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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Bibliometría de la sistemática biológica sobre América Latina durante el siglo XX en tres bases de datos mundiales</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Michán</surname>
<given-names>Layla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Llorente-Bousquets</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UNAM Facultad de Ciencias Museo de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>México, D.F </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>531</fpage>
<lpage>545</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Bibliometry of biological systematics in Latin America during the twentieth century in three global databases. We present a review of the biological systematic research in Latin America during the twentieth century, applying a bibliometric analysis to the information contained in international databases with the largest number of biological records: Biosis (since 1969), CAB (since 1910) and Science Citation Index (since 1900), to recognize certain patterns and trends regarding the document production. We obtained 19 079 documents and 1 387 journals for Biosis, 14326 and 2537 for CAB, 3257 and 1636 for SCI. Of the documents, 54.6% related to new species, 15.3% dealt with morphology, 14.9% keys, 12.5% descriptions, 10.6% cases of synonymies, 6% new genera, 4.9% new geographical records, 23.6% geographical distribution, 4.2% redescriptions, and 3.6% with new nomenclatural combinations. The regions mentioned were South America with 11.9%, Central America with 4% and America (all) with 2.56%. Nineteen Latin American countries appear, whereas outside this region we found the United States of America with 12.6% of representation and Canada with 3%. Animals (65.6%) were the most studied taxa, which was 1.7 times higher than what was published for plants (37%), 11 times higher than fungi (6%) and nearly 30 times higher than microorganisms (2.3%). Out of the 155 journals that produced 66% of the papers, 76.5% were better represented in Biosis, 21.4% in CAB and 2% in SCI. Twenty-nine journals published 33% of the articles, the maximum number of records obtained was 69% for Biosis, CAB 24% and 6.9% for SCI, three (10.3%) are in biology, 11 (37.9%) in botany, 13 (44.8%) zoology, and two (6.9%) paleontology; eight of these journals (27.5%) were published in Latin America and twenty were indexed in the Science Citation Index. In the last two years more journals of the region that publish on taxonomy have been indexed, but their impact factor is still low. However, the impact factor of a number of Latin American journals that published biodiversity increased with time. Countries that are more interested in studying the Latin American biota from the taxonomic point of view are Brazil, the United States, Argentina and Mexico. The most active institutions in this discipline were the Universidade de São Paulo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; together they produced 24% of the documents. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 531-545. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Aplicamos bibliometría a las bases de datos: Biosis, CAB y Science Citation Index. El 54.6% de los documentos son especies nuevas, 15.3% morfología, 14.9% claves, 12.5% descripciones, 10.6% sinonimias, 6% géneros nuevos, 4.9% registros geográficos nuevos, 23.6% distribución geográfica, 4.2% redescripciones y 3.6 combinaciones nomenclaturales nuevas. Los taxones más estudiados fueron los animales (65.6%), seguidos de las plantas (37%), los hongos (6%) y los microorganismos (2.3%). Veintinueve revistas publicaron el 33% de los artículos, tres (10.3%) son de biología, 11 (37.9%) de botánica, 13 (44.8%) de zoología y dos (6.9%) de paleontología; ocho revistas (27.5%) son editadas en la región y veinte estuvieron indizadas en el SCI. En los últimos dos años se han indizado más revistas editadas en la región que publican sobre taxonomía, pero su factor de impacto sigue siendo bajo respecto al promedio del área. Los países que más se han interesado en estudiar la biota de América Latina desde el punto de vista taxonómico son: Brasil, Estados Unidos, Argentina y México. Las instituciones más activas fueron la Universidade de São Paulo, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; juntas produjeron el 24% de los documentos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>taxonomy</kwd>
<kwd>bibliometry</kwd>
<kwd>Biosis</kwd>
<kwd>CAB</kwd>
<kwd>Science Citation Index</kwd>
<kwd>Latin America</kwd>
<kwd>taxonomía</kwd>
<kwd>ciencimetría</kwd>
<kwd>Biosis</kwd>
<kwd>CAB</kwd>
<kwd>Science Citation Index</kwd>
<kwd>América Latina</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dinámica de las propiedades del suelo en bosques de Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) en Isla de Margarita, Venezuela</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dynamics of soil properties in forests of Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) in Margarita Island, Venezuela. Biochemical and microbiological properties of soils can provide information related to ecosystems environmental status. With the aim to determine the response of microbial biomass, and enzymatic and microbial activity in hypersaline (IS&amp;#8805;55ups) and saline (IS&lt;55ups) mangrove soils exposed to interstitial salinities (IS) greater than 36ups, these properties were measured in mono-specific forests of Rhizophora mangle at Laguna de la Restinga National Park (Margarita Island, Venezuela). During three seasons (dry, wet and transition), a total of 120 soil samples were collected from ten (5 hypersaline and 5 saline) randomly-selected sites of 1000m² each. Four soil samples (400-500g) per plot were randomly collected with a corer at a depth of 10cm using a 1m² quadrat; each sample consisted in the combination of 8 sub-samples (50-60g ea.). Physical, chemical, enzymatic, biochemical and microbiological properties of soil samples were determined using standard laboratory protocols. The response of microbial biomass and microbial and enzymatic activity was analyzed taking into account spatial and climatic factors and interstitial salinity. Microbial biomass was linked to each locality conditions, and was not sensitive to seasonal or salinity differences. Microbial activity remained functionally active during the study period and presented variable responses. Dehydrogenase activity proved to be a good indicator for flooded and anoxic environments, and arginine ammonification resulted to be the more sensitive microbial activity to changes in salinity. Regarding enzyme activities, spatial variability was the most widespread response. We did not find a unique general pattern between enzymatic activities and spatio-temporal variation; and only the enzyme phosphatase was negatively affected by salinity. We conclude that microbial populations of mangrove soils and their activities have functional adaptations to flooded and highly-saline environments typical of a negative estuary, subjected to drastic changes due to weather and water dynamics. Future studies are needed to determine the relation between the &quot;health&quot; of mangrove forest and microbial populations, and their activities in mangroves soils. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 547-564. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Propiedades bioquímicas y microbiológicas de los suelos pueden proporcionar información relativa al estado de los ecosistemas. Se determinaron las propiedades microbianas (biomasa y actividad) y bioquímicas (actividad enzimática) en suelos de bosques mono-específicos de Rhizophora mangle en Laguna de la Restinga (Isla Margarita, Venezuela), con el objeto de cuantificar cambios en áreas expuestas a salinidades intersticiales (SI) superiores a 36.0ups, clasificadas como salinas (IS&lt;55.0 ups) e hipersalinas (SI&amp;#8805;55.0 ups). Se ubicaron al azar 5 localidades salinas y 5 hipersalinas, y durante tres épocas climáticas se tomaron 4 muestras de suelo por localidad (120 muestras en total). Se utilizó análisis de varianza por permutaciones multivariadas (PERMANOVA) para el análisis de los resultados. La biomasa microbiana se vio afectada por las condiciones particulares de cada localidad, y no fue sensible a los cambios de época climática o salinidad. La actividad microbiana se mantuvo funcionalmente activa. Se destacó el diacetato de fluoresceina (DAF) y la enzima (ß-glucosidasa), como probables indicadores tempranos de degradación. La deshidrogenasa resultó ser un buen indicador de ambientes inundados y anóxicos. Se concluye que las poblaciones microbianas muestran actividades que sugieren su adaptación funcional a ambientes altamente salinos e inundables, sujetos a cambios drásticos debido a las dinámicas climáticas e hídricas propias de un estuario negativo.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>enzymes</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de La Restinga</kwd>
<kwd>mangrove forest</kwd>
<kwd>microbial activity</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangle</kwd>
<kwd>salinity</kwd>
<kwd>soils</kwd>
<kwd>actividad microbiana</kwd>
<kwd>bosque de mangle</kwd>
<kwd>enzimas</kwd>
<kwd>Laguna de La Restinga</kwd>
<kwd>Rhizophora mangle</kwd>
<kwd>salinidad</kwd>
<kwd>suelos</kwd>
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<institution>,Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo  </institution>
<addr-line>D.F </addr-line>
<country>México</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Unidad de Tecnología Marina  </institution>
<addr-line>Barcelona </addr-line>
<country>España</country>
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<institution>,Universitat de Barcelona Departamento de Ecología </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
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<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<fpage>565</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Terminos Lagoon ecosystem is the largest fluvial-lagoon estuarine system in the country and one of the most important reserves of coastal flora and fauna in Mexico. Since the seventies, part of the main infrastructure for country’s oil extraction is located in this area. Its high biodiversity has motivated different type of studies including deforestation processes and land use planning. In this work we used satellite image analysis to determine land cover changes in the area from 1974 to 2001. Our results indicate that tropical forest and mangroves presented the most extensive losses in its coverage. In contrast, urban areas and induced grassland increased considerably. In 2001 more than half of the ecosystem area showed changes from its original land cover, and a third part of it was deteriorated. The main causes of deforestation were both the increase in grassland and the growth of urban areas. However, deforestation was attenuated by natural reforestation and plant canopy recovery. We conclude that the introduction of cattle and urban development were the main causes for the land cover changes; however, the oil industry activity located in the ecosystem, has promoted indirectly to urban growth and rancher boom. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 565-575. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El ecosistema de Laguna de Términos es el más grande sistema fluvio lagunar estuarino del país y una de las reservas más importantes de flora y fauna costera en México. Desde la década de los setentas, parte de la infraestructura necesaria para la explotación del petróleo en el país se encuentra localizada en esta área. Su importante biodiversidad ha motivado diferentes estudios en el área que incluyen procesos de deforestación y ordenamiento del territorio. Se realizó un análisis de imágenes de satélite para determinar los cambios de uso del suelo y vegetación en el área entre 1974 y 2001. Los resultados indican que la selva tropical y el mangle presentan las mayores pérdidas de cobertura. En contraste, las áreas urbanas y los pastos inducidos han incrementado considerablemente su extensión. En el año 2001 más de la mitad del área ocupada por el ecosistema mostró cambios en sus coberturas originales y una tercera parte estaba deteriorada. La deforestación fue causada principalmente por el incremento de los pastizales y el crecimiento de las áreas urbanas. Sin embargo, estas pérdidas fueron atenuadas por la regeneración natural. Se concluye que la introducción de pasto para la ganadería y el desarrollo urbano fueron las principales causas de los cambios de uso de suelo, sin embargo, la industria petrolera asentada en el ecosistema ha fomentado indirectamente el crecimiento urbano y el auge ganadero.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>deforestación</kwd>
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<kwd>industria petrolera</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fatty acids have been successfully used to trace the transfer of organic matter in coastal and estuarine food webs. To delineate these web connections, fatty acid profiles were analyzed in species of microbes (Azotobacter vinelandii, and Lactobacillus xylosus), prawns (Metapenaeus monoceros and Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and finfish (Mugil cephalus), that are associated with decomposing leaves of two mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina. The fatty acids, except long chain fatty acids, exhibit changes during decomposition of mangrove leaves with a reduction of saturated fatty acids and an increase of monounsaturated fatty acids. The branched fatty acids are absent in undecomposed mangrove leaves, but present significantly in the decomposed leaves and in prawns and finfish, representing an important source for them. This revealed that the microbes are dominant producers that contribute significantly to the fishes and prawns in the mangrove ecosystem. This work has proved the fatty acid biomarkers as an effective tool for identifying the trophic interactions among dominant producers and consumers in this mangrove. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 577-587. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
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<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Distribution and size of benthic marine habitats in Dominica, Lesser Antilles</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Christoff Steiner</surname>
<given-names>Sascha Claus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Willette</surname>
<given-names>Demian Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Institute for Tropical Marine Ecology Inc  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Dominica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,UCLA Department of Environmental Health Sciences </institution>
<addr-line>Los Angeles </addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>589</fpage>
<lpage>602</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Surveys of benthic marine habitats encompassing 1 814.7ha and lining 90% of Dominica’s shoreline were carried out to build the first composite picture of the distribution and size of the island’s near-shore sublittoral habitats, and the epibenthic communities they harbor. Field survey sites covered areas ranging from 1 425 to 29.6ha, lining the shore in bands ranging between 50 and 250m in width, in waters no deeper than 30m. Thus a total of 755ha of benthos were surveyed in October and November of 2007. The benthic habitat composition of an additional 1 059.7ha was inferred with the help of unpublished data and satellite imagery. Seagrass beds were the most widespread organism-built habitat type with 265ha. Coral reefs covered 72.2ha. Both of these habitats were predominantly established along the West and North coasts, which included the island’s most habitatdiverse regions. Rocky environments (911.5ha) dominated the East and South coast and together with sandy areas (566ha) constituted 81% of the island’s marine benthos. It is apparent that seagrass beds, which include four native and one invasive seagrass species, had not been surveyed as previous distribution reports could not be confirmed. Similarly, the benthic cover of Dominica’s coral reefs is evidently far below the previously reported 7 000ha. Such discrepancies highlight the advantage of environmental assessments based on field surveys and systematic data compilation, particularly in cases like Dominica where a narrow island shelf stages marginal marine resources in spatial proximity to each other and human settlements. This study has demonstrated how low-tech field methods can be applied on an island-wide scale to build an inventory of marine resources in the form of habitat maps and data repositories publicly accessible for future use. In the absence of such efforts, the development of conservation measures and status reports will remain ill founded. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 589- 602. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los ambientes béntico-marinos de Dominica, Antillas Menores, incluyen 1 814.7ha y cerca del 90% de la costa. Este es el primer trabajo sobre el tamaño y distribución de los ambientes costeros sublitorales y sus comunidades epibénticas. Los pastos marinos constituyeron el ambiente más extenso, con 265ha. Los arrecifes coralinos presentaron una cobertura de 72.2ha. Ambos tipos de ambientes se encontraron principalmente en la costa oeste y norte, regiones con la mayor diversidad de ambientes marinos. Las áreas rocosas (911.5ha) dominaron las costas este y sur de la isla, y junto con las áreas arenosas (566ha) constituyeron el 81% de los ambientes bénticos. La distribución de pastos marinos, que incluyeron cuatro especies nativas y una invasiva, no se pudo corroborar con los pocos informes previos. La cobertura béntica de los arrecifes coralinos de Dominica fue mucho menor que las 7 000ha que se habían reportado previamente. Estas discrepancias ilustran la ventaja de los estudios ambientales basados en trabajo de campo y la compilación sistemática de datos ambientales, especialmente en casos como Dominica donde por lo angosto de la plataforma insular, los ambientes marinos sublitorales quedan muy cerca de los centros urbanos. Se demuestra que técnicas simples pueden ser utilizadas a gran escala alrededor de una isla para realizar inventarios de los recursos marino-costeros, mediante mapas y repositorios públicos de datos para usos futuros, que permiten el desarrollo de medidas de conservación efectivas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>benthic habitats</kwd>
<kwd>Dominica</kwd>
<kwd>habitat maps</kwd>
<kwd>seagrasses</kwd>
<kwd>coral reefs</kwd>
<kwd>ambientes bénticos</kwd>
<kwd>Dominica</kwd>
<kwd>mapas</kwd>
<kwd>pastos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>arrecifes coralinos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Variations of zooplankton abundance and biomass in a tropical oligo-mesotrophic reservoir in Northern Venezuela. Zooplankton abundance in reservoirs is mainly determined by the speed and content of the water, but relatively little is known regarding tropical reservoirs. We studied the seasonal and spatial distribution of zooplankton abundance and biomass along the longitudinal axis of Clavellinos reservoir, northern Venezuela, from October 2006 to September 2007. Zooplankton was collected from the oxygenated layer using a plankton net. A total of 16 taxa were identified: Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera, Ostracoda and Diptera. Thermocyclops decipiens (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) dominated the community, while rotifers were the most diverse, with 10 species. Zooplankton abundance varied from 31 to 101ind/L in E1, 36 to 84ind/L in E2, and, from 30 to 250ind/L in E3. Biomass varied from 97.4 to 1406.3&amp;#956;g/l in E1, 108.5 to 397.2&amp;#956;g/l in E2, and from 25.9 to 763.9&amp;#956;g/l in E3. This zooplankton community seems to respond to environmental variations in the reservoir, rather than to variations in resource availability. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 603-619. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La abundancia del zooplancton en los embalses está determinada principalmente por la velocidad y el contenido del agua, pero se sabe relativamente poco sobre los embalses tropicales. Se estudió la distribución temporal y espacial de la abundancia y la biomasa del zooplancton en el eje longitudinal del embalse de Clavellinos, en el norte de Venezuela, entre octubre 2006 y septiembre 2007. El zooplancton fue recolectado en el estrato oxigenado con una red de plancton. Un total de 16 taxones fueron identificados: Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera, Ostracoda y Diptera. Thermocyclops decipiens (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) dominó la comunidad, mientras que los rotíferos fueron los más diversos, con 10 especies. La abundancia del zooplancton varió de 31 a 101ind/l en E1, 36 a 84ind/l en E2, y, de 30 a 250ind/L en el E3. La biomasa varió de 97,4 a 1406.3&amp;#956;g/l en E1, 108,5 a 397.2&amp;#956;g/l en E2, y de 25,9 a 763.9&amp;#956;g/l en el E3. Esta comunidad de zooplancton pareci&amp;#963; responder a las variaciones ambientales en el embalse, m&amp;#945;s que a las variaciones en la disponibilidad de recursos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>abundancia</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa</kwd>
<kwd>Clavellinos</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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<institution>,University of La Habana Center of Marine Research </institution>
<addr-line>Ciudad Habana </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The main goal of this research was to obtain baseline field data of the composition of sponges, corals, and gorgonian assemblages that can be used as a reference for future analyses of anthropogenic impact. We tested the hypothesis that relatively homogeneous and well preserved reef units can present notable natural variability in the composition of their communities which are unassociated with changes in land proximity or a human impact gradient. Research was carried out in July 2006 at Los Colorados reef, located in the northwestern region of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba at 12 sampling stations. The biotopes selected were crest, terrace edge and spur and grove. Ecological indicators were diversity of corals, species composition, density of corals, hydrocorals, gorgonians and sponges, and density of selected coral species. A total of 2659 colonies of scleractineans corals representing 36 species were counted. The most abundant species in the crest biotope were Millepora alcicornis, Acropora palmata and Porites astreoides; in the terrace edge and spur and grove, the most abundant species were Siderastrea siderea, Stephanocoenia intersepta, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites and Montastraea cavernosa. We found differences among sites for several indicators (e.g. density of corals, sponges and gorgonians and for selected species), but they could not be associated to any gradient of land influence or human impact. Therefore, sites inside a relatively homogeneous reef unit can present notable natural differences in the composition of their communities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 621-634. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El objetivo principal de la investigación fue obtener una línea base de la composición de las comunidades de esponjas, corales y gorgonias que pueda ser utilizada como referencia para futuros análisis de impacto antrópico. Nuestra hipótesis es que un arrecife relativamente homogéneo y bien conservado, presenta una variabilidad natural notable en la composición de sus comunidades, lo cual no está asociado con cambios en la proximidad a tierra o a un gradiente de impacto humano. La investigación se llevó a cabo en julio de 2006, en 12 estaciones de muestreo ubicadas en el arrecife de Los Colorados, en la región noroccidental de la Provincia de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Los biotopos seleccionados fueron cresta, veril y camellones. Los indicadores ecológicos estimados fueron: diversidad de corales, composición por especies, densidad de corales, hidrocorales, gorgonias y esponjas, y densidad de especies de corales seleccionadas. Se contaron 2 659 colonias de corales escleractíneos pertenecientes a 36 especies. Las especies más abundantes en el biotopo de cresta fueron: Millepora alcicornis, Acropora palmata y Porites astreoides; mientras que en el veril y los camellones fueron Siderastrea siderea, Stephanocoenia intersepta, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites y Montastraea cavernosa. Entre sitios, se encontraron diferencias significativas estadísticamente para varios indicadores (densidad de corales, esponjas y gorgonias y densidad de especies seleccionadas), pero ello no pudo asociarse con ningún gradiente de uso de la tierra o de impacto humano. Por lo tanto, sitios dentro de un arrecife relativamente homogéneo pueden presentar diferencias notables en la composición de sus comunidades.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>natural variability</kwd>
<kwd>ecological indicators</kwd>
<kwd>benthic invertebrate’s communities</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Nueva especie del quitón Lepidochitona (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) de Puerto Rico</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>Cedar I</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Puerto Rico Departamento de Biología </institution>
<addr-line>Humacao </addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>635</fpage>
<lpage>644</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A new species of the chiton Lepidochitona (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) from Puerto Rico. The genus Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 has two species in the Caribbean: L. liozonis (Dall &amp; Simpson, 1901) and L. rosea Kaas, 1972. We describe a third species: Lepidochitona rufoi sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. Lepidochitona rufoi differs from both in having a finely granulose tegmentum, smaller size, a very fine central radula tooth, and different anal plate form and color pattern. It also differs from L. liozonis in having longer marginal spicules. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 635-644. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 tiene dos especies en el Caribe: L. liozonis (Dall &amp; Simpson, 1901) y L. rosea Kaas, 1972. Se describe una tercera especie: Lepidochitona rufoi sp. nov. de Puerto Rico. Lepidochitona rufoi difiere de ambas por tener un tegumento finamente granuloso, menor tamaño, una rádula con dientes centrales muy finos, la forma de la valva anal y el color diferentes. También difiere de L. liozonis por tener espículas marginales más largas.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Polyplacophora</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidochitona</kwd>
<kwd>Puerto Rico</kwd>
<kwd>new species</kwd>
<kwd>Mollusca</kwd>
<kwd>Polyplacophora</kwd>
<kwd>Lepidochitona</kwd>
<kwd>Puerto Rico</kwd>
<kwd>especie nueva</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. biol. trop</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Composición de ácidos grasos de los caracoles marinos Phyllonotus pomum y Chicoreus brevifrons (Gastropoda: Muricidae)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<addr-line> Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Instituto Universitario de Tecnología  </institution>
<addr-line> Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>645</fpage>
<lpage>654</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Fatty acids composition of the marine snails Phyllonotus pomum and Chicoreus brevifrons (Muricidae). Muricid species of P. pomum and C. brevifrons are of economic importance in the Caribbean. This study includes a comparative evaluation of fatty acid content in the total lipid composition of Phyllonotus pomum and Chicoreus brevifrons. Snail samples were collected during the rainy, dry and transition seasons, in Punta Arena, Sucre (Venezuela). Total lipids were extracted and the specific fatty acid contents were analyzed by gas chromatography. Lipid concentrations varied between 0.87 and 1.85%, with minimum and maximum values corresponding to C. brevifrons collected during rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In the case of total lipids, a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (57.21-70.05%) was observed followed by saturated fatty acids (20.33- 31.94%), during all seasons. The polyunsaturated occurred in higher proportion among the unsaturated fatty acids, except for P. pomum which showed higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (38.95%) during the transition season. The prevailing fatty acids were: C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:1, C22:1 &amp;#969;-11, C22:1 &amp;#969;-9, C18:3 &amp;#969;-3, C20:5 &amp;#969;-3 and C22:6 &amp;#969;-3, among which docosahexaenoic acid was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid, showing values between 4.62 and 33.11%. The presence of high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in P. Pomum and C. brevifrons allow their recommendation for human consumption with appropriate resource utilization. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 645-654. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se comparó el contenido de ácidos grasos en los lípidos totales de los caracoles Phyllonotus pomum y Chicoreus brevifrons, recolectados en tres diferentes épocas del año en Punta Arena, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Las concentraciones lipídicas oscilaron entre 0.87 y 1.85%, correspondiendo el valor mínimo y el máximo a C. brevifrons colectado en lluvia y sequía, respectivamente. La esterificación de los ácidos grasos presentes en estos lípidos seguida de la cromatografía de gases permitió la caracterización y cuantificación de los ácidos grasos. En los lípidos totales de las dos especies, en todas las épocas, se observaron elevadas concentraciones de ácidos grasos insaturados (57.21-70.05%) seguido de los saturados (20.33-31.94%). Entre los ácidos grasos insaturados, predominaron los de tipo poliinsaturados, exceptuándose el extracto lipídico de P. pomum en época de transición donde las grasas monoinsaturadas fueron las mayoritarias (38.95%). Los ácidos grasos que prevalecieron fueron: C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:1, C22:1 &amp;#969;- 11, C22:1 &amp;#969;-9, C18:3 &amp;#969;-3, C20:5 &amp;#969;-3 y el C22:6 &amp;#969;-3, siendo este &amp;#970;ltimo el predominante entre los &amp;#945;cidos grasos poliinsaturados, presentando porcentajes de distribuci&amp;#963;n comprendidos entre 4.62 y 33.11%. Debido a las altas concentraciones de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados encontradas en ambos caracoles, se recomienda su consumo para la alimentación de los seres humanos.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fatty acids</kwd>
<kwd>lipids</kwd>
<kwd>Phyllonotus pomum</kwd>
<kwd>Chicoreus brevifrons</kwd>
<kwd>snails</kwd>
<kwd>ácidos grasos</kwd>
<kwd>caracoles</kwd>
<kwd>Chicoreus brevifrons</kwd>
<kwd>Phyllonotus pomum</kwd>
<kwd>lípidos</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In Mexico, the biology of Procambarus has been more studied than the biology of other Cambarids because of its diversity and potential use in aquaculture. We determined the karyotype of the Mexican tropical freshwater crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi from 189 metaphase spreads from gill tissues of 17 adults. They had 98-120 chromosomes (mode 2n=120 chromosomes). There are 60 pairs of monoarm, telocentric chromosomes. Sex chromosomes were not detected and we propose that the P. llamasi karyotype can be used to distinguish this species from other Mexican crayfish. Additionally, we suggest using karyological data in aquaculture and conservation biology. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 655-662. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El género Procambarus ha recibido mayor atención en los estudios de los principios fundamentales de su biología debido a su diversidad en el territorio mexicano y potencial uso en acuicultura. El cariotipo típico del acocil tropical mexicano Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi, se estudió mediante 189 dispersiones cromosómicas en metafase del tejido branquial de 17 adultos tratados con la técnica citológica de inmersión. Encontramos un amplio número de cromosomas, que variaron entre 98-120 elementos cromosómicos, con número modal diploide de 2n=120 elementos cromosómicos. El cariotipo del acocil tropical esta constituido por 60 pares de cromosomas monorrámeos, todos los centrómero están en la región telocéntrica de los cromosomas. En las metafases mitóticas de hembras y machos no fueron identificados cromosomas sexuales. Sugerimos considerar la estructura cromosómica del cariotipo como una herramienta citotaxonómica así como el empleo de datos cariológicos para propósitos de acuicultura y conservación del acocil tropical.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>chromosome number</kwd>
<kwd>karyotype</kwd>
<kwd>tropical crayfish</kwd>
<kwd>Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi</kwd>
<kwd>cromosoma</kwd>
<kwd>cariotipo</kwd>
<kwd>acocil tropical</kwd>
<kwd>Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The 1983-1984 mass mortality event of Diadema antillarum affected more than 93% of the total Caribbean population. Although there are no records about the status of Diadema populations before and after die-off on Cuban reefs, anecdotal information suggests that populations were struck. We analyzed spatial variation in the abundance and size structure of D. antillarum in 22 reefs sites in Jardines de la Reina, from June 2004 to September 2005. Counts of Diadema were performed in five 30x2m transects at each sampling site and sampling time, and test diameters were measured in September 2005 at the same fore reefs. Abundances were higher at reef crests (mean densities 0.08-2.18 ind./m²), while reef slope populations reached a maximum site level of 0.13 ind./m² at only one site and showed values up to three orders of magnitude lower than those from reef crests. Highest abundance occurred at the west margin of major channels between keys where larval recruitment seems to be favored by local oceanographic features and facilitated by the abundance of Echinometra lucunter. The size frequency distribution of D. antillarum indicates that recruitment began to be noticeable three years before September 2005, suggesting these populations were depleted in the past and they are recovering now. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 663-676. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La mortalidad de Diadema antillarum en 1983-1984 afectó más del 93% de la población del Caribe. Aunque no existen datos publicados sobre el estado de sus poblaciones en arrecifes cubanos antes y después de la mortalidad, se conoce anecdóticamente que fueron afectadas. En el presente trabajo se analizan las variaciones espaciales de la abundancia y estructura de tallas de D. antillarum en 22 arrecifes frontales en Jardines de la Reina, para lo cual se realizaron cinco recorridos de 30x2m en cada sitio entre Junio de 2004 y Septiembre de 2005. Las densidades de Diadema fueron mayores en las crestas arrecifales (0.08-2.18 ind./m²) mientras que en las pendientes fueron hasta tres órdenes de magnitud menor y la densidad máxima fue 0.13 ind./m². Las crestas con mayor abundancia de Diadema están ubicadas en los márgenes de las grandes pasas existentes entre cayos donde el reclutamiento parece estar favorecido por las condiciones oceanográficas locales y facilitado por la abundancia de Echinometra lucunter. La distribución de frecuencia de tallas de Diadema sugiere que el reclutamiento comenzó a ser notable aproximadamente tres años antes del muestreo, indicando que en el pasado sus poblaciones estuvieron afectadas y ahora están recuperándose.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Diadema antillarum</kwd>
<kwd>sea urchin recovery</kwd>
<kwd>population density</kwd>
<kwd>size structure</kwd>
<kwd>Jardines de la Reina</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
<kwd>Diadema antillarum</kwd>
<kwd>recuperación de erizos marinos</kwd>
<kwd>densidad poblacional</kwd>
<kwd>estructura de tallas</kwd>
<kwd>Jardines de la Reina</kwd>
<kwd>Cuba</kwd>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0034-774420100002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Metabolitos secundarios, letalidad y actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de tres corales y tres moluscos marinos de Sucre, Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Sección de Química Departamento de Ciencias</institution>
<addr-line> Monagas</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Oriente Departamento de Química Escuela de Ciencias</institution>
<addr-line> Sucre</addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<year>2010</year>
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<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>677</fpage>
<lpage>688</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Secondary metabolites, lethality and antimicrobial activity of extracts from three corals and three marine mollusks from Sucre, Venezuela. The study of biochemical activity of extracts obtained from marine organisms is gaining interest as some have proved to have efficient health or industrial applications. To evaluate lethality and antimicrobial activities, some chemical tests were performed on crude extracts of the octocorals Eunicea sp., Muricea sp. and Pseudopterogorgia acerosa and the mollusks Pteria colymbus, Phyllonotus pomum and Chicoreus brevifrons, collected in Venezuelan waters. The presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes in all invertebrates, was evidenced. Additionally, sesquiterpenlactones, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic and cardiotonic glycosides were also detected in some octocoral extracts, suggesting that biosynthesis of these metabolites is typical in this group. From the lethality bioassays, all extracts resulted lethal to Artemia salina (LC50&lt;1.000&amp;#956;g/ml) with an increased of lethal activity with exposition time. P. pomum extract showed the highest lethality rate (LC50=46.8&amp;#956;g/ml). Compared to the octocorals, mollusks extracts displayed more activity and a greater action spectrum against different bacterial strains, whereas octocorals also inhibited some fungi strains growth. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible to the antimicrobial power of the extracts (66.7%), whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were not affected. The antibiosis shown by marine organisms extracts indicates that some of their biosynthesized metabolites are physiologically active, and may have possible cytotoxic potential or as a source of antibiotic components. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 677-688. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A los extractos crudos de los octocorales Eunicea sp., Muricea sp. y Pseudopterogorgia acerosa y de los moluscos Pteria colymbus, Phylonotus pomum y Chicoreus brevifrons, se les realizaron pruebas químicas, las cuales evidenciaron en todos ellos, la presencia de metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, esteroles insaturados y triterpenos pentacíclicos. Sólo se detectaron sesquiterpenlactonas, saponinas, taninos, glicósidos cianogénicos y glicósidos cardiotónicos en algunos de los extractos de los octocorales, lo cual sugiere que la biosíntesis de estos metabolitos es propia de este grupo de organismos. Asimismo, se evaluó la actividad letal y antimicrobiana de los extractos de los octocorales y moluscos. En el bioensayo de letalidad, todos los extractos resultaron letales frente al crustáceo Artemia salina (CL50&lt;1.000&amp;#956;g/ml). La actividad letal increment&amp;#963; con el tiempo de exposici&amp;#963;n. El extracto de P. pomum presentó la mayor actividad letal (CL50=46.8&amp;#956;g/ml). En los ensayos de actividad antimicrobiana, los extractos org&amp;#945;nicos de los moluscos presentaron una mayor actividad y un espectro de acción mayor contra diferentes cepas de bacterias, respecto a los octocorales; aunque estos últimos también inhibieron el crecimiento de algunas cepas de hongos. Staphylococcus aureus, fue la bacteria más susceptible al poder antimicrobiano de los extractos (66.7%), mientras que la bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa y los hongos Candida albicans y Aspergillus niger, no fueron afectados. La antibiosis mostrada por los extractos de los diferentes invertebrados marinos estudiados, indica que algunos de los metabolitos biosintetizados por éstos son fisiológicamente activos con posible potencial citotóxico y/o antibiótico.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>chemical evaluation</kwd>
<kwd>secondary metabolites</kwd>
<kwd>antimicrobial activity</kwd>
<kwd>A. salina</kwd>
<kwd>lethality</kwd>
<kwd>mollusks</kwd>
<kwd>soft corals</kwd>
<kwd>evaluación química</kwd>
<kwd>metabolitos secundarios</kwd>
<kwd>actividad antimicrobiana</kwd>
<kwd>letalidad</kwd>
<kwd>A. salina</kwd>
<kwd>moluscos</kwd>
<kwd>octocorales</kwd>
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<aff id="A02">
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Longfin sanddab (Citharichthys xanthostigma) represents a very important fishery resource in Southern and Baja California but are not very well known. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the growth and mortality of longfin sanddab population in the Mexican Pacific Ocean at Baja California, México. Data on growth were obtained for longfin sanddab collected with otter trawls during six cruises off the Western coast of Baja California. A total of 1 017 longfin sanddab were caught over the sampling period, and from 860 specimens, the male to female ratio was 1:1.8. The relationship between total weight (W) and standard length (SL) is described: W=0.00000743 SL3.196 for females and W=0.00000764 SL3.193 for males. Age groups were estimated from length frequency data, and von Bertalanffy annual growth parameters for all fish data combined were the following: L&amp;#8734;=289.2mm SL, k=0.20, t0=-0.73; for males, they were L&amp;#8734;=265.9mm SL, k=0.21, t0=-0.68, and for females, L&amp;#8734;=293.6mm SL, k=0.23, t0=-0.35. Longfin sanddab caught during this study reached a maximum age of 10 years, and at that age, males attained smaller sizes than females. The age groups had a total mortality (Z) rate of 0.82 year-1, a fishing mortality (F) of 0.52 year-1, and a natural mortality (M) of 0.3 year-1. Although the longfin sanddab is not a target species of commercial fisheries, it suffers high mortality as part of the bycatch in the shrimp fishery. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 689-705. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta información sobre el crecimiento y mortalidad de la población del C. xanthostigma (lenguado alón) en el Pacífico Mexicano de Baja California, México. Datos sobre su crecimiento fueron obtenidos de peces capturados con red de arrastre durante seis cruceros en la costa Oeste de Baja California, México. Se capturaron 1 017 peces en este periodo. La relación machos:hembras de 860 ejemplares fue de 1:1.2. La relación peso total (W) y longitud estándar (SL) se estimó para hembras: W=0.00000743 SL 3.196 y para machos: W=0.00000764 SL 3.193. La edad de los grupos se calculó con datos de frecuencia por longitud, el crecimiento de von Bertalanffy global fue: L&amp;#8734;=289.2mm SL, k=0.20, t0= -0.73; para los machos: L&amp;#8734;=265.9 mm SL, k=0.21, t0= -0.68 y para las hembras: L&amp;#8734;=293.6mm SL, k=0.23, t0=-0.35, anualmente. La captura de C. xanthostigma durante este estudio alcanzó una edad máxima de 10 años. Los machos alcanzan tallas menores que las hembras a la misma edad. Los grupos de edad tuvieron una tasa de mortalidad total (Z) de 0.82 por año, una mortalidad por pesca (F) de 0.52 por año y mortalidad natural (M) de 0.3 por año. Aunque el C. xanthostigma no es una especie objetivo (comercial), sufre una alta mortalidad indirecta durante la pesca del camarón.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>flatfish</kwd>
<kwd>Pleuronectiformes</kwd>
<kwd>C. xanthostigma</kwd>
<kwd>growth</kwd>
<kwd>mortality</kwd>
<kwd>bycatch shrimp</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California</kwd>
<kwd>lenguados</kwd>
<kwd>pleuronectiformes</kwd>
<kwd>C. xanthostigma</kwd>
<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad</kwd>
<kwd>captura incidental camarón</kwd>
<kwd>Baja California</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000200014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diversidad de la vegetación durante su recuperación tras una creciente extraordinaria del Río Paraná Medio (Argentina)</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity of vegetation during its recovery from a catastrophic flood of the Medium Paraná River (Argentina). River floodplains have a high biological diversity that is intensely influenced by vegetation dynamics, changes in space and time scales, and the river`s hydrological regime. The vegetation composition of the medium and lower Paraná River has been analyzed previously, with different approaches and criteria that cannot be compared. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity of the herbaceous vegetation over long time spans, from its regeneration after a catastrophic flood to its recovery, in the North and South sites of the flooding valley of the Medium Paraná River. The first sampling of a pioneer community was performed after the 1982-83 catastrophic flood, and included the surveillance of two plots in two successive recovery stages. Floristic composition and cover-abundance of all species were recorded per plot. Floristic richness, using jackknife, Shannon and Hurlbert diversity and Simpson dominance curves were calculated for each site and for each survey, using EcoSim (software). Floristic richness was higher in the North of Medium Paraná, while dominance was higher in the South. Diversity indexes did not varied significantly and resulted in relatively stable values, because its components compensate each other. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 707-716. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La diversidad florística en las planicies de inundación está ligada a la dinámica de la vegetación, por lo que su comprensión depende de las escalas espacial y temporal el régimen hidrológico del río. La planicie de inundación del Río Paraná, Argentina, tiene una alta diversidad biológica, aolo conocida a través de estudios puntuales no comparables entre si. El objetivo de esta contribución fue analizar la diversidad de la vegetación herbácea a largo plazo, desde su reinstalación después de una inundación catastrófica hasta su recuperación, en dos áreas (norte y sur) del Paraná Medio. Cuando el nivel del agua disminuyó después de la creciente catastrófica de 1982-83, se realizó el primer muestreo en una comunidad pionera, y en años posteriores, otros dos en etapas avanzadas de recuperación de la vegetación. Se registraron las especies presentes y se estimó su abundanciacobertura. Se calcularon las curvas de riqueza florística, de diversidad de Shannon y Hurlbert y de dominancia de Simpson en ambas áreas, utilizando el programa EcoSim. La riqueza florística resultó mayor en el norte del Paraná Medio, mientras que la dominancia lo fue en el sur. Los índices de diversidad no reflejan estas variaciones, pues al compensarse entre sí sus componentes, dan como resultado valores relativamente estables.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>River Paraná</kwd>
<kwd>floodplain</kwd>
<kwd>vegetation dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>EcoSim</kwd>
<kwd>diversity</kwd>
<kwd>floristic richness</kwd>
<kwd>regeneration</kwd>
<kwd>Río Paraná</kwd>
<kwd>planicie de inundación</kwd>
<kwd>dinámica de la vegetación</kwd>
<kwd>EcoSim</kwd>
<kwd>diversidad</kwd>
<kwd>riqueza florística</kwd>
<kwd>regeneración</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Seed germination and key to seedling identification for six native tree species of wetlands from Southeast Mexico. Wetland tree species are of importance for economic and restoration purposes. We describe the germination process and seedling morphology of six arboreal native species typical of Southeastern Mexico: Annona glabra, Ceiba pentandra, Pachira aquatica, Haematoxylum campechianum, Coccoloba barbadensis and Crataeva tapia. A total of 300 seeds per species were planted in a mixture of sand, cocoa plant husk and black soil (1: 1: 1), and maintained in a tree nursery with 30% artificial shade, from February to November of 2007. We carried out the morphological characterization, and elaborated a key to seedlings based on: 1) germination type 2) seedling axis and 3) leaf elements. P. aquatica has cryptocotylar hypogeal germination, the others have phanerocotylar epigeal germination. Germination rates were high (&gt;86%), except for C. barbadensis (69%). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 717-732. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Especies arbóreas de humedales son de importancia económica y para fines de restauración. Nosotros describimos el proceso de germinación y morfología de plántulas de seis especies arbóreas nativas típicas del sureste de México: Annona glabra, Ceiba pentandra, Pachira aquatica, Haematoxylum campechianum, Coccoloba barbadensis y Crataeva tapia. Un total de 300 semillas por especie fueron sembradas en una mezcla de arena, cascarilla de cacao y tierra negra (1: 1: 1), y mantenidas en invernadero a 30% de sombra artificial, de febrero a noviembre de 2007. Se realizó la caracterización morfológica, y elaboró una clave de plántulas con base en: 1) tipo de germinación 2) eje de la plántula y 3) elementos foliares. P. aquatica presenta germinación criptocotilar hipogea, las otras tienen germinación fanerocotilar epigea. Las tasas de germinación fueron altas (&gt;86%), a excepción de C. barbadensis (69%).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<institution>,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología Jardín Botánico</institution>
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<country>México</country>
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<addr-line>Distrito Federal </addr-line>
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<fpage>733</fpage>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Diversity of mineral inclusions in the subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae). Mineral inclusions in plants, of different chemical constitution and forms, have been studied in some plant groups and are currently used as diagnostic tools in taxonomic identifications. With the aim to identify their possible application in taxonomy, mineral inclusions in the leaves of 140 species of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) were analyzed and compared. Leave transversal sections were studied with the aid of clear field, phase contrast, and polarized light microscopy. Crystals commonly occured in mesophyll cells, and only in two species those were observed in epidermal cells. Several forms of calcium oxalate crystals and silicdioxide deposits in the form of stegmata were found. The most common crystalline forms were raphides, prisms and druses. Nevertheless, crystals like sands, and concentric and radial plates were also observed in few species. These crystalline forms of concentric and radial plates are reported for the first time in Oncidiinae and Orchidaceae. The stegmata are conical with rough surface, forming tiers along with fibers. Stegmata commonly occur in the vascular bundle sheath and in the abaxial or adaxial fiber bundles. However, few species do not have stegmata in fiber bundles and other species lack both. The taxonomic importance of these mineral inclusions is discussed for the different clades, genera or species within the subtribe Oncidiinae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 733-755. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las inclusiones minerales en las plantas, han sido utilizadas como herramientas de diagnóstico en la identificación taxonómica. Se analizaron y compararon las inclusiones minerales en las hojas de 140 especies de Oncidiinae (Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae). Las secciones transversales de hojas se observaron para describir las inclusiones minerales con el apoyo de la microscopía de luz en campo claro, contraste de fases y polarización. Los cristales generalmente están presentes en las células del mesófilo, y sólo dos especies los presentan en las células epidérmicas. Se encontraron cristales de oxalato de calcio de diferentes formas y depósitos de dióxido de sílice en forma de estégmatos. Las formas cristalinas más comunes son rafidios, prismas y drusas. Sin embargo, algunas especies tienen cristales en arena, concéntricos o en placas radiales. En esta investigación se reportan las dos últimas por primera vez para Oncidiinae y también para Orchidaceae. Los estégmatos son cónicos con superficie rugosa, generalmente formando hileras a lo largo de las fibras. Comúnmente se presentan en los haces vasculares y en los haces de fibras abaxiales. Sin embargo, existen especies cuyos haces de fibras no tienen estégmatos, así como especies sin haces de fibras ni estégmatos. Se discute la importancia taxonómica de estas inclusiones minerales para los diferentes clados, géneros y/o especies de Oncidiinae.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>leaf</kwd>
<kwd>crystals</kwd>
<kwd>calcium oxalate</kwd>
<kwd>raphides</kwd>
<kwd>silica</kwd>
<kwd>stegmata</kwd>
<kwd>Orchidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Oncidiinae</kwd>
<kwd>hoja</kwd>
<kwd>cristales</kwd>
<kwd>oxalatos de calcio</kwd>
<kwd>rafidios</kwd>
<kwd>sílice</kwd>
<kwd>estégmatos</kwd>
<kwd>Orchidaceae</kwd>
<kwd>Oncidiinae</kwd>
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<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad de Costa Rica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442010000200017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comunidad de arañas (Arachnida, Araneae) del cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa) en Buenos Aires, Argentina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Armendano</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Alda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores  </institution>
<addr-line>La Plata </addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<fpage>757</fpage>
<lpage>767</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Spider community (Arachnida, Araneae) of alfalfa crops (Medicago sativa) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Over the last decades there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural enemies to control pest insects, including spiders. We studied a spider community in Argentina by sampling every two weeks during 2004-2006 in one-hectare lots. Soil stratum spiders were collected using nets and pitfall traps. A total of 6229 specimens were collected (15 families and 50 species). Seven families were found in the herbal stratum, the most abundant were Thomisidae (n=2012, 32.30%), Araneidae (n=1516, 24.33%) and Oxyopidae (n=604, 9.70%). The soil had 14 families, mainly: Lycosidae (n=629, 10.10%) and Linyphiidae (n=427, 6.85%). Hunting spiders predominated: ambushers (32.99 %); stalkers (11.77%) and ground-runners (10.84%) were less common. The most abundant web building spiders were the orb weavers (27.56%). The diversity indexes were: H´=2.97, Dsp=0.11 and J=0.79, evidencing a moderately diverse spider community with predominance of Misumenops pallidus, Oxyopes salticus, Lycosa poliostoma and L. erythrognatha. The spiders were present throughout the phenological development of the crop with abundance peaks in spring and summer. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 757-767. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En las últimas décadas se ha dado un interés creciente en el uso de enemigos naturales para controlar plagas de insectos, como arañas. Se estudió una comunidad de arañas en Argentina mediante un muestreo cada dos semanas durante el periodo 2004-2006 en lotes de una hectárea. En el estrato del suelo las arañas fueron colectadas con redes de arrastre y trampas de caída. Se recolecto un total de 6 229 ejemplares (15 familias y 50 especies). Siete familias se encuentran en el estrato herbáceo, las más abundantes fueron: Thomisidae (n=2 012, 32.30%), Araneidae (n=1 516, 24.33%) y Oxyopidae (n=604, 9.70%). El suelo habían 14 familias, principalmente: Lycosidae (n=629, 10.10%) y Linyphiidae (n=427, 6.85%). Predominaron las arañas cazadoras: por emboscadas (32.99%), al acecho (11.77%), corredoras de suelo (10.84%) y tejedoras orbiculares (27.56%). Los índices de diversidad fueron: H´=2.97, Dsp=0.11 y J=0.79, evidenciando una comunidad de arañas moderadamente diversa, con predominio de Misumenops pallidus, Oxyopes salticus, Lycosa poliostoma and L. erythrognatha. Las arañas estuvieron presentes durante el desarrollo fenológico del cultivo con picos de abundancia en primavera y verano.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>araneae</kwd>
<kwd>alfalfa</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosystems</kwd>
<kwd>natural enemies</kwd>
<kwd>araneae</kwd>
<kwd>alfalfa</kwd>
<kwd>agroecosistemas</kwd>
<kwd>enemigos naturales</kwd>
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<article-title xml:lang="es">La polilla Copitarsia decolora: revisión del complejo de especies con base en la morfología genital masculina y de los huevos (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Concepción Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Depto. de Zoología</institution>
<addr-line>Concepción </addr-line>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The moth Copitarsia decolora: a review of the species complex based on egg and male genital morphology (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Copitarsia decolora is a widely distributed polyphagous species with a large number of nominal changes due to phenotypic plasticity. We reviewed 14 males from Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Chile and the literature produced between 2003 and 2008. An analysis of the clasper complex of C. decolora male genitalia was performed by standard dissection. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of eggs structures were used as taxonomic characters. The genus Copitarsia comprises 23 species. C. corruda is considered a synonym of C. decolora. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 769-776. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Copitarsia decolora es una especie polífaga ampliamente distribuida con un gran número de cambios nominales debido a su plasticidad fenotípica. Examinamos 14 machos de México, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú y Chile y revisamos la literatura producida entre 2003 y 2008. Realizamos un análisis del clasper (digitus) de los órganos genitales masculinos del complejo de C. decolora mediante una disección estándar. Utilizamos fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) del corion de los huevos como carácter taxonómico. El género Copitarsia queda compuesto por 23 especies. C. corruda se considera un sinónimo de C. decolora (Guenée).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>moths</kwd>
<kwd>eggs</kwd>
<kwd>male genitalia</kwd>
<kwd>subspecies</kwd>
<kwd>South America</kwd>
<kwd>new synonym</kwd>
<kwd>new combinations</kwd>
<kwd>huevos</kwd>
<kwd>nóctuido</kwd>
<kwd>genitales masculinos</kwd>
<kwd>subespecies</kwd>
<kwd>Sudamérica</kwd>
<kwd>nueva sinonimia</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista de Biología Tropical</journal-title>
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<article-id>S0034-77442010000200019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Estacionalidad de la densidad larval del mosquito Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) y otros insectos asociados a su hábitat en Sucre, Venezuela</article-title>
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<institution>,Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud Instituto de Altos Estudios Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Endémicas</institution>
<addr-line>Maracay </addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
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<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Agronomía Doctorado en Ciencias</institution>
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<institution>,Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Zoología Tropical</institution>
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<fpage>777</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442010000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Larval seasonality of the mosquito Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) and other insects associated to its habitat in Sucre, Venezuela. Anopheles aquasalis Curry is considered the main vector of human malaria in Northern Venezuela. A longitudinal study was carried out in the coastal areas of the Paria Peninsula, Sucre state. The larval habitats of A. aquasalis were classified as: 1- Brackish mangrove, and 2- Freshwater herbaceous swamp. Field surveys of mosquito larvae and aquatic insects were carried out in the same breeding sites over a one-year period, between January and December 1999. At each site, 30 samples of Anopheles larvae and aquatic insects were taken monthly. Simultaneously with mosquito larvae sampling, five selected variables of water were measured: conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH. Seasonal and temporal variations of A. aquasalis larvae and aquatic insects were determined in the two larval habitats. For the entire study period, the abundance of larvae was higher in the mangrove. Correspondence analysis showed a strong relation between some chemical factors of water and larval abundance. The abundance of A. aquasalis larvae in both seasons, was positively correlated with water salinity, pH and conductivity, and negatively with dissolved oxygen in the dry season. The presence of larvae was positively correlated with the presence of Avicenia germinans. In the mangrove there was a positive association between larvae abundance and Scirtidae family abundance and a negative correlation between larvae abundance and monthly precipitation (Spearman), as well as a significant negative correlation between Gerridae abundance and monthly precipitation. In the herbaceous swamp, there were not significant associations between A. aquasalis larvae abundance and abundance of others aquatic insects associated to habitat. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 777-787. Epub 2010 June 02.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Anopheles aquasalis es considerado como el principal vector de malaria humana en el norte de Venezuela. El estudio longitudinal se llevó a cabo en áreas costeras de la Península de Paria, estado Sucre. El hábitat de las larvas de A. aquasalis fue clasificado como: manglar salobre y pantano herbáceo. Muestreos para recolectar larvas de mosquitos e insectos asociados se realizaron mensualmente en ambos criaderos desde enero hasta diciembre de 1999 (30 muestras). Simultáneamente se midieron cinco variables seleccionadas del agua: conductividad, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, temperatura y pH. En ambos criaderos de determinaron las variaciones estacionales y temporales de las larvas de A. aquasalis e insectos acuáticos. Para el período de estudio, la abundancia de larvas fue mayor en el manglar. El análisis de correspondencia mostró una fuerte relación entre algunos factores químicos del agua y la abundancia de las larvas. La abundancia de las larvas de A. aquasalis en ambas épocas, se correlacionó positivamente con la salinidad del agua, pH y conductividad, y negativamente con el oxígeno disuelto, en la estación seca. La presencia de larvas se correlacionó positivamente con la presencia de Avicennia germinans. En el manglar existió una asociación positiva entre la abundancia de larvas y la abundancia de la familia Scirtidae y una correlación negativa entre la abundancia de larvas y la precipitación mensual (Spearman), así como una correlación negativa significativa entre la abundancia de Gerridae y la precipitación mensual. En el pantano herbáceo, no había asociaciones significativas entre la abundancia de las larvas de A. aquasalis y la abundancia de otros insectos acuáticos asociados al hábitat.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>seasonal and temporal variations</kwd>
<kwd>Anopheles aquasalis</kwd>
<kwd>larval habitat</kwd>
<kwd>aquatic insects</kwd>
<kwd>physical-chemical factors</kwd>
<kwd>malaria vectors</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
<kwd>fluctuación temporal y estacional</kwd>
<kwd>Anopheles aquasalis</kwd>
<kwd>hábitat larval</kwd>
<kwd>insectos acuáticos</kwd>
<kwd>parámetros físico-químicos</kwd>
<kwd>vectores de malaria</kwd>
<kwd>Venezuela</kwd>
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