kwd>
<kwd>mosquitoes</kwd>
<kwd>larval predation</kwd>
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<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>copépodos</kwd>
<kwd>mosquitos</kwd>
<kwd>depredación larval</kwd>
<kwd>control biológico</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Daños por depredación y tamaño de concha del caracol diádromo Neritina virginea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) en el Río Mameyes, Puerto Rico</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Predator damage and shell size on the diadromous snail Neritina virginea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) in the Mameyes River, Puerto Rico. We compared predators’ damage with shell size in live individuals and empty shells (n=5066) of the snail Neritina virginea in the Mameyes River (Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles). According to the literature and direct observations, damages on empty shells were attributed to predation by aquatic birds (e.g. Gallinula chloropus) and decapods (e.g. Macrobrachium spp.), while damages on live individuals were due to rasping by co-specifics and erosion. Predation by decapods and birds, as estimated by the proportion of empty shells, was low (2 and 0.36%, respectively). Shell size was significantly different between types of predators (range: decapods: 3.5-15.0mm, birds: 8.1-19.4mm). By comparing sizes of the empty shells and the live individuals, we concluded that decapods specialize on large groups of small migratory juveniles, while birds specialize on the largest resident individuals. Worn shells were highly frequent in both empty shells and live individuals, and sizes did not differ between samples. A comparison by slow-flow and fast-flow habitats showed that predators do not discriminate shell sizes between environments. However, the frequency of damage by birds and decapods was greater under slow-flow conditions. Despite of the little contribution of predation to the population dynamics in this species, predation might be an important driver of size-dependent behavioral responses such as upstream migration and microhabitat selection. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1069-1080. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se compararon las abundancias y tamaños de conchas del gasterópodo Neritina virginea de acuerdo a los daños presentados en especimenes vivos y muertos (n= 5066) recolectados en el río Mameyes, Puerto Rico (Antillas Mayores). Se observaron daños por depredación de aves y camarones, y signos de erosión por la acción del raspado de la rádula por parte de otros individuos de la misma especie. La depredación fue aparentemente baja (&lt;2.5%), pero los tamaños de concha depredados por aves y camarones fueron significativamente diferentes. Las primeras se especializan en los individuos residentes más grandes, mientras que los segundos se especializan en individuos juveniles que presentan un comportamiento migratorio. Estos tamaños no fueron diferentes entre dos hábitats, aunque se observó más conchas depredadas por decápodos que por aves. El desgaste fue común en conchas de todos los tamaños. A pesar de su baja contribución a la dinámica poblacional de los gasterópodos, la depredación podría ser un control importante de respuestas de comportamiento dependientes del tamaño, tales como la migración río arriba y la selección de microhábitats.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diadromous snails</kwd>
<kwd>size-dependent effects</kwd>
<kwd>shell damage</kwd>
<kwd>predation</kwd>
<kwd>Neritina virginea</kwd>
<kwd>gasterópodos migratorios</kwd>
<kwd>efectos dependientes de la talla</kwd>
<kwd>daños de conchas</kwd>
<kwd>depredación</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El pez Trachelyopterus striatulus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) como herramienta de muestreo de la entomofauna en un embalse tropical</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gonzalez Neves dos Santos</surname>
<given-names>Alejandra Filippo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Racca-Filho</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Neves dos Santos</surname>
<given-names>Luciano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gerson Araújo</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Federal Fluminense Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimiento Agro-Socio-Ambiental Sustentável</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Universidade Federal Fluminense Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimiento Agro-Socio-Ambiental Sustentável</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Biología-NUPELIA </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1081</fpage>
<lpage>1091</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The fish Trachelyopterus striatulus (Siluriforms: Auchenipteridae) used to sample insects in a tropical reservoir. The study of aquatic environments is sometimes difficult to do with normal sampling methods that use gears. Insectivorous fishes represent good users of these ecosystems and analyzing the aquatic organisms present in fish stomachs, is an alternative way to determine resource abundance and utilization. In this paper, the potential of Trachelyopterus striatulus as an insect sampler was examined through dietary analyses of 383 individuals caught between April 1999 and March 2000 in Lajes Reservoir, a 30 km² oligotrophic impoundment in Southeast Brazil. We estimated frequency of occurrence and Schoener’s index of similarity. Diet changes among seasons and reservoir zones were addressed with DCA and ANOVA analyses. Its diet was 92.1% insects (ten orders and nine families). Hymenoptera (57.90%), Odonata (39.76%), Trichoptera (27.41%), Ephemeroptera (26.25%) and Coleoptera (28.96%) were the most common groups. Highest insect occurrence and richness were recorded in autumn-summer, a period of greater rainfall and insect activity. Formicidae, the dominant prey item in all seasons, appeared to be especially important in spring, a season marked by shortness of food resources. Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera were the most consumed prey items in the other seasons. Highest insect occurrence and richness were recorded in the middle and upper reservoir zones, respectively. Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera prevailed in the upper zone, where small pristine rivers and tributaries are abundant, whereas Formicidae and Belostomatidae predominated in the lower and middle zones. Because of its abundance in many freshwater ecosystems of Brazil, the ubiquity of insects in its digestive tract and the low level of prey degradation, T. striatulus has potential as an insect sampler of Neotropical reservoirs. However, conventional sampling in Lajes Reservoir is necessary to compare the effectiveness of T. striatulus with other insect sampling methods. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1081-1091. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer un levantamiento entomofaunístico, en un embalse Tropical, utilizando como organismo indicador al pez Trachelyopterus striatulus. Fue analizada la dieta de 383 T. striatulus, muestreados desde abril de 1999 hasta marzo de 2000. La Frecuencia de presencia y el porcentaje de similitud de Schoener fueron aplicados para analizar la dieta. Para identificar variaciones de la entomofauna entre las estaciones del año y las zonas del embalse fueron aplicadas estadísticas univariadas y multivariadas. La dieta estuvo compuesta principalmente por insectos (92.14%) siendo los más frecuentes (%FO): Hymenoptera (57.90%), Odonata (39.76%), Trichoptera (27.41%), Ephemeroptera (26.25%) y Coleoptera (28.96%). Formicidae fue dominante en todas las estaciones del año, en especial en la primavera, mientras, Trichoptera y Ephemeroptera fueron más consumidos en las demás estaciones del año. En la zona alta, predominaron Trichoptera y Ephemeroptera, mientras en las zonas baja e intermedia predominaron Formicidae y Belostomatidae. T. striatulus presenta potencial como muestreador de la entomofauna contribuyendo para el conocimiento de la biología y ecología de los insectos y la ecología trófica de los organismos acuáticos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Auchenipteridae</kwd>
<kwd>reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>trophic ecology</kwd>
<kwd>Brazil</kwd>
<kwd>insects</kwd>
<kwd>Auchenipteridae</kwd>
<kwd>embalse</kwd>
<kwd>ecología trófica</kwd>
<kwd>Trachelyopterus striatulus</kwd>
<kwd>Brasil</kwd>
<kwd>insectos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Limnological evaluation of the fisheries potentials and productivity of a small shallow tropical African reservoir</article-title>
</title-group>
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<given-names>Moshood K</given-names>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Ilorin Department of Zoology </institution>
<addr-line>Ilorin </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1093</fpage>
<lpage>1106</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Morphometrics and physico-chemical parameters of Oyun reservoir, Offa, Nigeria (a small shallow tropical African Reservoir) were used to estimate the potential fish yield of the reservoir according to the morpho-edaphic index (MEI). Physico-chemical characteristics of the water body were sampled monthly from three stations between January 2002 and December 2003 with standard methods. Estimates of the potential fish yield were obtained using the physico-chemical characteristics of the reservoir and the relationship Y = 23.281 MEI 0.447, where Y is the potential fish yield in kg/ha, MEI is the morpho-edaphic index (given in &amp;#956;S/cm and estimated by dividing the mean conductivity by the mean depth). The reservoir mean depth and conductivity values were 2.6m and 113.10&amp;#956;S/cm respectively, while its potential fish yield was estimated at 125.72 kg/ha. This estimate was higher than other small shallower and larger African reservoirs. The reservoir high ionic content, high nutrient and dissolved oxygen levels, good pH, low level of pollution and shallow depth were responsible for the high estimate of the fish yield. In order to realize this high potential fish yield and sustainable exploration of the fisheries, effective management of the reservoir to curb eutrophication should be adopted, while other management practices such as stocking and conservation of desirable and indigenous fish species, implementation of fishing regulations and adoption of best management practices should be implemented. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1093-1106. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La morfometría y parámetros físico-químicos del Embalse Oyun, Offa, Nigeria (un pequeño y somero embalse tropical Africano), fueron utilizados con la finalidad de estimar el rendimiento pesquero potencial, de acuerdo con el índice morfo-edáfico (IME). Las características físico-químicas del cuerpo de agua fueron evaluadas mensualmente en tres estaciones, entre enero 2002 y diciembre 2003, con métodos estandarizados. Las estimaciones del rendimiento pesquero potencial se obtuvieron utilizando las características físico-químicas del Embalse y la relación Y = 23.281 MEI 0.447, donde Y es el rendimiento pesquero potencial en kg/ha, e IME es el índice morfo edáfico (dado en &amp;#956;S/cm y calculado al dividir la conductividad mediav por la profundidad promedio). Los valores medios de profundidad y conductividad del Embalse fueron 2.6m y 113.10&amp;#956;S/cm respectivamente, mientras que el rendimiento pesquero potencial se estim&amp;#963; en 125.72 kg/ha. Este estimado fue superior al reportado para otros embalses m&amp;#945;s peque&amp;#961;os y menos profundos, así como para otros más grandes de Africa. Las condiciones de altos contenidos de iones, nutrientes y niveles de oxígeno disuelto, así como el pH adecuado, bajos niveles de contaminación y la poca profundidad, pudieron haber contribuido con esa alta productividad. Con el fin de garantizar un alto potencial de rendimiento y la sostenibilidad de las pesquerías en el Embalse, se recomienda una gestión eficaz, para reducir la eutrofización, así como la implementación de otras prácticas de manejo, tales como la aplicación de regulaciones pesqueras y la adopción de buenas prácticas de gestión, que promuevan el mantenimiento del stock y la conservación de especies autóctonas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>potential fish yield</kwd>
<kwd>morpho-edaphic index</kwd>
<kwd>conductivity</kwd>
<kwd>mean depth</kwd>
<kwd>reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>rendimiento pesquero potencial</kwd>
<kwd>índice morfo-edáfico</kwd>
<kwd>conductividad</kwd>
<kwd>profundidad media</kwd>
<kwd>embalse</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400016</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Histología y morfometría del ojo del pez dulceacuícola Paracheirodon axelrodi (Characiformes: Characidae)</article-title>
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<addr-line>Nueva Granada </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1107</fpage>
<lpage>1118</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Histology and morphometry of the eye in the freshwater Paracheirodon axelrodi (Characiformes: Characidae). The visual system of Teleost fishes has a wide range of adaptations. The eye has suffered modifications, mainly towards better sensitivity and visual resolution according to specific environmental conditions. In that way, this organ is so important for survival. In spite of being the most commercialized Orinoquía species, and one of the most important ornamental fish worldwide, there are almost no studies on the communication systems of P. axelrodi (including vision). We studied the eye in ten individuals of P. axelrodi, with a mean total length of 2.7 cm (SD= 0.2, n= 20). We measured eye relative size (TRO) after sacrifice. Heads were processed for hematoxylin-eosin, and 8 &amp;#956;m thick sections were obtained. Images were digitalized for histological identification and morphometrics. The relation between TRO and body length was 9.8% (SD= 1.1, n= 20); lens was spherical with a relative size of 64.3% (SD= 4.9, n= 20). Rete mirabilis choroid was composed mainly by capillaries, while sclera was composed of cartilaginous tissue. Retina with eight layers and two membranes. An areae centrales was observed in the posterior retina. Iris covered by a simple cubic epithelium. Cornea of endothelial tissue with two membranes. Pupil almost circular, with a naso-caudal elongation. Measures of retina thickness were as follows: lateral retina 144.5 &amp;#956;m (SD= 5.4, n= 20), temporal retina 210.4 &amp;#956;m (SD= 14.8, n= 20). Lens measurements were: dorso- ventral 759.6 &amp;#956;m (SD= 31.7, n= 20), antero-posterior 763.4 &amp;#956;m (SD= 30.7, n= 20). Cornea thickness was 27.6 &amp;#956;m (SD= 4.3, n= 20); iris thickness was 18.9 &amp;#956;m (SD= 1.9, n= 20); rete mirabilis choroid 22.2 &amp;#956;m (SD= 3.2, n= 20) and sclera: 15.9 &amp;#956;m (SD= 1.2, n= 20). This species has a typical Teleost eye conformation. The retina was thicker in the posterior area, probably related to the presence of neuron groups. This modification allows for a better sharpness and visual resolution. The TRO, areae centrales in the retina, and thin cornea, suggests the need of a well developed visual system resulting from a predatory diet. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1107-1118. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El pez dulceacuícola P. axelrodi es de gran importancia comercial en la Orinoquía Colombiana y a nivel mundial, pero carece de estudios acerca de su visión. Se utilizaron diez individuos, con longitud total promedio de 2.7 cm (SD= 0.2, n= 20). Se realizaron cortes a 8 &amp;#956;m y se ti&amp;#961;eron con H-E. El tama&amp;#961;o relativo del ojo es 9.8% (SD= 1.1, n= 20); el cristalino tiene un tama&amp;#961;o relativo de 64.3% (SD= 4.9, n=20). Una esclerótica con tejido cartilaginoso. La retina está constituida por ocho capas y dos membranas, hay areae centrales en la zona posterior, por lo tanto tiene mayor espesor que la zona lateral. El espesor promedio de las estructuras es: retina lateral: 144.5 &amp;#956;m (SD= 5.4, n= 20), retina temporal: 210.4 &amp;#956;m (SD= 14.8, n= 20); cristalino (esf&amp;#953;rico): dorso-ventral 759.6 &amp;#956;m (SD= 31.7, n= 20) y antero- posterior 763.4 &amp;#956;m (SD= 30.7, n= 20) y c&amp;#963;rnea: 27.6 &amp;#956;m (SD= 4.3, n= 20). El tama&amp;#961;o relativo del ojo, relacionado con la presencia de areae centrales y una córnea delgada, muestra las necesidades visuales del neón cardenal (cazador) para adaptarse al hábitat, lo que hace necesario tener un sistema visual desarrollado que le permita tener mejor sensibilidad y resolución visual.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>histology</kwd>
<kwd>visual sensitivity</kwd>
<kwd>morphometry</kwd>
<kwd>visual ecology</kwd>
<kwd>teleosts</kwd>
<kwd>histología</kwd>
<kwd>sensibilidad visual</kwd>
<kwd>morfometría</kwd>
<kwd>ecología visual</kwd>
<kwd>teleósteos</kwd>
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<institution>,Instituto Amazonico de Investigaciones Científicas- SINCHI  </institution>
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<institution>,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología</institution>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Communities of Actynomicetes fungy in three vegetation types of the Colombian Amazon: abundance, morphotypes and the 16s rDNA gene. Among soil microorganisms, Actinomycetes play an important role in the sustainability of natural and agricultural systems: decomposition of organic matter; degradation of recalcitrant compounds like lignin; nitrogen fixation; degradation of agricultural chemicals and biological control in plants and animals. We evaluated their diversity in soils under three different vegetation covers (pasture, tropical primary forest and stubble) at two depths in the Southern Colombian Amazon border. We collected five replicates per vegetation type (in each, three samples at 0-20cm and three at 20-30cm; for a total of 30 samples). Abundance and phenotypic diversity were determined by plate counting. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates: the 16s rDNA gene was amplified with specific primers, and its genetic diversity was estimated by means of an amplified restriction analysis (ARDRA). Actynomicetes abundance varied with vegetation and depth, possibly reflecting presence of earthworms, macro-fauna and physico-chemical characteristics associated to fertility, as well as organic matter, total bases, and optimal capacity to cationic interchange. Primary forests had the highest diversity. Sixteen morpho-types (six genera) were identified; Streptomyces was the most abundant everywhere. The heterogeneity of ARDRA patterns prevented species identification because of the intra-species variability in sequences of 16s rDNA operons. This community is a biological indicator of landscape alteration and could include new bio-active compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1119-1139. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los actinomicetos son importantes en la sostenibilidad de sistemas naturales. Su diversidad fue evaluada en suelos de bosque, pastizal y rastrojo, y dos profundidades en el Sur del Trapecio Amazónico Colombiano. Se analizaron suelos de cinco repeticiones por cobertura para un total de 15 unidades. Se tomaron seis muestras en cada unidad y dos profundidades, para un total de 30. Los actinomicetos cultivables se determinaron por recuento en placa, se extrajo ADN, se amplificó el gen ADNr 16s y su diversidad genética se estimó por ARDRA. Hubo diferencias de abundancia entre coberturas y profundidades, relacionadas con la vegetación, presencia de lombrices, macrofauna, altos niveles de materia orgánica, y bases totales. Se obtuvieron valores de diversidad fenotípica similares para las tres coberturas, pero los bosques son más diversos. Se identificaron 16 morfotipos, agrupados en séis géneros, siendo Streptomyces el más abundante. La heterogeneidad de los patrones ARDRA no permitió la asignación de especies, reflejándose variaciones en las secuencias de diferentes operones ADNr 16s en un mismo organismo. Las perturbaciones en la cobertura influyen sobre los actinomicetos, generando cambios en su abundancia y diversidad. Su importancia ecológica permite proponerlos como indicadores biológicos de alteración del paisaje.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Actynomicetes</kwd>
<kwd>pasture</kwd>
<kwd>tropical primary forest</kwd>
<kwd>stubble</kwd>
<kwd>16S rDNA gen</kwd>
<kwd>ARDRA</kwd>
<kwd>phenotype and genetic diversity</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian Amazon</kwd>
<kwd>actinomicetos</kwd>
<kwd>bosque</kwd>
<kwd>pastizal</kwd>
<kwd>rastrojo</kwd>
<kwd>gen ADNr 16S, ARDRA</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad fenotipica</kwd>
<kwd>genetica</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonía colombiana</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400018</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Ontogenia del esporangio y esporogénesis del licopodio Huperzia brevifolia (Lycopodiaceae) de las altas montañas de Colombia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rincón Barón</surname>
<given-names>Edgar Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gélvez Landazábal</surname>
<given-names>Leidy Vivivana</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Forero Ballesteros</surname>
<given-names>Helkin Giovany</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arrieta Prieto</surname>
<given-names>Dagoberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hleap</surname>
<given-names>José Sergio</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Industrial de Santander Escuela de Biología Laboratorio de Histotecnia</institution>
<addr-line>Bucaramanga </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad del Valle Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Cali </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1141</fpage>
<lpage>1152</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Sporangia ontogeny and sporogenesis of the lycopodium Huperzia brevifolia (Lycopodiaceae) from the high mountains of Colombia. Huperzia brevifolia is one of the dominant species of the genus Huperzia living in paramos and superparamos from the Colombian Andes. A detailed study of the sporangium’s ontogeny and sporogenesis was carried out using specimens collected at 4200m above sea level, in Parque Natural Nacional El Cocuy, Colombia. Small pieces of caulinar axis bearing sporangia were fixed, dehydrated, paraffin embedded, sectioned in a rotatory microtome, and stained using the common Safranin O-Fast Green technique; handmade cross sections were also made, stained with aqueous Toluidine Blue (TBO). The sporangia develops basipetally, a condition that allows observation of all the developmental stages taking place throughout the caulinar axis of adult plants. Each sporangium originates from a group of epidermal cells, axilar to the microphylls. These cells undergo active mitosis, and produce new external and internal cellular groups. The sporangium wall and the tapetum originate from the external group of cells, while the internal cellular group leads to the sporogenous tissue. Meiosis occur in the sporocytes and produce simultaneous types tetrads, each one giving rise four trilete spores, with foveolate ornamentation. During the sporangium ripening, the outermost layer of the wall develops anticlinally, and inner periclinal thickenings and the innermost one perform as a secretory tapetum, which persists until the spores are completely mature. All other cellular layers colapse. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1141-1152. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la ontogenia y la esporogénesis en H. brevifolia, en material recolectado en el Parque Nacional Natural El Cocuy (Boyacá-Colombia) a 4200m de altitud. Los esporangios se desarrollan de forma basípeta sobre el eje caulinar: los iniciales y juveniles se localizan en el ápice y los adultos a maduros, en la base. El desarrollo se inicia a partir de un grupo de células epidérmicas localizadas en las axilas que forman los microfilos con el eje caulinar. Estas células se dividen activamente por mitosis formando una masa celular externa y otra interna. La primera da origen a la pared del esporangio, de varios estratos celulares; de éstos, el estrato externo desarrolla engrosamientos en las paredes anticlinales y en la periclinal interna. El estrato celular interno se diferencia para formar el tapete secretor. Los demás estratos celulares de la pared se degradan durante la maduración del esporangio. La masa celular interna da origen al tejido esporógeno que forma los esporocitos, que experimentan la meiosis I hasta la etapa de díada. La meiosis II concluye con la formación de tétradas, constituidas por esporas en disposición tetraédrica. Las esporas son foveoladas con abertura trilete y son liberadas del esporangio a través de la dehiscencia.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Huperzia</kwd>
<kwd>Lycopodiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridophyta</kwd>
<kwd>sporangium ontogeny</kwd>
<kwd>sporogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>spores</kwd>
<kwd>Huperzia</kwd>
<kwd>Lycopodiaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Pteridophyta</kwd>
<kwd>ontogenia del esporangio</kwd>
<kwd>esporogénesis</kwd>
<kwd>esporas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Universidad Tecnológica de Tabasco  </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Influence of three types of riparian vegetation on fluvial erosion control in Pantanos de Centla, Mexico. Wetlands constitute very important ecological areas. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil losses due to fluvial erosion from 2006 to 2008 in two riverbanks under three types of vegetal coverage dominated by Haematoxylum campechianum, Dalbergia brownei and Brachiaria mutica, in the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve, SE Mexico. The relationship between the texture, organic matter and pH of soils and soil losses was evaluated. We used erosion sticks to estimate soil losses in 18 plots (three plots per type, three vegetation types, two riverbanks). Soil loss decreased in this order: H. campechianum&gt;B. mutica&gt;D. brownie indicating that D. brownei scrubland has the most potential to retain soil. The higher erosive impact within H. campechianum sites can be related with the low density of these trees in the study areas, as we ll as the lack of association with other types of vegetation that could reinforce the rooting of the soil profile. Furthermore, soil losses in H. campechianum sites were dependent on soil texture. The soils under this type of vegetal coverage were mainly sandy, which are more vulnerable to the erosive action in comparison with fine textured soils or soils with higher clay content, like the ones found in D. brownei and B. mutica sites. Soil losses of 100 % in the second year ( B. mutica plots) can be attributed to the distribution of roots in the upper soil layer and also to livestock management along riverbanks. This study recognizes the importance of D. brownei scrublands in riverbank soil retention. Nevertheless it is necessary to consider the role of an entire vegetal community in future research. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1153-1163. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente trabajo se cuantificaron las pérdidas de suelo por erosión fluvial (2006-2008) en dos cauces ribereños con cobertura de Haematoxylum campechianum, Dalbergia brownei y Brachiaria mutica en la Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla, SE de México. Se evaluó la relación entre la textura, materia orgánica y pH de los suelos con la pérdida de los mismos. Las pérdidas de suelo se estimaron en 18 parcelas con varillas de erosión. La principal tendencia de las pérdidas de suelo por tipo de cobertura vegetal se dio en el orden H. campechianum&gt;B. mutica&gt;D. brownei. El mayor impacto erosivo en sitios con H. campechianum se relacionó con la textura arenosa de los suelos y el grado de perturbación de los sitios (baja densidad de árboles, alta dispersión y falta de asociación con otros tipos de vegetación). Las pérdidas totales de suelo en parcelas con B. mutica al segundo año de estudio pueden relacionarse con la distribución superficial de las raíces de este pasto y con la actividad ganadera. Con este estudio se reconoce la importancia de los matorrales de D. brownei en la retención de suelos ribereños, sin embargo hay que considerar que la sola influencia de un tipo de cobertura vegetal puede no ser tan significativa como el papel de una comunidad vegetal, en la que su composición y densidad, así como su diversificación en morfología tenga un papel importante en la conservación de los suelos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fluvial erosion</kwd>
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<kwd>bordes de río</kwd>
<kwd>erosión fluvial</kwd>
<kwd>pérdida de suelos</kwd>
<kwd>vegetación riparia</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estructura y composición florística de tres robledales en la región norte de la cordillera central de Colombia</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Ncional de Colombia Departamento de Ciencias Forestales </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Cambio Global-Carbono y Bosques  </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1165</fpage>
<lpage>1182</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Structure and floristic composition of three oak forests in the northern region of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Andean ecosystems harbor a high floristic diversity, which is being threatened by human disturbances such us deforestation and by the expansion of the agricultural frontier. One of these ecosystems are the Andean oak forests dominated by Quercus humboldtii, a threatened species in Colombia. We assessed the floristic composition and structure of three Andean oak forests located in three localities (San Andrés de Cuerquia, Belmira and Guarne) of Antioquia. The main goal was to determine whether these forests showed similarities in their structure and floristic composition. In each site, a permanent plot of 5000 m2 (0.5 ha) was established. All trees with D &amp;#8805; 10 cm were sampled and identified to species. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated as the sum of relative density (DeR), dominance (DoR) and frequency (FR) of a species. Trees with 5 &amp;#8804; D &amp;lt; 10 cm and 2 &amp;#8804; D &amp;lt; 5 cm were registered in sub-plots of 0.05 and 0.0144 ha, respectively. Finally, we used Jaccard’s Index to quantify the floristic similarity among oak forest. When we considered all trees with D &amp;#8805; 10 cm in the three forests, the number of species ranged from 18 to 54, whilst the number of individuals ranged from 326 to 680. The Guarne oak forest showed the highest species richness. In all sites, Q. humboldtii (Fagaceae) was the most important species in relation to the IVI, while Clusia sp. (Clusiaceae) and Myrsine coriaceae (Myrsinaceae) were the most important species in San Andrés de Cuerquia, Clethra fagifolia (Clethraceae) was important only in Belmira and Myrcia popayanensis (Myrtaceae) was important in Guarne. The families with the highest number of species were Fabaceae, Melastomataceae and Rubiaceae. Floristic similarity among places was low. The size distribution of trees had an inverse J- shape curve for all sites with changes in the abundance for size class. The three oak forests differed in their structure and floristic composition probably because of different disturbance degrees. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1165-1182. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La alta diversidad florística que albergan los ecosistemas andinos está siendo amenazada por fuertes presiones de origen antrópico. Uno de estos ecosistemas son los robledales, bosques dominados por la especie Quercus humboldtii, que se encuentra seriamente amenazada en Colombia porque su madera es valiosa comercial y dendroenergéticamente. En este estudio, se caracterizó la composición florística y la estructura de tres robledales de los Andes colombianos, con el fin de determinar su similaridad. En cada sitio, se estableció una parcela permanente (5 000 m²) donde se muestrearon todos los árboles con D &amp;#8805; 10 cm. En los tres sitios, la especie dominante fue Q. humboldtii, pero la similitud florística entre ellos no fue alta. La estructura por clases de tamaño para los tres sitios fue en forma de J invertida, aunque varió la abundancia de individuos por clase diamétrica. Los resultados indican que los robledales estudiados difieren en su composición florística y estructura a pesar de presentar características biofísicas similares. Las diferencias encontradas se deben posiblemente, a los diferentes factores que interactúan en cada sitio como la historia de uso, intensidad y duración de las perturbaciones antrópicas pasadas, topografía, fauna y clima local, que se ven reflejados en los parámetros estructurales de la vegetación.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Andean forest</kwd>
<kwd>floristic composition</kwd>
<kwd>structure</kwd>
<kwd>oak forests</kwd>
<kwd>Quercus humboldtii</kwd>
<kwd>richness</kwd>
<kwd>bosque andino</kwd>
<kwd>composición florística</kwd>
<kwd>estructura</kwd>
<kwd>Quercus humboldtii</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>robledal</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Landscape structure and live fences in Andes Colombian agrosystems: upper basin of the Cane-Iguaque River</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of the Basque Country Dept. Plant Biology and Ecology </institution>
<addr-line>Bilbao </addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Unidad de Sistemas de Información Geográfica </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1183</fpage>
<lpage>1192</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Changes in land use have generated a new landscape configuration in the Andino orobiome (mountain range) of the tropical Andes, resulting in a mosaic of cultivation and pastures interrupted by small fragments of forest and live fences. This has resulted in an ongoing decrease in the biodiversity of this biome. In the upper basin of the Cane-Iguaque River (Villa de Levya-Boyacá, Colombia), located 2 600-3 000 m above the Cordillera Oriental, over three time periods in 1960, 1984, and 2004, we characterized the structure, patterns, and evolution of the overall landscape and of the live fences (used as tools in biodiversity conservation and considered to be desirable alternatives to nonlive fences in farming production systems) within an agricultural landscape. To do this, we interpreted high- resolution satellite images using a landscape ecology approach and applied landscape map metrics. We found that the natural forests have been transformed by pastures and cultivation, and that although live fences cover only a small portion of the total landscape (4.6%), they have an important effect on landscape structure and biodiversity. There has been an increase in live fences, especially between 1960 and 1984, as well as an increase in their density. However, there has been a reduction in the average length of live fences over the periods that we studied. This could be due in part to changes in the types of agricultural products that have been cultivated in recent years, with an increase in potatoes and a decrease in other vegetables, and also by resource extraction of timber and fuel wood. In the studied area, agricultural production was sustained while biodiversity conservation was improved by the use of live fences. Therefore, live fences should be considered not only as part of an agriculturally productive area, but also as an important element of a multi-functional landscape that contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and provides resources of economic and ecological interest, decreasing the pressure on natural forest. Improving the network of live fences constitutes an important strategy for the sustainable management of the rural landscape of the Andino orobiome of Colombia and similar areas in the tropics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1183-1192. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El cambio del uso del suelo ha generado una nueva configuración del paisaje en el Orobioma Andino de los Andes tropicales, dando lugar a un mosaico de cultivos y potreros interrumpidos por pequeños fragmentos de bosque y cercas vivas, con la disminución sobre la biodiversidad de este bioma. En la cuenca alta del río Cane- Iguaque (Boyaca-Colombia), ubicada entre 2 600-3 000 metros de altitud sobre la cordillera Oriental, se realizó un estudio de caracterización de estructura, patrones y evolución del paisaje y de las cercas vivas, en tres periodos 1960, 1984 y 2004, como herramienta para la conservación de la biodiversidad y alternativa en el manejo de los sistemas agrícolas. Se utilizó una metodología de interpretación de imágenes de satélite de alta resolución, bajo el enfoque de la ecología del paisaje y la utilización de métricas del paisaje. El bosque original esta altamente transformado por pastizales y cultivos, las cercas vivas ocupan apenas el 4.6% del área de estudio pero por su distribución se constituyen en elementos importantes para la biodiversidad. Se observa un incremento en las cercas vivas, entre los años 1960 y 1984. Sin embargo en este mismo período se da una disminución en la longitud, debido a la tendencia de aumento en el cultivo de papa y por la extracción de recursos de madera y leña. Para la zona de estudio es muy importante la producción agrícola y la conservación de la biodiversidad, y puede ser mejorada mediante la utilización de cercas vivas. Por tanto, las cercas deben considerarse como elementos multifuncionales del paisaje que contribuyen en el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y aportan recursos de interés ecológico y económico, atenuando la presión sobre los bosques originales. El manejo adecuado y la mejora de la red de cercas vivas se constituyen en estrategias importantes para la gestión sostenible de paisaje rural de la zona andina colombiana.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>agrosystem</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>conservation</kwd>
<kwd>live fences</kwd>
<kwd>agro-sistema</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>cercas vivas</kwd>
<kwd>conservación</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark in experimental animal models</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Ibadan Department of Veterinary Physiology </institution>
<addr-line>Ibadan </addr-line>
<country>Nigeria</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Lagos Department of Pharmacognosy </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Fort Hare Department of Botany </institution>
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</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1193</fpage>
<lpage>1200</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Margaritaria discoidea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various body pains in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The aqueous extract of its stem bark was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract had a good analgesic effect characterized by a reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. Similarly, the extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. These results were also comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. This study has provided some justification for the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as stomachache, pain and inflammations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1193-1200. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Margaritaria discoidea es una planta medicinal usada para el tratamiento de varios dolores corporales en la parte sur, central y oriental de África. Se investigaron las propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias de la extracción acuosa de la corteza de su tallo en modelos animales. Los extractos de 50, 100 y 200mg/kg de peso corporal redujeron significativamente la formación del edema inducido por la carragenina y la histamina. En el modelo de contracción abdominal inducida por ácido acético, el extracto mostró un buen efecto analgésico caracterizado por la reducción en el número de contracciones en comparación con el grupo control. El extracto causó una disminución dependiente de la dosis del tiempo y la frecuencia de lamido en las ratas inyectadas con formalina al 2.5%, lo cual evidencia su efecto analgésico. Estos resultados fueron comparables con los de la indometacina, la droga de referencia usada en este estudio. La prueba de toxicidad aguda mostró que la planta podría ser segura para usos farmacológicos. Este estudio proporciona justificación para el uso folclórico de esta plata en varias comunidades, con el objetivo de tratar padecimientos tales como dolor de estómago, dolor e inflamaciones.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>analgesic</kwd>
<kwd>anti-inflammatory</kwd>
<kwd>carrageenan</kwd>
<kwd>histamine</kwd>
<kwd>indomethacin</kwd>
<kwd>Margaritaria discoidea</kwd>
<kwd>extract</kwd>
<kwd>rats</kwd>
<kwd>analgésico</kwd>
<kwd>antiinflamatorio</kwd>
<kwd>carragenina</kwd>
<kwd>histamina</kwd>
<kwd>indometacina</kwd>
<kwd>Margaritaria discoidea</kwd>
<kwd>ratas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Departamento de Investigación </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1201</fpage>
<lpage>1215</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phagodeterrent activity of the plants Tithonia diversifolia and Montanoa hibiscifolia (Asteraceae) on adults of the pest insect Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan and worldwide relevant pest, mainly acting as a virus vector on many crops. A sound preventive approach to deal with it would be the application of repellent or deterrent substances hopefully present in tropical plants, which in turn may contribute to take advantage of the remarkable rich Mesoamerican biodiversity. Therefore, extracts of two wild plants belonging to family Asteraceae, titonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and &quot;tora&quot; (Montanoa hibiscifolia), were tested for phagodeterrence to B. tabaci adults. The crude leaf extract of each one, as well as four fractions thereof (hexane, dichlorometane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were tested under greenhouse conditions; in addition, the extracts were submitted to a phytochemical screening to determine possible metabolites causing phagodeterrence. Both restricted-choice and unrestricted-choice experiments were conducted. In the former ones, each fraction was tested at four doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% v/v), which were compared with four control treatments: distilled water, endosulfan, an agricultural oil (Aceite Agrícola 81 SC), and the emulsifier Citowett. Tomato plants were sprayed and placed inside sleeve cages, where 50 B. tabaci adults were released. The criterion to appraise phagodeterrence was the number of landed adults on plants at 48h. For the unrestricted-choice experiments, only the two highest doses (1.0 and 1.5%) of the crude extracts of each species were tested, and compared to distilled water and the agricultural oil. The titonia and &quot;tora&quot; crude extracts caused phagodeterrence, and for both plant species the methanol fraction stood out. Results suggest that metabolites causing phagodeterrence are several sesquiterpenic lactones, polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) and saponins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1201-1215. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) es una plaga polífaga, cosmopolita y de gran relevancia mundial, sobre todo como vector de virus en numerosos cultivos, por lo que sería deseable un enfoque preventivo para su manejo. En tal sentido, podría recurrirse a la utilización de sustancias repelentes o disuasivas, algunas de ellas presentes en plantas tropicales, lo cual contribuiría al aprovechamiento de la rica biodiversidad mesoamericana. Por tanto, se evaluó la posible actividad fagodisuasiva sobre los adultos de B. tabaci de dos especies silvestres de la familia Asteraceae: titonia (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) y tora (Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth.). Para ello, en condiciones de invernadero se evaluaron los extractos crudos y cuatro fracciones (hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo y metanol) de ambas especies, a los cuales se les hizo un análisis fitoquímico (tamizaje) el cual permitió determinar cuáles metabolitos presentes en T. diversifolia y M. hibiscifolia podrían causar fagodisuasión en B. tabaci. Se realizaron dos tipos de experimentos: de escogencia restringida y de escogencia irrestricta. En los primeros, cada fracción se evaluó a cuatro dosis (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5% v/v), y se comparó con cuatro tratamientos testigo: aceite agrícola, endosulfán, un emulsificante (Citowett) y un testigo absoluto (agua). Se asperjaron plantas de tomate colocadas dentro de jaulas de manga, donde se liberaron 50 adultos de B. tabaci. Para determinar si existía fagodisuasión se utilizó como criterio el número de adultos posados a las 48h. Para el experimento de escogencia irrestricta se utilizaron las dos concentraciones más altas (1.0 y 1.5%) del extracto crudo de cada especie y se compararon con el aceite agrícola y agua. Los extractos crudos de titonia y tora causaron fagodisuasión, y para ambas especies la fracción de metanol fue la que más sobresalió. En conclusión, los resultados obtenidos en los bioensayos junto con los obtenidos en el análisis de los componentes químicos presentes, sugieren que los metabolitos causantes de la fagodisuasión son algunas lactonas sesquiterpénicas, compuestos polifenólicos (flavonoides y taninos) y saponinas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>whitefly</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>sesquiterpenic lactones</kwd>
<kwd>flavonoids</kwd>
<kwd>tannins</kwd>
<kwd>saponins</kwd>
<kwd>plant extracts</kwd>
<kwd>Bemisia tabaci</kwd>
<kwd>mosca blanca</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
<kwd>lactonas sesquiterpénicas</kwd>
<kwd>flavonoides</kwd>
<kwd>taninos</kwd>
<kwd>saponinas</kwd>
<kwd>extractos vegetales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Habroconus semenlini is a micro-terrestrial gastropod native to South America. There are no previous studies on its biology. We studied its pattern of growth, fertility and lifespan under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, 80 snails were either grouped or kept isolated (40 animals in each condition) during their lifetime. Growth is indeterminate and the species is capable of self-fertilization with high reproductive success. Grouped snails had lower fecundity than the animals that were kept in isolation. This species has a short lifespan and only one reproductive period, which characterizes the occurrence of semelparity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1217-1222. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Habroconus semenlini es un gastrópodo micro-terrestre nativo de América del Sur. Actualmente se carece de estudios sobre su biología. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar el patrón de crecimiento, la fecundidad y la esperanza de vida de esta especie en condiciones de laboratorio. Con este fin, 80 caracoles fueron mantenidos aislados o agrupados (40 animales en cada condición) durante su ciclo de vida. La especie tiene crecimiento indeterminado y es capaz de auto-fertilización con alto grado de éxito reproductivo. Los caracoles agrupados tuvieron menor fecundidad que los que se mantuvieron en aislamiento. Esta especie tiene una vida útil corta, y sólo un período reproductivo, lo que caracteriza la semelparidad.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Growth</kwd>
<kwd>land snail</kwd>
<kwd>longevity</kwd>
<kwd>reproduction</kwd>
<kwd>self-fertilization</kwd>
<kwd>Crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>caracoles de tierra</kwd>
<kwd>longevidad</kwd>
<kwd>reproducción</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Urban mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of dengue endemic communities in the Greater Puntarenas area, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<surname>Calderón-Arguedas</surname>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Departamento de Parasitología</institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,University of Miami Miller School of Medecine Departament of Epidemioloy and Public Health</institution>
<addr-line>Miami Florida</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,University of Miami Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy </institution>
<addr-line>Miami Florida</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
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<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1223</fpage>
<lpage>1234</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Field studies were conducted to determine the mosquito species richness in the urban area of Greater Puntarenas in Costa Rica. Two cross-sectional entomological surveys were performed in seven localities of Puntarenas: one survey was performed during the wet season and the other during the dry season. The sections evaluated were determined by applying a stratified cluster sampling method using satellite imagery, and a sample of 26 cells (100x100m) was selected for the study. The number of cells per locality was proportional to the area of each locality. The presence of mosquito larvae and pupae in water-filled artificial and natural containers was determined in each cell. Infestation was expressed as a diversity index per type of container (Ii). Eight types of larvae were identified (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex interrogator, Culex nigripalpus, Culex corniger, Culex tarsalis, Limatus durhamii and Toxorhynchites theobaldi) and in two cases it was only possible to identify the genus (Culex sp. and Uranotaenia sp.). A. aegypti was the most common species followed by C. quinquefascitus. Diversity of wet environments can explain the co-occurrence of various culicid species in some localities. Although A. aegypti is the only documented disease vector in the area, C quinquefasciatus, C. nigripalpus, and the other species of Culex could be considered potential vectors of other pathogens. The presence and ecology of all mosquito species should be studied to optimize surveillance and prevention of dengue and to prevent the emergence of other mosquito-transmitted diseases. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1223-1234. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La riqueza de especies de mosquitos urbanos de la Gran Puntarenas (Puntarenas, Costa Rica) fue evaluada por medio de análisis larvales. Dos encuestas entomológicas fueron realizadas en siete localidades de la Gran Puntarenas durante un año. Una de las encuestas fue realizada en la estación seca y la otra se llevó a cabo en la estación lluviosa. Las áreas evaluadas fueron determinadas aplicando un muestreo por conglomerados usando imágenes satelitales. Veintiséis celdas (100x100m) fueron seleccionadas en las comunidades elegidas y en éstas fueron realizadas las evaluaciones entomológicas. El número de celdas por localidad fue proporcional al área de cada localidad. La presencia de larvas o pupas fue determinada en contenedores con agua (naturales y artificiales). La infestación se expresó por medio índices de diversidad por tipo de contenedor (Ii). La asociación entre contenedores positivos por especies particulares y localidades fue evaluada mediante pruebas de Chi-cuadrado (&amp;#945;=0.05). Ocho de los tipos de larvas encontrados fueron identificados a nivel de especie (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, C. interrogator, C. nigripalpus, C. corniger, C. tarsalis, Limatus durhamii, Toxorhynchites theobaldi) y dos se identificaron a nivel de género (Culex sp., y Uranotaenia sp). A aegypti fue la especie más frecuente en la Gran Puntarenas. C. quinquefasciatus fue la segunda en frecuencia. Algunas localidades como Carrizal mostraron una importante diversidad de ambientes acuáticos que promovieron la ocurrencia de diferentes especies de culícidos. La distribución de los contenedores positivos por localidad en función de las especies encontradas no mostró homogeneidad (p&gt;0.05). Aunque A. aegypti es el único vector documentado en la zona, otros mosquitos como C. quinquefasciatus y otras especies de Culex podrían ser potenciales vectores de otros agentes etiológicos (virus del Nilo occidental, virus de la encefalitis de San Luis, virus de la encefalitis equina del este). Los resultados obtenidos indican la necesidad considerar la presencia y la ecología de todas las especies de mosquitos en las campañas preventivas por dengue en el área, y en la vigilancia epidemiológica por otras enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mosquito</kwd>
<kwd>Culicidae</kwd>
<kwd>dengue</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>Puntarenas</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>mosquito</kwd>
<kwd>Culicidae</kwd>
<kwd>dengue</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>Puntarenas</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Andean weevil Premnotrypes vorax represents an important cause of damage to Colombian potato crops. Due to the impact of this plague on the economy of the country, we searched for new alternatives for its biological control, based on the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. A total of 300 B. thuringiensis strains obtained from potato plantations infested with P. vorax were analyzed through crystal morphology, SDS-PAGE, PCR and bioassays. We used site- directed mutagenesis to modify the Cry3Aa protein. Most of the B. thuringiensis isolates had a bipyramidal crystal morphology. SDS-PAGE analyses had seven strains groups with &amp;#963;-endotoxins from 35 to 135 kDa. The genes cry 2 and cry 1 were significantly more frequent in the P. vorax habitat (PCR analyses). Three mutant toxins, 1 (D354E), 2 (R345A, &amp;#8710;Y350, &amp;#8710;Y351), and 3 (Q482A, S484A, R485A), were analyzed to assess their activity against P. vorax larvae. Toxicity was low, or absent, against P. vorax for isolates, wild type cry 3Aa and cry 3Aa mutants. The genetic characterization of the collection provides opportunities for the selection of strains to be tested in bioassays against other insect pests of agricultural importance, and for designing Cry proteins with improved insecticidal toxicity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1235-1243. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El gorgojo andino Premnotrypes vorax es una causa importante de daño en los cultivos colombianos de este tubérculo. Debido al impacto que esta plaga tiene sobre la economía del país, nos interesamos en buscar alternativas nuevas para el control biológico de P. vorax, basadas en la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis. Se recolectaron un total de 300 cepas de B. thuringiensis a partir de plantaciones de papa infestadas con P. vorax, las cuales fueron analizadas por medio de la morfología del cristal, SDS-PAGE, PCR y ensayos biológicos. La mayoría de los aislamientos de B. thuringiensis presentaron cristales bipiramidales. Los análisis de SDS-PAGE indicaron la presencia de siete grupos de cepas con &amp;#963;- endotoxinas que variaban entre 35 a 135 kDa. Las pruebas con PCR demostraron que los genes cry 2 y cry 1 fueron significativamente más frecuentes en el medioambiente de P. vorax. Además, se utilizó la mutagénesis sitio-dirigida para modificar la proteína Cry3Aa. Se analizaron tres toxinas mutantes, 1 (D354E), 2 (R345A, &amp;#8710;Y350, &amp;#8710;Y351), y 3 (Q482A, S484A, R485A), para determinar su actividad contra larvas de P. vorax. Los ensayos de toxicidad señalaron escasa, o nula, actividad hacia P. vorax tanto para las cepas, la toxina Cry3Aa de referencia y las proteínas Cry3Aa mutantes. La caracterización genética de la colección puede proveer oportunidades para la selección de cepas que pueden evaluarse por medio de bioensayos contra otros insectos-plaga de importancia agrícola, y para el diseño de proteínas Cry con actividad toxica mejorada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>native strain</kwd>
<kwd>Andean weevil</kwd>
<kwd>Cry3Aa protein</kwd>
<kwd>potato crop</kwd>
<kwd>site-directed mutagenesis</kwd>
<kwd>cepa nativa</kwd>
<kwd>gorgojo andino</kwd>
<kwd>proteína Cry3Aa</kwd>
<kwd>cultivo de papa</kwd>
<kwd>mutagénesis sitio-dirigida</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400027</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of parasitism on the population dynamics of the macadamia nutborer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,University of Costa Rica Crop Protection Research Centre </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology  </institution>
<addr-line>Edinburgh, Scotland </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Edinburgh University Zoology Department </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1245</fpage>
<lpage>1252</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biological control on crop infesting insects represent an useful method in modern agriculture. A search for parasitoids of the macadamia nutborer was carried out during a three year study, and their effect on the population fluctuation of the borer was determined. An egg parasitoid belonging to the family Trichogrammatidae and four larval parasitoids, Microgastrine I, Microgastrine II, Ascogaster sp. (Hymeoptera: Braconidae) and Pristomerus sp. (Hymeoptera: Ichneumonidae) were recovered. Parasitism percentage by Microgastrine I was 15% in 1991, 16% in 1992 and 4% in 1993; Microgastrine II was not collected in 1991, but accounted for a 4.3% of parasitism in 1992 and 3.7% in 1993; Ascogaster sp. was registered since 1992 with 3% parasitism (29% in 1993). We found an inverse relationship between total parasitism and the mean of damaged nuts. Parasitoids play an important role in the reduction of the G. aurantianum population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1245-1252. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Durante tres años se realizó una búsqueda de los enemigos naturales del barrenador de la nuez de macadamia y se determinó el efecto sobre su población. Se registró un parasitoide de huevo perteneciente a la familia Trichogrammatidae y cuatro parasitoides de larva, Microgastrine I, Microgastrine II, y Ascogaster sp. (Hym: Braconidae) y Pristomerus (Hym: Ichneumonidae). El porcentaje de parasitismo por Microgastrine I fue del 15% en 1991, 16% en 1992 y 4% en 1993; Microgastrine II no se registró en 1991, pero alcanzó un 4.3% de parasitismo en 1992 y un 3.7% en 1993; Ascogaster sp. se registró a partir de 1992 con un 3% de parasitismo y con un 29% en 1993. Se encontró una relación inversa entre el parasitismo total y el promedio de nueces dañadas. Los resultados indican que los parasitoides juegan un papel importante en la disminución de la población de G. aurantianum.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gymnandrosoma aurantianum (Ecdytolopha torticornis)</kwd>
<kwd>biological control</kwd>
<kwd>parasitoids</kwd>
<kwd>macadamia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Gymnandrosoma aurantianum (Ecdytolopha torticornis)</kwd>
<kwd>control biológico</kwd>
<kwd>parasitoides</kwd>
<kwd>macadamia</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Intra-specific body size variation is common and often is assumed to be adaptive. Studies of body size variation among sites should include or consider environmental and ecological variables in their designs. Additionally, reciprocal transplant or common garden studies will support which variables are really contributing to the observed body size variation. This study analyzed the microgeographic body size variation in Anolis mariarum, a small lizard endemic to Antioquia, Colombia. Parameters such as body size, shape, and lepidosis variation were quantified in 217 adult A. mariarum, belonging to six populations separated by less than 80km. Results showed that significant body size variation was not related to differences among sites in mean annual temperature, but covaried with mean annual precipitation, with the largest individuals occurring in dryer sites. Mark-recapture data obtained from 115 individuals from both the wettest and dryest sites from October 2004 to April 2005 showed that growth rates were higher at the latter. Eight males from each site were captured at the end of the mark- recapture study and reared for two months under identical conditions in a common garden study. Individuals from both sites grew faster when reared in the laboratory with food provided ad libitum. Although growth rates of males from the two populations did not differ significantly in the laboratory, males from the dryest site still maintained a significantly larger asymptotic body size in their growth trajectories. Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that both males and females from the six populations differed in terms of body shape and lepidosis. However, only female body size was found to covary significantly with an environmental gradient (precipitation). A. mariarum does not conform to Bergmann’s rule, but the relationship found between mean body size and asympotic growth with mean annual precipitation at these sites needs further analysis. Generally, studies of intra-specific body size variation should consider a number of additional phenotypic traits to provide stronger baseline information on the degree of overall divergence among populations, including those likely to be selectively neutral, before interpreting results of analyses on the body size differences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1253-1262. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se reporta diferencias en el tamaño corporal entre individuos adultos de seis poblaciones de Anolis mariarum (Squamata: Polychrotidae), separadas por una distancia de hasta 80km. Esta variación no se relacionó con las diferencias en las temperaturas promedio anuales que existen entre los sitios analizados, pero sí covarió con la precipitación promedio anual, con los individuos de mayor talla habitando los sitios más secos. Datos de marca- recaptura del sitio más seco y más húmedo, mostraron que los individuos del sitio más seco tienen mayores tasas de crecimiento corporal. Bajo condiciones de laboratorio con alimento ad libitum, machos de ambos sitios crecieron más rápido que en condiciones naturales. Aunque las tasas de crecimiento de machos de las dos poblaciones no difirieron significativamente en el laboratorio, los machos del sitio más seco mantuvieron tamaños corporales asintóticos en sus trayectorias de crecimiento que fueron significativamente mayores. Análisis multivariados mostraron que tanto los machos como las hembras de las seis poblaciones difieren en la forma corporal y en lepiodosis, pero la única variable que covarió de manera significativa con un gradiente ambiental fue el tamaño corporal con la precipitación. Estudios de variación intraespecífica en el tamaño corporal deben considerar otras características fenotípicas adicionales para obtener una línea base sobre el grado de divergencia entre poblaciones, incluso aquellas que se consideran neutrales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>body size</kwd>
<kwd>growth rates</kwd>
<kwd>Bergmann’s rule</kwd>
<kwd>morphometrics</kwd>
<kwd>lepidosis</kwd>
<kwd>geographic variation</kwd>
<kwd>common garden study</kwd>
<kwd>precipitation</kwd>
<kwd>temperature</kwd>
<kwd>tamaño corporal</kwd>
<kwd>tasas de crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>regla de Bergmann</kwd>
<kwd>morfometría</kwd>
<kwd>variación geográfica</kwd>
<kwd>estudio de jardín común</kwd>
<kwd>precipitación</kwd>
<kwd>temperatura</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442009000400029</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución vertical de las aves Dendroica pityophila y Teretistris fernandinae (Passeriformes: Parulidae) en Pinar del Río, Cuba</article-title>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Museo de Historia Natural Tranquilino Sandalio de Noda  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Pinar del Río Departamento de Forestal </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1263</fpage>
<lpage>1269</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Vertical distribution of the birds Dendroica pityophila and Teretistris fernandinae (Passeriformes: Parulidae) in Pinar del Río, Cuba. The Yellow-Headed Warbler (Teretistris fernandinae) and the Olive-Capped Warbler (Dendroica pityophila) are two bird species that co-exist in Western Cuba. Their spatial distribution has not been studied. This study evaluated their vertical distribution in pine forests during 2007. Six field trips were conducted to the Tibisí pine groves, Minas de Matahambre, Pinar del Río, Cuba, to determine the differential use of forest strata, with the fixed-radio round parcel method. A total of 30 counting points were located in every forest formation. The forest stratum was recorded for each detected bird according to three categories: low stratum (0-2m over ground), medium stratum (2-6m) and high stratum (6m or more). From the 360 counts carried out, the Olive-Capped Warbler reached greater abundances (3.33&amp;plusmn;0.14ind/UM) than the Yellow-Headed Warbler (2.32&amp;plusmn;024ind/UM). No abundance differences were found among both forest formations. The Olive-Capped Warbler had the highest frequency in the high stratum and it was observed in the low stratum only during the reproductive season. The Yellow-Headed Warbler had a preference for the low and medium strata, and was seen less frequently in the high stratum. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1263-1269. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La bijirita del pinar (Dendroica pityophila) y la chillina (Teretistris fernandinae) son dos especies de ave residentes permanentes en Cuba, que conviven en la región occidental. Se estudió la distribución vertical de estas dos especies en los bosques de pinos. Durante 2007 se realizaron seis muestreos en pinares del Tibisí, Minas de Matahambre Pinar del Río, para determinar el uso diferencial de los estratos del bosque, empleando el método de parcela circular de radio fijo. En los 360 conteos realizados la bijirita del pinar alcanzó mayores abundancias (3.33&amp;plusmn;0.14ind/UM) que la chillina (2.32&amp;plusmn;0.24ind/UM). Para cada especie no hubo diferencias en los valores de abundancia entre ambas formaciones vegetales. Se encontraron diferencias en la frecuencia en que cada especie usa los diferentes estratos de la vegetación. La bijirita del pinar utilizó con mayor frecuencia el estrato alto del bosque; en el estrato bajo solo fue observada durante la etapa reproductiva. La chillina tiene preferencia por el estrato bajo y medio, aunque emplea el alto con menor frecuencia.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>warblers</kwd>
<kwd>spatial segregation</kwd>
<kwd>Minas de Matahambre</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus tropicalis</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus caribaea</kwd>
<kwd>Dendroica pityophila</kwd>
<kwd>Teretistris fernandinae</kwd>
<kwd>bijiritas</kwd>
<kwd>segregación espacial</kwd>
<kwd>Minas de Matahambre</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus tropicalis</kwd>
<kwd>Pinus caribaea</kwd>
<kwd>Dendroica pityophila</kwd>
<kwd>Teretistris fernandinae</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420090004</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442009000400030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The marine algae Sargassum spp. (Sargassaceae) as feed for sheep in tropical and subtropical regions</article-title>
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<surname>Marín</surname>
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<given-names>Margarita</given-names>
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<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Inatituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Laboratorio de Macroalgas</institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México, C.P</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Inatituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Departamento de Nutrición Animal </institution>
<addr-line>Vasco de Quiroga </addr-line>
<country>México, D. F</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Departamento de Zootecnia </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México, C.P</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<fpage>1271</fpage>
<lpage>1281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442009000400030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate Sargassum meal as feed for sheep through the measures of in vivo digestibility, dry matter degradability, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in rumen. The Sargassum algae used in this experiment were collected at the end of spring, when they are more abundant, bigger, and have completed their reproductive cycle. Four tons (wet weigth) were collected manually from the intertidal zone of La Paz bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. These algae were sun-dried and ground in a hammer mill to obtain the Sargassum meal. Four fistulated Pelibuey sheep, were fed daily with diets containing the marine algae (MA) at different levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 %), using a 4 x 4 Latin-square design experiment. Feed intake was not affected (p&gt;0.05). Water consumption and urine excretion increased with MA (p&lt;0.05; r²=0.54 and r²=0.74, respectively). In all treatments dry matter digestibility was of 74%-79%, and crude protein digestibility was of 85%-88%. Acid detergent fiber (59%-65%) and neutral detergent fiber (55%-66%) digestibility were greater in all treatments with MA. Ruminal pH was greater in all groups fed with MA (p&lt;0.05). Ammonium concentration was not influenced (p&gt;0.05) by MA. Ruminal volatile fatty acids decreased in all MA groups (p&lt;0.05). The marine algae Sargassum spp. can be used as a feed supplement for sheep, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where these marine algae are available. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1271-1281. Epub 2009 December 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la harina del alga marina Sargassum como alimento para ovejas, midiendo la digestibilidad in vivo, la degradabilidad de la materia seca, así como el pH y los ácidos grasos volátiles en rumen. El alga Sargassum utilizada en este experimento, fue recolectada a finales de la primavera, cuando esta alga es más abundante, alcanza su mayor talla y ha completado su ciclo reproductivo. Se recolectaron manualmente, cuatro toneladas (peso húmedo) de la zona intermareal en la Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Estas algas fueron secadas directamente al sol y molidas en un molino de martillos, para obtener la harina. Se utilizaron cuatro borregos Pelibuey fistulados, distribuidos en un arreglo factorial de 4 x 4. Los animales fueron alimentados diariamente con dietas que contenían el alga marina (AM) Sargassum a diferentes niveles (0, 10, 20 y 30%). El consumo de alimento no se vio afectado con la inclusión del alga (p&gt; 0.05). El consumo de agua y la excreción de orina se incrementaron conforme aumentó la concentración de AM en las dietas (p&lt;0.05; r²=0.54 and r²=0.74, respectivamente). En todos los tratamientos la digestibilidad de la materia seca fue de 74% a 79%, la digestibilidad de la proteína cruda fue de 85% a 88%. La digestibilidad de la fibra ácido detergente (59%-65%) y de la neutro detergente (55%-66%) fue mayor en todos los tratamientos con AM, lo mismo ocurrió con el pH en rumen (p&lt;0.05). La concentración de amonio en rumen no se vio afectada por AM (p&gt;0.05). La concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles se redujo en todos los tratamientos con AM (p&lt;0.05). El alga marina Sargassum spp. puede ser usada como complemento alimenticio para ovejas, especialmente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales donde está disponible.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>marine algae</kwd>
<kwd>sheep</kwd>
<kwd>Sargassum</kwd>
<kwd>digestibility</kwd>
<kwd>ruminal fermentation</kwd>
<kwd>volatile fatty acids</kwd>
<kwd>alga marina</kwd>
<kwd>Sargassum</kwd>
<kwd>ovinos</kwd>
<kwd>digestibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>fermentación ruminal</kwd>
<kwd>ácidos grasos volátiles</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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