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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fagodisuasión de un extracto de ruda (Ruta chalepensis, Rutaceae) y sus particiones sobre larvas de Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barboza</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hilje</surname>
<given-names>Luko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Durón</surname>
<given-names>Julio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cartín</surname>
<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Calvo</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>01</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phagodeterrence by a crude extract of common rue (Ruta chalepensis, Rutaceae) and its partitions on Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) larva is maybe the main forest pest in Latin America and the Caribbean, as it bores into the main shoot of trees providing precious woods, such as mahoganies (Swietenia spp.) and cedars (Cedrela spp.). In the search for a preventative method for managing it, the crude leaf extract of common rue (Ruta chalepensis L.), as well as four partitions thereof (water, hexane, dichlorometane, and ethyl acetate), were tested for phagodeterrence. Laboratory bioassays involved increasing concentrations of the crude extract (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.20 and 10.0%w/v) as well as each one of the partitions (in accordance to the yield obtained from the partitioning process), plus rutin, a flavone glycosid. A randomized complete block design, with four replicates, was used. H. grandella instar III larvae were exposed for 24 h to cedar (Cedrela odorata) leaf discs dipped into the respective treatment, after which disc consumption was measured. Strong phagodeterrence was detected at concentrations as low as 0.32 and 0.074%w/v for the crude extract and the hexane partitions, respectively; the ethyl acetate (0.24%w/v) and the water partition (for all of its concentrations), as well as the rutin (starting at 0.064%w/v), caused phagodeterrence, too. Moreover, the crude extract was submitted to a phytochemical screening by means of a number of qualitative tests, to determine possible metabolites causing phagodeterrence, the most important being alkaloids, triterpenes, coumarins and rutin. A particular phytochemical screening was carried out for the hexane partition, which was the most active. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 1-14. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La larva de Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) es quizás la principal plaga forestal en América Latina y el Caribe, por perforar el brote principal de árboles de maderas reciosas, como caobas (Swietenia spp.) y cedros (Cedrela spp.). En la búsqueda de un método preventivo para su manejo, se estudió la actividad fagodisuasiva del extracto crudo y de cuatro particiones fitoquímicas (agua, hexano, diclorometano y acetato de etilo) del follaje de ruda (Ruta chalepensis L.). Se realizaron bioensayos de laboratorio con concentraciones crecientes del extracto crudo (0.1; 0.32; 1.0; 3.20 y 10.0%m/v) y con cada una de las particiones (según el rendimiento del proceso de particionamiento), así como con el glicósido flavónico rutina. Para ello se empleó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y se expusieron larvas de instar III de H. grandella a discos de cedro (Cedrela odorata) impregnados con el respectivo tratamiento, por 24h. Se midió el porcentaje de consumo de cada disco. Hubo un fuerte efecto fagodisuasivo en el extracto crudo y en la partición hexano, a concentraciones tan bajas como 0.32% y 0.074% m/v, respectivamente; las particiones de acetato de etilo (0.24%m/v) y la acuosa (en todas sus concentraciones), así como la rutina (a partir del 0.064%m/v) también causaron fagodisuasión. Además, se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto crudo, utilizando varias pruebas cualitativas para detectar la presencia de los principales grupos de metabolitos secundarios, entre los cuales los más importantes fueron alcaloides, triterpenos, cumarinas y la rutina. Asimismo, se realizó una marcha fitoquímica a la partición hexano, por ser la más activa.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypsipyla grandella</kwd>
<kwd>mahogany shootborer</kwd>
<kwd>Ruta chalepensis</kwd>
<kwd>common rue</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>alkaloids</kwd>
<kwd>triterpenes</kwd>
<kwd>cumarins</kwd>
<kwd>rutin</kwd>
<kwd>Hypsipyla grandella</kwd>
<kwd>barrenador de meliáceas</kwd>
<kwd>Ruta chalepensis</kwd>
<kwd>ruda</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
<kwd>alcaloides</kwd>
<kwd>triterpenos</kwd>
<kwd>cumarinas</kwd>
<kwd>rutina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Actividad fagodisuasiva y sistémica de una formulación derivada de un extracto de ruda (Ruta chalepensis, Rutaceae) sobre larvas de Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)</article-title>
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<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Phagodeterrent and systemic activity of a fomulation derived from an extract of common rue (Ruta chalepensis, Rutaceae) on Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. A key neotropical pest of mahoganies (Swietenia spp.) and cedars (Cedrela spp.), the larva of Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) commonly bores into the main shoot of these valuable timber species, causing forking of the stems. Therefore, it would be desirable to count upon a phagodeterrent and systemic product which could readily protect young tissues. Since crude extracts of common rue foliage (Ruta chalepensis L.) have phagodeterrent activity on H. grandella larva, a product was formulated by combining such an extract with a number of coadjuvants, and was assessed on 75-100cm tall Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) trees, inside a greenhouse. A completely randomized design was used, with 10 trees per each one of the following treatments: the formulated product, an absolute control (distilled water), a relative control (carbofuran, 1%m/v in water), and the relative control without the crude extract. Number of attacks to the main shoot, fallen leaves and frass piles were recorded, as well as tunnel length. Regarding these variables, the formulated product provided excellent protection to treated trees, with only 0.1 attacks to the main shoot, on the average, at the end of the evaluation period. Likewise, when the systemic activity of the crude extract was assessed, substances present in it were able to translocate and get assimilated by the trees, thereafter causing phagodeterrence to larvae. Finally, an espectrophotometry analysis (performed at a wavelength of 355nm) allowed us to determine the concentration (403±1mg/l) and percentage (0.40%) of the flavonoid rutin in the crude extract, which eventually may be used as an analytical marker compound, should an industrial formulation be developed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 15-29. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Para el manejo de Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller), cuya larva barrena el brote principal de caobas (Swietenia spp.) y cedros (Cedrela spp.), sería deseable contar con un producto fagodisuasivo y con buena actividad sistémica, para que proteja rápidamente los tejidos jóvenes. Por tanto, conociendo que un extracto crudo del follaje de ruda (Ruta chalepensis L.) posee actividad fagodisuasiva contra dicho insecto, se formuló un producto combinando dicho extracto con varios coadyuvantes, y se evaluó en árboles de cedro amargo (Cedrela odorata L.) de 75- 100cm de altura, en un invernadero. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con 10 árboles por cada tratamiento, los que correspondieron al producto formulado, a un testigo absoluto (agua destilada), un testigo relativo (carbofurán al 1%m/v en agua) y el testigo relativo a la formulación sin el extracto crudo. Las variables medidas fueron los ataques al brote principal, el número de hojas caídas, el número de montículos y la longitud de los túneles. Para dichas variables, el producto formulado aportó excelente protección a los árboles tratados, con apenas 0.1 ataques al brote principal, en promedio, al final del período de evaluación. Asimismo, al evaluar la actividad sistémica del extracto, las sustancias presentes en él pudieron desplazarse y ser asimiladas por los árboles, causando fagodisuasión en las larvas. Finalmente, el análisis espectrofotométrico (a una longitud de onda de 355nm) permitió determinar la concentración (403±1mg/l) y el porcentaje (0.40%) del flavonoide rutina en el extracto crudo, lo cual eventualmente podría utilizarse como un compuesto marcador analítico, si llegara a desarrollarse una formulación industrial.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hypsipyla grandella</kwd>
<kwd>mahogany shootborer</kwd>
<kwd>Ruta chalepensis</kwd>
<kwd>common rue</kwd>
<kwd>phagodeterrence</kwd>
<kwd>systemic activity</kwd>
<kwd>Hypsipyla grandella</kwd>
<kwd>barrenador de meliáceas</kwd>
<kwd>Ruta chalepensis</kwd>
<kwd>ruda</kwd>
<kwd>fagodisuasión</kwd>
<kwd>actividad sistémica</kwd>
<kwd>rutina</kwd>
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<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular </institution>
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<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones del Banano  </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<year>2010</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetic variability of the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Burkholderiales: Burholderiaceae) in the banana-growing region of Uraba (Colombia). The banana moko disease, caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most important phytopathological problems of the banana agribusiness in tropical countries. In Uraba and Magdalena (Colombia), the main exporting regions of banana in Colombia, this disease causes a destruction estimated in 16.5ha/year. The bacterium presents an extremely high level of genetic variation that affects control measures. This is the first study of its variation in Colombia and was done with AFLP molecular markers on a population of 100 isolates from banana plants, soils and &quot;weeds&quot;. The high level of genetic diversity, with Nei and Shannon indexes of h=0.32 and I=0.48, respectively, and the AMOVA, showed that this population is subestructured (Fst=0.66): the host is the main factor of differentiation. Even so, previous tests show that all varieties have pathogenicity on Musa. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 31-44. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La enfermedad del moko de las musáceas, causada por la bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum, es uno de los problemas fitopatológicos más importantes de la agroindustria del banano en los países tropicales. En Urabá y el Magdalena (Colombia), las principales regiones exportadoras de banano en Colombia, esta enfermedad provoca una destrucción estimada en 16.5ha/año. La bacteria presenta un nivel extremadamente alto de variación genética que afecta las medidas de control. Este es el primer estudio de su variación en Colombia y se hizo con los marcadores moleculares AFLP en una población de 100 aislamientos de plantas de banano, suelos y arvenses. El alto nivel de diversidad genética, con índices de Nei y de Shannon de h=0,32 y I=0,48, respectivamente, y la AMOVA, demostró que esta población es subestructurada (Fst=0,66): el hospedero es el principal factor de diferenciación. Aun así, las pruebas anteriores mostraron que todas las variedades presentan patogenicidad en Musa.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>AFLP</kwd>
<kwd>moko disease</kwd>
<kwd>molecular markers</kwd>
<kwd>Musa sp</kwd>
<kwd>Ralstonia solanacearum</kwd>
<kwd>AFLP</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad del Moko</kwd>
<kwd>marcadores moleculares</kwd>
<kwd>Musa sp</kwd>
<kwd>Ralstonia solanacearum</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<institution>,Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas  </institution>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones</institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diatoms from the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon: the Genera Encyonema, Encyonopsis and Gomphonema (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae). The diatom flora of the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon is far less studied than the flora of the Brazilian sector of the basin. Here we present results related to the genera Encyonema, Encyonopsis and Gomphonema. Plankton and periphyton samples were collected in lotic and lentic waterbodies from the Amazonian-Andean region, the Amazon River, Japurá River and Porvenir River basins during 1993, 1994, 2001 and 2003. At each sampling station pH, temperature, water transparency and conductivity were registered. Samples were analyzed with phase contrast microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ten taxa are new records for the area; Encyonema for the Peruvian and Colombian Amazon and Encyonopsis for the Colombian Sector. Encyonema neogracile var. tenuipunctatum, E. vulgare, Encyonopsis frequentis, Gomphonema augur var. sphaerophorum and G. contraturris are recorded for the first time in Colombia; Encyonema venezolanum and G. neoapiculatum in Colombia and Peru and the latter also for Amazonia. E. angustecapitatum was mentioned in Colombia before at a pond located at 3000m asl. We describe a new species from Porvenir River, Amazonas, Colombia: Encyonema amazonianum. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 45-62. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La flora diatomológica de la Amazonia Colombiana y Peruana está mucho menos estudiada que la flora del sector brasilero. Se presentan los resultados de los géneros Encyonema, Encyonopsis y Gomphonema. Muestras de plancton y perifiton fueron colectadas en ambientes lóticos y lénticos de la región amazónica-andina, en los ríos Amazonas, Japurá y Porvenir durante 1993, 1994, 2001 y 2003. En cada estación de muestreo se realizaron mediciones de pH, temperatura, transparencia del agua y conductividad. Las muestras fueron analizadas con microscopio óptico con contraste de fases y microscopio electrónico de barrido. Diez taxones son nuevos registros para el área; Encyonema en la Amazonia peruano-colombiana y Encyonopsis en el sector colombiano. Encyonema neogracile var. tenuipunctatum, E. vulgare, Encyonopsis frequentis, Gomphonema augur var. sphaerophorum y G. contraturris se reportan por primera vez en Colombia; Encyonema venezolanum y Gomphonema neoapiculatum en Colombia y Perú y la última también en la Amazonia. E. angustecapitatum fue previamente registrada en una laguna de altura en Colombia localizada a 3.000 msnm. Se describe una nueva especie, Encyonema amazonianum, colectada en el Río Porvenir, Amazonas, Colombia.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diatoms</kwd>
<kwd>Encyonema</kwd>
<kwd>Encyonopsis</kwd>
<kwd>Gomphonema</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonia</kwd>
<kwd>diatomeas</kwd>
<kwd>Encyonema</kwd>
<kwd>Encyonopsis</kwd>
<kwd>Gomphonema</kwd>
<kwd>Amazonia</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100005</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pollen morphology in species of Canna (Cannaceae), and systematics implications. The morphology of pollen grains of eight taxa of Canna, C. ascendens, C. coccinea, C. compacta, C. glauca, C. indica, C. paniculata, C. variegatifolia and C. fuchsina, an unpublished new species, were studied using light and scanning electronic microscopes. We used the Wodehouse technique on samples of 20 grains per specimen to measure the intine with a light microscope; and the density of spines (in 400&amp;#956;m2 fields) with scanning electronic microscopy. Pollen grains are spherical, echinate, omniaperturate. The sporoderm presents a very thin exine covering a thicker intine. Corrugate micro-perforate, sub-reticulate, rugate, rugulate, striate to folded, micro-striate, micro-granulate, and smooth types of the external surface of the sporoderm were found. The spines consist of exine, partially to completely covered by tryphine. The two-layered intine is the thicker part of the wall. Echinate ornamentation is a generic character in Canna, but size, surface and color of pollen walls, and density and shape of spines, are diagnostic for species. Pollen morphology supports the view of C. indica and C. coccinea as different species. Canna fuchsina grows in wild, dense colonies, in humid riverside forests from Buenos Aires and Santa Fe Provinces, Argentina; its characters suggest relationships with a not well known group of taxa, some of them hybrids, such as C. x generalis. However, as these plants showed normal, well formed grains, close to those of C. coccinea, that germinate over the stigmatic surfaces in fresh flowers, we decided to include their pollen in this study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 63-79. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la morfología de los granos de polen de ocho táxones de Canna, C. ascendens, C. coccinea, C. compacta, C. glauca, C. indica, C. paniculata, C. variegatifolia y C. fuchsina, nueva especie aún no descrita, que fueron estudiadas usando microscopio de luz y microscopio electrónico de barrido. Nosotros utilizamos la técnica de Wodehouse en muestras de 20 granos por espécimen para medir la intina con el microscopio de luz; y la densidad de espinas (en campos de 400&amp;#956;m2) con el microscopio electr&amp;#963;nico de barrido. Los granos de polen son esf&amp;#953;ricos, equinados y omniaberturados. El esporodermo presenta una exina muy delgada cubriendo una intina gruesa. La superficie del esporodermo puede ser corrugada, microperforada, sub-reticulada, rugada, rugulada, plegada-estriada, micro-estriada, microgranulada o lisa. Las espinas están formadas por exina, cubiertas total o parcialmente por trifina. La intina esta formada por dos capas, es la parte más gruesa de la pared. La ornamentación equinada es un rasgo genérico en Canna, pero el tamaño, la superficie y el color del polen, y la densidad y forma de las espinas, son rasgos diagnósticos de las especies. La morfología del polen apoya el tratamiento de C. coccinea y C. indica como especies diferentes. Canna fuchsina crece formando densas colonias silvestres en selvas ribereñas húmedas de las provincias de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe, Argentina; sus características sugieren relaciones no muy bien entendidas en el grupo de taxones, algunos son híbridos tales como C. x generalis. Sin embargo, estas plantas muestran granos normales, bien formados, cercanos a los de C. coccinea, que germinan sobre el estigma de flores frescas, nosotros decidimos incluir su polen en este estudio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Canna</kwd>
<kwd>Cannaceae</kwd>
<kwd>pollen</kwd>
<kwd>omniaperturate grains</kwd>
<kwd>echinate ornamentation</kwd>
<kwd>spines</kwd>
<kwd>exine</kwd>
<kwd>intine</kwd>
<kwd>tryphine</kwd>
<kwd>systematics</kwd>
<kwd>palynology</kwd>
<kwd>Canna</kwd>
<kwd>Cannaceae</kwd>
<kwd>polen</kwd>
<kwd>granos omniaberturados</kwd>
<kwd>ornamentación equinada</kwd>
<kwd>exina</kwd>
<kwd>espinas</kwd>
<kwd>intina</kwd>
<kwd>trifina</kwd>
<kwd>palinología</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100006</article-id>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">Morfología del polen de especies neotropicales de Podostemum (Podostemaceae)</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Plata Laboratorio de Estudios de Anatomía Vegetal Evolutiva y Sistemática </institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Plata División Científica Plantas Vasculares </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pollen morphology of neotropical species of Podostemum (Malpighiales: Podostemaceae). Pollen morphology of neotropical species of Podostemum is described for the first time with light (LM) and scanning electronic microscopes (SEM), using pollen dehydration by critical point. Herbarium specimens under study are P. comatum, P. distichum, P. muelleri and P. rutifolium. Pollen grains are dispersed in dyads. Observed with LM, dyads range from 21 to 31&amp;#956;m in lengh and 12 to 18&amp;#956;m wide. Individual pollen grains are radially symmetrical spheroidal to subprolate, and have a tricolpate aperture. The exine is tectate, psilate, with an infratectal structure formed by simple columella under the tectum. With SEM, an abundant pollen surface coat is observed all over the pollen grains, mainly in the two grains dyad contact zone. This pollen coat would protect the grains from dehydration because the environments in which these plants grow have important water variation and pollination is not zoophilic. The shared dyad wall shows bridges that partially fusion the exines, forming calymate dyads. Some dyads bear the apertures aligned between grains and some not. The transverse condition of the aperture or aperture in &quot;L&quot; that occurs in the four studied species is described for the first time. It is interpreted as a trend of the genus to espiroaperture. This change in the aperture would be associated with phenology because it is a genus with very short flowering and anthesis, generally a day of anthesis in the dry season. The spiroaperture increases the chances of germination sites and would also have a harmomegata role in an environment with water changes favoring the reproductive success.Walls have a microechinate sculpture, with or without pads at the base of the microechinae. Size of ornamental processes differs, and the colpus membrane has similar ornamentation to that of the non apertural wall, but with larger processes. Individual morphology of pollen grains is similar to that described for other family genera as Apinagia and Mourera. During previous stages of anthesis, the presence of cross tetrads was observed, also a new contribution for this genus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 81-88. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La morfología del polen de cuatro especies neotropicales del género Podostemum (Podostemaceae) se describe aquí por primera vez mediante microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido, utilizando material deshidratado en punto crítico. Se analizaron ejemplares de P. comatum, P. distichum, P. muelleri y P. rutifolium. Los granos de polen son dispersados en díades. Se encuentra abundante cobertura polínica, principalmente en la zona de contacto entre los dos granos de la díada. En la pared compartida entre los granos se presentan puentes de ectexina que fusionan parcialmente las exinas. Los granos individuales son radialmente simétricos y tricolpados. En algunas díades las aberturas están alineadas entre los granos y en otras no. Se describe por primera vez la condición abertura transversal, que fue observada en las cuatro especies estudiadas, y que se interpreta como tendencia del género a espiroabertura. La escultura de la exina es microequinada con mamelones en la base. Los procesos ornamentales son de diferente tamaño. La membrana del colpo tiene una ornamentación similar a la pared adyacente del grano, pero los procesos tienen mayor tamaño. Se observaron tétrades decusadas en las etapas previas a la antesis, un dato hasta el momento no registrado para el género.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>pollen</kwd>
<kwd>Podostemum - Podostemaceae</kwd>
<kwd>dyads</kwd>
<kwd>espiroaperture</kwd>
<kwd>aquatic plants</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical flora</kwd>
<kwd>morfología polínica</kwd>
<kwd>Podostemum- Podostemaceae</kwd>
<kwd>díades</kwd>
<kwd>abertura tricolpada</kwd>
<kwd>espiroabertura</kwd>
<kwd>plantas acuáticas</kwd>
<kwd>flora neotropical</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Salta Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Herbario MCNS</institution>
<addr-line>Salta </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Gametophytes and young sporophytes of four species of the fern genus Pteris (Pteridaceae) naturalized in the American continent. The pantropical fern genus Pteris L. has about 250 species of which 60 occur in the American continent. We studied the morphogenesis of the gametophyte, and the morphology of the young sporophytes of four species: P. cretica, P. ensiformis, P. multifida and P.vittata, together with a palynological analysis that includes the ability of spores to germinate. Gametophytes were obtained trough in vitro culture techniques with agar-gellified Knudson medium. Young sporophytes were placed in earth-sand (3:1) sterile substrate. We used light and SEM microscopy. Triletes spores predominate, but monolete, tetralete, and other types of apertura are often found. The viability of spores is not affected by the variation, so the term spore polymorphism is applied to the condition occurring among these species. Spore polymorphism is similar in P. cretica and P. multifida. Germination occurs following the Vittaria type, 3-7 days after the sowing. Filamentous, 3-5 celled gametophytes were found in P. cretica, P. multifida and P. vittata, and 7-9 celled in P. ensiformis. Development of gametophytes takes place following Adiantum type and eratopteris type. The symmetry of the laminae differ in gametophytes, those of P. ensiformis and P. multifida are similar and differ from the other two species, P. cretica and P. vittata. Gametophytes of P. ensiformis, P. multifida and P. vittata are bisexual and protandric, while male gametophytes were found in P. cretica. Antheridia correspond to the common leptosporangiate type; they are cylindric in P. vittata and ovoid in the other three species. Archegonia necks have 4 rows of 4 cells each. The sporophytes complete their development 3 months after sowing, and have indument close to the adult plants. P. cretica shows obligated apogamy. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 89-102. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género pantropical Pteris L. tiene 250 especies de la cuales 60 están en el continente Americano. Se estudió la morfogénesis de los gametófitos, y la morfología de los esporófitos jóvenes de cuatro especies: P. cretica, P. ensiformis, P. multifida y P.vittata, junto con un análisis palinológico que incluye la capacidad de las esporas de germinar. Los gametófitos se obtuvieron mediante técnicas de cultivo in vitro. Los esporófitos jóvenes se trasladaron a sustrato estéril de tierra y arena (3:1). Se usó el microscopio de luz y el de barrido (SEM). Se encontraron esporas con diferentes tipos de aperturas. La germinación ocurre entre 3-7 días y corresponde al tipo Vittaria. Se encontraron gametófitos filamentosos formados por 3-5 células en P. cretica, P. multifida y P. vittata y por 7-9 células en P. ensiformis. El desarrollo gametofítico ocurre de dos formas: tipo Adiantum y tipo Ceratopteris. Los gametófitos de P. ensiformis, P. multifida y P. vittata son monoicos y protándricos. P. cretica desarrolla gametófitos anteridiados. Los anteridios corresponden al tipo común de los helechos leptosporangiados, son cilíndricos en P. vittata y ovoides en las otras tres especies. Los cuellos de los arquegonios tienen 4 hileras con 4 células cada una. Los esporófitos se desarrollan después de los 3 meses de su siembra y su indumento es semejante a las plantas adultas. P. cretica presenta apogamia obligada.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Pteris</kwd>
<kwd>spores</kwd>
<kwd>gametophyte development</kwd>
<kwd>young sporophytes</kwd>
<kwd>apogam</kwd>
<kwd>Pteris</kwd>
<kwd>esporas</kwd>
<kwd>desarrollo gametofítico</kwd>
<kwd>esporófitos jóvenes</kwd>
<kwd>apogamia</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Coral reefs are impacted by a range of environmental variables that affect their growth and survival, the main factors being the high irradiance and temperature fluctuations. Specimens of Pocillopora capitata Verrill 1864 were exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) for 32h under laboratory conditions. We examined lipid peroxidation (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST), chlorophyll a (Chl a), carotenoid pigments (CPs), mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), and expulsion of zooxanthellae. Our results revealed that corals exposed to UVR had relatively low levels of carotenoids and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to those exposed to PAR, as well as lower CPs/Chl a ratios. Although MAAs and CPs are rapidly produced as non-enzymatic antioxidants in response to UVR in corals, these were not sufficient, even in the dark phase of the experiment, to mitigate the damage caused by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which caused breakdown of the symbiotic relationship between the zooxanthellae and the host animal to an extent 33 times greater than in the PAR treatment. In this study, it could be possible to distinguish that, parallel to the short-term adjustments, such as the amount of pigment in the algae or the sensitivity of the photosynthetic response reported in other species of coral, P. capitata exhibits at the enzymatic level a series of responses oriented to resist the effects derived from the propagation of ROS and, thus, to adapt to and maintain its reproductive capacity in shallow oceanic environments that commonly exhibit high UVR levels. Nevertheless, as a result of the inappropriate location of the artificial intercommunication structure of the Juluapan Lagoon with respect to the arrecifal area of study and therefore of the tides influence, other variables, such as the changes in short-term in turbidity, sediment inputs, nutrients, temperature and osmolarity, can act in combination and cause irreversible damage. The implementation of a management plan for the coralline reefs of the Mexican Pacific coast is required. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 103-118. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los arrecifes de coral se ven afectados por una serie de variables ambientales que afectan su crecimiento y supervivencia, siendo los principales factores la alta irradiación y las fluctuaciones de temperatura. Los especímenes de Pocillopora capitata Verrill 1864 fueron expuestos a radiación activa fotosintéticamente (PAR) y radiación ultravioleta (RUV) por 32h en condiciones de laboratorio. Nosotros determinamos las concentraciones de peroxidación lipídica (MDA), actividades de enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, CAT, GPx y GST), clorofila a (Chl a), pigmentos carotenoides (CPS), aminoácidos tipo micosporina (MAAS), y la expulsión de las zooxantelas. Nuestros resultados muestran que los corales expuestos a los rayos UV presentaban niveles relativamente bajos de carotenoides y actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes en comparación con los expuestos al PAR, así como tasas de CPs/Chl a bajas. Aunque MAAs y CPs se producen rápidamente como antioxidantes no enzimáticos en respuesta a la radiación ultravioleta en los corales, éstos no fueron suficientes, incluso en la fase oscura del experimento, para mitigar los daños causados por la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), lo que provocó una ruptura en la relación simbiótica entre las zooxantelas y el coral con una relación 33 veces mayor que en el tratamiento de PAR. A nivel enzimático, P capitata presentó una serie de ajustes orientados a resistir los efectos derivados de la propagación de ROS y con ello favorecer su adaptación y capacidad reproductiva en ambientes oceánicos caracterizados por altos niveles de UVR.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>antioxidants</kwd>
<kwd>carotenoids</kwd>
<kwd>corals</kwd>
<kwd>oxidative stress</kwd>
<kwd>MAAs</kwd>
<kwd>UVR</kwd>
<kwd>lipid peroxidation</kwd>
<kwd>Pocillopora capitata</kwd>
<kwd>photosynthetically active radiation</kwd>
<kwd>SOD</kwd>
<kwd>CAT</kwd>
<kwd>GPx</kwd>
<kwd>GST</kwd>
<kwd>chlorophyll a</kwd>
<kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd>
<kwd>antioxidantes</kwd>
<kwd>coral</kwd>
<kwd>estrés oxidativo</kwd>
<kwd>MAAs</kwd>
<kwd>peroxidación lipidica</kwd>
<kwd>Pocillopora capitata</kwd>
<kwd>radiación activa fotosintética</kwd>
<kwd>SOD</kwd>
<kwd>CAT</kwd>
<kwd>GPx</kwd>
<kwd>GST</kwd>
<kwd>chlorofila a</kwd>
<kwd>especies reactivas de oxígeno</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Variación lipídica en los ovocitos de la medusa Stomolophus meleagris (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae), durante el desarrollo gonádico, en la laguna Las Guásimas, Sonora, México</article-title>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas  </institution>
<addr-line>La Paz </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Lipid variation in oocytes of the jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) from Las Guasimas Lagoon, Mexico, during gonadal development. The jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris has potential for commercial exploitation but there is little information on their reproductive biology. This paper seeks to evaluate some biochemical and demographic characteristics of the species. Samples were taken monthly during 2005 and 2006. Jellyfish collected in 2005 were used to describe the characteristics and quantity of oocyte triglycerides and phospholipids with the Sudan black technique, and to ascertain the degree of gonadal development and sex ratio by the hematoxylin-eosin technique. The 2006 jellyfish were used to determine the size at first maturity and protein and total lipids contents. Four stages of development in both sexes were determined, with a continuous gamete development. The highest percentage of mature organisms was recorded in April. The proportion of sexes was 0.7:1.3. We found higher concentrations of triglycerides than phospholipids in the cytoplasm. There was a positive correlation between triglycerides and the diameter of the oocyte. The size at first maturity for both sexes was 105mm. The highest protein and lipids contents were obtained in April and March respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 119-130. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La medusa S. meleagris, ha mostrado potencial de explotación pero hay escasa información sobre su biología reproductiva. El presente trabajo pretende conocer el contenido de los triglicéridos y fosfolípidos en los ovocitos durante el desarrollo gonadal, así como la proporción de sexos, talla de primera madurez y la concentración de proteínas y lípidos totales en la medusa. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante 2005 y 2006. A las medusas recolectadas en 2005, se les aplicó la técnica del sudán negro, para describir las características del ovocito y la cantidad triglicéridos y fosfolípidos y la técnica de hematoxilina-eosina para conocer el grado de desarrollo gonádico y la proporción de sexos. Las medusas del 2006 se emplearon para determinar la talla de primera madurez y el contenido de proteínas y lípidos totales. Se observaron cuatro fases de desarrollo en ambos sexos, con un desarrollo gamético continúo. El mayor porcentaje de organismos maduros se registró en abril. La proporción de sexos fue de 0.7:1.3. Se encontró mayor concentración de triglicéridos que de fosfolípidos en el citoplasma. Se obtuvo una correlación positiva entre triglicéridos y el diámetro del ovocito. La talla de primera madurez para ambos sexos fue de 105 mm. El mayor contenido de proteínas se obtuvo en abril y para lípidos en marzo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Jellyfish</kwd>
<kwd>cannon ball</kwd>
<kwd>triacylglycerols</kwd>
<kwd>phospholipids</kwd>
<kwd>gametogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Medusa</kwd>
<kwd>bola de cañón</kwd>
<kwd>triglicéridos</kwd>
<kwd>fosfolípidos</kwd>
<kwd>gametogénesis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Condición somática de la almeja Polymesoda solida (Veneroidea: Corbiculidae) durante el periodo lluvioso, enel Parque Natural Isla de Salamanca, Caribe colombiano</article-title>
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<institution>,Instituto Lationamericano de Ciencias Marinasy del Ambiente  </institution>
<addr-line> Miami</addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Somatic condition of the clam Polymesoda solida (Veneroidea: Corbiculidae) in the rainy season of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean. The estuarine clam Polymesoda solida is the main fishery resource in the Salamanca Island Natural Park. I sampled the clam in three interconnected lagoons (Poza Verde, El Torno and Atascosa) during the rainy period (April to November 2004). Sixty individuals were monthly collected by hand on each lagoon; 30 to analyze two condition indexes (relationship between body and shell weight and between soft dry and wet weight), yield (meat percentage) and length-weight relationships. Maturity of female gonad smears was assessed on the remaining individuals. Measures of salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency and depth, were also taken at the collection places. Increases of the condition indexes occurred when the Magdalena River showed some decreases in its level, especially at Poza Verde and El Torno. The condition indexes were higher at 27-33mm, (range where maturity size was reached). Clams from Poza Verde, the lagoon nearest to the Magdalena River, had the highest values in condition indexes, yield, fresh weight and maturity frequency. Yield was directly correlated to the condition indexes and sexual maturity. The condition index (body weight/shell weight) showed a highest multiple regression coefficient with salinity, pH and transparency (R²=74%), indicating the relevance of the hydrological regime in the regulation of the condition of the organisms. P. solida seems to be more adapted to the lowest salinities of the system (0.0-0.4), corresponding to Poza Verde, where the influence of the Magdalena river is more direct and steady. Additionally, differences found between sites in the assessed variables, emphasize the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity of this kind of lagoon estuaries, and should be taken into account for future fisheries management in the rainy period and conservation of P. solida populations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 131-145. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se evaluó la condición somática de la almeja Polymesoda solida en tres lagunas del Parque Isla de Salamanca (abril a noviembre de 2004), durante el periodo lluvioso. En 60 individuos por laguna, se analizaron mensualmente índices de condición, rendimiento, relación talla-peso y madurez gonadal en fresco. También se midió salinidad, temperatura, pH, oxígeno disuelto, transparencia y profundidad del agua. Los mayores índices de condición coincidieron con descensos en el nivel del río Magdalena, especialmente en Poza Verde y El Torno. Estos índices fueron más altos en tallas entre 27mm y 33mm, donde también se ubicó la talla media de madurez sexual. En Poza Verde, laguna con mayor influencia del río, se presentaron los mayores índices de condición, rendimiento, peso húmedo y frecuencia de madurez, revelando una mejor condición de los organismos. El índice de condición (peso cuerpo/ peso concha) presentó mayor coeficiente de regresión múltiple con la salinidad, pH y transparencia, sugiriendo la importancia del régimen hidrológico en su regulación. Las diferencias espaciales en las variables evaluadas, resaltan la necesidad de tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad de este tipo de estuarios para la conservación y manejo adecuado de la pesquería de P. solida.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Polymesoda solida</kwd>
<kwd>bivalves</kwd>
<kwd>Salamanca Island</kwd>
<kwd>estuaries</kwd>
<kwd>hydrological regime</kwd>
<kwd>condition index</kwd>
<kwd>Polymesoda solida</kwd>
<kwd>bivalvos</kwd>
<kwd>Isla de Salamanca</kwd>
<kwd>estuarios</kwd>
<kwd>régimen hidrológico</kwd>
<kwd>índice de condición</kwd>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000100011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Free-living marine polychaetes (Annelida) inhabiting hard-bottom substrates in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies</article-title>
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<volume>58</volume>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>As part of a larger comparative study, marine polychaete hard-bottom assemblages were surveyed using artificial substrate units (ASUs) deployed at four sites off the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The polychaete fauna was represented by 19 families comprising 89 species. The syllid Exogone dispar was the most abundant polychaete followed closely by the serpulid Pseudovermilia occidentalis. At the family level, the polychaete fauna inhabiting the ASUs is similar to the fauna from other temperate and tropical locations. Omnivorous species were dominant (70 %), followed by filter feeders (20%). This survey provides first records of the hard-bottom polychaete fauna of Trinidad and Tobago and adds new information about the geographic range of some polychaete species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 147-157. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Como parte de un estudio comparativo más amplio, ensamblajes marinos de poliquetos de fondos duros fueron contabilizados utilizando unidades de sustrato artificial ubicadas en cuatro sitios de las islas de Trinidad y Tobago. La fauna de poliquetos estuvo representada por 19 familias, integradas por 89 especies. Exogone dispar fue el poliqueto más abundante seguido cercanamente por Pseudovermilia occidentalis. A nivel de familia, la fauna de poliquetos que habitan las unidades de sustrato artificial es similar a la de otras localidades templadas y tropicales. Las omnívoras fueron las especies dominantes (70%), seguido por las filtradoras (20%). Este estudio proporciona los primeros registros de la fauna de poliquetos del fondo duro de Trinidad y Tobago, y añade nueva información sobre la distribución geográfica de algunas especies de poliquetos.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>substrato rocoso</kwd>
<kwd>Caribe</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Anchialine habitats in the Hawaiian Islands, characterized as coastal bodies of land-locked salt or brackish water that fluctuate with the tides due to subterranean connections, are the only ecosystems of this type found within the United States. These habitats are currently subject to anthropogenic impacts tha t threaten their future existence. Previous research has shown strong genetic population structure of an endemic atyid shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, in these habitats. The native alpheid shrimp, Metabetaeus lohena, whose known range entirely overlaps that of H. rubra, has feeding and reproductive behaviors that are biologically distinct from H. rubra. Its historic scarcity and status as a candidate for the US Fish and Wildlife Department’s Endangered Species List, make M. lohena an ideal species to compare against the known genetic structure of H. rubra. We investigated the population structure of this native anchialine shrimp to test the hypothesis that genetic population structure differs between the two shrimp species and that M. lohena is genetically unstructured across its range. A survey of 605 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 127 individuals collected at 7 sites spanning the islands of O’ahu, Maui and Hawaii revealed 43 haplotypes. The most common haplotype was represented in similar proportions from all sites sampled, accounting for 44% of the surveyed sequences. Analyses of molecular variation (AMOVA), pairwise &amp;#934;ST values, Bayesian estimates of migration (M), Mantel tests and Nested Clade Analyses (NCAs) all failed to reveal evidence of major barriers to gene flow among most populations separated by inter-island channels. This lack of genetic structure in M. lohena is found to be in stark contrast with the highly structured population of H. rubra, and may be attributed to oceanic dispersal strategies and/or a recent introduction to the Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 159-170. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los hábitats de los alfeidos de las islas de Hawaii, se caracterizan por ser zonas cerradas de aguas saladas o salobres, que fluctúan con las mareas, debido a las conexiones subterráneas, son los únicos ecosistemas de este tipo que se encuentran en Estados Unidos. Estos hábitats actualmente están sujetos a impactos antropogénicos que amenazan su existencia futura. La investigación anterior ha demostrado una fuerte estructura genética de una población de camarones atíidos endémicos, Halocaridina rubra, en estos hábitats. El camarón alfeido nativo, Metabetaeus lohena, cuya área de distribución conocida se superpone totalmente con la de H. rubra, tiene comportamientos alimenticios y reproductivos que son biológicamente diferentes a los de H. rubra. Su escasez histórica y su condición de candidato para aparecer en la Lista de Especies en Peligro del Departamento de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de Estados Unidos, hace de M. lohena una especie ideal para comparar su estructura genética con la de H. rubra. Se investigó la estructura de la población de este camarón alfeido nativo para probar la hipótesis que la estructura genética de la población difiere entre las dos especies y que la de M. lohena está genéticamente no estructurada en todo su ámbito. El análisis de 605 pb de la oxidasa mitocondrial citocromo c subunidad I (COI) de genes de 127 individuos recolectados en 7 sitios que abarcan las islas de Oahu, Maui y Hawaii reveló 43 haplotipos. El haplotipo más común fue representado en proporciones similares en todos los sitios incluidos en la muestra, de acuerdo al 44% de las secuencias estudiadas. El análisis de variación molecular (AMOVA), los valores de &amp;#934;ST pareados, la estimación bayesiana de la migración (M), las pruebas de Mantel y los Análisis Cladísticos no pudieron revelar la existencia de importantes barreras al flujo genético entre las poblaciones más separadas por los canales entre las islas. La falta de estructura genética en M. lohena contrasta con la muy estructurada población de H. rubra, y puede ser atribuida a las estrategias de dispersión oceánica y/o una introducción reciente en las islas hawaianas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>anchialine</kwd>
<kwd>Metabetaeus lohena</kwd>
<kwd>shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>COI</kwd>
<kwd>gene flow</kwd>
<kwd>Hawaii</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Seasonal variations of species composition and abundance of zooplankton in Ehoma Lake, a floodplain lake in Nigeria</article-title>
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<institution>,Ebonyi State University Applied Biology Department </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>182</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Ehoma Lake is among the important breeding sites of the major fishes in the Mid-Cross River, Nigeria. The juveniles of these fishes are solely dependent on zooplankton, which has not been studied previously. I studied monthly the lake’s physico-chemical variables and zooplankton composition in three stations (littoral, sub-littoral and pelagic) from March 2005 to August 2006. Sixty-seven zooplankton species (42 rotifers, 19 cladocerans and 6 copepods) were identified. Daphnia obtusa Kurz, Keratella valga Ehrenberg, Keratella ticinensis Callerrio, Keratella hiemalis Carlin, Brachionus dimidiatus Bryce and Lecane candida Hauer and Murray are new records for Nigeria. The dominant zooplankters were Diaphanosoma excisum Kurz and Moina micrura Kurz. There was an inverse relationship between species richness and abundance. Richness was highest in the dry season while peak zooplankton abundance was recorded in the rainy season. Zooplankton abundance and species richness decreased progressively from the littoral to the pelagic station while the Shannon-Weaver diversity index varied from 0.68 to 1.28 without a clear seasonal trend. There is a succession pattern: rotifers that are dominant in the dry season are replaced by cladocerans in the rainy season. This succession was greatly influenced by seasonal flooding of the lake. As no previous information on the zooplankton of the lake is available, this study provides baseline data on the lake`s zooplankton. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 171-182. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El lago Ehoma, situado en la mitad del río Cross, es uno de los lugares de reproducción de las principales especies de peces del río. Los juveniles de estos peces dependen exclusivamente del zooplancton, sin embargo poco se sabe sobre este recurso en el lago. En este estudio, las variables físico-químicas y del zooplancton del lago fueron estudiadas mensualmente en tres estaciones (litoral, sub-litoral y pelágica), de marzo de 2005 a agosto de 2006. Fueron identificadas 67 especies de zooplancton (42 rotíferos, 19 cladóceros y 6 copépodos). Daphnia obtusa Kurz, Keratella valga Ehrenberg, Keratella ticinensis Callerrio, Keratella hiemalis Carlin, Brachionus dimidiatus Bryce y Lecane candida Hauer y Murray son nuevos registros para Nigeria. Las especies dominantes fueron Diaphanosoma excisum Kurz y Moina micrura Kurz. Hubo una relación inversa entre la riqueza de especies y la abundancia. La riqueza de especies fue mayor en la estación seca, mientras que la abundancia de zooplancton registró su mayor valor en la estación lluviosa. La abundancia y riqueza de especies de zooplancton disminuyó progresivamente desde la estación del litoral a la pelágica, mientras que el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver varió de 0.68 a 1.28, sin una clara tendencia estacional. Se encontró un patrón de sucesión: los rotíferos, dominantes en la estación seca, fueron reemplazados por cladóceros en la estación lluviosa. Esta sucesión estuvo fuertemente influenciada por las inundaciones estacionales del lago. Al no haber información disponible sobre el zooplancton de este lago, este estudio proporciona los primeros datos de referencia.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>zooplankton</kwd>
<kwd>species richness</kwd>
<kwd>Daphnia obtusa</kwd>
<kwd>abundance</kwd>
<kwd>Cross River</kwd>
<kwd>floodplain</kwd>
<kwd>season</kwd>
<kwd>zooplancton</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
<kwd>Daphnia obtusa</kwd>
<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>Río Cross</kwd>
<kwd>planicie de inundación</kwd>
<kwd>estación</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Taphonomy of the gastropod cf. Donaldina robusta Heterobranchia: Streptacididae) from the Middle Pennsylvanian, La Joya Formation, Sonora, Mexico. Gastropods are an important component in most of the fossil record; however, investigations have focused mainly on the characterization of the tafofacies and signatures in determined environments. We present qualitative and quantitative taphonomic data for the gastropod cf. Donaldina robusta assemblages from the La Joya Formation of the Sierra Agua Verde, Sonora State, (NW) Mexico. We analyzed 176 shells. Good preservation received a high taphonomic grade (A) and poor preservation a D. The shells were complete in 72% of cases (taphonomic grade B). Less than 10% are corroded or are parallel to the layer (grade A). This rock is petrographycally classified as wackestone, sedimentologically it is characterized by middle sorting (grade B) and low grading (grade A). The fossiliferous assemblage grades as A and B. Biostratinomic features of the skeletal assemblage are characteristic of sedimentologic concentrations of autochthonous-parautochthonous elements at the accumulation site. There was minimal reworking and transport in an environment of low energy, locally produced during a short period of accumulation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 183-194. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los gasterópodos son un componente importante en la mayoría de los registros fósiles, sin embargo, las investigaciones se han centrado principalmente en la caracterización de las tafofacies y firmas tafonómicas en ambientes particulares. Se presentan los datos tafonómicos cualitativos y cuantitativos para el ensamblaje del gasterópodo cf. Donaldina robusta de la Formación La Joya de la Sierra Agua Verde, Sonora, (NW) México. Se analizaron 176 conchas. Una buena preservación recibió un grado tafonómico alto (A) y una preservación pobre D. Las conchas estaban completas en el 72% de los casos (grado tafonómico B). Menos del 10% estaban corroídas y se encontraban paralelas a la capa (grado A). Esta roca según la petrografía es clasificada como &quot;wackestone&quot;, de acuerdo a los sedimentos se encuentra en una categoría intermedia (grado B) y baja (grado A). Los ensambles fosilíferos tienen grados tanto A como B. Las características biostratinómicas del ensamblaje esquelético tienen concentraciones de sedimentos de los elementos autóctonos-parautóctonos típicas del sitio de la acumulación. Durante un corto período de acumulación, en un ambiente de baja energía, hubo reelaboración y transporte mínimo de la producción local.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>biostratinomy</kwd>
<kwd>taphonomic grades</kwd>
<kwd>paleoecology</kwd>
<kwd>gastropods</kwd>
<kwd>Pennsylvanian</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>biostratinomía</kwd>
<kwd>grados tafonómicos</kwd>
<kwd>paleoecología</kwd>
<kwd>gasterópodos</kwd>
<kwd>Pensilvánico</kwd>
<kwd>Sonora</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<addr-line> Florida</addr-line>
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<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Four species of land snails are described from Costa Rica and Panama. Two are new species and two have remained poorly known since their first discovery. A fifth species from Mexico and Guatemala is illustrated for comparative purposes because it has not been figured since 1877, and previous figures of it are inadequate for comparative purposes. The Spiraxidae subfamilies and the piraxinae genera are redefined. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 195-202. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Rectaxis</kwd>
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<kwd>land snails</kwd>
<kwd>Spiraxidae</kwd>
<kwd>Mayaxis</kwd>
<kwd>Micromena</kwd>
<kwd>Miraradula</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudosubulina</kwd>
<kwd>Rectaxis</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) from Río Muni (Equatorial Guinea), with the description of eight new species. The Opiliones from Equatorial Guinea’s Continental Region (formerly Río Muni) had not been studied previously. A collection made in 1996 produced 22 species, ten of which belong to the Assamiidae and are studied herein: Chilon robustus and Mbinia xenophora gen. nov., sp. nov. (Erecinae); Podauchenius longipes and Rhabdopygus funilignorum sp. nov. (Hypoxestinae); Ayenea trimaculata gen. nov., sp. nov., Montalenia forficula gen. nov., sp. nov. and Niefanga spinosa gen. nov., sp. nov. (Polycoryphinae); Binderia longipes sp. nov., Seuthes inermis sp. nov. and Seuthessus coriscanus sp. nov. (Selencinae). We consider Ayenea, Montalenia and Niefanga an informal suprageneric group characterized by two orifices on the dorsal side of the penis and a thick genital operculum. Identification keys to species of these taxa are provided, together with color photographs of both sexes (except the female of Binderia longipes). Eight of the ten assamiid species have been recorded from the Monte Alén National Park; only two selencine species (apparently coastal) are absent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 203-243. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los Opiliones de Guinea Ecuatorial y su Región Continental (antiguamente conocida como Río Muni) no habían sido previamente estudiados. El material recogido en 1996 ha proporcionado 22 especies, de las que diez pertenecen a la familia Assamiidae y son objeto de este trabajo: Chilon robustus gen. nov., sp. nov. y Mbinia xenophora gen. nov., sp. nov. (Erecinae), Podauchenius longipes sp. nov. y Rhabdopygus funilignorum sp. nov. (Hypoxestinae), Ayenea trimaculata gen. nov., sp. nov., Montalenia forfícula gen. nov., sp. nov. y Niefanga spinosa gen. nov., sp. ov. (Polycoryphinae), Binderia longipes sp. nov., Seuthes inermis sp. nov. y Seuthessus coriscanus sp. nov. (Selencinae). Se considera a Ayenea, Montalenia y Niefanga como un nuevo grupo supragenérico basado en la presencia de un par de orificios en el lado dorsal del pene y un grueso opérculo genital con mecanismo de apertura. Se añaden claves para la identificación de especies de los taxones tratados, así como fotografías a color de ambos sexos (excepto la hembra de B. longipes). En el Parque Nacional de Monte Alén se han encontrado ocho especies; solamente faltan de allí dos selencinos, aparentemente costeros.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Opiliones</kwd>
<kwd>Assamiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Gulf of Guinea</kwd>
<kwd>Equatorial Guinea</kwd>
<kwd>Río Muni</kwd>
<kwd>Monte Alén National Park</kwd>
<kwd>Opiliones</kwd>
<kwd>Assamiidae</kwd>
<kwd>Golfo de Guinea</kwd>
<kwd>Guinea Ecuatorial</kwd>
<kwd>Río Muni</kwd>
<kwd>Parque Nacional de Monte Alén</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Highest mosquito records (Diptera: Culicidae) in Venezuela. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are holometabolous insects with aquatic immature stages, which use a broad variety of larval habitats, from ground water bodies to Phytothelmata (water deposits in plants) and artificial deposits. The availability of breeding sites often determines the upper limits of mosquito ranges. We built a database with 9 607 records with 432 localities, 19 genera and 254 species. The Andean mountains have 77% of the highest mosquito records including Aedes euris with record at 3 133 m, followed by three species of Anopheles -subgenera Kerteszia- with the upper limit of 2 680 m. Wyeomyia bicornis and Culex daumastocampa at 2 550 m were the highest records in the Central- Coastal cordillera, while the highest record in Pantepui was Wyeomyia zinzala at 2 252 m. The species associated with phytothelmata (Bromeliaceae and Sarraceniaceae) represent 60% of the records. The upper limits of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles (Kerteszia) species could represent the theoretical limit for transmission of filariasis or arboviruses, by Culex, and malaria by Anopheles (Kerteszia) in Venezuela. Similarly, a vector of Dengue, Aedes aegypti, has not been not recorded above 2 000 m. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 245-254. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) son insectos holometábolos con estadios inmaduros acuáticos que utilizan una amplia variedad de hábitats larvales, desde cuerpos de agua en el suelo hasta Fitotelmata (depósitos de agua en las plantas) y depósitos artificiales. La disponibilidad de sitios de reproducción a menudo determina el límite superior del ámbito de los mosquitos. Nosotros construimos una base de datos de 9 607 registros, 432 localidades, 19 géneros y 254 especies. La coordillera Andina posee el 77% de los registros con mayor altitud incluyendo Aedes euris con un registro a 3 300 m, seguido por tres especies de Anopheles -subgénero Kerteszia- con una altitud máxima de 2 680 m. Wyeomyia bicornis y Culex daumastocampa a 2 550 m fueron los registros de mayor altitud en la cordillera Costera- Central, mientras que el record más alto en Pantepui fue Wyeomyia zinzala a 2 252 m. El 60% de los registros de máxima altitud están representados por especies asociadas con fitotelmata (Bromeliaceae y Sarraceniaceae). Los límites superiores de Culex quinquefasciatus y Anopheles (Kerteszia) podría representar el límite teórico para la transmisión de filariasis o arbovirus, por Culex y malaria por Anopheles (Kerteszia) en Venezuela. Del mismo modo, un vector del dengue, Aedes aegypti, no ha sido registrado por encima de 2 000 m.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Aedes</kwd>
<kwd>Anopheles</kwd>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Culex</kwd>
<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>Heliamphora</kwd>
<kwd>Wyeomyia</kwd>
<kwd>phytothelmata</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes</kwd>
<kwd>Anopheles</kwd>
<kwd>Bromeliaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Culex</kwd>
<kwd>Diptera</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>Heliamphora</kwd>
<kwd>Wyeomyia</kwd>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000100018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Two new species of nocturnal bees of the genus Megalopta (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with keys to species</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gonzalez</surname>
<given-names>Victor H</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Griswold</surname>
<given-names>Terry</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ayala</surname>
<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Utah State University Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory USDA-ARS</institution>
<addr-line>Logan UT</addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología Estación de Biología Chamela</institution>
<addr-line>San Patricio Jalisco </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>255</fpage>
<lpage>263</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Megalopta Smith, 1853, is a Neotropical genus of nocturnal or crepuscular bees. Two subgenera are recognized with most of its nearly 30 species placed in the nominate subgenus. Species of Megalopta s. str. are more commonly collected than species of Noctoraptor Engel et al. 1997, all presumably parasites of Megalopta s. str. Two new species of Megalopta are described here: M. (Megalopta) tetewana, n. sp., from Mexico and M. (Noctoraptor) huaoranii, n. sp., from Ecuador. Identification keys to the Central American species of Megalopta s. str. and the species of the parasitic subgenus Noctoraptor are presented. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 255-263. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Megalopta Smith, 1853, es un género Neotropical de abejas nocturnas o crepusculares. Dos subgéneros son reconocidos con la mayoría de las 30 especies ubicadas en el subgénero nominal. Las especies de Megalopta s. str. son más comúnmente recolectadas que las especies de Noctoraptor Engel et al. 1997, todas probablemente parásitas de Megalopta s. str. Aquí se describen dos especies nuevas de Megalopta: M. (Megalopta) tetewana, n. sp., de México y M. (Noctoraptor) huaoranii, n. sp., de Ecuador. Se presentan claves de identificación para las especies de Megalopta s. str. de América Central y las especies del subgénero parásito Noctoraptor.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Augochlorini</kwd>
<kwd>Apoidea</kwd>
<kwd>parasites</kwd>
<kwd>keys</kwd>
<kwd>systematics</kwd>
<kwd>Augochlorini</kwd>
<kwd>Apoidea</kwd>
<kwd>parásitos</kwd>
<kwd>Centroamérica</kwd>
<kwd>claves</kwd>
<kwd>sistemática</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000100019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dos nuevas especies del género Argyrana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Concepción Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Departamento de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>Concepción </addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>265</fpage>
<lpage>271</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Two new species of the genus Argyrana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The moth genus Argyrana was described by Koehler in 1951. We studied 539 specimens and here redescribe the adults, male and female genitalia. Two new species are reported for Araucanía and Aysén (IX Region and XI Region, Chile; the genus was previously known only from Argentina). These moths fly in October, November and February. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 265-271. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género de la polilla Argyrana fue descrito por Koehler en 1951. Se estudiaron 539 especímenes y aquí se redescriben los adultos, los órganos genitales del macho y la hembra. Se reportan dos nuevas especies para la Araucanía y Aysén (IX Región y XI Región, Chile; el género era previamente conocido sólo para Argentina). Estas polillas vuelan en Octubre, Noviembre y Febrero.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Argyrana</kwd>
<kwd>Cucullinae</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Andean-patagonian</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidoptera</kwd>
<kwd>Argyrana</kwd>
<kwd>Cucullinae</kwd>
<kwd>nuevas especies</kwd>
<kwd>andino-patagónicos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituo de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá, D.C </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituo de Ciencias Naturales </institution>
<addr-line>Bogotá, D.C </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,UNAM Facultad de Ciencias Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>México </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>273</fpage>
<lpage>285</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The taxonomy and distribution of Nathalis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Colombia. In Colombia, Nathalis has two described species: N. iole and N. plauta. Previous authors did not make detailed descriptions of its distribution in meridional regions and failed to differentiate both species based on genitalic characters. Some wing marks have been enough to separate them, but co-specificity was a possibility. They inhabit Colombia above 2000 m in the paramo, and have a vicariant distribution from the remaining population of N. iole in the Antillean and Central and North America. An analysis focused on male and female genitalia, as well as the wing pattern of more than 100 specimens from the Colombian Andes (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Sierra de Perijá) and Mexico, indicates that the two species differ in their genitalia, and considering their allopatric distribution, we support the specific distinction of N. iole and N. plauta. We describe a new endemic subspecies found exclusively in the paramo above 3000 m, an area where other endemics occur. It has phenotypic plasticity related to environmental factors. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 273-285. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Colombia, Nathalis comprende dos especies descritas: N. iole y N. plauta. Autores previos no describieron detalladamente su distribución meridional y fallaron en la diferenciación de ambas especies basado en sus caracteres genitales. Algunos caracteres de su diseño alar habían sido suficientes para separarlas, pero su co-especificidad pudo ser una posibilidad. Estas habitan en Colombia, por arriba de los 2000 m en el páramo, y tienen una distribución vicariante desde poblaciones remanentes de N. iole en las Antillas y en Centro y Norteamérica. Un análisis de la variación de los genitales masculinos y femeninos, así como del diseño alar de más de 100 especímenes de los Andes Colombianos (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y Sierra de Perijá) y México, indica que las dos especies difieren en sus genitales, y considerando su distribución alopátrida, nosotros confirmamos la distinción específica entre N. iole y N. plauta. Describimos una nueva subespecie endémica encontrada exclusivamente en el páramo por encima de los 3000 m, un área en donde se dan otros endemismos. Las especies de Nathalis presentan plasticidad fenotípica debida a factores ambientales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>endemism</kwd>
<kwd>Pieridae</kwd>
<kwd>peripatric distribution</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>paramo</kwd>
<kwd>Endemismo</kwd>
<kwd>Pieridae</kwd>
<kwd>distribución peripátrida</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>páramo</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Gonadic histology and phenotypical maturation criteria in the marine turtles Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata (Testudines: Chelonidae) from Cuba. Gonad maturity is usually evaluated through macroscopic analysis of the gonads. In sea turtles, the maturation stages are associated with body size, depending on the studied marine stock. Fishermen classify turtles bigger than 65.0cm as sexually mature. If they have secondary sex characters they are recorded as breeding males. We compared body size with macroscopic and microscopic gonad characteristics in two Cuban turtles. Eighteen individuals of C. mydas and twenty of E. imbricata was obtained from the legal fishery stock of Jardines del Rey Archipelago (Cuba), from October 2005 and 2006. In males, breeding condition (maximum spermiogenesis) was checked by histological analysis of the testes. In females, sexual maturity was identified by the presence of vitellogenic follicles or ovarian corpora. Most males were immature (C. mydas: 79.0cm; E. imbricata: 73.1±4.9cm, n=3) and lacked secondary sex characters. Some E. imbricata without a developed penis were in spermatogenic stages II to IV (i.e. pubescent). Most females were immature (C. mydas: 79.6±7.7cm, n=17; E. imbricata: 69.0±7.1cm, n=16; i.e.prepubescent and pubescent. The prepubescent females had ovaries with previtellogenic follicles near 1.0mm in a compact and yellowish stroma. The pubescent females had ovaries with previtellogenic follicles between 2.0 and 3.0mm. The stroma was more loosened and irrigated than in prepubescent turtles. The finding of spermatogenic activity in pubescent males indicates asynchrony between testicular and penial development in E. imbricata. The current phenotypical approach used by fishermen is not enough to determine sexual maturation in these turtles. The minimal size tentatively should be changed to: C. mydas: above 93.0cm and E. imbricata above 79.0cm. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 287-298. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La madurez gonadal se suele evaluar a través del análisis macroscópico de las gónadas. En las tortugas marinas, las etapas de maduración están asociadas con el tamaño del cuerpo, dependiendo de la población estudiada. Los pescadores clasifican las tortugas que miden más de 65.0cm como maduras sexualmente. Si tienen los caracteres sexuales secundarios se registran como machos en edad reproductora. Nosotros comparáramos el tamaño del cuerpo con las características gonadales macroscópicas y microscópicas de dos tortugas de Cuba. Se obtuvieron dieciocho individuos de C. mydas y veinte de E. imbricata en la pesquería legal del Archipiélago Jardines del Rey (Cuba), entre octubre de 2005 y 2006. En los machos, el estado reproductivo (máxima espermiogénesis) se comprobó mediante el análisis histológico de los testículos. En las hembras, la madurez sexual fue identificada por la presencia de folículos vitelogénicos u ovarios corpora. La mayoría de los machos eran inmaduros (C. mydas: 79.0cm; E. imbricata: 73.1±4.9cm, n=3) y carecían de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. Algunos E. imbricata que no tenían un pene desarrollado se encontraban en fases espermatogénicas entre II y IV (p. ej. pubescentes). La mayoría de las hembras eran inmaduras (C. mydas: 79.6±7.7cm, n=17; E. imbricata: 69.0±7.1cm, n=16; p. ej. prepubescente y pubescente). Las hembras prepubescentes tenían ovarios con folículos previtelogénicos de cerca de 1.0mm en un estroma compacto y amarillento. Las hembras pubescentes tenían ovarios con folículos previtelogénicos entre 2.0 y 3.0mm. El estroma fue más distendido e irrigado que en las tortugas pubescentes. El hallazgo de actividad espermatogénica en machos pubescentes indica la asincronía entre el desarrollo de testículos y pene en E. imbricata. El criterio fenotípico actual utilizado por los pescadores no es suficiente para determinar la madurez sexual de estas tortugas. La talla mínima tentativa debe cambiar a: C. mydas: por encima de 93.0cm y E. imbricata por encima de 79.0cm.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>sea turtles</kwd>
<kwd>straight carapace length</kwd>
<kwd>sexual maturity</kwd>
<kwd>breeding condition</kwd>
<kwd>previtellogenic follicle</kwd>
<kwd>spermatogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>fishing practice</kwd>
<kwd>tortugas marinas</kwd>
<kwd>largo recto del carapacho</kwd>
<kwd>madurez sexual</kwd>
<kwd>madurez reproductora</kwd>
<kwd>folículo previtelogénico</kwd>
<kwd>espermatogénesis</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Edad y crecimiento del pez Haemulon steindachneri (Perciformis: Haemulidae) en el suroeste de la isla de Margarita, Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar </institution>
<addr-line>Nueva Esparta </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Área de Biología y Recursos Pesqueros</institution>
<addr-line>Nueva Esparta </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Age and growth of the grunt, Haemulon steindachneri (Perciformis: Haemulidae), from the Southwest area of Margarita Island, Venezuela. Studies on fish age and growth are essential to establish models on population dynamics. We determined age and growth of the grunt Haemulon steindachneri from the Southwest Margarita Island using sagita otoliths (direct method) and length frequency (indirect method). A total of 953 individuals were captured by the handcrafted fleet from Boca del Río (Margarita Island) between July 2005 and June 2006. The length-weight relation was established and growth parameters from both curves (length and weight) were estimated using the von Bertalanffy model. The analysis of the annual rings in otoliths established four age groups, and group 3+ was the most representative, with 44.5% of the sample. The calculation of marginal increases of otoliths suggested the development of an annual ring in April, which coincides with the maximum reproduction period. There were no significant differences in the slopes of the curves b (t s=-1.81; p&gt;0.05) and the intercepts a (t s=-1.17; p&gt;0.05) of females and males. Length-weight for both sexes was W=0.0003*L2.89, which indicates an alometric growth pattern. Growth parameters were established as: L&amp;#8734;=231mm, W&amp;#8734;=203g, k=0.569year-1 (direct method) and L&amp;#8734;=228mm, W&amp;#8734;=195g, k=0.580year-1 (indirect method), which suggests that it is a short life species that grows moderately rapidly. The index of growth phi prime (Ø’) coefficient of variation (CV), showed similarity between the growth parameters obtained by both (direct and indirect) methods. The application of the indirect method is recommended, as well as the periodic analysis of population parameters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 299-310. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La edad y el crecimiento del pez Haemulon steindachneri fueron determinados por medio de los otolitos sagitales (método directo) y la distribución de frecuencia de tallas (método indirecto). Un total de 953 individuos fueron capturados por la flota artesanal de Boca del Río, suroeste de la isla de Margarita, entre julio 2005-junio 2006. Se estableció la relación talla-peso y se estimaron los parámetros de crecimiento de las curvas en longitud y peso del modelo de von Bertalanffy. El recuento de los anillos anuales en otolitos, permitió establecer cuatro grupos de edad, siendo el grupo 3+ el más representativo, con un 44.5% de la población muestreada. El cálculo de los incrementos marginales del crecimiento mensual de los otolitos, sugirió la formación de un anillo hialino anual en el mes de abril, el cual coincide con la época máxima de reproducción. No se observó diferencia significativa en las pendientes b (t s=- 1.81; p&gt;0.05) e interceptos a (t s=-1.17; p&gt;0.05) de hembras y machos, con una relación talla-peso para ambos sexos de W=0.0003*L2.89, la que indicó un crecimiento alométrico. Los parámetros de crecimiento quedaron establecidos en: L&amp;#8734;=231mm, W&amp;#8734;=203g, k=0.569año-1 (método directo) y L&amp;#8734;=228mm, W&amp;#8734;=195g, k=0.580 año-1 (método indirecto), lo que sugiere que se trata de una especie de vida corta y crecimiento moderadamente rápido. El coeficiente de variación (CV) del índice de crecimiento phi prima (Ø’), demostró semejanza de los parámetros de crecimiento en longitud obtenidos por los métodos directo e indirecto; por lo que se recomienda la aplicación del método indirecto, así como el análisis periódico de los parámetros poblacionales.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>age</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>Haemulon steindachneri</kwd>
<kwd>Margarita Island</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>edad</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>Haemulon steindachneri</kwd>
<kwd>isla Margarita</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cryptobenthic coral reef fishes in Los Roques National Park, Caribbean of Venezuela. A significant portion of coral reef fish assemblages are composed of small cryptobenthic fishes, but these are poorly represented in regional fish characterization works. We characterized the cryptobenthic reef fish community associated with coral reef in Los Roques National Park during six week surveys. The study included 11 locations in which these fish were registered in transects of 10x2m. Specimens were collected using the suction method and a fine-mesh net. A total of 31 species of six families were collected (four Blenniidae, six Chaenopsidae, one Gobiesocidae, 12 Gobiidae, seven Labrisomidae and one Tripterygiidae). Six represented new records to the park, and Coralliozetus cardonae (Chaenopsidae) was a new record for Venezuela. The most important families were Gobiidae, Chaenopsidae and Labrisomidae. Cryptic fish assemblages changed with the reef environments, with a clear distribution pattern: some species were only observed in shallow areas of less than 5m depth, while in fringing and barrier reef areas, other species were present and differentially distributed between the reef crest and the seaward slope. These patterns probably are related to the close association that these small fish maintain with the benthos. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 311-324. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
<kwd>coral reef</kwd>
<kwd>cryptobenthic fishes</kwd>
<kwd>community structure</kwd>
<kwd>Gobioidei</kwd>
<kwd>Blennioidei</kwd>
<kwd>Los Roques archipelago</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>arrecife coralino</kwd>
<kwd>peces criptobentónicos</kwd>
<kwd>estructura comunitaria</kwd>
<kwd>Gobioidei</kwd>
<kwd>Blennioidei</kwd>
<kwd>archipiélagoLos Roques</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100024</article-id>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología </institution>
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<fpage>325</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100024&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Age and growth of Oreochromis aureus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Sanalona Reservoir, Sinaloa, Mexico. Oreochromis aureus is an important fishing resource in this reservoir but little biological information is available for management purposes. To study its age and growth in the site, we obtained samples using gill nets of six mesh sizes, and collecting fish from commercial catches, on a bimonthly basis, from November 2006 to September 2007. Total length (Lt), total weight (Pt), sex and gonadosomatic maturity were analyzed. Age determination was done by readings of scale growth marks, and its validation was made by the marginal and gonadosomatic index. A total of 384 fish were collected. Length and weight varied from 125 to 345mm and from 40 to 671g, respectively. Growth in length and weight are described by the following von Bertalanffy equations: Lt=416 [1-e-0.3682 (t+0.4975)] and Pt=1323[1-e -0.3682(t+0.4975)]]3.0652. Two growth marks per year were registered, these were associated to metabolic and environmental factors like reproduction and temperature. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 325-338. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Oreochromis aureus es un importante recurso pesquero en el embalse, por lo cual se realizó un estudio sobre su edad y crecimiento desde noviembre del 2006 a septiembre del 2007. Se realizaron muestreos bimensuales con redes agalleras de varios tamaños de luz de malla, y también se colectaron peces de la captura comercial. Se midió la longitud total (Lt), el peso total (Pt), el sexo y la madurez gonádica. La edad se determinó mediante lecturas de marcas de crecimiento en escamas y su validación se realizó mediante el índice marginal e índice gonadosomático. Se colectaron 384 peces, las tallas y pesos variaron de 125 a 345mm y de 40 a 671g, respectivamente. El crecimiento en longitud y peso se describe mediante las ecuaciones de von Bertalanffy: Lt = 416 [1-e-0.3682 (t+0.4975)] y Pt = 1323[1- e-0.3682(t+0.4975)]]3.0652. Se determinaron dos marcas de crecimiento durante el año. Estas fueron asociadas con factores metabólicos y medioambientales como la reproducción y la oscilación de temperatura, combinada con procesos de mezcla y disminución de los niveles del agua del embalse.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>age</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis aureus</kwd>
<kwd>reservoir</kwd>
<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
<kwd>edad</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>Oreochromis aureus</kwd>
<kwd>embalse</kwd>
<kwd>México</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-title xml:lang="en">Five new species of Hemibrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Río Magdalena basin, Colombia</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad del Quindío Laboratorio de Ictiología </institution>
<addr-line>Armenia </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<fpage>339</fpage>
<lpage>356</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Five new fish species of the genus Hemibrycon are described from the Río Magdalena basin, Colombia, using morphometric, meristic and osteological characters. Hemibrycon paez (n=40) differs in number of lateral line scales (39 to 42 vs. 43 to 54), by the number of scales between lateral line and anal-fin origin (6 to 7 vs. 4 to 5) and between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin (6 to 7 vs. 8); H. quindos (n=66) distinguished from its congeners by one autopomorphy: Males with cartilaginous protuberance, rounded on the anal fin ray branched, along all rays (vs. cartilaginous protuberance not present on anal-fin rays in males), by the maxilla without a fold on its anterior end (vs. maxilla with folding only at posterior end), by the number of pored scales in the lateral line (35 to 40 vs. 40 to 46); H. raqueliae (n=117) distinguished by a widened first tooth on the maxilla with the remaining teeth decreasing sharply in size (vs. first tooth of maxilla slender, remaining teeth gradually diminishing), by the first maxilla tooth pentacuspid and wider than the others (vs. first tooth on maxilla unicuspid or tricuspid and of same size as the others); H. virolinica (n=34) distinguished by the posterior end of the extrascapular spine surpassing the postemporal (vs. posterior end of extrascapular not exceeding postemporal spine), by having the posterior end of the first proximal pteryigiophores of dorsal fin of the same size as the anterior edge (vs. the posterior end of the first proximal pteryigiophores of dorsal fin more elongated than the anterior edge); and H. yacopiae (n=78) is distinguished by the following autopomorphic characters: first laterosensorial infraorbitals canal in contact with the posterior end of antorbital (vs. laterosensorial canal not reaching posterior end of antorbital), by the tip of the supraoccipital spine widened (vs. supraoccipital spine acute), by the posterior end of ectopterygoids failing to come in contact with the quadrate bone (vs. in contact); by the posterior edge of palatine more widened than the anterior edge of ectopterygoids (vs. posterior edge of the palatine approximately the same size, except for H. paez). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 339-356. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Cinco nuevas especies son descritas para la cuenca del Río Magdalena, Colombia, con base en caracteres morfométricos, merísticos y osteológicos. Hemibrycon paez se distingue por el número de escamas en la línea lateral (39 a 42 vs. 43 a 54), entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta anal (6 a 7 vs. 4 a 5), y entre la línea lateral y el origen de la aleta dorsal (6 a 7 vs. 8). H. quindos se distingue por una autopomorfia: machos con protuberancias cartilaginosas redondeadas sobre los radios ramificados de la aleta anal, sobre toda su extensión (vs. no presentes en los radios de las aletas anal en machos), la maxila que no posee un plegamiento en su extremo posterior (vs. maxilar con doblamiento en su extremo posterior), por el número de escamas con poros en la línea lateral (35 a 40 vs. 40 a 46). H. raqueliae, se distingue por presentar el primer diente del maxilar ensanchado al comparar con los demás dientes que disminuye abruptamente en tamaño (vs. Primer diente del maxilar delgado, los demás dientes disminuyen gradualmente), por presentar el primer diente de la maxila pentacúspide y más ancho que los demás (vs. primer diente sobre la maxila uni o tricúspide y de igual tamaño que los otros. H. virolinica se distingue por poseer en el extremo posterior del extraescapular una espina que sobre pasa el postemporal (vs. extremo posterior del extrascapular no sobre pasa la espina del postemporal), por tener el extremo posterior del primer pterigióforo proximal de la aleta dorsal del mismo tamaño que el borde anterior (vs. el extremo posterior del primer pterigióforo proximal de la aleta dorsal mas alargado que el borde anterior). H. yacopiae se diferencia por una autopomorfia: el canal laterosensorial sobre primer infraorbital en contacto con el extremo posterior del antorbital (vs. el canal laterosensorial no alcanza el extremo posterior del antorbital), por el extremo de la espina supraoccipital ancha (vs. espina supraoccipital aguda), por el extremo posterior del ectopterigoide no en contacto con el cuadrado (vs. en contacto), por el borde posterior del palatino más ancho que el borde anterior del ectopterigoide (vs. borde posterior del palatino aproximadamente del mismo tamaño).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Hemibrycon</kwd>
<kwd>teleostei</kwd>
<kwd>new taxon</kwd>
<kwd>neotropical fish</kwd>
<kwd>Hemibrycon</kwd>
<kwd>teleostei</kwd>
<kwd>nuevo taxón</kwd>
<kwd>pez neotropical</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) is an endemic Mesoamerican bird species of conservation concern. Within this species, the subspecies P. m. costaricensis and P. m. mocinno, have been recognized by apparent morphometric differences; however, presently there is no sufficient data for confirmation. We analyzed eight morphometric attributes of the body from 41 quetzals: body length, tarsus and cord wing, as well as the length, wide and depth of the bill, body weight; and in the case of the males, the length of the long upper-tail cover feathers. We used multivariate analyses to discriminate morphometric differences between subspecies and contrasted each morphometric attribute between and within subspecies with paired non-parametric Wilcoxon test. In order to review the intraspecific taxonomic status of this bird, we added phylogenetic analysis, and genetic divergence and differentiation based on nucleotide variations in four sequences of mtDNA. The nucleotide variation was estimated in control region, subunit NDH6, and tRNA Glu and tRNA Phe in 26 quetzals from eight localities distributed in five countries. We estimated the genetic divergence and differentiation between subspecies according to a mutation-drift equilibrium model. We obtained the best mutation nucleotide model following the procedure implemented in model test program. We constructed the phylogenetic relationships between subspecies by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood using PAUP, as well as with Bayesian statistics. The multivariate analyses showed two different morphometric groups, and individuals clustered according to the subspecies that they belong. The paired comparisons between subspecies showed strong differences in most of the attributes analyzed. Along the four mtDNA sequences, we identified 32 nucleotide positions that have a particular nucleotide according to the quetzals subspecies. The genetic divergence and the differentiation was strong and markedly showed two groups within P. mocinno that corresponded to the quetzals subspecies. The model selected for our data was TVM+G. The three phylogenetic methods here used recovered two clear monophyletic clades corresponding to each subspecies, and evidenced a significant and true partition of P. mocinno species into two different genetic, morphometric and ecologic groups. Additionally, according to our calculations, the gene flow between subspecies is interrupted at least from three million years ago. Thus we propose that P. mocinno be divided in two independent species: P. mocinno (Northern species, from Mexico to Nicaragua) and in P. costaricensis (Southern species, Costa Rica and Panama). This new taxonomic classification of the quetzal subspecies allows us to get well conservation achievements because the evaluation about the kind and magnitude of the threats could be more precise. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 357-371. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) es un ave endémica mesoamericana de interés en conservación. Dentro de esta especie, se reconocen a las subespecies P. m. costaricensis y P. m. mocinno por aparentes diferencias morfométricas, sin embargo, hasta el momento no hay datos suficientes que las confirmen. En este estudio, analizamos ocho rasgos morfométricos de 41 quetzales: la longitud del cuerpo, del tarso y de la cuerda alar, así como la longitud, el ancho y la profundidad del pico, el peso corporal, y en el caso de los machos, la longitud de las plumas cobertoras supracaudales. Usamos análisis multivariados para discriminar diferencias morfométricas entre las subespecies. Comparamos cada rasgo morfométrico dentro y entre las subespecies a partir de comparaciones pareadas con el análisis no-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Realizamos análisis filogenéticos, y de diferenciación y divergencia genéticas fundamentados en las variaciones nucleotídicas de cuatro secuencias de ADNm con la finalidad de revisar el estatus taxonómico de esta ave. La variación nucleotídica fue estimada en la región control, la subunidad NDH6 y los tRNA Glu y tRNA Phe en 26 quetzales de ocho localidades de cinco países. Estimamos la divergencia y la diferenciación genética entre subespecies con base en el modelo de equilibrio mutación-deriva. Obtuvimos el mejor modelo de mutación nucleotídica siguiendo el procedimiento implementado en el programa Model test. Construimos las relaciones filogenéticas entre las subespecies con máxima parsimonia y máxima verosimilitud usando PAUP, así con estadística Bayesiana. Los análisis multivariados discriminaron dos grupos morfométricos, y los individuos se agruparon de acuerdo con la subespecie a la que pertenecen. Las comparaciones pareadas entre las subespecies mostraron fuertes diferencias en la mayoría de los rasgos analizados. En las cuatro secuencias de ADNmt identificamos 32 posiciones nucleotídicas que tienen un nucleótido particular de acuerdo con la subespecie de quetzal. La divergencia genética y la diferenciación fueron marcadas y mostraron dos grupos dentro de P. mocinno que correspondieron a las subespecies de quetzales. El modelo seleccionado para nuestros datos fue el TVM+G. Los tres métodos filogenéticos usados recuperaron dos clados monofiléticos robustos correspondiendo a cada una de las subespecies. Consideramos que nuestros resultados muestran una significativa y real división de P. mocinno en dos grupos genéticos, morfométricos y ecológicos. Además de acuerdo con nuestras estimaciones, el flujo génico está interrumpido entre las subespecies desde al menos hace tres millones de años. Por ello, proponemos que P. mocinno sea dividido en dos especies independientes: P. mocinno (especie norteña, desde México hasta Nicaragua) y P. costaricensis (especie sureña, Costa Rica y Panamá). Esta nueva clasificación de las subespecies de quetzal permitirá mejores logros en su conservación, dado que la evaluación de la clase y magnitud de las amenazas serán más precisas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>phylogenetic trees</kwd>
<kwd>Mesoamerica</kwd>
<kwd>mitochondrial DNA</kwd>
<kwd>morphometry</kwd>
<kwd>quetzals</kwd>
<kwd>árboles filogenéticos</kwd>
<kwd>Mesomérica</kwd>
<kwd>ADN mitochondrial</kwd>
<kwd>morfometría</kwd>
<kwd>quetzales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100027</article-id>
<title-group>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad de la Investigación Centro de Invetigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limonología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  </institution>
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<country>Republic of Panama</country>
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<aff id="A05">
<institution>,Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>373</fpage>
<lpage>381</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Isla del Caño is a marine protected area on the south Pacific coast of Costa Rica, surrounded by coral reefs and coral communities. The ecology of these coral reefs has been studied for over 20 years, but they have not been mapped. Maps are considered a great research, planning, management and monitoring tool. Medium to high resolution images (HyMap 2005 and Quickbird 2007 respectively) were processed and classified in order to test and compare their accuracy in producing a marine habitat map. Manta tow surveys were performed in the field for identification of 7 marine habitats 1. Coral community; 2. Coral reef; 3. Bed rock; 4. Sand; 5. Sand with boulders; 6. Sand with rodolyths; and 7. Deep water. The overall accuracy was slightly higher using Quickbird (87%) than using Hymap (60%), however the difference was not significant. The map produced using Quickbird was selected to represent the marine habitats of Isla del Caño. This map will help to analyze the adequate size and zoning of the marine protected area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 373-381. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Isla del Caño es un área marina protegida en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica y está rodeada de arrecifes coralinos. La ecología de estos arrecifes coralinos ha sido estudiada a lo largo de 20 años pero todavía no habían sido mapeados. Los mapas son considerados una buena herramienta de investigación, planificación, manejo y monitoreo. Imágenes de mediana y alta resolución (Hymap 2005 y Quickbird 2007 respectivamente) fueron procesadas y clasificadas con el fin de evaluar y comparar su desempeño en la elaboración de un mapa de hábitats marinos. En el campo se realizaron sondeos tipo Manta para la identificación de siete hábitats marinos: 1. Comunidad coralina; 2. Arrecife coralino; 3. Roca; 4. Arena; 5. Arena con cantos; 6. Arena con rodolitos; y 7. Agua profunda. La exactitud de la clasificación resultó un poco mayor usando Quickbird (87%) que Hymap (60%), sin embargo la diferencia no era significativa. Se seleccionó el mapa resultante de la clasificación con Quickbird para representar los hábitats marinos de Isla del Caño. Este mapa puede ayudar a analizar el tamaño adecuado y la zonificación del área marina protegida.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>marine habitat map</kwd>
<kwd>coral reef</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Isla del Caño</kwd>
<kwd>Hymap</kwd>
<kwd>Quickbird</kwd>
<kwd>mapa de hábitats marinos</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes de coral</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Isla del Caño</kwd>
<kwd>Hymap</kwd>
<kwd>Quickbird</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Trophic interactions of the six most abundant fish species in the artisanal fishery in two bays, central Mexican Pacific. We surveyed the trophic components in six species of Bahía de Navidad and Bahía de Chamela: Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caballus, Haemulon flaviguttatum, Lutjanus guttatus, L. argentiventris and Mulloidichthys dentatus. Two main seasonal periods were considered: 1) North Equatorial Counter Current NECC period influence (T1) and 2) California Current CC period influence (T2). In Bahía de Navidad 78 prey taxa were identified in the stomachs. From July to December (T1), 64 prey taxa were found, and from January to June (T2), 45 prey items. In Bahía de Chamela 93 prey items were identified; 74 during T1 and 60 during T2. The highest prey number was found in the stomachs of M. dentatus during T1 in Bahía de Navidad and the lowest prey number (7) was recorded in H. flaviguttatum in Bahía de Navidad in the same period. Crustaceans were the most frequently recorded prey items, followed by fishes, mollusks, polychaetes, and echinoderms in both seasonal periods and sites. The six fish species studied are considered as specialist feeders due the low values of the niche breadth index. There was little similarity among the diets. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 383-397. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizaron los componentes tróficos de las seis especies de peces más importantes en la captura de la pesquería artesanal en las Bahía de Navidad y Chamela, ubicadas en la costa de Jalisco, México. Las especies estudiadas fueron Microlepidotus brevipinnis, Caranx caballus, Haemulon flaviguttatum, Lutjanus guttatus, Lutjanus argentiventris y Mulloidichthys dentatus. Se consideraron dos periodos de estudio de acuerdo a las pautas hidroclimáticas y los patrones de producción biológica en la zona: periodo de influencia de la Contracorriente Norecuatorial (T1), y periodo de influencia de la Corriente de California (T2). En Bahía de Navidad se identificaron 78 presas en total para las seis especies. En el periodo comprendido entre julio y diciembre (T1) se identificaron 64 presas y 45 de enero a junio (T2). En Bahía de Chamela se identificaron 93 presas, encontrando 74 presas en el periodo T1 y 60 presas para el periodo T2. El mayor número de presas se encontró en M. dentatus con 34 presas en el periodo T1 de Bahía de Chamela y el menor número fue en H. flaviguttatum en T1 de Bahía de Navidad con solo 7 presas. Los crustáceos fueron las presas de mayor presencia en la dieta, seguidos por peces, moluscos, poliquetos y equinodermos, en ambos periodos y sitios de muestreo. Las seis especies analizadas se consideran como especialistas, dados los bajos valores del índice de amplitud de nicho en ambos periodos y sitios de muestreo.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>patrones hidroclimáticos</kwd>
<kwd>amplitud de nicho</kwd>
<kwd>partición de hábitat</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100029&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spatial and temporal distribution of physicochemical features in the habitat of whale shark Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) in the north of Mexican Caribbean. Large groups of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are common in the North Mexican Caribbean and gather between May and September each year. We describe their spatial and temporal distribution, and the physicochemical (temperature, dissolved oxygen, light extinction coefficient and salinity) and biological conditions during the presence and absence seasons of R. typus. A total of 26 sampling stations were monitored to record whale shark sightings and physicochemical variables during 10 field campaigns from April 2005 to March 2006. At each station, zooplankton and water samples, for chlorophyll-a and nutrients determination, were collected. Physicochemical conditions were significantly different between presence-absence seasons (ANOSIM, Rglobal = 0.632). The R. typus season was characterized by low salinity values, and higher temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nitrogen concentrations values. Average zooplankton biomass was lower during the absence season, while recorded the maximum values during the presence one. Furthermore, these values were also observed in areas with higher species abundances, supporting the hypothesis that the site is used by R. typus primarily as a foraging area. We conclude that physicochemical conditions of the study area promote the biological productivity, which explains the spatial and temporal variability of R. typus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 399-412. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En la zona marina ubicada al norte del Caribe Mexicano se congregan grandes grupos de tiburón ballena (Rhincodon typus) entre mayo y septiembre de cada año. Se describe la variación espacio-temporal de la distribución del tiburón ballena al norte del Caribe mexicano y las condiciones fisicoquímicas y biológicas que prevalecen en la zona durante la temporada de presencia y ausencia de R. typus. De abril de 2005 a marzo de 2006, 26 estaciones de muestreo fueron monitoreadas registrando avistamientos de tiburón ballena y variables fisicoquímicas (temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, coeficiente de extinción de luz y salinidad) en 10 salidas de campo. En cada estación fueron recolectadas muestras zooplancton y de agua para determinación de clorofila-a y nutrientes. Las condiciones fisicoquímicas fueron significativamente diferentes entre temporadas (ANOSIM, Rglobal=0.632). La temporada de presencia de R. typus estuvo caracterizada por valores bajos de salinidad, mayores valores de temperatura y oxígeno disuelto; mayores de nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto y concentraciones de clorofila-a y aunque la biomasa promedio de zooplancton fue menor que en la temporada de ausencia de R. typus, los valores máximos de biomasa zooplanctónica se registraron en el periodo de presencia y en sitios donde se registraron las mayores abundancias de la especie, apoyando la hipótesis de que el sitio es utilizado por la especie principalmente como zona de alimentación. Las condiciones fisicoquímicas de la zona de estudio que favorecen la productividad biológica explican la variabilidad espacial y temporal de R. typus al norte del Caribe Mexicano.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>hábitat</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100030&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Media Luna lake-spring was selected as representative of all thermal or no thermal springs in the zone of Valley of Rioverde, a semi-arid vegetation in the North-eastern of Mexico. This system is inhabited by 11 fish species, of which six are native. Four of the native species are endemic to the region and threatened due to touristic pressure and to the introduction of exotic species. The objectives were to determine the characteristics that influence the spatial distribution of the fish species, to analyze their spatial distribution patterns, and to describe the relationships between the different species. The general aim was to establish some basis for the conservation of these fish communities and their habitat. Several sessions were initiated in 1992 through direct observation. Later, between 1998 and 1999 five systematically seasonal sampling sessions were conducted (54 subaquatic transects/session). Finally, the data was updated by sampling in summer 2002 and winter 2006. Through the analysis was performed only for endemics of the region, like Ataeniobius toweri Meek, Cualac tessellatus Miller, Cichlasoma bartoni Bean and C. labridens Pellegrin, in at least one life stage, showed correlation with habitat variables or with other species. For these species, patterns of spatial aggregation and association with other species were observed. These results show a certain degree of specialization of endemic species to some microhabitat characteristics, as well as a significant interaction with other native species which they coexist. In addition, some significant relations between endemic and alien species suggest an antagonist relation. Management actions focused in the touristic use of the spring represent the main threat for these species, followed by an adequate management of exotic species. This study provides basis for future responsible management of these wetlands, where tourism and conservation can be combined. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 413- 426. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este estudio se enfocó en los peces de un sistema dulceacuícola en el noreste de México, donde habitan seis especies nativas (cuatro endémicas amenazadas) y cinco exóticas. El objetivo fue establecer los patrones que determinan la distribución espacial, así como las interrelaciones de las especies. Los datos se basan en sesiones de observación directa desde 1992; entre 1998 y 1999 se llevó a cabo un muestreo sistematizado mediante transectos subacuáticos en cinco sesiones estacionales (54 transectos/ sesión), con sesiones adicionales en 2002 y 2006. Sólo las especies endémicas de la región: Ataeniobius toweri, Cualac tessellatus, Cichlasoma bartoni y C. labridens, en al menos un estadio de vida, mostraron correlación significativa con variables del hábitat o con otras especies. También mostraron patrones de agregación y asociación con otras especies nativas o introducidas. Existe especialización de los endémicos a las condiciones de su microhábitat, así como interacciones significativas con otras especies. Acciones inadecuadas para promover el turismo representaron la mayor amenaza por destrucción del hábitat, endémicos tales como A, toweri y C. bartoni enfrentan solapamiento con especies introducidas, sobre todo en sus sitios de crianza. Este estudio aporta bases para un manejo responsable de estos humedales, donde turismo y conservación pueden combinarse.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>endemic fishes</kwd>
<kwd>threatened fishes</kwd>
<kwd>Media Luna spring</kwd>
<kwd>spatial association</kwd>
<kwd>tourism impact</kwd>
<kwd>peces endémicos</kwd>
<kwd>peces amenazados</kwd>
<kwd>manantial de la Media Luna</kwd>
<kwd>asociación espacial</kwd>
<kwd>impacto por turismo</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100031</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Recuperación estructural en bosques sucesionales andinos de Porce (Antioquia, Colombia)</article-title>
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<institution>,Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Cambio Global-Carbono &amp; Bosques  </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Ciencias Forestales </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  </institution>
<addr-line>Medellín </addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>427</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100031&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Structural recovering in Andean successional forests from Porce (Antioquia, Colombia). Places subjected to natural or human disturbance can recover forest through an ecological process called secondary succession. Tropical succession is affected by factors such as disturbances, distance from original forest, surface configuration and local climate. These factors determine the composition of species and the time trend of the succession itself. We studied succession in soils used for cattle ranching over various decades in the Porce Region of Colombia (Andean Colombian forests). A set of twenty five permanent plots was measured, including nine plots (20x50m) in primary forests and sixteen (20x25m) in secondary forests. All trees with diameter &amp;#8805;1.0cm were measured. We analyzed stem density, basal area, above-ground biomass and species richness, in a successional process of ca. 43 years, and in primary forests. The secondary forests’ age was estimated in previous studies, using radiocarbon dating, aerial photographs and a high-resolution satellite image analysis (7 to &gt;43 years). In total, 1 143 and 1 766 stems were measured in primary and secondary forests, respectively. Basal area (5.7 to 85.4m²ha-1), above-ground biomass (19.1 to 1 011.5 t ha-1) and species richness (4 to 69) directly increased with site age, while steam density decreased (3 180 to 590). Diametric distributions were &quot;J-inverted&quot; for primary forests and even-aged size-class structures for secondary forests. Three species of palms were abundant and exclusive in old secondary forests and primary forests: Oenocarpus mapora, Euterpe precatoria and Oenocarpus bataua. These palms happened in cohorts after forest disturbances. Secondary forest structure was 40% in more than 43 years of forest succession and indicate that many factors are interacting and affecting the forests succession in the area (e.g. agriculture, cattle ranching, mining, etc.). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 427-445. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Lugares susceptibles a perturbaciones naturales o antrópicas pueden recuperar la cobertura boscosa. La sucesión tropical puede ser afectada por factores tales como perturbaciones, distancia al bosque original, topografía y clima local. Estos factores determinan la composición de especies y la tasa de recuperación de los sitios. Se estudió la sucesión en suelos que habían sido usados para el establecimiento de pasturas ganaderas por varias décadas en la Región Porce de Colombia (bosques Colombianos de los Andes). Se midieron un total de veinticinco parcelas, incluyendo nueve parcelas (20x50m) en bosques primarios y dieciséis (20x25m) en bosques secundarios. Se midieron todos los árboles con un diámetro &amp;#8805;1.0cm. Se analizó la densidad, área basal, biomasa aérea y riqueza de especies, en un bosque con un proceso sucesional de ca. 43 años y en un bosque primario. Las edades de los bosques secundarios fueron obtenidas en estudios previos usando la datación con carbono catorce (C14), fotografías aéreas y el análisis de imágenes de satélite de alta resolución (entre 7 y &gt;43 años). En total, 1 143 y 1 766 individuos se midieron en bosque primario y secundario, respectivamente. El área basal (5.7 a 85.4m²ha-1), la biomasa aérea (19.1 a 1 011.5 t ha-1) y la riqueza de especies (4 a 69) aumentaron directamente con la edad de los sitios, mientras que la densidad de árboles disminuyó (3 180 a 590). Las distribuciones diamétricas fueron en J-invertida para los bosques primarios y unimodal para los secundarios. Tres especies de palmas fueron abundantes y exclusivas de bosques secundarios viejos y bosques primarios: Oenocarpus mapora, Euterpe precatoria y Oenocarpus bataua. Cohortes de estas palmas aparecieron después de perturbaciones del bosque. La recuperación de la estructura de los bosques secundarios en más de 43 años de sucesión fue 40% e indica que varios factores están interactuando y afectando la sucesión de los bosques en el área (e.g. agricultura, ganadería extensiva, minería, etc.).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>above-ground biomass</kwd>
<kwd>diametric structure</kwd>
<kwd>primary forests</kwd>
<kwd>secondary forests</kwd>
<kwd>vegetal succession</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa aérea</kwd>
<kwd>bosques primarios tropicales</kwd>
<kwd>bosques secundarios tropicales</kwd>
<kwd>estructura diamétrica</kwd>
<kwd>sucesión vegetal</kwd>
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<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
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<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000100032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">¿Las cercas vivas ayudan a la conservación de la diversidad de mariposas en paisajes agropecuarios?</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza Programa de Ganadería y Manejo del Medio Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line>Turrialba </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>447</fpage>
<lpage>463</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Do live fences help conserve butterfly diversity in agricultural landscapes? In Central America, natural forests have been transformed into agriculture production areas, generating forest fragmentation, desertification, erosion and loss of biodiversity, among other concerns. Different tree cover compositions are kept on these agricultural landscapes, including scattered trees in pastures, live fences, fragments of secondary forests, and riparian forests. These can help in biodiversity conservation because they generate shelter, feeding and reproduction areas, among others. We studied the composition, richness and abundance of diurnal butterflies on two types of live fences in a landscape where pastures are predominant in Costa Rica’s Central Pacific Region. Transects (120x5m) were observed for an hour (two days/habitat) in five multi-strata fences (with several plant species, strata and canopy width) and five simple fences (with smaller and pruned trees). A total of 2 782 butterflies were observed (75 species). The most abundant species were Anartia fatima, Eurema daria, Eurema nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete and Phoebis philea. Multi-strata fences had more species and can help maintain 56% of the total species observed in secondary and riparian forests. This type of live fence can play an important role in butterfly conservation in livestock areas, and its benefits are influenced by the manner in which farmers manage their land. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 447-463. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En Centro América, los paisajes agropecuarios mantienen diferentes formas de cobertura arbórea como árboles dispersos, cercas vivas, fragmentos de bosque, bosques ribereños, que pueden generar hábitats apropiados para la conservación de la biodiversidad. El presente estudio caracterizó la composición, riqueza y abundancia de mariposas en dos tipos de cercas vivas presentes en un paisaje dominado por pasturas en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron un total de cinco cercas vivas por cada tipo de cerca (simples y multiestrato), donde se establecieron franjas de 120x5m que fueron recorridos por espacio de una hora durante dos días/hábitat. Se registró un total de 2 782 individuos, pertenecientes a 75 especies de mariposas. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Anartia fatima, Eurema daría, E. nise, Hermeuptychia hermes, Junonia evarete y Phoebis philea. Las cercas vivas multiestrato presentaron una mayor riqueza y abundancia de especies de mariposas que las cercas vivas simples. Las cercas vivas multiestrato pueden ayudar a mantener el 56% de las especies encontradas en los bosques secundarios y ribereños. Este tipo de cerca viva pueden jugar un papel importante para la conservación de mariposas en áreas de producción pecuaria, y su beneficio está influenciado por el tipo manejo que realizan los productores.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Biodiversity</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>environmental services</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentation</kwd>
<kwd>habitat</kwd>
<kwd>guild</kwd>
<kwd>live fences</kwd>
<kwd>Papilionoidea</kwd>
<kwd>silvopastoral systems</kwd>
<kwd>richness of species</kwd>
<kwd>Biodiversidad</kwd>
<kwd>cercas vivas</kwd>
<kwd>Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>fragmentación</kwd>
<kwd>hábitat</kwd>
<kwd>gremios</kwd>
<kwd>Papilionoidea</kwd>
<kwd>sistemas silvopastoriles</kwd>
<kwd>servicios ambientales</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza de especies</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Population dynamics of the palm Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) from flooded forests in Choco, Colombian Pacific. The palm Euterpe oleracea is a dominant and promising species in flood plains of the Atrato river, Choco region of Colombia. We assessed the population dynamics of this species through growth rates, mortality and recruitment patterns for a period of two and a half years. Dynamic rates were compared among mixed and pure flood plain palm forests. These forests types were associated to different flooding regimes. Trees and palms were thinned in a portion for each forest type, the rest was left undisturbed. We used projection matrices to follow population trends. Thinning increased the transition probability of smaller individuals, but decreased it for larger individuals, as is typical of light demanding species. Thinning also increased mortality rates in almost all size classes, but did not affect recruitment rates. Under natural conditions, the E. oleracea populations are in equilibrium in pure and mixed forests. Thinning increased population growth in both forest types, suggesting the role played by density-dependent processes on the population size of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 465-481. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La palma Euterpe oleracea es una especie dominante y promisoria en el plano inundable del río Atrato, región del Chocó, Colombia. Nosotros evaluamos la dinámica poblacional de esta especie a través de las tasas de crecimiento, la mortalidad y los patrones de reclutamiento para un período de dos años y medio. La dinámica de las tasas fue comparada entre bosques de palma mixto y puro. Estos tipos de vegetación fueron asociados con diferentes regimenes de inundación. Árboles y palmas fueron cortados en una porción de cada tipo de bosque, el resto no fue alterado. Nosotros utilizamos proyecciones matriciales para determinar las tendencias de las poblaciones. Las cortas incrementaron las probabilidades de transición de individuos pequeños pero disminuyeron las de individuos grandes, como es típico de las especies heliófitas. Las cortas también incrementaron las tasas de mortalidad en casi todas las categorías de tamaño pero no afectaron las tasas de reclutamiento. Bajo condiciones naturales, las poblaciones de E. oleracea están en equilibrio en los bosques puro y mixto. Las cortas aumentaron el crecimiento poblacional en ambos tipos de bosque, lo que sugiere el rol desempeñado por procesos denso-dependientes sobre el tamaño poblacional de esta especie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>population dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>Euterpe oleracea</kwd>
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<kwd>matrix models</kwd>
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<kwd>Choco Biogeografico</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>Euterpe oleracea</kwd>
<kwd>demografía</kwd>
<kwd>modelos matriciales</kwd>
<kwd>sostenibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>Chocó Biogeográfico</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100034&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Alpha diversity patterns in three fragmented forests of Northern Andes, Colombia. Diversity studies in forests are useful for conservation management. We analyzed the patterns of alpha diversity in three protected forests along an altitudinal gradient in the Northern part of the Central Mountain Range, Colombia. The study was based on six permanent plots of 1ha (two per area). According to plant size, two main categories were used: canopy (diameter at breast height&gt;10cm) and understory (1cm&lt;diameter at breast height&lt;10cm). Species-area curves showed differences in species richness by size category in all regions. Instead, speciesindividual curves were independent of the size in Anorí and Angelópolis, but not in Belmira. Diversity patterns, as measured by Fisher’s alpha index, showed a strong tendency to reach a plateau for sample sizes larger than 1000 individuals. Neither species-area curves nor species-individual curves showed an asymptote; however, the species accumulation rate in Belmira was very low (0.05) when compared to Anorí and Angelópolis (0.25). Fisher’s alpha index is a very useful tool to understand the extent of relative differences in diversity among regions or forest types along altitudinal gradients, even when sample size is relatively small. Our results support dispersal limitation as the main mechanism structuring species assemblages at very fine scales, and the monotonic increment of density-dependence processes determining the tree community structure at larger spatial scales. Likewise, we found that density-dependence tends to increase with altitude. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 483- 498. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente trabajo se analizaron los patrones de diversidad alfa en tres áreas protegidas de bosque con base en información florística proveniente de seis parcelas permanentes de 1ha -dos en cada área protegida-. Las regiones de estudio están localizadas a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal, en la parte norte de la cordillera central de los Andes, Colombia. Para los análisis, se generaron dos categorías de acuerdo al tamaño de los árboles: dosel (diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor o igual a 10cm) y sotobosque (diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor o igual a un cm y menor a 10cm). Las curvas especies-área mostraron diferencias en riqueza para las dos categorías de tamaño en las tres regiones. Las curvas especies-individuos, en cambio, fueron independientes con respecto al tamaño de los individuos, excepto en la región de Belmira. La diversidad, medida con el índice alfa de Fisher, mostró una fuerte tendencia a la estabilización en muestras mayores a 1 000 individuos. Ni las curvas de especies-área ni las de especies-individuos fueron asintóticas; sin embargo, la tasa de acumulación de especies (z) en Belmira alcanzó valores muy bajos (0.05) en comparación con Anorí y Angelópolis (0.25 en cada caso). El índice alfa de Fisher permitió además entender la magnitud de las diferencias relativas en diversidad entre regiones o tipos de bosque en gradientes altitudinales, aun cuando el tamaño de la muestra fue relativamente pequeño. Los resultados de este estudio soportan la limitación en dispersión como el principal mecanismo en estructurar las comunidades de especies a escalas muy finas, y un incremento continuo de procesos denso-dependientes en determinar la estructura de la comunidad en escalas espaciales más grandes. Igualmente, los resultados de este estudio proponen que la denso-dependencia tiende a aumentar positivamente con la altitud.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>mountain forests</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>alpha diversity</kwd>
<kwd>species-area curves</kwd>
<kwd>species-individual-curves</kwd>
<kwd>Fisher’s alpha</kwd>
<kwd>dispersal limitation</kwd>
<kwd>density-dependence</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
<kwd>bosques montanos</kwd>
<kwd>Andes</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad alfa</kwd>
<kwd>curvas especies-área</kwd>
<kwd>curvas especies-individuos</kwd>
<kwd>alfa de Fisher</kwd>
<kwd>limitación es dispersión</kwd>
<kwd>denso- dependencia</kwd>
<kwd>Colombia</kwd>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000100035</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Floristic composition and distribution of the Andean subtropical riparian forests of Lules River, Tucuman, Argentina. We studied the floristic composition and distribution of the riparian forest of two hydrographical systems in a subtropical Andean region. Using uni and multivariate techniques, we tested the hypotheses that a differentiable riparian forest exists, composed by native vegetation typical of the Yungas phytogeographical province, and that the distribution of vegetation varied significantly with geomorphologic characteristics. Parallel transects along the water courses were used to collect presence-absence data of vegetation in eleven sites. Detrended Correspondence Analysis defined a group of common riparian species for the studied area (Solanum riparium, Phenax laevigatus, Tipuana tipu, Cestrum parqui, Carica quercifolia, Acacia macracantha, Celtis iguanaea, Juglans australis, Pisoniella arborescens, Baccharis salicifolia, Cinnamomum porphyrium and Eugenia uniflora) and identified two reference sites. The distribution of the riparian vegetation varied significantly with the geomorphic characteristics along the studied sites. Riparian habitats were composed by native and exotic species. A distinct riparian flora, different in structure and function from adjacent terrestrial vegetation, could not be identified. Riparian species were similar to the adjacent terrestrial strata. These species would not be limited by the proximity to the river. Anthropogenic impacts were important factors regulating the introduction and increase of exotic vegetation. The lack of regulation of some activities in the zone could cause serious problems in the integrity of this ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 499-510. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió la composición florística y distribución de los bosques ribereños de dos sistemas hidrográficos en una región subtropical andina. Utilizando técnicas uni y multivariadas, se probó la hipótesis que existe un bosque ribereño diferenciable, compuesto por vegetación nativa típica de la provincia fitogeográfica de Yungas, y que la distribución de la vegetación varió significativamente con las características geomorfológicas. Transectos paralelos a lo largo de los cursos de agua se utilizaron para recolectar los datos de presencia-ausencia de vegetación en once sitios. El Análisis de Correspondencia definió un grupo de especies ribereñas común para el área estudiada (Solanum riparium, Phenax laevigatus, Tipuana tipu, Cestrum parqui, Carica quercifolia, Acacia macracantha, Celtis iguanaea, Juglans australis, Pisoniella arborescens, Baccharis salicifolia, Cinnamomum porphyrium y Eugenia uniflora) e identificó dos sitios de referencia. La distribución de la vegetación ribereña varió significativamente con las características geomorfológicas a lo largo de los sitios estudiados. Los hábitats ribereños estuvieron compuestos por especies nativas y exóticas. Una flora ribereña distintiva, diferente en estructura y función a la vegetación terrestre adyacente, no pudo ser identificada. Especies ribereñas fueron similares a los estratos terrestres adyacentes. Estas especies no estarían limitadas por la proximidad al río. Impactos antropogénicos fueron factores importantes que regulan la introducción y el incremento de la vegetación exótica. La falta de regulación de algunas actividades en la zona podría causar problemas graves en la integridad de este ecosistema.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>mountain streams</kwd>
<kwd>riparian forest</kwd>
<kwd>subtropical climate</kwd>
<kwd>Yungas</kwd>
<kwd>Argentina</kwd>
<kwd>bosque de ribera</kwd>
<kwd>clima subtropical</kwd>
<kwd>ríos de montaña</kwd>
<kwd>Yungas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<given-names>Jorge E</given-names>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza </institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>03</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bird biodiversity in natural and modified habitats in a landscape of the Central Depression of Chiapas, Mexico. In many parts of the neotropics, the original habitats are rapidly changing because of excessive logging, agriculture and livestock activity, with an often negative impact on bird communities. I present an analysis of the diversity and richness of birds in a fragmented landscape of the Central Chiapas Depression. Fieldwork was conducted from February 2003 to January 2004. Using point counts, a total of 35 families and 225 bird species were registered (164 residents and 61 migratory); 3% are abundant and 30% rare. Diversity, species richness and number of individuals were significantly higher in tropical deciduous forest (H´=3.41, 178 species ANOVA p&lt;0.0001), which also had the greatest number of species restricted to a single vegetation type (39 species). The incorporation and maintenance of natural and modified habitats are necessary for the survival and reproduction of many birds species in the study area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 511-528. Epub 2010 March 01.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta un análisis de la diversidad y riqueza de aves en un paisaje fragmentado en la Depresión Central de Chiapas. El trabajo de campo se realizó de febrero de 2003 a enero de 2004. Se utilizó el método de conteo por puntos, registrando un total 35 familias y 225 especies de aves. Del total de especies registradas 164 son residentes y 61migratorias. El 3% de las especies son abundantes y el 30% son raras. Se presentaron diferencias significativas en la diversidad, riqueza de especies y número de individuos entre los hábitats de estudio (ANOVA p&lt;0.0001). La diversidad y riqueza de especies fue significativamente mayor en el bosque tropical caducifolio (H´=3.41, 178 especies), presentando también el mayor número de especies exclusivas (39). La incorporación y mantenimiento de hábitats naturales y modificados son necesarios para la supervivencia y reproducción de muchas especies de aves en el área de estudio.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>richness</kwd>
<kwd>birds</kwd>
<kwd>tropical deciduous forest</kwd>
<kwd>tropical semideciduous forest</kwd>
<kwd>secondary forest</kwd>
<kwd>tropical oak forest</kwd>
<kwd>gallery forest</kwd>
<kwd>live fences</kwd>
<kwd>agricultural fields</kwd>
<kwd>cattle pastures</kwd>
<kwd>Chiapas</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza</kwd>
<kwd>aves</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical caducifolio</kwd>
<kwd>bosque tropical mediano</kwd>
<kwd>encinar tropical</kwd>
<kwd>vegetación secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>bosque de galería</kwd>
<kwd>cercos vivos</kwd>
<kwd>cultivos</kwd>
<kwd>pastizales y/o potreros</kwd>
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