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<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas en edición virtual</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Oviedo</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>113</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Valores de referencia de colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocítica en población costarricense: comparación del desempeño clínico de ambas enzimas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez-Díaz</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schosinsky-Nevermann</surname>
<given-names>Karl</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología Departamento de Análisis Clínicos </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>126</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La determinación de la actividad de las colinesterasas en sangre en trabajadores agrícolas es un valioso indicador de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos. La actividad debe medirse antes y después de la aplicación de estos productos. Los resultados indican la magnitud de la exposición y así proporcionan una base para aconsejar las medidas a tomar, particularmente en el caso de actividades muy deprimidas. Para propósitos de bio-verificación, es recomendable el análisis de la acetilcolinesterasa eritrocítica y de la colinesterasa plasmática. En este estudio se determinaron valores de referencia de la actividad de colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocítica en mujeres, hombres y niños y niñas, costarricenses aparentemente sanos, sin exposición previa a plaguicidas, empleando métodos cinéticos basados en la reacción de Ellman. El intervalo de referencia obtenido para la actividad de colinesterasa plasmática en 139 mujeres y 134 hombres con edades entre 17 a 75 años fue de 3 700 a 9 700 UI/L y 4 500 a 9 900 U/L, respectivamente. En 50 niñas (de 6 a 13 años) fue de 3 820 a 9 100 UI/L y en 50 niños (de 6 a 13 años) fue de 4 660 a 9 160 UI/L. Los intervalos de referencia obtenidos para la actividad de colinesterasa eritrocítica corregida por hemoglobina en mujeres, hombres, niñas y niños fueron de 26,1 a 40,9 UI/g Hb; 26,2 a 41,8 UI/g Hb; 24,6 a 37,7 UI/g Hb y 25,9 a 39,3 UI/g Hb, respectivamente. Se recomienda emplear los valores de la actividad colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocítica (corregida por hematocrito o hemoglobina) obtenidos en esta investigación como intervalos de referencia nacionales.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Determination of blood cholinesterase activity is a valuable indicator of exposure to carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides. The activity can be measured before and after application of these pesticides. The results indicate the extent of exposure and hence provide the basis for advice on measures to be taken, particularly in the case of highly depressed activity levels. For biomonitoring purposes, determination of both erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity is recommended. In this study, reference values for plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities were determined on apparently healthy Costa Rican females, males and children of both sexes, without occupational exposure to known cholinesterase-inhibitors. Kinetics methods based on Ellman's colorimetric technique were used. Plasma cholinesterase activity ranged from 3 700 to 9 700 U/L in females (17 to 75 years, n = 139); from 4 500 to 9 900 U/L in males (17 and 75 years, n = 134), in girls (6 to 13 years, n = 50) ranged from 3 820 to 9 100 UI/L and in boys (6 to 13 years, n = 50) ranged from 4 660 to 9 160 UI/L. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity corrected for hemoglobin in females, males, girls and boys ranged (95% percentile range) from 26,1 to 40,9 UI/g Hb; 26,2 to 41,8 UI/g Hb; 24,6 at 37,7 UI/g Hb and 25,9 to 39,3 UI/g Hb, respectively. The use of these reference values for the costarrican population is recommended.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>colinesterasa plasmática</kwd>
<kwd>colinesterasa eritrocítica</kwd>
<kwd>valores de referencia</kwd>
<kwd>plaguicidas</kwd>
<kwd>organofosforados</kwd>
<kwd>carbamatos</kwd>
<kwd>plasma cholinesterase</kwd>
<kwd>erythrocyte cholinesterase</kwd>
<kwd>reference values</kwd>
<kwd>plaguicides</kwd>
<kwd>organophosphates</kwd>
<kwd>carbamates</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482000000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Detección del efecto citotóxico de la alfa hemolisina de E. coli (Hly A) en leucocitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos mediante citometría de flujo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Departamento de Bioquímica</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>127</fpage>
<lpage>139</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La viabilidad de leucocitos polimorfonucleares neutrófilos (PMN) expuestos a alfa hemolisina ( Hly A) de E. coli se evaluó detectando, por citometría de flujo, la fluorescencia que células permeabilizadas al propidio manifiestan con éste último intercalado en el ADN celular. El sobrenadante hemolítico causó fluorescencia en PMN de manera directamente proporcional a la dosis hemolítica, no así los sobrenadantes control no hemolíticos. A dosis menores a 0,5 HU50/ml las células excluyeron propidio manteniendo viabilidad, aunque aumentaron de manera leve y temporal su tamaño, y volvieron al nivel basal en término de 1 hora, sugiriendo que existe daño en membrana sin entrada de propidio, y que se presenta recuperación celular de dichas lesiones, al menos a corto plazo. La fluorescencia de PMN disminuyó luego de 15 minutos de exposición, fenómeno que se previno mediante la quelación de Ca+2extracelular con N,N,N',N'- tetraacetato ( EGTA ); ello indica que es la entrada de calcio a la célula la causante de la pérdida de señal. La disminución o quelación de Ca+2 extracelular incrementó la fluorescencia, pero solo la quelación simultánea de Ca+2 externo e interno la mantuvo inalterada. Se concluye que la entrada de Ca+2 a la célula activa mecanismos que disminuyen la fluorescencia inicial; que niveles bajos o quelación de Ca+2 extracelular facilitan la entrada de propidio, lo que incrementa la fluorescencia, y que la disminución de la señal se evita solo si el Ca+2 intracelular y el extracelular se encuentran quelados. Los hallazgos de este estudio, en conjunto con datos de otros autores, se toman como base para formular una cadena hipotética de acontecimientos que explica las observaciones citométricas en PMN expuestos a Hly A, con énfasis en el significado del aumento en tamaño celular en ausencia de entrada de propidio a la célula.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Cell viability of Hly A - exposed polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was assessed by propidium uptake, measured by flow cytometry. Hemolytic supernatant, but not the non hemolytic controls, caused a dose-dependent fluorescence signal in PMN. Cells exposed to low hemolytic activities (below 0,5 HU50/ml) did not fluoresce, although cell size, estimated by Forward Scatter (FSC), increased slightly, and then returned to normal within 30-60 minutes, suggesting both membrane damage in absence of propidium uptake and short term cell recovery from the effects of Hly A. The fluorescent signal from permeated PMN decreased 15 minutes after exposure to Hly A, a decrease which was prevented by chelation of extracellular Ca+2 with EGTA. Whereas Ca+2 entry into the cell is responsible for triggering mechanisms leading to loss of fluorescence, low or chelated extracellular Ca+2 facilitate propidium uptake, but the fluorescent signal does not decrease only when both intracellular and extracellular Ca+2are chelated. The findings of this study, together with data from other authors, are taken as the basis to formulate a hypothethical sequence of events to explain the cytometric data obtained from Hly A exposed PMN, including the significance of increases in cell size without propidium uptake.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leucocito polimorfonuclear</kwd>
<kwd>alfa hemolisina</kwd>
<kwd>citometría de flujo</kwd>
<kwd>fluorescencia</kwd>
<kwd>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes</kwd>
<kwd>alpha hemolysin</kwd>
<kwd>flow cytometry</kwd>
<kwd>fluorescent</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<title-group>
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<year>2000</year>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El aumento en el calcio citoplásmico inducido por el ionóforo de calcio ionomicina en leucocitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) incrementa la producción de superóxido en respuesta a estimulación secundaria con el péptido quimiotáctico FMLP ( Helman Finkel, T. et al. J. Biol. Chem.1987; 262:12589-12596). En esta investigación se estudió el efecto del tratamiento de PMN con alfa hemolisina (AH) o el ionóforo de calcio A23187 (que incrementan el calcio intracelular) en el metabolismo oxidativo de PMN (estimado por medio quimioluminiscencia) en respuesta a la estimulación secundaria con FMLP. Tanto el A23187 como la AH potenciaron la respuesta quimioluminiscente (amplificada con luminol) a estimulación posterior con FMLP, indicando sobreestimulación del metabolismo oxidativo en PMN. Experimentos adicionales, con lucigenina como amplificador de luminiscencia, mostraron que el ionóforo de calcio A23187 potenció la liberación de superóxido, de manera similar a la reportada para la ionomicina, pero que la AH solo causó liberación ínfima de superóxido al espacio extracelular. Los resultados se comentan en referencia a procesos infecciosos causados por cepas hemolíticas de Escherichia coli.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The calcium ionophore ionomycin primes polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) for increased superoxide production upon stimulation with the chemotactic peptide FMLP (Helman Finkel, T. et al. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 12589-12596). In this investigation we assessed the effect of PMN priming with either alpha hemolysin (AH) or the calcium ionophore A23187, both of which increase intracellular calcium, on the oxidative metabolism of PMN (as measured by chemiluminescence) in response to secondary stimulation with FMLP. Both A23187 and AH priming increased the luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence in response to secondary stimulation with FMLP, indicating overstimulation of PMN oxidative metabolism. Additional experiments using lucigenin as chemiluminescence enhancer showed that A23187, but not AH priming of PMN, increased superoxide release in a manner similar to that reported for ionomycin. These results are discussed in reference to infectious processes involving hemolytic E. coli.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Leucocito polimorfonuclear</kwd>
<kwd>quimioluminiscencia</kwd>
<kwd>luminol</kwd>
<kwd>lucigenina</kwd>
<kwd>A23187</kwd>
<kwd>alfa hemolisina</kwd>
<kwd>FMLP</kwd>
<kwd>polymorphonuclear leukocytes</kwd>
<kwd>chemiluminescence</kwd>
<kwd>luminol</kwd>
<kwd>lucigenin</kwd>
<kwd>A23187</kwd>
<kwd>alpha hemolysin</kwd>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital Nacional de Niños Centro Nacional de Control de Intoxicaciones</institution>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las picaduras de alacranes en Costa Rica son frecuentes. En 1999 un total de 405 casos fueron reportados al Centro Nacional de Control de Intoxicaciones. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes en estos pacientes fueron dolor (44,7%), adormecimiento (26,7%) e inflamación de la zona afectada (13,8%). Las extremidades superiores en especial los dedos fueron las partes del cuerpo donde se dio el mayor número de picaduras. Los adultos fueron los más afectados. Los síntomas son molestos pero en general el cuadro que presenta el paciente es benigno. En nuestro país hasta la fecha no se han identificado especies que producen complicaciones sistémicas de importancia como las que se encuentran en otros lugares del mundo. Es importante conocer si en la zona en que se habita suelen aparecer estos arácnidos para así tomar precauciones y disminuir el número de picaduras.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Scorpion stings are frequent in Costa Rica. In 1999 a total of 405 cases were reported to the National Center for Envenenation Control most frequent clinical manifestations were pain (44,7%), numbness (26,7%) and local inflammation (13,8%). The upper extremities, specially the fingers, were the part of the body mostly stung. Adults were the group affected. More frequent effected symptoms where annoying but generally benign. In our country, species causing severe systemic manifestations and fatalities such as those encountered in other parts of the world have not been identified. It is important to determine the local habitat of these arachnids in order to take precautions to decrease the number of stings.</p></abstract>
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<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Hospital Nacional de Niños  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica y Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La endocarditis infecciosa usualmente está asociada con una alteración del endocardio, la cual promueve los depósitos de fibrina donde las bacterias, en su mayoría Streptococcus spp., se establecen y de ahí se descargan a la sangre. El diagnóstico se hace empleando imágenes de ecocardiografía, realizando hemocultivos e investigando los síntomas clínicos. El presente caso corresponde a una niña de un año y nueve meses de edad, que desarrolló una endocarditis asociada con una infección por Staphylococcus aureus. La causa de muerte se debió a un choque séptico con múltiples embolias sépticas en diversos órganos. La posible puerta de entrada la constituyó una sepsis oral con gingivitis sangrante y caries. Este caso indica que una higiene oral pobre representa un riesgo de invasión bacteriana con infección en tejidos cardiacos previamente normales. En nuestro país frecuentemente hay casos de niños con lesiones orales como las observadas en el presente caso. Por esta razón es importante una atención apropiada y el cuidado de estos pacientes.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Infectious endocarditis is usually associated with alteration of the cardiac tissues that promotes deposits of fibrin in which bacteria, mainly Streptococcus spp., establish and shed to blood. The diagnosis is made with ecocardiograph images, blood cultures, clinical syntoms and signs. The present case correspond to a child less than two years old that developed an endocarditis associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. The cause of dead was due to a septic shock with multiple septic emboli in diverse organs. The possible entrance of the bacteria to the blood stream was a severe bleeding gingivitis. This case indicates that a poor oral hygiene represented a risk of bacterial invasion and infection of the normal cardiac tissues. In our country frequently there are cases of children with oral lesions like those observed in the present case. For this reason it is important a proper attention and care of these patients.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Endocarditis aguda infecciosa</kwd>
<kwd>sepsis oral</kwd>
<kwd>periodonttis</kwd>
<kwd>ecocardiografía</kwd>
<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
<kwd>Acute infectious endocarditis</kwd>
<kwd>oral sepsis</kwd>
<kwd>pour oral hygiene</kwd>
<kwd>ecocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En las ciencias médicas existen muchas controversias porque es precisamente una característica de la investigación científica el cambio constante en los conocimientos. Desde que las primeras células eucarióticas se adaptaron a la vida aeróbica un efecto secundario de este metabolismo ha sido la producción de sustancias reactivas de oxígeno. Una de las teorías más importantes y aceptadas es que el envejecimiento celular es causado por el daño oxidativo de radicales libres producidos a nivel de la mitocondria, durante la fosforilación oxidativa. Entonces un estado en el que no haya suficiente combustible para la producción energética produciría una disminución de los radicales libres y por lo tanto el envejecimiento se detendría. Se ha comprobado que el efecto de la restricción calórica en pequeñas especies detiene el proceso de envejecimiento. Se desarrolla así una de las paradojas más grandes, la paradoja del oxígeno: necesitamos oxígeno para transformar el combustible (glucosa) en energía pero un efecto secundario de este metabolismo aeróbico normal es el envejecimiento. En este manuscrito se describen y analizan conceptos importantes de nuestra adaptación evolutiva a la vida aeróbica en nuestro planeta y una de las consecuencias más importantes de esta adaptación para la vida humana: el envejecimiento y la posibilidad de manipularlo dietética y farmacológicamente.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Within the Medical Sciences exist many paradigms because scientific investigation characteristically changes the knowledge continuously. Since the early development and adaptation of eukaryotic cells to aerobic life a side effect of this kind of metabolism has been the production of reactive oxygen species. One of the most important and recognized scientific theories is the free radical theory of aging which sustain that aging is produced by oxidative stress caused by free radicals produced during the oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondria. It is proposed that a metabolic state in which the fuel is not enough for energy production could cause a lower free radical production and a stop the aging. It has been demonstrated that calorie restriction in invertebrates and small species halt the aging process. Considering this concept one of the most important paradox is proposed, the oxygen paradox: we need the oxygen to turn the glucose into energy, but a side effect of this oxygen metabolism is the normal aging. In this manuscript we describe and analyze important concepts about the evolutive adaptation to the aerobic environment in our planet and one of the most important consequences for the humans: the aging process and the possibility of dietary and pharmacologically manipulation.</p></abstract>
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<kwd>Radicales libres de oxígeno</kwd>
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<kwd>envejecimiento</kwd>
<kwd>restricción calórica</kwd>
<kwd>Free radicals</kwd>
<kwd>mitochondria</kwd>
<kwd>aging</kwd>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820000002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<article-id>S0253-29482000000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Facultad de Microbiología  </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2000</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2000</year>
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<volume>21</volume>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>202</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482000000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Clostridium tetani es un habitante cosmopolita de suelos y sedimentos marinos, y a veces también se aisla del intestino de animales. Este agente es un bacilo Gram positivo, esporulado, anaerobio, y produce la tetanospasmina, una neurotoxina muy potente, responsable del cuadro clínico conocido como tétanos. La bacteria es aislada del suelo de virtualmente cualquier lugar, con una frecuencia usualmente mayor del 30%, tal como también se ha descrito en Costa Rica. C. tetani, como otras especies del género Clostridium, exhibe el fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot;, el cual consiste en modificaciones morfológicas y fisiológicas, que conducen a células hiper-flageladas, gigantes, que se mueven activamente sobre medios de cultivo sólidos, formando una película de crecimiento. En Costa Rica, para el periodo de 1916 a 1970 hubo entre 365 y 200 casos mortales anualmente. Luego, las muertes por tétanos decrecieron a menos de 20 anuales, para el periodo de 1970 a 1980. Desde 1980 ha habido únicamente entre 3 y 0 casos por año. Hubo dos campañas intensas de vacunación, contra el tétanos; la primera en 1951 usando el DPT y la segunda en 1971 con el toxoide tetánico, que correspondió a la reducción abrupta del número de casos. Sin embargo, si el número de muertes se ajusta por tasa/100 000 habitantes, resulta una curva con una tendencia negativa, que fue más evidente a partir de 1926. Por esta razón, se deduce que otros factores además de la vacunación son responsables de tal reducción, como son la educación, desarrollo en saneamiento, principalmente durante el parto y aumento en el número de servicios de salud, entre otros.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Clostridium tetani is a cosmopolitan and normal inhabitant of the soil and marine sediments, and it is often isolated from intestines of animals. This agent is a spore forming, anaerobic, Gram positive bacilli, that produce the tetanospasmine, a potent neurotoxin responsible of the clinical entity, know as tetanus. The bacteria is isolated from soil samples at virtually any location, with a frequency usually higher than 30%, as described for Costa Rica. C. tetani, as other species of the genus Clostridium, exhibits the swarming phenomenon, which consists in a morphological and physiological modification, that conduces to hyper-flagellated, giant cells that actively move on solid culture medium, forming a growth film. In Costa Rica, for the period from 1916 to 1970 there were between 365 to 200 annual mortal cases. Then, fatal cases decreased to less than 20 from 1970 to 1980. Since 1980 there were lesss than three fatal cases by year. The sharp reduction of the number of cases was the effect of the two intense vaccination campaigns against tetanus; the first in 1951 (DPT) and the second in 1971 using a toxoid vaccine. However if the figures are adjusted by death rates /100 000 persons, the resulted negative slope of the curve showed a progressive reduction tendency that was more evident from 1926. We propose that comunitary education, sanitation development, improved health services at deliver time, proper management of skin injuries, among other factors are related to the mortality reduction by tetanus.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Clostridium tetani</kwd>
<kwd>tétanos</kwd>
<kwd>aislamiento en el suelo</kwd>
<kwd>mortalidad</kwd>
<kwd>Clostridium tetani</kwd>
<kwd>tetanus</kwd>
<kwd>soil isolation</kwd>
<kwd>mortality rates</kwd>
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