<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Laboratorios de la seguridad social y su rol en la salud pública de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Badilla Vargas</surname>
<given-names>Xiomara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Programa de Análisis y vigilancia Epidemiológica Medicina Preventiva </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>114</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológico del dengue utilizando como indicador la aplicación de la definición de caso sospechoso, Costa Rica 1998</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Maranda</surname>
<given-names>Luisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Piza</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Achoy</surname>
<given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,INCIENSA Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Rios </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Veterinaria </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud  </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>129</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se analizó la sensibilidad del sistema de vigilancia para detectar casos de dengue, mediante la aplicación de la definición de caso en tres regiones de Costa Rica que durante el año 1998 presentaron diferente actividad de esta enfermedad. El propósito es fortalecer el sistema de notificación obligatoria que permita la detección precoz de los casos sospechosos para lograr la intervención oportuna y eficaz en el control de esta enfermedad. Para ello, se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo analítico, enfocado desde la perspectiva de la demanda de los análisis del laboratorio. Los datos corresponden a 377 registros seleccionados aleatoriamente de la base de datos de 1998 del Centro de Referencia de Dengue (CDRD) del Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA). Los resultados demostraron que el sistema basado en la vigilancia clínica de los casos sospechosos, no es sensible ni se relacionó con el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad. El mismo no detectó ni el 50% de los casos positivos, dejando gente infectada que mantiene el ciclo mientras existió entre un 16 y 46% de pacientes que desencadenaron acciones sin ameritarlas. Esto permite concluir que el personal médico que atiende al enfermo describe en el expediente el cuadro clínico y sospecha dengue porque indica pruebas para descartar esta patología, pero no lo anota como diagnóstico presuntivo. Por esta situación no se genera la boleta de notificación obligatoria y, por lo tanto, no se activa oportunamente el sistema de vigilancia. Este es el primer estudio que analiza la sensibilidad del sistema de vigilancia de dengue y específicamente aplicado en relación con la actividad de la enfermedad.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The sensitivity of the National Surveillance Program to detect dengue cases was investigated in Costa Rica by evaluating the application of the case definition in three different health regions showing activity for dengue en 1998. The study was aimed to strengthen the Obligatory Notification System in order to achieve a timely detection of suspicious cases and an efficient outbreak control. The investigation corresponds to an observational analytical study from the perspective of the laboratory test demand. Data included 377 registers randomly selected from the data base of the National Reference Center for Dengue of the Costa Rican Institute for Investigation and Training in Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA). Data were processed in two stages: firstly, a descriptive statistics of the variables and, secondly, an univariate analysis of the results to define the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the case definition for dengue were carried out. Results showed that the system based on the clinical surveillance of the dengue suspicious cases is neither sensitive nor has connection with the epidemiological profile of the disease. The system showed to be unable to detect Iess than 50% of the positive cases causing that infected people maintain the cycle of the disease while between 16 and 46 % of patients receive the effects of control actions that are not required. Finally, data showed that clinicians attending the patients describe the clinical picture and guess about the possibility of dengue (even prescribing the necessity of serology test for dengue) but do not indicate it as the presumptive diagnose. As a consequence, the obligatory notification form is not filled out and the surveillance system does not receive a timely notification to activate the control actions. This is the first study aimed to analyze the national surveillance system for dengue in Costa Rica in association with the activity of the disease.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Definición de caso</kwd>
<kwd>Vigilancia Epidemiológica</kwd>
<kwd>Sensibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Case definition</kwd>
<kwd>Survillance system</kwd>
<kwd>Sensitive</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Henchal</surname>
<given-names>EA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Putnak</surname>
<given-names>JR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The Dengue Viruses</article-title>
<source>Microbiology Reviews</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dengue y dengue hemorrágico en las Américas: guías para su prevención y control</article-title>
<source>Dengue y dengue hemorrágico en las Américas: guías para su prevención y control</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>OPS</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual para el control de las enfermedades transmisibles</article-title>
<source>Manual para el control de las enfermedades transmisibles</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Washington, DC </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>OPS</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
<given-names>FP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Corber</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Global situation of dengue and dengue harmorrhagic fever, and its emergence in the Americas</article-title>
<source>Wodd Hea/th Stadistic Quadedy</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guzmán</surname>
<given-names>MG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huelva</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Re-introducción del Dengue 3 en Las Américas: 1994-1996</article-title>
<source>AVMT</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue><issue>^s8-19</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue fever: Outbreak of classic dengue</article-title>
<source>Wkly Epidemiol Rec</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>69</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Brote de dengue clásico en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Bol Of Sanit Panam</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>118</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue feverin Costa Rica and Panamá</article-title>
<source>Epidemiol Bull of PAHO</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>15</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamboa</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Espinoza</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Vigilancia virológica del dengue en Costa Rica: octubre de 1993-setiembre 1996</article-title>
<source>Semana Epidemiol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valverde</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Circulación del Virus Dengue 3 en Costa Rica, 1994-1997</article-title>
<source>Acta Médica Costarricense</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Piza</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arteaga</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue encephalopathy in children: clinical, pathological and Iaboratory findings in a case from Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Patología</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>37</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dengue: Guías para diagnóstico y tratamiento del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</article-title>
<source>Dengue: Guías para diagnóstico y tratamiento del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>CCSS</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Guías para la vigilancia epidemiológica del dengue</article-title>
<source>Guías para la vigilancia epidemiológica del dengue</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zárate</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>del Río</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The diagnosis of dengue in Mexico: an update and outlook</article-title>
<source>Salud Pública</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>37</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodier</surname>
<given-names>GR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Parra</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kamil</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chakib</surname>
<given-names>SO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cope</surname>
<given-names>SE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Recurrence and emergence of infectious diseases in Djibouti city</article-title>
<source>Bulí Wodd Health Organ</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>73</volume>
<issue>^s6</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Prevención y control del dengue clásico y hemorrágico en Centroamérica</article-title>
<source>Bol Of Sanit Panam</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>121</volume>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ostroff</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kozarsky</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Emerging infectious diseases and travel medicine</article-title>
<source>lnfect Dis Clln Noeth Am</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kuno</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An ELISA procedure for the diagnosis of dengue infections</article-title>
<source>J Virol Methods</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>33</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kuno</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sather</surname>
<given-names>GE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Mosquito celí cultures and specific monoclonal antibodies in surveil lance for dengue viruses</article-title>
<source>Am J Tmp Med Hyg</source>
<year>1984</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lanciofti</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Calisher</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Rapid detection and typing of dengue, viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-PCR</article-title>
<source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>30</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<source>As Pac J Mol Biol Biotechnol</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vaughn</surname>
<given-names>DW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Green</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kalayanarooj</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue in the early febril phase: viremia and antibody responses</article-title>
<source>J lnfect Dis</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>176</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jenicek</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Clémux</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Epidemiología: principios, técnicas y aplicaciones</article-title>
<source>Epidemiología: principios, técnicas y aplicaciones</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Barcelona </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Salvat medicina</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ahlbom</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Norell</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Fundamentos de Epidemiología</article-title>
<source>Fundamentos de Epidemiología</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Madrid </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Siglo XXI</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">World Health Organization</article-title>
<source>World Health Organization</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Switzerland </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rigau -Pérez</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Case definition for dengue hemorrhagic fever</article-title>
<source>Pediatr lnfect Dis J</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>18</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dietz</surname>
<given-names>VJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rigau</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schatzmayr</surname>
<given-names>HG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bailey</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gunn</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemic dengue 1 in Brazil, 1986: Evaluation of a clinically based dengue surveillance system</article-title>
<source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>131</volume>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rigau</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bonilla</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">An evaluation of modified case definitions for the detection of dengue hemorrhagic fever</article-title>
<source>P R Health Sci J</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rigau</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Surveillance for an Emerging Disease: DHF in Puerto Rico, 198~1997</article-title>
<source>P R Health Sci J</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Soares</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ruifino</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Vigilancia e busca ativa de casos suspeitos de dengue hemorrágico em Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo</article-title>
<source>Pam Am J PubllcHealth</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>^s3</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vugia</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rodriguez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemic cholera in Trujillo, Perú 1992: utility of a clinical case definition and shift in Vibrio cholera Ol serotype</article-title>
<source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>koo</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Traverso</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Libel</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemic cholera in Latin America, 1991-1993: implications of case definitions used for public health surveillance</article-title>
<source>Buil Pan Am Health O'pan</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>30</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Enfermedades de denuncia obligatoria</article-title>
<source>La Gaceta</source>
<year>Lune</year>
<month>s </month>
<day>16</day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Adecuación de la definición de casos sospechosos de dengue, basado en la asociación de síntomas y signos según los registros médicos, Costa Rica, 1998</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Maranda</surname>
<given-names>Luisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Inciensa Centro Nacional de Referencia de Dengue </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Veterinaria </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>A partir de octubre de 1993, en Costa Rica se estableció una definición de caso sospechoso de dengue, basada en la presencia de fiebre y dos o más de los siguientes signos y síntomas: cefalea, mialgias, artralgias, dolor retroocular y exantema, la cual, aplicada al sistema de vigilancia, le confiere una sensibilidad general de 36%. Con el propósito de sugerir una definición de caso sospechoso de dengue que pueda mejorar la sensibilidad del sistema, se estudió la probabilidad de que el personal médico diagnostique a un paciente con dengue está o no relacionada con la presencia de ciertos síntomas y signos. Para ello, se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo analítico para someter a prueba, mediante una regresión logística, los diferentes síntomas y signos que podrían estar asociados a la infección por el virus dengue. Se consideraron los criterios clínicos anotados por el personal médico en el expediente y los resultados del análisis del laboratorio de referencia de dengue. La población en estudio correspondió a la totalidad de los expedientes incluidos en el estudio &quot;Evaluación del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológico del Dengue utilizando como indicador la aplicación de la definición de caso sospechoso, Costa Rica, 1998&quot;. El mejor modelo estructurado de la definición de caso sospechoso incluyó fiebre (OR=1,7 IC95% 0,7-3,9), mialgias (OR=1,7 IC95% 1-2,9), artralgias (OR=1,6 IC95% 0,8-2,9), exantema (OR=2,8 IC95% 1,3-5,9), dolor retroocular (OR=2,8 IC95% 1,5-5,3) y manifestaciones de sangrado (OR=6,4 IC95% 1,3-30) por ser síntomas y signos que al ser discriminantes, automáticamente desencadenaron un primer diagnóstico diferencial del dengue. Sin embargo, su aplicación al sistema de vigilancia del dengue, le confiere apenas una sensibilidad del 25%. Al intentar modelar una definición de caso con base en la información recolectada de los expedientes médicos, independientemente de los síntomas y signos que se incluyeron en el modelo, la sensibilidad del Sistema de Vigilancia del Dengue no fue efectiva. No importa cual definición de caso se proponga, el problema está en su aplicación. Lograr la estandarización de la aplicación de la definición de caso y la ejecución oportuna de las acciones que se toman ante la sospecha clínica de un caso de dengue, debe efectivamente contribuir a mantener una respuesta confiable del sistema de vigilancia.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In October 1993, a case definition for dengue based on the presence of fever and two or more of the following symptoms: headache, mialgia, arthralgia, retroocular pain and exantema, was established in Costa Rica. When applied in the National Surveillance Program, this definition had showed a general sensitivity of 36%. In the present investigation, the probability for the health personnel to diagnose a case of dengue based on the presence of a combination of symptoms and signs, was evaluated. The study was intended to suggest a dengue case definition to improve the sensitivity of the surveillance system. The study population fully correspond to the clinical files included in a previous report (&quot;Evaluación del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológico del Dengue utilizando como indicador la aplicación de la definición de caso sospechoso, Costa Rica, 1998&quot;). This research corresponds to an analytical observational study. The association of difterent symptoms and signs to the possibiíity of diagnosing a dengue virus infection was evaluated by using a logistic regression analysis. Data evaluated included the clinical criteria described by health personnel in the patient's clinical files and the results of the laboratory tests indicated for the confirmation of dengue infection. The results showed that the best structured model for the suspicious case definition included fever (OR=1,7 IC95% 0,7-3,9), myalgia (OR=1,7 IC95% 1-2,9), arthralgia (OR=1,6 IC95% 0,8-2,9), exanthema (OR=2,8 IC95% 1,3-5,9), retroocular pain (OR=2,8 1C95% 1,5-5,3) and bleeding manifestations (OR=6,4 IC95% 1,3-30). The combination of these symptoms and signs allow the discrimination of dengue cases in the first step of the differential diagnosis. However, the application of this combination gives the system a sensitivity of only 25 %. In conclusion, regardless the combination of symptoms and signs included in the analysis, the modeling process based on the information obtained from clinical files showed a very low sensitivity when applied within the Dengue Surveillance System. As the problem is in the application rather than in the combination of symptoms and signs, the result will be the same for any case definition used. Thus, an improvement in the effectivity of the Dengue Surveillance System will depend on both an standardized application of the case definition and a timely implementation of the control and prevention actions.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Definición de caso</kwd>
<kwd>Vigilancia Epidemiológica</kwd>
<kwd>Sensibilidad</kwd>
<kwd>Modelación logística</kwd>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Case definition</kwd>
<kwd>Surveillance System</kwd>
<kwd>Sensitivity</kwd>
<kwd>modeling process logistic</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Deparis</surname>
<given-names>X</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chungue</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pauck</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roche</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murgue</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gleize</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The specific epidemiological surveillance of dengue: The method and its importance since the dengue 2 epidemic in French Polynesia in 1996</article-title>
<source>Trop Med lnt Health</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>^s7</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Imported dengue: United States</article-title>
<source>MMWR</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month>19</month>
<day>98</day>
<volume>47</volume>
<issue>^s26</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Narro</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gómez</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue in México: a priority problem of public health</article-title>
<source>Salud Pública</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>37</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Vigilancia activa del dengue y de la fiebre hemorrágica del dengue</article-title>
<source>Bol Of Sanft Panam</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>107</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>López</surname>
<given-names>FJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mota</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Desarrollo de agentes inmunizantes contra el dengue</article-title>
<source>Rev Panam Salud Pública</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>^s5</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dengue y dengue hemorrágico en las Américas: guías para su prevención y control</article-title>
<source>Dengue y dengue hemorrágico en las Américas: guías para su prevención y control</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>^eWashington, DC </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>OPS</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Valverde</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Circulación del virus dengue 3 en Costa Rica, 1994-1997</article-title>
<source>AMC</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Espinoza</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamboa</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El laboratorio en el diagnóstico del dengue</article-title>
<source>Gaceta de Patol Clin</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Espinoza</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamboa</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Vigilancia serológica y virológica del dengue en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Semana Epidemiol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>13</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Víquez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lara</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamboa</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Espinoza</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Vigilancia virológica del dengue en Costa Rica: octubre de 1993-setiembre 1996</article-title>
<source>Semana Epidemiol</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Dengue: Guías para diagnóstico y tratamiento del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</article-title>
<source>Dengue: Guías para diagnóstico y tratamiento del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>CCSS</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Guías para la vigilancia epidemiológica del dengue</article-title>
<source>Guías para la vigilancia epidemiológica del dengue</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dietz</surname>
<given-names>VJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gubler</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rigau</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schatzmayr</surname>
<given-names>HG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bailey</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gunn</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemic dengue 1 in Brazil, 1986: Evaluation of a clinically based dengue surveillance system</article-title>
<source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>131</volume>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gascon</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Giner</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vidal</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jou</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mas</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Corachan</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dengue: a reemerging disease. A clinical and epidemiological study in 57 Spanish travelers</article-title>
<source>Med Clin Bam</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>111</volume>
<issue>^s15</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Collet</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Models for binary and binomial data</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Modelling Binary Data</article-title>
<source>Modelling Binary Data</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>LondonBoundary Row </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Chapman and Hall</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Saenz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Maranda</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Piza</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gonzalez</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Achoy</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluación del sistema de vigilancia epidemiologico del dengue utilizando como indicador la aplicación de la definición de caso sospechoso, Costa Rica, 1998</article-title>
<source>Rev Costarric Cienc Med</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cobra</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rigau</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>kuno</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vorndam</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Symptoms of Dengue Fever in Relation to Host lmmunologic Response and Virus Serotype, Puerto Rico, 1990-1991</article-title>
<source>Am J Epídemiol</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>142</volume>
<issue>^s11</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Normas Técnicas para el control del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</article-title>
<source>Normas Técnicas para el control del dengue y dengue hemorrágico</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ministerio de Salud</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Resultados del Programa Nacional de Estandarización en las Determinaciones de Lípidos en Costa Rica 1999 - 2000</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cunningham</surname>
<given-names>Louella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>Marianela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud Centro de Referencia de Lípidos </institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>141</fpage>
<lpage>149</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Este programa lo inició el &quot;Consejo para el Mejoramiento de la Calidad en Lípidos&quot; en Costa Rica en 1999, realizando ocho encuestas en un período de dos años. Se distribuyó muestras de suero congelado manteniendo una red de frío durante el proceso. Se empleó como laboratorio de referencia el &quot;Pacific Biometrics&quot; en Seatle, acreditado por el &quot;Center of Disease Control and Prevention&quot;en Atlanta. Inicialmente participaron 43 laboratorios, aumentado gradualmente el número a 90 a finales del año 2000 con un porcentaje de respuesta promedio del 93%. El programa incorporó al 37% de los laboratorios clínicos nacionales, que corresponden al 92% de los laboratorios clínicos del sector público y 14% del sector privado. Los coeficientes de variación promedio interlaboratorio para colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL-colesterol fueron de 8,4 + 2,0; 12,6 + 3,1; 24,2 + 8,1, respectivamente. Los criterios del National Cholesterol Education Program en Estados Unidos determinan que la variación máxima recomendada es de 9%, 15% y 22% para colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL-colesterol respectivamente, según lo cual el porcentaje promedio de laboratorios con resultados aceptables fue de 68% en colesterol, 74% en triglicéridos y 63% en HDL-colesterol.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The board for the improvement of the Quality in Lípidos&quot; started this program in Costa Rica in 1999, carrying out eight surveys in a period of two year. Samples of frozen serum were distributed maintaining a net of cold during the process. The &quot;Pacific Biometrics&quot; in Seattle was used as reference laboratory, credited by the &quot;Center of Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.&quot; Initially, 43 laboratories participated, increasing the number gradually to 90 at the end of the year 2000 with an average answering rate of 93%. The program incorporated 37% of the national clinical laboratories that correspond to 92% of the clinical laboratories of the public sector and 14% of the private sector. The average interlaboratory variation coefficients for cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were of 8,4 + 2,0; 12,6 + 3,1; 24,2 + 8,1, respectively. The approaches of the National Cholesterol Education Program in United States determine that the recommended maximum variation is 9%, 15% and 22% for cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, respectively. According to this criteria, the average percentage of laboratories with acceptable results was of 68% for cholesterol, 74% for triglicéridos and 63% for HDL-cholesterol.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Colesterol total</kwd>
<kwd>triglicéridos</kwd>
<kwd>HDL-colesterol</kwd>
<kwd>pruebas de competencia</kwd>
<kwd>estandarización</kwd>
<kwd>perfil lipídico</kwd>
<kwd>Total cholesterol</kwd>
<kwd>triglycerides</kwd>
<kwd>HDL-cholesterol</kwd>
<kwd>proficiency tests</kwd>
<kwd>standardization</kwd>
<kwd>lipid profile</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Escobar</surname>
<given-names>MC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Petrasovits</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peruga</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vives</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Robles</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Mitos sobre la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles en América Latina</article-title>
<source>Salud Pública de México</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>42</volume>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Encuesta Basal de Factores de Riesgo para enfermedades no transmisibles. Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Encuesta Basal de Factores de Riesgo para enfermedades no transmisibles. Costa Rica</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Editorial Ministerio de Salud</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jiménez</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vinocour</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tortós</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Letchman</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Piedra</surname>
<given-names>MI</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Guía práctica para la valoración y seguimiento de pacientes con dislipoproteinemias con enfermedad vascular o sin ella</article-title>
<source>Guía práctica para la valoración y seguimiento de pacientes con dislipoproteinemias con enfermedad vascular o sin ella</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Federación Centroamericana para la prevención y tratamiento de la aterosclerosis</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Astúa</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Resultados de un programa de estandarización interlaboratorios y evaluación externa de la calidad para el perfil lipídico en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Rev Costarric Cienc Med</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>19</volume>
<issue>^s3-4</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Naito</surname>
<given-names>HK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kwak</surname>
<given-names>YS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hartfield</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Travers</surname>
<given-names>EM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Matrix effects on proficiency testing materials</article-title>
<source>Arch Pathol Lab Med</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>117</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lawson</surname>
<given-names>NS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Long</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Matrix effect and accuracy of cholesterol analysis</article-title>
<source>Arch Pathol Lab Med</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Myers</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cooper</surname>
<given-names>GR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sampson</surname>
<given-names>EJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Traditional lipoprotein profile: clinical utility, performance requirements and standardization</article-title>
<source>Atherosclerosis</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>108</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Westgard</surname>
<given-names>JO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Klee</surname>
<given-names>GG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Burtis</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ashwood</surname>
<given-names>ER</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Quality Management</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tietz: Textbook of Clinical Chemistry</article-title>
<source>Tietz: Textbook of Clinical Chemistry</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>WB Saunders Company</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Warnick</surname>
<given-names>RG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wood</surname>
<given-names>PD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">National Cholesterol Education Program Recommendation for Measurement High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Executive Summary</article-title>
<source>Clin Chem</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>^s10</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La preincubación de macrófagos alveolares de rata con vitamina C o E atenúa el daño a la membrana plasmática causado por exposición a ozono</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Escuela de Medicina  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>160</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Macrófagos alveolares de rata se obtuvieron mediante lavado pulmonar, y se usaron como modelo para estudiar el daño en la membrana causado por exposición a ozono (O3, 0,594 ppm durante 60 min), usando como índice la liberación de 51Cr, cargado previamente en las células. La preincubación de los macrófagos en presencia de vitamina C (ascorbato de sodio) o de vitamina E (DL &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rccm/v22n3-4/image7NF.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=8&gt; tocoferol) disminuyó significativamente la liberación de51Cr en respuesta a O3; el efecto protector fue más pronunciado al aumentar la dosis de vitamina E. Se presenta una explicación del efecto protector de las vitaminas E y C, y se propone una hipótesis que relacionaría nuestros hallazgos con otros recientes que demuestran que la ingesta de suplementos antioxidantes contribuye al mantenimiento de la función pulmonar en sujetos voluntarios normales y asmáticos expuestos a ozono.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The damaging effects of a 60 minute ozone exposure (0,594 ppm) on the cell membrane of rat alveolar macrophages was assessed by measuring specific release of51Cr label from the cells. Preincubation of the macrophages in the presence of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) or vitamin E (DL &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rccm/v22n3-4/imageS1T.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=8&gt; tocoferol) prior to ozone exposure significantly diminished 51Cr release. The protective effect of vitamin E was dose dependent. A proposal accounting for the protective effect of vitamins E and C on the cell membrane is presented, and our findings are discussed in relation to recent reports showing that antioxidant supplementation contributes to preserve pulmonary function in ozone-exposed normal and asthmatic volunteers.</p></abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weast</surname>
<given-names>RC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</article-title>
<source>Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</source>
<year>1970</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>51st</edition>
<publisher-loc>Cleveland^eOH </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>The Chemical Rubber Co.</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>RC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ozone depletion and cancer risk</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>8556</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mustafa</surname>
<given-names>MG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Biochemical basis of ozone toxicity</article-title>
<source>Free Radical Biol Med</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>9</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Ozone and other photochemical oxidants</article-title>
<source>Ozone and other photochemical oxidants</source>
<year>1977</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>19</volume>
<publisher-loc>^eWashington, D.C. </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Seasonal and diurnal variation in air quality in California's South Coast Air Basin</article-title>
<source>Seasonal and diurnal variation in air quality in California's South Coast Air Basin</source>
<year>1980</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>El Monte^eCA </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>SCAQMD</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scannell</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Aris</surname>
<given-names>RM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tager</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Christina</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ferrando</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Welch</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kelly</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Balmes</surname>
<given-names>JR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Greater ozone-induced inflammatory responses in subjects with asthma</article-title>
<source>Am. J Resp Crit Care Med</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>154</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Coffey</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wheeler</surname>
<given-names>CS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gross</surname>
<given-names>KB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eschenbacher</surname>
<given-names>WL.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sporn</surname>
<given-names>PH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peters-Golden</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Increased 5-lipoxygenase metabolism in the lungs of human subjects exposed to ozone</article-title>
<source>Toxicology</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>114</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Coffin</surname>
<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stokinger</surname>
<given-names>H.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stern</surname>
<given-names>A.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Biologic effects of air pollutants</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Air pollution</article-title>
<source>Air pollution</source>
<year>1977</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>II</volume>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barry</surname>
<given-names>B.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>F.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Crapo</surname>
<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>S.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mustafa</surname>
<given-names>M.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mehlman</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Alveolar epithelial injury caused by inhalation of 0.25 ppm ozone</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">International Symposium on the biomedical effects of ozone and related photochemical oxidants</article-title>
<source>International Symposium on the biomedical effects of ozone and related photochemical oxidants</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Princeton^eN.J. </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Princeton Scientific Publishers</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stephens</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sloan</surname>
<given-names>MF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Evans</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Early response of lung to low levels of ozone</article-title>
<source>Am J Pathol</source>
<year>1974</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>73</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
<given-names>RF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eschenbacher</surname>
<given-names>WL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Szweda</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holian</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Potential involvement of 4-hydroxynonenal in the response of human lung cells to ozone</article-title>
<source>Am J Physiol</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>274</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dormans</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rombout</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>van Loveren</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Surface morphology and morphometry of rat alveolar macrophages after ozone exposure</article-title>
<source>J Toxicol EnvironHealth</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>31</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Becker</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Madden</surname>
<given-names>MC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Newman</surname>
<given-names>SL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Devlin</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Koren</surname>
<given-names>HS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Modulation of human macrophage properties by ozone exposure in vitro</article-title>
<source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>110</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">La exposición a ozono disminuye la adherencia y aumenta la permeabilidad de membrana de macrófagos alveolares de rata</article-title>
<source>Rev Cost Cienc Med</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>^s1,2</issue>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Laskin</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pendino</surname>
<given-names>KJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Macrophages and inflammatory mediators in tissue injury</article-title>
<source>Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>35</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Niki</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Noguchi</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tsuchihashi</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gotoh</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Interaction among vitamin C, vitamin E, and b carotene</article-title>
<source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>62</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sies</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stahl</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Vitamins E and C, b carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants</article-title>
<source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>62</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Banks</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Porter</surname>
<given-names>DW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>WG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Castranova</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of in vitro ozone exposure on peroxidative damage, membrane leakage, and taurine content of rat alveolar macrophages</article-title>
<source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mudway</surname>
<given-names>IS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Krishna</surname>
<given-names>MT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frew</surname>
<given-names>AJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>MacLeod</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sandstrom</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holgate</surname>
<given-names>ST</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kelly</surname>
<given-names>FJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Compromised concentrations of ascorbate in fluid lining the respiratory tract in human subjects after exposure to ozone</article-title>
<source>Occup Environ Med</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>56</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Samet</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hatch</surname>
<given-names>GE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horstman</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Steck-Scott</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Arab</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bromberg</surname>
<given-names>PA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Levine</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>McDonnell</surname>
<given-names>WF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Devlin</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of antioxidant supplementation on ozone-induced lung injury in human subjects</article-title>
<source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>164</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Trenga</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Koeing</surname>
<given-names>JQ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>PV</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with asthma</article-title>
<source>Arch Environ Health</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>56</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bjornson</surname>
<given-names>LK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gniewkowski</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kayden</surname>
<given-names>HJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of exchange of &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http:/img/fbpe/rccm/v22n3-4/image7OA.JPG&quot; WIDTH=9 HEIGHT=8&gt;- tocoferol and free cholesterol between rat plasma lipoproteins and erythrocytes</article-title>
<source>J Lipid Res</source>
<year>1975</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>16</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Palmer</surname>
<given-names>RMJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Salmon</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Release of leukotriene B4 from human neutrophils and its relationship to degranulation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, serum-treated zymosan and the ionophore A23187</article-title>
<source>Immunology</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>50</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Síndrome de Touraine-Solente-Goulé (Paquidermoperiostosis primaria: breve revisión y reporte del primer caso en Costa Rica)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hidalgo-Matlock</surname>
<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hines-Jackson</surname>
<given-names>Norman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gei-Guardia</surname>
<given-names>Orlando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jaramillo-Antillón</surname>
<given-names>Orlando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital México Servicio Dermatología-Alergología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital México Servicio Endocrinología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>170</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La paquidermoperiostosis es una enfermedad poco frecuente que se caracteriza por un engrosamiento de la piel en el cuero cabelludo, frente y párpados, también ocurre en la piel de manos y pies, con un engrosamiento concomitante de las estructuras óseas de las extremidades. El crecimiento acral hace sospechar acromegalia. Su presentación puede ser idiopática, con inicio en la adolescencia y estabilización en la tercera y cuarta década, es de origen genético, de transmisión autosómico dominante y penetrancia variable, o secundaria a enfermedades tumorales, principalmente pulmonares o intratorácicas de inicio en la cuarta y quinta décadas de la vida. El tratamiento para sus dos variedades es quirúrgico, ya sea reconstructivo tratándose de la primaria, con mejoría estética; o excisional en el caso de la secundaria, con regresión total o parcial a la normalidad. Se presenta el primer caso conocido en el ámbito de la medicina costarricense, a fin de dar a conocer esta patología al cuerpo científico y facilitar la detección de otros posibles casos. Esta es una enfermedad poco frecuente en el mundo y hasta ahora desconocida en nuestro país.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The disease known as pachydermoperiostosis is of rare occurrence and is characterized by thickening of the skin folds on the forehead and eyelids and in the extremities. It is also accompanied by a gross thickening of the underlying the bony structures of hands and feet, raising the diagnostic possibility of acromegaly. It has two presentations, idiopathic, which is transmitted in an autosomic and dominant fashion with variability in its penetrance and starts in the teen years and halts progression in the third and fourth decades of life, the secondary type starts in the fourth and fifth decade and its secondary to a pulmonary or intrathoracic tumoral lesion. Treatment consists in either reconstructive surgery for the primary type, with cosmetic acceptable results and surgical excision in the secondary type with partial or complete regression of the disease. We present to our knowledge what is the first reported case in Costa Rica with the purpose of informing the scientific body in our country of the existence of the disease and to help detect any other possible cases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Paquidermoperiostosis primaria</kwd>
<kwd>Primary pachydermoperiostosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Touraine</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Solente</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goulé</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Un síndrome ostéodermopathique: la pachydermie plicaturée avec pachypériostose des extrémités</article-title>
<source>Presse méd</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>43</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vogl</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goldfischer</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Pachydermoperiostosis: primary or idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</article-title>
<source>Am J Med</source>
<year>1962</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>33</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rimoin</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Pachydermoperiostosis (idiopathic clubbing and periostosis): Genetic and physiologic considerations</article-title>
<source>The New Engl J of Med</source>
<year>1965</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>272</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shimizu</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A rare case of acromegaly associated with pachydermoperiostosis</article-title>
<source>J Endocrinol. Invest</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Martínez-Lavin</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: another disorder associated with patent ductus arteriosus</article-title>
<source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>14</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lam</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stone</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Paraneoplastic pemphigus, cicatricial conjunctivitis, and acanthosis nigricans with pachydermatoglyphy in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma</article-title>
<source>Ophthalmology</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>99</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González Saldivar</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Síndrome de Touraine-Solente-Goulé: Presentación de un caso clínico</article-title>
<source>Cir Plást</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ohtsuka</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Takayanagi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Eyelid reconstruction in pahydermoperiostosis</article-title>
<source>Plast Reconstr Surg</source>
<year>1988</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>81</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Friedhofer</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Salles</surname>
<given-names>AG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Correction of eyelid anomalies in pachydermoperiostosis</article-title>
<source>Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>15</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Heddayati</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barmada</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Skosey</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Acrolysis in pachydermoperiostosis: Primary or idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</article-title>
<source>Arch Intern Med</source>
<year>1980</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>140</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schumacher</surname>
<given-names>HR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: rheumatologic manifestations</article-title>
<source>Clin Exp Rheumatol Suppl</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ansell</surname>
<given-names>BM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in the paediatric age</article-title>
<source>Clin Exp Rheumatol Suppl</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>7</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guyot-Drouot</surname>
<given-names>MH.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Rheumatologic manifestations of pachydermoperiostosis and preliminary experience with biphosphonates</article-title>
<source>J Rheumatol</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>27</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Beauregard</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Cutis verticis gyrata and pachydermoperiostosis. Several cases in a same family. Initial results of the treatment of pachyderma with isotretinoin</article-title>
<source>Ann Dermatol Venereol</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>121</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Champion</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Rook/Williams/Ebling: Textbook of Dermatology</article-title>
<source>Rook/Williams/Ebling: Textbook of Dermatology</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>6th</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Gentian I.T. Consultants</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Matucci-Cerinic</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cinti</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Morroni</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Pachydermoperiostosis (primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy): report of a case with evidence of endothelial and connective tissue involvement</article-title>
<source>Ann Rheum Dis</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>48</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Elder</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin</article-title>
<source>Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>8th</edition>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Lippincot-Raven</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Un caso de tétanos infantil posiblemente asociado a una aguja contaminada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivera</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Santamaría</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández-Chavarría</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital Nacional de Niños Servicio de Patología</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología y Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>175</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Clostridium tetani es el agente etiológico del tétanos. Esta bacteria es un bacilo esporulado anaerobio, habitante normal del suelo. Antes de 1970 se presentaban de 300 a 200 muertes anuales por esta causa. Luego fue prácticamente controlada y actualmente se presentan menos de 3 casos anuales y no hay tétanos neonatorum. El último caso infantil presentado en Costa Rica, ocurrió en 1989, y debido a las características relevantes que rodearon la historia de ese caso, cuyo desenlace fue fatal es que lo informamos, como un ejemplo de hechos que no debieron ocurrir. Se trató de un niño de 50 días de edad, hospitalizado por una diarrea con vómitos y manifestaciones espasmódicas, que murió 24 horas más tarde y se le diagnosticó tétanos. Su historia clínica reveló que cuando se inició la diarrea un médico particular le recetó antibióticos intramusculares. Los antibióticos fueron inyectados en su caso por el abuelo del niño. Presumimos que la puerta de entrada para las esporas de C. tetani fue la lesión de la aguja intramuscular. Este caso representa una lección sobre el manejo de agujas. También, es necesario que siempre pensemos en tétanos porque su agente etiológico es un habitante normal de nuestros suelos y la vacunación no lo elimina de nuestro ambiente.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus. This bacterium is a spore forming anaerobic rod, that inhabit the soil. Before 1970 it causes 200 to 300 deaths per year in Costa Rica. Afterwards the disease was practically controlled and nowadays there are less than 3 cases by year and no cases in infants were observed. The last case in an infant tetanus that occurred in Costa Rica was in 1989; some relevance characteristics of its clinical story, which end was fatal, aimed this report, this is an example of facts that never would occur. He was a 50 day old child that had diarrhea and vomiting 3 days before admission, his grandfather gave him antibiotic injection at home. The child was admitted to hospital with muscular spasms and dead 24 hours later. We presume an infected needle was the entrance door for the Clostridium tetani spores. This case represents a lesson for the antiseptic management of needles. We should always keep tetanus in mind because its agent is a normal inhabitant in our soils and vaccination does not eliminate it from the environment.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Clostridium tetani</kwd>
<kwd>tétanos infantil</kwd>
<kwd>inyecciones</kwd>
<kwd>Clostridium tetani</kwd>
<kwd>tetanus infantil</kwd>
<kwd>injections</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chaves</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Freer</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Clostridium tetani, tétanos y su frecuencia en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Rev Cost Cienc Med</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sanford</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tetanus -Forgotten but not gone</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1995</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>332</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lumibiganon</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Approproiate technology: Antenatal care</article-title>
<source>Int J Gynecol Obstet</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>63</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Whitman</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Belgharbi</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gasse</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Torel</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mattei</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zoffmann</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Progress toward the global elimination of neonatal tetanus</article-title>
<source>World Health Stat Q</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>45</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lima</surname>
<given-names>VM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>MT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Resende</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nouer</surname>
<given-names>SA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Campos</surname>
<given-names>EO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Papairofanou</surname>
<given-names>PM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>da Silva</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Accidental tetanus: Clinical and epidemiological profile of impatients at a university hospital</article-title>
<source>Rev Saute Publ</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>32</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stacey</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Atkins</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Infectious diseases in Rugby players</article-title>
<source>Sports Med</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>29</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Boerma</surname>
<given-names>JT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stroh</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Using survey data to assess neonatal tetanus mortality levels and trends in developing countries</article-title>
<source>Demography</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>30</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hateway</surname>
<given-names>CL.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Toxigenic Clostridia</article-title>
<source>Clin Microbiol Rev</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cato</surname>
<given-names>EP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>George</surname>
<given-names>WL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Finegold</surname>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sneath</surname>
<given-names>PHA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mair</surname>
<given-names>NS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sharpe</surname>
<given-names>ME</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holt</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Genus Clostridium Prazmowski</article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology</article-title>
<source>Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology</source>
<year>1986</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>2</volume>
<publisher-loc>Baltimore </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>The WillIams &amp; Wilkins Co</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Umaña</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vargas</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Isolation of swarmer clostridia from soil samples</article-title>
<source>Rev Biol Trop</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>45</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chaves</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Umaña</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Aislamiento de Clostridium tetani la ciudad de Puntarenas, Costa Rica y el fenómeno de &quot;swarming&quot;</article-title>
<source>Rev Biomed</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>12</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gamboa</surname>
<given-names>MM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Baja prevalencia de Clostridium tetani en suelos de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Rev Biomed</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>8</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yaramis</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tas</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Neonatal tetanus in the southest of Turkey: Risk factors, and clinical and prognostic aspects. Review of 73 cases, 1990-1999</article-title>
<source>Turk J Pediatr</source>
<year>2000</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>42</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dyer</surname>
<given-names>KS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Woolf</surname>
<given-names>AD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Use of phenothiazine as sedatives in children: What are the risks?</article-title>
<source>Drug Saf</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>21</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>León Vargas</surname>
<given-names>EM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Apuntes de epidemiología básica. Aplicación de la epidemiología descriptiva en el control de una enfermedad: El caso del tétanos en Costa Rica</article-title>
<source>Apuntes de epidemiología básica. Aplicación de la epidemiología descriptiva en el control de una enfermedad: El caso del tétanos en Costa Rica</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>San José </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Litografía IPECA SA</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mosley</surname>
<given-names>WH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jamison</surname>
<given-names>DT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henderson</surname>
<given-names>DA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The health sector in developing countries</article-title>
<source>Ann Rev Public Health</source>
<year>1990</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>11</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bonanni</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Demographic impact of vaccination: A review</article-title>
<source>Vaccine</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>17</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hsu</surname>
<given-names>SS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Groleau</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Tetanus in the emergency department: A current review</article-title>
<source>J Emerg Med</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>20</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barlow</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>'Ala-Odera</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gona</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Newton</surname>
<given-names>CR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Brain damage after neonatal tetanus in a rutal Kenyan hospital</article-title>
<source>Trop Med Int Health</source>
<year>2001</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820010002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Neurotoxicidad y enfermedades óseas provocadas por la contaminación con aluminio de soluciones de diálisis renal</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Barquero-Quirós</surname>
<given-names>Miriam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas-Rojas</surname>
<given-names>Rosario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Blanco-Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>Rigoberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital México Unidad de Hemodiálisis</institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Departamento de Saneamiento Básico y Ambiente </institution>
<addr-line>San José </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>En este articulo se revisan las principales evidencias de la neurotoxicidad in vitro del aluminio, y algunos hallazgos en cerebros de pacientes de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, se muestran algunos estudios realizados con pacientes que sufren deficiencias renales, como los tipos más importantes de ostodistrofias causados por aluminio. El problema de analizar la baja concentración de aluminio presente en fluidos humanos se resuelve con métodos analíticos muy sensibles como la espectrofotometría electrotérmica de absorción atómica ETAS, y métodos voltamperométricos con agentes acomplejantes; que permiten adsorción sobre electrodos sólidos o de gota suspendida de mercurio. Es muy importante conocer con exactitud la concentración de aluminio en el agua usada en para preparar las disoluciones usadas en la hemodiálisis, o en las disoluciones usadas en la diálisis peritoneal ambulatoria, como primer paso para evitar la contaminación de los pacientes con aluminio. La prevención de la contaminación durante el muestreo, almacenaje y análisis de fluidos dializados es prioritaria y el agua usada en la diálisis debe ser tan baja como sea posible en contenido de por aluminio.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>This article reviews the principal evidences about aluminum neurotoxicity in vitro, and some evidences in brain tissues of Alzheimer patients; and also show some studies realized with humans that suffer renal deficiencies, dealing with the principal osteodystrophy. The problem of analyzing low aluminum concentration in human fluids is overcomed with very sensitive analytical methods as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAS) and voltammetric methods as Anodic Striping Voltammetry with complexing agents that easing adsorption over solid electrodes or mercury hanging drop. Is a vital question to know with accuracy the aluminum concentration in water used in hemodialysis or in fluids used in ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, as a first stage to prevent contamination by aluminium. So the prevention of contamination during sampling, storage and analysis of biological fluids should be the first need and the sources of water used in renal dialysis keep be as clean as possible of aluminium contamination.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>contenido de aluminio</kwd>
<kwd>diálisis renal</kwd>
<kwd>osteodistrofias</kwd>
<kwd>neurotoxicidad</kwd>
<kwd>Alzheimer</kwd>
<kwd>análisis</kwd>
<kwd>content aluminum</kwd>
<kwd>renal dialysis</kwd>
<kwd>osteodystrophy</kwd>
<kwd>neurotoxicity</kwd>
<kwd>Alzehimer</kwd>
<kwd>analysis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fenneman</surname>
<given-names>Owen R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Principles of Food Science</article-title>
<source>Principles of Food Science</source>
<year>1988</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>4</volume>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Marcel Dekker Inc</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Metcalf</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eddy</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Wastewater Enginering</article-title>
<source>Wastewater Enginering</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<edition>Third</edition>
<publisher-loc>New York </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Mc Graw-Hill</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Harte</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holdren</surname>
<given-names>Cheryl</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scheneider</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Christine</surname>
<given-names>Shirley</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Toxics A to Z. A Guide To Every Day Pollution Hazards</article-title>
<source>Toxics A to Z. A Guide To Every Day Pollution Hazards</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Berkeley </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>University of California Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Harte</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Holdren</surname>
<given-names>Cheryl</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scheneider</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Shirley</surname>
<given-names>Christine</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Toxics A to Z. A Guide To Every Day Pollution Hazards</article-title>
<source>Toxics A to Z. A Guide To Every Day Pollution Hazards</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Berkeley </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>University of California Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wills</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Savory</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Water Content of Aluminium, Dialysis Dementia and Osteomalatia</article-title>
<source>Enviromental Health Perspectives</source>
<year>1985</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>63</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Perl</surname>
<given-names>DP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship of Aluminum to Alzheimer Disease</article-title>
<source>Enviromental Health Perspectives</source>
<year>1985</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>63</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Perl</surname>
<given-names>PD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Brody</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Alzheimer Disease: X-ray Spectrometric Evidence of Aluminum Acumulatioon in Neurofibrillary Tangle- Bearing Neurons</article-title>
<source>Science</source>
<year>1980</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>208</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Macdonald</surname>
<given-names>TL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Humphreys</surname>
<given-names>WG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>BR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Promotion of Tubulin Assembly by Aluminum Ion in Vitro</article-title>
<source>Science</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>236</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kawahara</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Muramoto</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kobayashy</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mori</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kuroda</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aluminum promotes the aggregation of Alzheimer amyloid b-protein in vitro</article-title>
<source>Biochem Biophyss Res Com</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>198</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ackley</surname>
<given-names>DC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yokel</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aluminum citrato is transported from brain into blood via the monocarboxylic acid transporter located at the blood-brain barrier</article-title>
<source>Toxicology</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>120</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ackley</surname>
<given-names>DC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yokel</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aluminum transport of brain extracellular fluid is proton dependent and inhibited by mersalyl acid, suggesting mediation by the monocarboxylate acid transporter</article-title>
<source>Toxicology.</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>127</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Anghileri</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Thouvenot</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bertrand</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of Low Molecular- Weigth Aluminum Complexes on Brain Tissue Calcium Homeostasis</article-title>
<source>Biological Trace Element Research</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>63</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Toda</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yase</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Aluminum on Iron-Induced Lipid Peroxidation and and Protein Oxidative Modification of Mouse Brain Homogenate</article-title>
<source>Biological Trace Element Research</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>61</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>HF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yung</surname>
<given-names>KL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of Endogenous Trace Metal Contents in Various Mouse Brain Regions after Prolonged Oral Administration of aluminum chloride</article-title>
<source>J of Toxicology and Enviromental Health</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>55</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stevens</surname>
<given-names>BJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Willis</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Humpery</surname>
<given-names>TJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Atkins</surname>
<given-names>RC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Colopov</surname>
<given-names>DL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals: The Influence of Fluoride on Tissue Aluminum and Behavior in the Rat</article-title>
<source>Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals: The Influence of Fluoride on Tissue Aluminum and Behavior in the Rat</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gokal</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mallick</surname>
<given-names>NP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Peritoneal dialysis</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>353</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kister</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rahn</surname>
<given-names>KH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lügering</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">The significance of raised total and B lymphocyte aluminum concentrations in chronic haemodialysis patients</article-title>
<source>Medical Science Research</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>27</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fricke</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hartman</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sitter</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Steldinger</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rieber</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schiffl</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis impairs T lymphocyte selection in the peritoneum</article-title>
<source>Kidney International</source>
<year>1996</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>49</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Leung</surname>
<given-names>YF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henderson</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals</article-title>
<source>Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Metcalfe</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Day</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garstang</surname>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals: The determination of aluminium in bone</article-title>
<source>Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals: The determination of aluminium in bone</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Savory</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bertholf</surname>
<given-names>RL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wills</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Speciation and fractionation of toxic metals in biological materials</article-title>
<source>Speciation and fractionation of toxic metals in biological materials</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Day</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ackrill</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Garstang</surname>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hodge</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Metcalfe</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O`Hara</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Benzo</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Romero Martínez</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Reduction of the Body Burden of Aluminium in Renal Patients by Desferrioxamine Quelation Therapy</article-title>
<source>Reduction of the Body Burden of Aluminium in Renal Patients by Desferrioxamine Quelation Therapy</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>London </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Iyengar</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Woittiez</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Trace Elementes in Human Clinical Specimens Evaluations of Literature Data to Identify Reference Values</article-title>
<source>Clin Chem</source>
<year>1988</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>34</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gogusev</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Depressed expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid gland tissue of patients with hyperparathyroidism</article-title>
<source>Kidney International</source>
<year>1997</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>51</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fournier</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Renal Osteodystrophy in Dialysis Patients: Diagnosis and Treatment</article-title>
<source>Artificial Organs</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>22</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alfrey</surname>
<given-names>CA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aluminum Advances in Clinical Chemistry</article-title>
<source>Aluminum Advances in Clinical Chemistry</source>
<year>1983</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weinrich</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Prevention of renal osteodystrophy in peritoneal dialysis</article-title>
<source>Kidney International</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>54</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Szabo</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Merke</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beier</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mall</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ritz</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia</article-title>
<source>Kidney Int</source>
<year>1989</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>35</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arroyo Chacón</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sandoval Leal</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Manual de orientación al Paciente con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Sometido a Hemodiálisis y su Familia</article-title>
<source>Manual de orientación al Paciente con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Sometido a Hemodiálisis y su Familia</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Argilés</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kerr</surname>
<given-names>PG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Canaud</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Flavier</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mion</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Calcium Kinetics and the long -term effects of lowering dialysate calcium concentration</article-title>
<source>Kidney Int</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>43</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Antonsen</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sherrard</surname>
<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Andrés</surname>
<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">A calcimimetic agent acutely suppress parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure</article-title>
<source>Kidney Int</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>53</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Health Effects Assesment for Aluminum</article-title>
<source>Health Effects Assesment for Aluminum</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Springfield^eVA </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>National Technical Information Service, US Deparment of Commerce</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Water Quality Especifications</article-title>
<source>Water Quality Especifications</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc>Ashland^eOhio </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Chandler Systemns Inc</publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yglesias Luconi</surname>
<given-names>Jose Miguel</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Análisis multielemental de nutrientes en foliares utilizando la técnica híbrida ICP- MS</article-title>
<source>Análisis multielemental de nutrientes en foliares utilizando la técnica híbrida ICP- MS</source>
<year></year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Craney</surname>
<given-names>CL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Swartout</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>FW</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>West</surname>
<given-names>CD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Improvement of trace aluminium determination by electrotermic atomic-absortion spectrophotometry using phosphoric acid</article-title>
<source>Anal-Chem</source>
<year>1986</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>58</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abu Zuhri</surname>
<given-names>AZ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Voelter</surname>
<given-names>Wolfang</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aplications of adsorptive stripping voltammetry for the trace analisis of metals, pharmaceuticals and biomolecules</article-title>
<source>Fresenius J Anal Chem</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>360</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bu</surname>
<given-names>HF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>X</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of trace aluminium in serum of cancer patients by graphite-furnace atomic absortion spectrometry using dichromate and surfactant as matrix modifier with ammonium molybdate-coated tubes</article-title>
<source>Guampuxue Yu</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>18</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García P.</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Díaz- García</surname>
<given-names>ME</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sanz - Medel</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Flow Injection ion exchange preconcentration for the determination of aluminium by atomic-absortion spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic-emision</article-title>
<source>J Anal Atom Spectrom</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>2</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Scancar</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Milacic</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miha</surname>
<given-names>Benedik</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bukovec</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Problems related to determination of trace elements in spent continuos ambulatory peritoneal dialysis fluids by electrotermic absortion spectrometry</article-title>
<source>Clinica Chimica Acta</source>
<year>1999</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>283</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Uchuimi</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Takatsu</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Teraki</surname>
<given-names>Y</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Sensitive detection of trace aluminium in biological tissues by confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining with lumogallion</article-title>
<source>Analyst</source>
<year>1998</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>123</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Setiadji</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Adsortive stripping measurements of trace aluminium in the presence of cupferron</article-title>
<source>Talanta</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>40</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stryjewska</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rubel</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Adsortive-stripping voltammetry for determination of trca amounts of aluminium with calmagite</article-title>
<source>Electroanalysis</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>3</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Q</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Khoo</surname>
<given-names>B. S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of trace aluminium by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry of aluminium (III)-8-hydroxyquinoline complex</article-title>
<source>Analytica Chimica Acta</source>
<year>1993</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>276</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Stryjewska</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rubel</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kusmierczyk</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Adsortive stripping voltammmetric determination of trace amounts of aluminium using Solocrome violet RS complex</article-title>
<source>Chem Anal (Warsaw)</source>
<year>1992</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>37</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kobayashi</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Baba</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Miyazaki</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Flow injection analysis for trace aluminium with online concentration and spectrophotometric detection</article-title>
<source>Anal Sci</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>10</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kratochvil</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Motkosky</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Duke</surname>
<given-names>MJM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ng</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of trace aluminium concentration and homogeneity in biological reference material TORT by instrumental neutron activation analysis and graphite-furnace</article-title>
<source>Can J Chemistry</source>
<year>1987</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>65</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sherrard</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Aluminum: Much to do about something</article-title>
<source>N Eng J Med</source>
<year>1991</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>324</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Q</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Penninckx</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Smeyers-Verkebe</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Closed vessel microwave digestion of foodstuffs and trace aluminium determination by graphite furnace atomic absortion spectrometry</article-title>
<source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
<year>1994</year>
<month></month>
<day></day>
<volume>42</volume>
<publisher-loc> </publisher-loc>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
</articles>
