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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El Laboratorio en la Inmunología Diagnóstica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alfaro Bourrouet</surname>
<given-names>Wilbert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Laboratorio Clínico </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La alfa hemolisina de Escherichia coli induce aumentos en el calcio citoplásmico de neutrófilos y monocitos humanos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Bioquímica </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Leucocitos polimorfo-nucleares neutrófilos (PMN) y monocitos (MN) humanos fueron expuestos a la alfa hemolisina (AH) de Escherichia coli, y los cambios en calcio citoplásmico se evaluaron mediante espectrofluorometría, usando como indicador el fluorocromo fura 2, previamente incorporado a las células. La AH causó un aumento en el calcio citoplásmico, que fue proporcional a la dosis hemolítica, y que también se observó en células expuestas a los ionóforos de calcio ionomicina y 4 Br A23187. La quelación de calcio extracelular previno los incrementos en calcio citoplásmico inducidos por 2 HU50/ ml de AH; sin embargo, bajo estas condiciones, PMN expuestos a 5 µM de ionomicina mostraron una alza pequeña en fluorescencia, sugiriendo movilización de calcio citoplásmico; ello indica que la mayor parte del incremento en el calcio citoplásmico en respuesta a ionóforos y AH se debió al ingreso de calcio externo al citoplasma. La AH, así como el ionóforo de calcio A23187 y el péptido quimiotáctico FMLP, causaron liberación de mieloperoxidasa (MPO) al medio externo de PMN, lo que evidencia que el incremento en el calcio citoplásmico causó degranulación de éstas células.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Escherichia coli alpha hemolysin (AH) and the calcium ionophores ionomycin and 4 Br A23187 caused increases in cell fluorescence, indicative of elevations in cytoplasmic calcium, in fura 2- loaded human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes (MN). The increase in fluorescence caused by AH was dose dependent. Quelation of extracellular calcium with EGTA prevented fluorescence increases in PMN exposed to 2 HU50/ml AH, but did not prevent a small increase in 4 µM, ionomycin-treated PMN, indicating that ionomycin treatment under conditions of calcium quelation can mobilize calcium from internal stores, and that entry of external calcium accounts for most of the increases in cell fluorescence in cells treated with both AH and calcium ionophores. AH, as well as calcium ionophores and the chemotactic peptide FMLP caused release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from PMN, suggesting that increments in intracellular calcium cause degranulation with release of granule contents.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leucocito polimorfonuclear</kwd>
<kwd>calcio intracelular</kwd>
<kwd>alfa hemolisina</kwd>
<kwd>polymorphonuclear leukocytes</kwd>
<kwd>cytoplasmic calcium</kwd>
<kwd>alpha hemolysin</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29482000000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Caracterización de la respuesta quimioluminiscente de neutrófilos humanos a la hemolisina alfa de Escherichia coli</article-title>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Departamento de Bioquímica </institution>
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<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>31</fpage>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Leucocitos polimorfonucleares humanos (PMN) expuestos a la alfa hemolisina (AH) de Escherichia coli manifestaron quimioluminiscencia (QL), amplificada mediante el uso de luminol. Los parámetros cinéticos de la QL mostraron semejanza a los de la respuesta quimioluminiscente de PMN al ionóforo de calcio A23187. Dado que las respuestas de PMN a AH y al A23187 se inhiben de manera similar cuando se preincuban con A63612, un derivado del ácido hidroxámico e inhibidor de la lipooxigenasa, es probable que ambas compartan un mecanismo común, el cual es activación de la síntesis de leucotrienos, debida a la entrada de calcio a la célula causada por la hemolisina y el ionóforo. La QL en respuesta a AH es inhibida además por el DMSO, el cual reacciona con radicales hidroxilo producidos por la activación del metabolismo del araquidonato. Esto es evidencia adicional de la relación entre la QL causada por AH y A 23187, y el metabolismo del araquidonato.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Escherichia coli alpha hemolysin (AH) evoked a luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) response from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Analysis of kinetic parameters of the PMN CL response to AH established similarities with that of PMN to the calcium ionophore A23187. PMN CL responses to both AH and A23187 were equally decreased by preincubating PMN with A63612, a hidroxamic acid derivative and lipooxigenase inhibitor, showing that the CL response to both hemolysin and ionophore share a common mechanism, probably activation of leukotriene synthesis, due to calcium entry into the cells brought about by AH and A23187. In addition, the CL response of PMN to AH was lowered by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide, further suggesting arachidonate metabolism is involved in the CL response.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leucocito polimorfonuclear</kwd>
<kwd>Quimioluminiscencia</kwd>
<kwd>Alfa hemolisina</kwd>
<kwd>polymorphonuclear leukocytes</kwd>
<kwd>chemiluminescence</kwd>
<kwd>alpha hemolysin</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Candida albicans es el hongo relacionado con el mayor número de cuadros clínicos y morbilidad. Su prevalencia ha aumentado con el incremento de la población con factores predisponentes. Entre sus factores de virulencia se asocia la producción de tubo germinativo y de enzimas como la fosfolipasa. Se estudiaron 66 cepas aisladas de muestras clinicas (piel, uñas, mucosa oral, pulmonares, sangre y orina), a cada una se le evaluó el perfil bioquímico, producción de tubo germinativo, clamidosporas, sensibilidad a la cicloheximida y la actividad de fosfolipasa. Todas las cepas produjeron tubo germinativo, micelio sumergido y crecieron a 37°C. Solo dos fueron sensibles a la cicloheximida y el 79% produjeron clamidosporas. La actividad de fosfolipasa fue alta o intermedia en 21% y 43% respectivamente. Las cepas provenientes de piel y anexos tenían poca actividad de fosfolipasa, en tanto que las de sitios internos alta actividad, lo que demuestra que esta enzima puede favorecer la penetración del hongo.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Candida albicans</kwd>
<kwd>virulence</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevalencia de Cepas de Staphylococcus productoras de biopelícula y con receptores FC aislados de muestras clínicas y de individuos sanos</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
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<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Anatomía Patológica </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>56</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La capacidad de formar biopelículas y la presencia de receptores Fc representan dos de los factores de virulencia fácilmente identificables en las cepas de Staphylococcus. El primero además de facilitar la colonización de superficies, puede incorporar proteínas del hospedero, lo que se traduce en mimetismo ante el sistema inmune, lo cual es magnificado por la presencia de receptores Fc que incorporan inmunoglobulinas a la superficie de la bacteria. Ambos factores de virulencia se evaluaron en 57 cepas de Staphylococcus (29 S. aureus y 28 S. epidermidis) aisladas de casos clínicos y en 64 cepas de S. epidermidis aisladas de individuos sanos. La biopelícula se evidenció mediante tinción con safranina del tubo de cultivo y los receptores Fc mediante hemaglutinación de eritrocitos del grupo A sensibilizando previamente las bacterias con suero anti grupo sanguíneo A. Los receptores Fc se identificaron en el 79% de las cepas de S. aureus y en el 89 % de S. epídermídis aisladas de casos clínicos y solo en el 41% de las aisladas de individuos sanos. La producción de biopelícula se evidenció en el 45% y el 32% de S. aureus y S. epidermidis respectivamente aisladas de casos clínicos, y en el 74% de las cepas aisladas de individuos sanos. La gran proporción de individuos sanos con cepas con potencialidad para colonizar superficies internas, llama la atención en la necesidad de extremar las medidas de asepcia en procesos de venipunción y en la implantación de catéteres.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Biofilm production and the presence of Fc receptors in Staphylococcus are virulence factors easily detected in vitro. The former allows colonization of internal surfaces and incorporates host proteins, that protect the bacteria from the immune system. This effect is increased with the presence of Fc receptors that cover the bacteria with immunoglobulins. However in a recent paper, we demonstrated that Staphylococcus with this factors were efficiently phagocitated by poly morphonuclear leukocytes. Both, biofilm production and the presence of Fc receptors, were evaluated in 57 strains of Sta phylococcus (29 S. aureus and 28 S. epidermidis) and 64 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from health persons. The biofllm was evidenced by safranin staining in the culture tubes. The Fc receptors were tested by haemagglutination, using A type erythrocytes that attached to homologous anti group A antibodies previously linked to the Fc receptors of the bacteria. Fc receptors were evidenced in 79% of the strains of S. aureus and 89 % of S. epidermidis from clinical cases, and only in the 41% of S. epidermidis from healthy persons. Biofilm was detected in 45% of S. aureus and 32% of S. epidermidis from clinical cases, and in 74% of S. epidermidis from healthy persons. The high proportion of healthy persons with strains potentially able to colonize internal surfaces emphasizes the need to follow aseptic techniques when drawn when using in dwelling catheters.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
<kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd>
<kwd>biopelícula</kwd>
<kwd>receptores Fc</kwd>
<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
<kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd>
<kwd>biofilm</kwd>
<kwd>Fc receptors</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<front>
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<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29482000000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Impacto ambiental del precario Villa Libertad, Pavas</article-title>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Pavas es el noveno Distrito del Cantón Central de San José con una población de 80 000 habitantes en una extensión de 9,3 Km². Inicialmente las tierras del distrito eran utilizadas por sus habitantes para la agricultura y el pastoreo, pero desde 1960 experimentó un crecimiento importante de su población y gran parte de sus terrenos fueron utilizados para desarrollos urbanísticos. En 1978 los terrenos ubicados al Oeste del Distrito fueron invadidos repetidamente por precaristas y en la actualidad el número de precarios asciende a 18. El Precario Villa Libertad es uno de estos precarios en Pavas. Actualmente se considera que los asentamientos tipo precario ejercen una gran presión sobre el medio ambiente; destruyen recursos físicos y biológicos e inciden directamente con el proceso salud-enfermedad individual y colectivo. Aunque el precarismo no es un problema actual, en Costa Rica este fenómeno ha empeorado notablemente en los últimos 15 años. La falta de información sobre el impacto de los precarios en el ambiente es la razón para realizar el presente estudio. Se manejó como hipótesis de estudio el que el Precario Villa Libertad ejerce un impacto negativo de una magnitud importante sobre el ambiente local y que este impacto negativo tiene la capacidad potencial y real de afectar la salud de sus habitantes. Se analizaron variables como hacinamiento, riesgo de incendio, riesgo de inundación, riesgo de derrumbe, contaminación ambiental con sus respectivos indicadores, para demostrar el impacto ambiental, además la concepción de la enfermedad y de la salud de sus pobladores para evaluar el grado de conciencia de este problema. Este estudio demostró una alta densidad habitacional y poblacional con un gran hacinamiento. Se evidenció un riesgo de incendio muy alto, una gran contaminación del suelo, el agua y el aire debido a la mala disposición de desechos sólidos, excretas y aguas servidas y una total deforestación en la zona del precario. Se concluye en este trabajo que el impacto que el Precario Villa Libertad ejerce sobre el ambiente, es negativo, grave y acumulativo; amenaza la salud integral de sus moradores y de los habitantes de las urbanizaciones vecinas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Pavas is the ninth district of San José’s the capital of Costa Rica. It has 80 000 inhabitants on a 9.3 Km² extension. In the beginning the district’s land was used for pasture and agricultural purposes but its population grew very fast since 1960, with an increase of the urban developments in great part of its land as a result. In 1978 the land on the west side of the district was constantly invaded by groups of slum settlers and at present the district counts with 18 precarious settlements. Villa Libertad is one of them en Pavas. It is now considered that precarious settlements exert a great pressure on the environment with the destruction of its physical and biological resources, which at the same time has a direct incidence on the individual and collective health illness process. Even thou the precarious settlement is not a current problem in Costa Rica this phenomenon worsen in the last 15 years. The aim of this study is to improve the lack of information about the impact which the precarious settlements exert on the environment is the reason of this work. The hypothesis was that the &quot;Precario Villa Libertad&quot; exerts a negative impact of great importance on the local environment, and furthermore this impact has a potential and real capacity of affecting the health of its inhabitants. Variables such as: confinement, fire risk, collapse risk, and environment pollution were analyzed along with their indicators to prove the environment impact, and the variables illness and health concepts were analyzed to prove the persons grade of consciousness on this respect. This study proved a high housing and population density with great confinement of persons as well of houses. The risk of fire and soil, water and air pollution were evident. It is concluded therefore that Villa Libertad exerts a negative, severe, and accumulative impact on the environment and this is harmful to the integral health of its people and to the inhabitants of the surrounding urban settlements.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Impacto ambiental</kwd>
<kwd>Precarismo</kwd>
<kwd>Villa Libertad</kwd>
<kwd>Pavas</kwd>
<kwd>Environment impact</kwd>
<kwd>precarious settlements</kwd>
<kwd>Villa Libertad</kwd>
<kwd>Pavas</kwd>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tumor de Koënen, presentación de un caso y tratamiento quirúrgico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
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<surname>Lara-Villagrán</surname>
<given-names>Aida</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
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</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Clínica Marcial Fallas  </institution>
<addr-line>Montes de Oca </addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
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<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los tumores de Koënen constituyen uno de los signos mayores de la Esclerosis Tuberosa y se encuentran en un 50% de los pacientes con esta enfermedad. Son proliferaciones típicas periungüeales que causan trastornos en la tableta ungüeal. Se consideran la variante hereditaria del fibroqueratoma que se origina del repliegue ungüeal proximal o del tejido conectivo de la zona. En el abordaje quirúrgico se debe pediculizar el tumor y llegar hasta su base de implantación, lo cual requiere de la reflexión del repliegue ungüeal proximal. Se describe e ilustra el abordaje quirúrgico de un caso.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Koënen tumor represents one of the main signs of the Tuberous Sclerosis, they are present in 50% of the patients with this illness. They are common ingrowings around the nail tissue which causes dysfunction in the nail. They are considered an hereditary variant of the fibrokeratoma which originates in the proximal nail fold or in the surrounding connective tissue. In the surgical approach, the tumor needs to be dissected up to its base, this requires the reflection of the proximal nail fold. The surgical procedure of a case is described and illustrated.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Tumor de Koënen</kwd>
<kwd>fibroqueratoma hereditario</kwd>
<kwd>esclerosis tuberosa</kwd>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica </institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las infecciones por Strongyloides stercoralis son diagnosticadas rutinariamente mediante la observación de las larvas en preparaciones a fresco de heces. Este método tiene una sensibilidad baja, llevando a una subestimación de la prevalencia de este parásito. Aunque, existen otros métodos más efectivos, como el Baermann o el cultivo en placa de agar, no se usan rutinariamente en nuestros laboratorios. Las infecciones causadas por S. stercoralis tienden a la cronicidad, con décadas de evolución y pueden desencadenar hiperinfecciones en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, como aquellos que sufren SIDA, cáncer, diabetes, o alcohólicos, que les llevan a infecciones bacterianas secundarias, las cuales a veces son fatales. Tales hiperinfecciones frecuentemente se asocian con tratamiento con corticosteroides. Recientemente se ha establecido que los esteroides mimetizan una hormona del parásito relacionada con la ecdisis o muda, lo que lleva al desarrollo de las larvas infectantes en el intestino del hospedero. Por ello es necesario descartar la infección con S. stercoralis mediante una serie consecutiva de pruebas de Baermann, antes de establecer cualquier protocolo de tratamiento con corticosteroides.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Strongyloides stercoralis infections are routinely diagnosed by the microscopic observation of larvae in wet mounts of stool samples. This method has low sensitivity, leading to underestimation of the prevalence of this parasite. Other, most effective diagnostic methods, such as the Baermann technique or the agar culture plate method are not routinely used, at least in our laboratories. lnfections caused by S. stercoralis can become chronic, with decades of evolution. Hyperinfections in immunocompromised patients, such as those suffering AIDS, cancer, diabetes, or alcoholism, lead to bacterial infections secondary to ulceration or parasitic perforation which are often fatal. Such an outcome are frequently associated with corticosteroid treatment. It has recently been established that steroids mimic a parasite hormone causing ecdysis, thus leading to development of infective larvae in the intestine of the host. It is then critical to rule out S. stercoralis infections in patients at risk by means of serial consecutive Baermann tests before the establishment of steroid treatment protocols.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Strongyloides stercoralis</kwd>
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