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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819990001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481999000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">¿Enfermedades emergentes o re-emergentes?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Freer Bustamante</surname>
<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>13</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819990001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481999000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Modificación de un método para colinesterasa plasmática empleando la reducción del ferricianuro como indicador</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez Díaz</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Análisis Clínicos </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se describe la modificación de un método para la cuantificación de colinesterasa plasmática mediante monitoreo continuo empleando ferricianuro como indicador. La tiocolina liberada de la propioniltiocolina reduce el ferricianuro a ferrocianuro y la disminución de absorbancia a 405 nm es proporcional a la actividad de la enzima. Las precisiones día a día para muestras con valores de colinesterasa bajos y altos mostraron coeficientes de variación de 3,2 y 1,2 por ciento y en un mismo día de 1,1 y 0,52 por ciento respectivamente. La bilirrubina no presenta una interferencia importante y cada 50 mg/dL de hemoglobina producen una interferencia de -4 por ciento. El reactivo de ferricianuro almacenado en botella ámbar es estable por al menos 3 meses a temperatura ambiente y 6 meses a 4-8°C. Al comparar los resultados con un método que emplea la reacción de Ellman se obtuvo una ecuación de regresión lineal de Y = 1,23 (X) - 732, con un coeficiente de correlación (r) de 0,988 y una desviación estándar sobre la línea de regresión (Sy/ x) de 378 U/L.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>A kinetic method for the determination o serum cholinesterase is presented. Th hydrolysis of propionyithiocholine liberates thiocholine, that reduces yellow ferricyanide to colourless ferrocyanide The decrease in absorbance at 405 nm is proporcional to enzyme activity. The CV of the between run precision range from 1,2 to 3,2 per cent. Within-run precision ranged from 0,52 to 1,1 per cent. Bilirrubin do not interfere up to 15 mg/dL and 50 mg/dL hemoglobin cause an interference of -4 percent. The working reagent, stored in an amber-colored bottle, is stable for at least 3 months at room temperatura and 6 months at 4-8°C. Comparisons with results by a commercial method based on the Ellman's reaction gave a linear regression of Y = 1,23 (X) - 732, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.988 and a standard error (Sy/x) of 378 U/L.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Colinesterasa sérica</kwd>
<kwd>organofosfatos</kwd>
<kwd>carbamatos</kwd>
<kwd>pesticidas</kwd>
<kwd>métodos colorimétrico</kwd>
<kwd>toxicología</kwd>
<kwd>serum cholinesterase</kwd>
<kwd>organophosphates</kwd>
<kwd>carbamates</kwd>
<kwd>pesticides</kwd>
<kwd>colorimetric methods</kwd>
<kwd>toxicology</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819990001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481999000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis ultraestructural del fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot; en clostridium oceanicum y clostridium beijerinckii</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ariza Barrera</surname>
<given-names>Rocio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> San José</addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot; se caracteriza por la formación de una película de crecimiento que se extiende a partir de las colonias y en algunos casos las bacterias pueden tornarse filamentosas e hiperflageladas. Este trabajo describe las características ultraestructurales del fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot; en C. oceanicum y C. beijerinckii, estudiadas al microscopio electrónico de rastreo y transmisión. La primera especie presenta una película de desplazamiento de aspecto complejo y los bacilos en la periferia son filamentosos e hiperflagelados, en tanto C. beijerinckii muestra colonias en forma de cabeza de medusa con bacilos cortos hiperflagelados. Esta constituye la primera descripción ultraestructural de tal fenómeno en las dos especies analizadas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The swarming phenomenon is characterized by a growth film which spreadsout from the colonies. In some cases, during this phenomenon the bacteria change their normal morphology to long hiperflagelated bacilli. This paper describes for the first time the uftrastructural characteristics of the swarming behavior of C. oceanicum and C. beijerinckii analyzed under transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The first species showed a complex film of growth with long hiperflagelated bacilli. C. beijerinckii showed a medusa-like colonies with short and hiperflagellated bacilli.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Clostridium</kwd>
<kwd>fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>ultraestructura</kwd>
<kwd>microscopia electrónica</kwd>
<kwd>Clostridium</kwd>
<kwd>Swarmer phenomenon</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructural</kwd>
<kwd>electronic microscopy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó una muestra de 555 individuos adultos no emparentados, provenientes de diferentes áreas del territorio costarricense mediante el análisis electroforético, se obtuvieron las frecuencias fenotípicas y génicas de 10 sistemas isoenzimáticos polimórficos (PGM sub, EsD, AK, EAP, Glol, ADA, CA lI, PepA, Gc y Tf). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las frecuencias esperadas y las observadas, de acuerdo a la ley de Hardy Weimberg. Los resultados de Glo I, EsD y EAP son comparables a los encontrados en poblaciones caucásicas norteamericanas y AK con poblaciones hispánicas norteamericanas. Por medio del cálculo del poder de discriminación, se valoró su utilidad en el campo forense como marcadores de individualidad. El poder de discriminación con valores superiores a .34 encontrado en la EsD, Glo I, PGM sub, EAP y Gc indica que éstos marcadores son una herramienta probabilística útil para la Administración de Justicia, en donde la sangre u otro fluido corporal son un indicio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>555 blood samples from different areas of the Costa Rican territory was studied by electrophoretic analysis to determine the phenotypic and genotypic frequencies of 10 polymorphic allozimes (PGM sub, EsD, AK, EAP, Glol, ADA, CA II, PepA, Gc y Tf). There are no significant differences between the expected distribution and the ones found according to the Hardy-Weimberg Law. The results are comparable with other population studies that include North American Caucasian and Hispanic populations. The calculation of the discrimination power is useful in forensic science and the values obtained in EsD, Glo I, PGM sub EAP and Gc make these markers an useful probabilistic tool in the Administration of Justice.</p></abstract>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El control del dengue debe orientarse hacia el control del mosquito vector. Se reclutó un grupo de 15 niños de la Escuela Veinte de Noviembre, Chacarita, Puntarenas, a quienes se les enseñó a cultivar el copépodo Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, su aplicación y la necesidad de eliminar criaderos de Aedes. Además, se realizó un experimento de campo en el cementerio de Puntarenas, inoculando copépodos en 12 floreros que tenían agua. En cuanto al cultivo de los copépodos, los niños lograron mantenerlo viable durante un mínimo de 7 meses, en ese lapso rociaron los copépodos en posibles criaderos no eliminables. Por otra parte, en cuanto al experimento de campo, al cabo de dos meses se recuperaron los copépodos de tres de los doce floreros inoculados, el resto de los floreros habían sido vaciados o se habían secado. En esos tres floreros con copépodos no se encontraron larvas de Aedes; en tanto que en cinco floreros cercanos, que durante el periodo de observación se llenaron de agua, presentaban en promedio 100 larvas. Estos datos demuestran que es posible realizar campañas para el control de Aedes involucrando a la comunidad e incluyendo el control biológico como una arma más contra el mosquito.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The control of dengue would be oriented to the control of the mosquito vector. In this way, 15 children from the School &quot;Veinte de Noviembre, Chacarita, Puntarenas&quot; were selected and training to the culture and application of the copepod (Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides) in the field. Also, the main action indicated was the elimination of breeding sites, such as any discarded container that couid be storage water. Moreover, a field experiment was conducted in the cemetery of Puntarenas, inoculating copepods in 12 flower vases that storage water. The children get the maintenance of the copepods at least during 7 months, and spraying theirs into possible inbreeding sites. On the other hand, the copepods survived two months in three of the 12 flowers vases originally inoculated, and not contained mosquito larvae. Whereas, 5 flowers vases that filled whit the rain water during the observation time contained an average of 100 larvae. These data demonstrated that is possible to get the community participation with respect to biological control and elimination of Aedes breeding sites.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Aedes</kwd>
<kwd>Mesocyclops</kwd>
<kwd>dengue</kwd>
<kwd>control biológico</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes</kwd>
<kwd>Mesocyclops</kwd>
<kwd>dengue</kwd>
<kwd>biological control</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294819990001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-id>S0253-29481999000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Comparación de la determinación enzimática de fosfolípidos que contienen colina con otras pruebas para evaluar madurez pulmonar fetal</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Laboratorio Clínico Hospital Calderón Guardia </institution>
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<year>1999</year>
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<lpage>65</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investiga el uso de un método recientemente descrito para la determinación enzimática de los fosfolípidos que contienen colina (FLC) como un medio de evaluar madurez pulmonar fetal. Se compararon resultados del FLC con los resultados obtenidos por cromatografía de la capa fina, fluorescencia polarizada (TDx-FLM), recuento de cuerpos lamelares y absorbancia a 650 nm. El estudio usó 101 líquidos amnióticos. El análisis de los resultados sugirió que una concentración de FLC ( 7,0 mg/dL es indicativa de madurez pulmonar. Se encontró una alta concordancia del FLC con las otras pruebas para evaluar madurez pulmonar fetal. Se sugiere el empleo de FLC como método alternativo para la evaluación del riesgo de síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The use of a method recently describes for the enzymatic determination of phospholipids that contain choline (PCC) as a means of evaluating fetal lung maturity is evaluated. Results of the PCC were compared with those obtained by thin layer chromatography, polarizad f luorescence (TDx-FLM), recount of lamellar bodies and absorbance at 650 nm. The study used 101 amniotic liquids. The analysis of the results suggested that a concentration of 7,0 mg/dL of PPC is indicative of lung maturity. It was a high agreement of the PPC method with the other tests to evaluate fetal lung maturity. It is suggested the employment of PPC test like an alternative method for the evaluation of the risk of respiratory distress syndrome.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>fosfolípidos</kwd>
<kwd>líquido amniótico</kwd>
<kwd>madurez pulmonar fetal</kwd>
<kwd>síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria</kwd>
<kwd>cuerpos lamelares</kwd>
<kwd>fosfatidilglicerol</kwd>
<kwd>relación surfactante/albúmina</kwd>
<kwd>phospholipids</kwd>
<kwd>amniotic fluid</kwd>
<kwd>fetal lung maturity</kwd>
<kwd>respiratory distress syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>lamellar bodies</kwd>
<kwd>phosphatidylglycerol</kwd>
<kwd>surfactant/albumin ratio</kwd>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481999000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1), un caso de sexo femenino y otro de sexo masculino, con antecedentes heredofamiliares negativos de la enfermedad, pero con clínica desde el nacimiento de manchas café con leche múltiples y manchas en &quot;confeti&quot; en la axila e ingle. El paciente masculino presentaba desde el nacimiento una tumoración en región fronto parietal izquierda con proptosis ocular, cuya biopsia reportó neurofibroma plexiforme. La paciente femenina cursó con problemas óseos tipo pseudoartrosis de radio y escoliosis, además de nódulos de Lisch en el iris. Estos pacientes reúnen criterios actuales para clasificarlos como portadores de neurofibromatosis 1. Se revisan los criterios diagnósticos de las neurofribromatosis tipo 1 y 2 y se discuten los hallazgos de los pacientes en el contexto de su enfermedad.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>We present two patients with clinical diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), both of them without negative family history for the disease but with multiple café-au-lait spots and axillary or inguinal (skinfold) freckling. The female patient suffered osseous problems characterized by radium pseudoarthrosis and scoliosis and Lisch nodules. Male patient showed a left forehead mass present at birth, that caused proptosis, and whose histopathological study showed a plexiform neurofibroma. Both cases meet current diagnostic criteria of NFl. This studyCurrent diagnostic criteria of Neurofibromatosis 1 and Neurofibromatosis 2 in the context of these two cases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Neurofibromatosis</kwd>
<kwd>Manchas café con leche</kwd>
<kwd>Manchas en &quot;confeti&quot;</kwd>
<kwd>Nódulos de Lisch</kwd>
<kwd>Escoliosis</kwd>
<kwd>Neurofibroma Plexiforme</kwd>
<kwd>Glioma óptico</kwd>
<kwd>Neurofibromatosis</kwd>
<kwd>café-au-lait spots</kwd>
<kwd>skin-fold freckling</kwd>
<kwd>Lisch nodules</kwd>
<kwd>scoliosis</kwd>
<kwd>plexiform neurofibromas</kwd>
<kwd>optic pathway</kwd>
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<front>
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<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481999000100008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Distribución de los fenotipos y genotipos de sistema Kell en la población de Costa Rica</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,UCR Dpto. Microbiología - Inmunología </institution>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital San Vicente de Paúl Laboratorio Clínico</institution>
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<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó una muestra de sangre de 1257 personas procedentes de las siete provincias de Costa Rica, sin relación de parentesco entre ellas, para investigar los fenotipos y genotipos del sistema Kell. Se encontró una frecuencia del 0,16% para Kell homocigoto, de 96,74% para el Cellano homocigoto y de 3,16% para el fenotipo heterocigoto, esto corresponde a una frecuencia génica de 0,0171 para K y de 0,9829 para k. El tamaño de la muestra se determinó de acuerdo con la fórmula n=Z2pq/d2; y la frecuencia alélica por el método de conteo de genes. A un nivel de significancia de 0,005 y 2 grados de libertad el valor de x2 =10,5970 (p&lt;0,005), indica que no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la distribución observada y la esperada. Las frecuencias encontradas en Costa Rica nos indican que este sistema tiene poca importancia clínica y en los estudios de paternidad discutida en este país.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>One thousand and two hundred fifty seven blood samples were taken from persons coming from different zones of Costa Rica, in order to investigate phenotype and genotype distribution under the Kell system. Sample size was determined with the formula n= Z2pq/d2 and allelic frequency by the gene counting method. The study reveals a phenotypical frequencyof 0,16% for K+ k-, 96,74% for K- k+ and 3,16% for K+ k+. These values correspond to a gene frecuency of 0,0171 for K and 0,9829 for k. These frecuencias were compared with the expected distribution applying a &quot;Goodness of Fit&quot; test. With two degrees of freedom, the X2 value is 10,5970 (p&lt;0,005), indicating that there was no statiscally significant difference between the expected and observed distribution. The founded values indicate that this system has a litle clinic and forensic significance in this country.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Sistema Kell</kwd>
<kwd>Fenotipos Kell</kwd>
<kwd>Genotipos Kell</kwd>
<kwd>Genes Kell Costa Rica</kwd>
<kwd>Kell System</kwd>
<kwd>Kell phenotypes</kwd>
<kwd>Kell genotypes</kwd>
<kwd>Kell genes Costa Rica</kwd>
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<addr-line>Paris </addr-line>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Brucella abortus es un parásito intracelular capaz de infectar una gran variedad de mamíferos incluyendo al hombre. Esta bacteria provoca su internalización en células epiteliales induciendo rearreglos locales del esqueleto celular. Una vez en el interior de la célula hospedero, Brucella reside inicialmente en un compartimiento temprano de la cascada de endocitosis/ fagocitosis; sin embargo, rápidamente el patógeno se desliga de este mecanismo de transporte intracelular y se asocia a la cascada de autofagocitosis. En los estadíos tardíos de la infección Brucella prolifera en el retículo endoplasmático de las células infectadas. Las brucelas poseen un sistema regulador de la transcripción de genes de virulencia formado por una proteína sensora de membrana y una proteína reguladora citoplasmática: este sistema de dos componentes permite a las bacterias adaptarse a los diferentes microámbientes por los cuales transita durante el proceso de infección intracelular. Estas propiedades biológicas podrían favorecer el uso de Brucella abortus como modelo útil para el diseño de vacunas recombinantes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Brucella abortus is an intracellular parasite that infects a broad range of mammals, including humans. This bacterium promotes its own internalization in epithelial celis inducing local cytoskeletal rearrangements. Within the intracelular space, Brucella locates initially to an early compartment of the endocytic/phagocytic cascade; however, the pathogen rapidly escapes from this intracellular pathway and associates to the autophagocytic cascade. During the late stages of infection, Brucella proliferases within the endoplasmic reticulum of infected celis. Brucellae posses a system for the regulated transcription of virulence genes that includes a sensor transmembrane protein and a cytoplasmic regulatory protein: this two-component regulatory complex allows the bacteria to adapt to the different microenvironments that the parasite confront at each step during the process of intracelular infection. These biological properties might favor the use of Brucella abortus as a recombinant vaccinal vector.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brucella abortus</kwd>
<kwd>Parásito</kwd>
<kwd>Tráfico intracelular</kwd>
<kwd>Fagosoma</kwd>
<kwd>Autofagocitosis</kwd>
<kwd>Retículo endoplasmático</kwd>
<kwd>Sistema regulador</kwd>
<kwd>Lipopolisacárido</kwd>
<kwd>Péptidos canónicos</kwd>
<kwd>Vacuna recombinante</kwd>
<kwd>Brucella abortus</kwd>
<kwd>Parasite</kwd>
<kwd>lntracellular trafficking</kwd>
<kwd>Phagosome</kwd>
<kwd>Autophagocytosis</kwd>
<kwd>Endoplasmic reticulum</kwd>
<kwd>Regulatory system</kwd>
<kwd>Lipopolysaccharide</kwd>
<kwd>Cationic peptides</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481999000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Costa Rica es un país tropical con una alta exposición solar y una gran cantidad de su población tiene piel blanca. El tumor maligno más frecuente en ambos sexos es el cáncer de piel y esto es muy probable que sea causado por una gran exposición solar de sus habitantes desde muy temprana edad. Otra alteración en piel producida por la exposición solar es el fotoenvejecimiento el cual es causa frecuente de consulta cosmetológica. Se explican algunos factores relacionados con la fotobiología de la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta y se analizan aIgunas sustancias químicas que actúan como filtros, desviadores, reflectores o bloqueadores que son utilizados en preparados tópicos y que brindan protección adecuada de la piel a la acción de la radiación ultravioleta. Se discuten las indicaciones para el uso de protectores solares, sus efectos secundarios y se propone un programa de promoción de la salud y prevención del fotoenvejecimiento y el cáncer de piel basados en la educación de los individuos.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Costa Rica is a tropical country having a high sun exposure rate, with a high proportion of its population having pale skin. The most frequent malignant tumor nowadays in men and women is the skin cancer. This is probably due to the high exposure of the people to ultraviolet radiation from the sun since very early ages. Another effect of sun exposure is the photoaging, which is a very common cosmetic reason for seeking dermatological attention. Different factors related with the photobiology of the exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays are analyzed and a review of chemical and physical sunscreens is presentes, discussing its effect as filters, scattering, absorbents or reflecting agents. Pharmacological properties and prescription characteristics of the sunscreens are discussed with special emphasis to its use in Costa Rica. A skin cancer and photoaging preventive program based in the education of the population is proposed.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Filtros solares</kwd>
<kwd>fotobiología</kwd>
<kwd>cáncer de piel</kwd>
<kwd>fotoenvejecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>Sunscreens</kwd>
<kwd>photobiology</kwd>
<kwd>skin cancer</kwd>
<kwd>photoaging</kwd>
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