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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Puente de diálogo de la comunidad científica</article-title>
</title-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>00</fpage>
<lpage>00</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Efecto del consumo de huevo y lecitina en los niveles séricos de colesterol y triglicéridos en ratas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bolaños</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Quesada</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nanne</surname>
<given-names>Clara I.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>Georgina</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Bioquímica </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se estudió el efecto de la ingesta de yema de huevo y de lecitina sobre los niveles séricos de colesterol y triglicéridos en un grupo de treinta ratas jóvenes de la especie Rattus rattus, cepa Sprague-Dawley. Para tal fin, se estableció un modelo de alimentación en el cual la yema de huevo y la lecitina se suministraron como agua de bebida durante veinte semanas consecutivas. Durante este período, se hicieron determinaciones de los niveles séricos de triglicéridos y colesterol, cada cuatro semanas. Los animales se separaron en cinco grupos con alimento concentrado ad libitum, y se les suministró cantidades equivalentes en un ser humano adulto a: grupo 1: 2 huevos diarios, grupo 2: 2 huevos más una cápsula de lecitina diaria, grupo 3: 4 huevos diarios , grupo 4: 4 huevos más una cápsula de lecitina diaria y grupo 5 (control): solamente agua. Las ratas que consumieron el equivalente en el adulto humano a 2 y 4 huevos diarios presentaron niveles de colesterol significativamente más altos que el grupo control (P&lt; 0,005 y P&lt; 0,05, respectivamente), sin diferencias significativas en los niveles de triglicéridos. Los grupos de ratas que ingirieron huevos y lecitina no mostraron una variación significativa en los niveles séricos de colesterol, pero sí una disminución significativa en la concentración sérica de triglicéridos, al compararse con el grupo control (P&lt; 0,05) y con el grupo que ingirió únicamente huevos (P&lt; 0,05).</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The effects that egg yolk and lecithin ingestion may cause in serum blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides was studied in a group of thirty young male Rattus rattus of the Sprague - Dawley strain. A feeding model was designed in which the yolks and the lecithin diluted in water were administrated without interruption, for a twenty week period. Every four weeks, blood samples were collected by vein puncture of the tail, and the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were determined. The rats were separated in to five groups, and concentrated dry food was provided for ad libitum consumption. The amount of yolk for each group of animals was calculated as equivalent to different diets in humans. Group 1 ingested the equivalent of two eggs a day, group 2 two eggs plus a daily capsule of lecithin. Group 3, four eggs a day. Group 4, four eggs a day plus a capsule of lecithin, and group 5, was the control that received only plain tap water. The groups of rats that consumed the equivalent of two and four daily eggs showed a significant increase in blood cholesterol levels compared with the control group (P&lt;0.005 and P&lt; 0.05 ). The levels of triglycerides did not show significant variations among the different groups. The groups of rats that in addition consumed lecithin, did not show significant variations in the cholesterol values but there was a considerable lowering of the triglyceride levels as compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05) and with the group that consumed only eggs (P&lt;0.05).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Yema de huevo</kwd>
<kwd>lecitina</kwd>
<kwd>triglicéridos</kwd>
<kwd>colesterol</kwd>
<kwd>egg yolk</kwd>
<kwd>ecithin</kwd>
<kwd>serum triglyicerides</kwd>
<kwd>serum cholesterol</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Detección de hemocultivos positivos por el método tradicional y el sistema automatizado Bactec 9050 Servicio de Bacteriología Hospital San Juan de Dios</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bolaños Muñoz</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
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<surname>Barrantes Valverde</surname>
<given-names>Edith</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Laboratorio Clínico </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Monseñor Sanabria Laboratorio Clínico </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En el presente trabajo se analizaron 148 muestras para hemocultivo, enviadas de los Servicios de Neonatología y de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital San Juan de Dios, durante los meses de setiembre, octubre y noviembre de 1996. El estudio evalúa el aislamiento, el tiempo de detección y la recuperación de microorganismos. Además se analiza el efecto de la antibioticoterapia en las muestras y la capacidad de aislar microorganismos por el método tradicional y el sistema automatizado Bactec 9050. El uso de un sistema automatizado de monitoreo y agitación continua permite obtener resultados en un menor tiempo y además lograr una mayor recuperación de microorganismos por tener una resina que neutraliza antibióticos presentes en las muestras. La automatización permite disminuir la contaminación de las muestras y facilita el trabajo en el laboratorio de bacteriología.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In the present study the blood cultures of patients frond the Newborn ward and Intensive Care ward at San Juan de Dios Hospital, were analized by comparing results from the traditional method and the Bactec 9050 automated system. The study evaluated isolation, microorganisms detection times, recovery rate, and observed the antibioticotherapy effects on the samples and the ability of isolating bacteria in each method. The use of automated system with continous monitoring, lets us obtain results in short time and a higher microorganism recovery, due to resins that neutralizy the antibiotics in the bood cultures, reducey contamination of samples, and make work easier in the bacteriology laboratory.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>hemocultivos</kwd>
<kwd>sistema automatizado</kwd>
<kwd>blood cultures</kwd>
<kwd>automatized system</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0253-29481998000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El efecto de la administración de dexametasona materna en la prevención del síndrome de distréss respiratorio en el neonato prematuro</article-title>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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<given-names>Samuel</given-names>
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<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Obstetricia </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Neonatología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los estudios reportan una disminución en la incidencia y severidad de membrana hialina, displasia broncopulmonar, hemorragia intraventricular, enterocolitis aguda necrotizante, sepsis, y retinopatía del prematuro; con el uso de betametasona o dexametasona antenatal en embarazos de 24 - 34 semanas. Las dosis de dexametasona que se han comprobado útiles son diferentes a las utilizadas en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, por lo que se decidió realizar un estudio utilizando dos cohortes históricas. Se analizó una muestra de 162 pacientes, de las cuales 77 fueron expuestas a 12 mg. de dexametasona cada 12 ó 24 horas IM (#2 dosis) y 85 pacientes no expuestas. No se encontró diferencia estadística en la incidencia de membrana hialina entre las dos cohortes históricas (p=0.27). Iguales hallazgos se encontraron respecto a la displasia broncopulmonar (p=0.85), retinopatía del prematuro (p=0.15), enterocolitis aguda necrotizante (p=0.48), y sepsis (p=0.48). La única diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.019) fue una reducción en la hemorragia intraventricular en neonatos expuestos a dexametasona. En cuanto a condición de egreso y estancia hospitalaria, tampoco se encontraron diferencias. Del estudio se concluye que no se demostró un beneficio en la reducción de la morbimortalidad del prematuro de 24 - 34 semanas con el uso de dexametasona antenatal a las dosis utilizadas en este hospital; solamente se corrobora una protección para la hemorragia intraventricular.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical trials of antenatal steroids used in pregnant women between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation have demonstrated a reduction in hyaline membrane, broncopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and premature retinopathy. We decided to conduct a retrospective cohort study since the doses of dexamethasone that have improved neonatal outcome are different than those used in the Hospital San Juan de Dios. We analized a group of 162 women, of which 77 had been exposed to two doses of dexamethasone (12 mg each 12-24 hours IM) and 85 were not exposed. There were no statistically significant diferences between cohorts in the incidence of hyaline membrane (p=0.27), broncopulmonary dysplasia (p=0.85), premature retinopathy (0.15), necrotizing enterocolitis (p=0.48) and sepsis (p=0.48). Only a significant reduction was found in the incidence of intraventricular hemorrage (p=0.019) in exposed neonates. With respect to perinatal mortality and total time of neonatal hospitalization, no diferences were found. In conclusion, the use of antenatal dexamethasone at the doses used in the Hospital San Juan de Dios, did not improve the outcome in premature neonates between 24 and 34 weeks ; we only confirm a protection for the development of intraventricular hemorrage.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>prematuridad</kwd>
<kwd>recién nacido</kwd>
<kwd>dexametasona</kwd>
<kwd>maduración pulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>membrana hialina</kwd>
<kwd>displasia broncopulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>hemorragia intraventricular</kwd>
<kwd>Premature</kwd>
<kwd>newborn</kwd>
<kwd>dexamethasone</kwd>
<kwd>pulmonary maturity</kwd>
<kwd>hyaline membrane</kwd>
<kwd>broncopulmonary dysplasia</kwd>
<kwd>intraventricular hemorrage</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El aumento en la prevalencia de cepas de Staphylococcus coagulasa negativas (SCN) en infecciones sistémicas está asociado con factores de riesgo, como el grado de inmunosupresión debido a cáncer, transplantes, SIDA, u otras condiciones como el uso de catéteres intravenosos y prótesis. Por esa razón, una reacción de coagulasa negativa en un aislamiento clínico de estafilococus no puede ser garantía de inocuidad, lo que hace necesario otras pruebas de escrutinio. La presencia de receptores Fc para inmunoglobulinas en la superficie de Staphylococcus es un factor de virulencia importante. Estos receptores pueden demostrarse mediante hemaglutinación usando una combinación apropiada de anticuerpos y antígenos, como un anti A y eritrocitos del grupo A. Las bacterias son sensibilizadas con esos anticuerpos, los cuales se pegan por su extremo Fc a los receptores localizados en la superficie de la bacteria. Estas bacterias sensibilizadas se incuban con los eritrocitos grupo A y se lee la actividad hemaglutinante. Usando esa prueba se evaluaron 100 cepas de Staphylococcus aisladas de muestras clínicas (hemocultivos y abscesos) y de personas sanas. Se encontró una diferencia estadística entre la presencia de receptores Fc y el origen de las cepas, la mayoría (91%) de las cepas que provenían de casos clínicos mostraron receptores Fc, 25 (45%) de esas cepas fueron SCN y 21 (84%) ellos mostraron receptores Fc . Estos datos sugieren que la evaluación de receptores Fc podría servir como prueba de tamizaje para juzgar la posible virulencia de las cepas coagulasa negativas de Staphylococcus.</p></abstract>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29481998000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Resultados de un programa integral para dejar de fumar</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto sobre Alcoholismo y Farmacodependencia Departamento de Servicios Clínicos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Sistema de Estudios de Postgrado </institution>
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<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Instituto sobre Alcoholismo y Farmacodependencia Departamento de Servicios Clínicos </institution>
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<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se realizó un estudio experimental ciego para probar la eficacia de un programa para dejar de fumar con la utilización de parches de nicotina. Participaron 88 fumadores divididos al azar en dos grupos, experimental y control. Ambos grupos recibieron el mismo programa conductual para dejar de fumar, con la diferencia que el grupo experimental recibió parches de nicotina durante los 15 días posteriores al inicio de la abstinencia, mientras que el control recibió parches placebo. Los grupos resultaron bastante homogéneos en cuanto a características sociodemográficas y adictivas. Los resultados mostraron que una proporción mayor de fumadores del grupo experimental se mantuvo en abstinencia en un período de 6 meses, diferencia que fue significativa estadísticamente. Se discuten otros hallazgos, entre ellos, manifestaciones de la dependencia química al tabaco, razones para el fumado, y la necesidad de utilizar métodos que incluyan diversidad de componentes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>An experimental study was conducted to determine the efficacy of nicotine patches as part of a therapy to quit smoking. Ninety two smokers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: experimental and control. Both groups received the same behavioral modification program to quit smoking, in addition, besides, the experimental group was given nicotine patches during 15 days, while the control group received placebo. The groups were quite similar in regard to sociodemographic and addictive characteristics. The results showed that a greater proportion of participants from the experimental group achieved abstinence during 6 months, this difference was statistically significant. Other findings are discussed, among them, the indicators of chemical dependence in smokers, the reasons why they smoke and the need of implementing multi-component treatments to archieve greater efficacy.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>nicotina</kwd>
<kwd>dependencia</kwd>
<kwd>tratamiento</kwd>
<kwd>fumado</kwd>
<kwd>Nicotine</kwd>
<kwd>dependence</kwd>
<kwd>treatment-</kwd>
<kwd>smoking</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Determinación enzimática de fosfolípidos que contienen colina en líquido amniótico</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Análisis Clínicos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe un método para determinar en líquido amniótico los fosfolípidos que contienen colina, que se basa en la acción de la fosfolipasa D sobre los fosfolípidos, originando colina, que es oxidada por la colinaoxidasa a betaína con la producción simultánea de peróxido de hidrógeno, este último en presencia de peroxidasa oxida al fenol que se acopla a la 4-aminofenazona produciendo un cromógeno rojo. La intensidad del color a 500 nm es directamente proporcional a la concentración de fosfolípidos que contienen colina. El método es sencillo, rápido, relativamente económico, preciso, exacto y requiere poco volumen de muestra. El análisis comparativo con la determinación de lecitina mediante un método enzimático mostró un coeficiente de correlación (r) de 0,945 y una ecuación de regresión lineal y = 2,595 + 0,929x. El método presenta coeficientes de variación día a día de 2,6 y 4,5 por ciento para concentraciones de fosfolípidos de 12,4 y 4,3 mg/dL, respectivamente. El intervalo analítico es de 25,0 mg/dL. La sangre, la bilirrubina y el ácido ascórbico producen cierto grado de interferencia.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We describe a method for determining choline containing phospholipids in amniotic fluid. Phospholipase D is used to liberate choline from phospholipids, and the liberated choline is oxidized to betaine and hydrogen peroxide by choline oxidase. The hydrogen peroxide forms a colored complex with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrene in the presence of horseradish peroxidase, and the color is measured spectrophotometrically at 500 nm. The method is linear up to 25 mg/dL. Comparison of the assay (y) with an enzymatic method (x) demostrated a correlation coefficient of 0,945 (regression equation: y = 2,595 + 0,929x). The CV of the between run precision is 2,6 and 4,5 per cent for concentrations of 12,4 and 4,3 mg of phospholipids per 100 mL of amniotic fluid, respectively. The method is relatively simple, precise, and accurate, requires less time and sample that other methods for assessing fetal lung maturity. The procedure is affected by blood, ascorbic acid and bilirrubin.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fosfolípidos</kwd>
<kwd>líquido amniótico</kwd>
<kwd>madurez pulmonar fetal</kwd>
<kwd>síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria</kwd>
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<front>
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<article-id>S0253-29481998000100008</article-id>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El asma bronquial es una enfermedad altamente prevalente en nuestro medio. Con mucha frecuencia estos pacientes presentan crisis severas de broncoespasmo que ameritan tratamientos farmacológicos agresivos, dentro de los que está el uso de esteroides con dosis altas y por tiempo prolongado, lo que puede producir efectos secundarios indeseables. Dentro de estos se encuentra la alteración de los mecanismos de defensa específicos, principalmente los dependientes de las células T. Esto lleva la aparición de infecciones oportunistas por gérmenes diversos, entre los cuales están las nocardias. Se presenta el caso de un paciente asmático adulto que recibía altas dosis de esteroides y en el que se demostró una neumonía por Nocardia así como linfopenia reversible de CD4+ / CD8+. Se analizan los hallazgos y se hace una revisión del tema.</p></abstract>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Gardnerella vaginalis Mobiluncus en la etiología de la vaginosis bacteriana</article-title>
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<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
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<year>1998</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
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<volume>19</volume>
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<lpage>116</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las vaginitis y las vaginosis bacterianas (VB) son infecciones muy frecuentes en la mujer. La primera se asocia con agentes específicos como Candida, Trichomonas y Chamydea. Sin embargo, hay una alta frecuencia de casos etiológicamente no definidos, que en el pasado fueron considerados como &quot;vaginitis inespecíficas&quot;. Actualmente la mayoría de esos casos se definen como VB, un síndrome común y mal diagnosticado, cuya etiología es polimicrobiana asociada con un desequilibrio de la flora vaginal. Dos de los agentes más importantes, relacionados con VB son Gardnerella vaginalis y Mobiluncus spp. El primero fue descrito en 1953 como el agente responsable de las vaginitis inespecíficas; no obstante, su prevalencia similar en casos y controles y las inoculaciones en voluntarias no confirmaron su papel en las vaginitis. Hoy, los análisis cuantitativos de la población vaginal y el hallazgo de una citotoxina en este agente confirman su acción causal en las VB. Mobiluncus es una bacteria anaerobia, toxigénica relacionada con las VB y con otras patologías, como coriomnionitis, nacimientos a pretérmino, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica post aborto y endometritis post cesarea. Este agente es de cultivo fastidioso; sin embargo, la tinción de Gram es el método diagnóstico más común para las VB.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis (BV) are the most frequent infections in women. The former is associated with specific agents, such as Candida, Trichomonas, and Chamydea.; nevertheless, there are a high frequency of cases without defined agent, that were considered in the past as &quot;inespecific vaginitis&quot;. Actually the majority of those cases as defined BV, common and underdiagnosed syndrome, in which etiology are associated a poly-micorobial population from the altered vaginal flora. Two of the most important agents related with BV are Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus spp. The former was described in 1953 as the agent responsible of inespecific vaginitis; however, its prevalence in cases and controls was similar and inoculations in volunteers do not confirm its role in the vaginitis. Today, the quantitative analysis of bacterial populations, cytotoxin found in this agent confirms its role in the ethiology of BV. Mobiluncus is a toxigenic anaerobic agent related with VB and with other pathologist as choriomnionitis, preterm birth, post-abortal pelvic inflammatory disease and post-caesarean endometritis. This agent is anaerobic and fastidious; nevertheless, the Gram stein is the most common diagnosis tool for BV.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Gardnerella vaginalis</kwd>
<kwd>Mobiluncus. Spp.</kwd>
<kwd>Vaginosis Bacteriana</kwd>
<kwd>Vaginitis</kwd>
<kwd>Gardnerella vaginalis</kwd>
<kwd>Mobiluncus. Spp.</kwd>
<kwd>Bacterial vaginosis</kwd>
<kwd>vaginitis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<name>
<surname>Soto</surname>
<given-names>Lisbeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad Naciona Programa de Plaguicidas </institution>
<addr-line>Heredia </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología y Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social Area de Salud </institution>
<addr-line>Chacarita Puntarenas</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>125</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La medida más efectiva contra el dengue es el control de su insecto vector Aedes aegypti. Para tal propósito la acción más común es el uso de insecticidas, lo cual es controversial, porque es caro, sólo afecta a los adultos, induce resistencia y contamina el ambiente. No obstante, el control biológico con predadores naturales de Aedes aegypti, como los copépodos (microcrustáceos) ha sido exitoso en varios países. Uno de los géneros más grandes de copépodos de ríos y lagunas de Costa Rica es Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. El objetivo de este trabajo es la evaluación de la acción depredadora de este microcrustáceo en contra de las larvas de Ae. aegypti. En experimentos de laboratorio realizados en la Universidad Nacional y en la Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica se demostró que un copépodo es capaz de eliminar aproximadamente 7 larvas por día. Después de 7 semanas de observación, la población de mosquitos fue eliminada de una jaula donde se habían puesto 40 larvas de cuarto estadio junto con un recipiente plástico con agua y copépodos. En la jaula control, bajo condiciones similares, pero sin copépodos, a las 7 semanas de observación el número de adultos prácticamente se duplicó y en el agua había unas 40 pupas. El análisis al microscopio electrónico de rastreo de las larvas atacadas por los copépodos mostraron lesiones en sus segmentos abdominales y el sifon siempre había sido cortado. Estos datos promisorios muestran que el copépodo Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides puede ser usado satisfactoriamente como control biológico de Aedes aegypti.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The most effective measure against dengue is the elimination of its insect vector, Aedes aegypti. For that purpose the most common action is the use of insecticides. This is controversial because is expensive, affects only adults forms, induce resistance, and polute environment. Nevertheless, biological control using natural predators like copepods (microcrustacea) has been successfully used in many countries. One of the largest genus of copepods living in rivers and ponds of Costa Rica is Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of their activity against larvae of Ae. aegypti. In laboratory experiments was demostrated that one copepod is able to eliminate approximately 7 larvas per day. As a result, after 7 weeks of observation, the population of mosquitoes was eliminated from a cage where 40 adults were placed together with copepods in a plastic bow. The cage control had similar conditions except that in the bow there was water without copepods. At the end of the 7 weeks observation period, the number of adults almost doubled the original and the water contained 40 pupas. Scanning electron microscopy examination of larvas attacked by copepods showed lesions in their abdominal segments, and the siphon was cut in all cases. These promising data show that the Costa Rican copepod Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides can be successfully used as biological control of Aedes aegypti.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>control biológico</kwd>
<kwd>copépodos</kwd>
<kwd>Mesocyclops</kwd>
<kwd>thermocyclopoides</kwd>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>biologic control</kwd>
<kwd>Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819980001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000100012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evalúese usted en Psiquiatría</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Castro Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Rigoberto</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional Psiquárico  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
</articles>
