<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
<articles>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Las infecciones emergentes, un problema nacional</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Salas Oviedo</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Confirmación serológica de la rubéola en Costa Rica, 1998-1999</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sáenz</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud Centro Nacional de Referencia de Dengue</institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud Centro Nacional de Referencia de Dengue</institution>
<addr-line>Tres Ríos </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se presenta la experiencia del Centro Nacional de Referencia (CNDR) del INCIENSA en relación con el brote de rubéola reportado en Costa Rica en 1998-1999 y la participación del laboratorio dentro del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia para esta enfermedad. Esto, en un contexto internacional en donde la lucha contra la rubéola, y el síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC), se definen como una prioridad de salud pública en las Américas y por supuesto en Costa Rica. El análisis correlacionó la información epidemiológica disponible por notificación obligatoria en el Departamento de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Ministerio de Salud con los resultados de las muestras procesadas que refirieron los establecimientos del salud de todo el país al CDR, entre el 1 de enero de 1998 y el 31 de diciembre de 1999 como parte del Programa Nacional de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Febriles Eruptivas (EFEs). La confirmación diagnóstico se realizó mediante la determinación de anticuerpos IgM antisarampión, rubéola y dengue. Durante el período de estudio el Sistema de Notificación Obligatoria registró un total de 1559 casos de rubéola de los cuales el 40% (n=623) fue confirmado por el laboratorio. El 50% de los casos pertenecían a la Región Central Sur, el 24% a la Región Central Norte y el 26% se distribuyó en el resto de las regiones del país. El 61% de la población afectada tenía entre 15 y 44 años. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la distribución por sexo. Del total de muestras referidas al CNDR, el 25% (623/2504) resultó positivo para rubéola. El 74% de las muestras negativas no tenían información sobre los días de evolución o fueron tomadas cuando el paciente tenía menos de 6 días de haber iniciado los síntomas, dificultando la interpretación de los resultados. La vigilancia integrada de las enfermedades febriles captó un 33% de muestras positivas por rubéola que ingresaron al sistema de vigilancia como cuadro febril, sarampión y dengue entre otras y un 10% en los cuales no se indicó el diagnóstico presuntivo. De las muestras recibidas para estudio por rubéola, el 2% resultó positivas por IgM para dengue. Este análisis demuestra que el laboratorio, en forma integrada dentro del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia, es una fuente clave de apoyo en la vigilancia epidemiológica de la rubéola brindando información para la toma de decisiones al confirmar los primeros casos sospechosos y realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otras enfermedades.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>In this report, the experience of the National Reference Center at INCIENSA regarding the rubella outbreak reported in Costa Rica in 1998-1999 and the participation of the laboratory within the National Surveillance System is presentes. Following national and internacional guidelines of the Ministry of Health and the Pan-American Health Organization, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have been deciared national health priorities in Costa Rica and other American countries. The study inciuded a correlation of the epidemiological obligatory notification data available from the Epidemiological Surveillance Department of the Ministry of Health, with the laboratory resuits for all the samples referred from all over the country to the National Reference Center at lnciensa (CNDR). Data and samples were part of the actions of the National Eruptive Febrile Surveillance Program (EFEs) for the period between January 1st 1998 and December 31st 1999. Laboratory diagnostic confirmation was based on the detection of IgM anti- measles, rubella and dengue by immunoenzyme tests. Results showed that 40 % (n=623) of a total of 1559 cases notified to the Ministry of Health were confirmed by the laboratory. Fifty percent of the cases corresponded to the Central Southern Region, 24 % to the Central Northern Region and 26 to the rest of the country. Sixty percent of the affected population was between 15 an 44 years old but no significant difference was found by sex. Of the total of sampies sent to the CNDR, 25% (623/2504) showed to be positive by rubella serology. In 74% of the negative samples information regarding the days of evolution of the disease was not available or the sample was taken when the patient has 6 or less days of evolution. lntegrated surveillance of febrile diseases was able to detect 33% of the rubella positive samples that carne into the surveillance system with the presumptive diagnosis of febrile disease, measles and dengue, among others. Presumptive diagnosis was not indicated in 10 % out of the total samples sent to the CNDR. Of the samples received with a presumptive diagnosis of rubella, 2% showed to be positive by anti-rubella IgM antibodies. In conclusion, this report showed that the integrated participation of the laboratory within the National Surveillance System is a key supportive element for the epidemiological surveillance of rubella. The laboratory produces basic information for the timely making decision process within the National Health System by confirming the first suspicious cases and making a precise differential diagnosis with other diseases.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Brote epidémico de rubéola</kwd>
<kwd>Síndrome de Rubéola Congénita</kwd>
<kwd>Vigilancia de enfermedades febriles eruptivas</kwd>
<kwd>rubella outbreak</kwd>
<kwd>congenital rubella syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>Febrile Surveillance Program</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020001</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">El citocromo 1A2 (CYP 1A2) en una población universitaria de Costa Rica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González Argüello</surname>
<given-names>Ronald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Depto. de Farmacoloqía</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se investigó la actividad del citocromo 1A2 según sus siglas en inglés (CYP 1A2) en una población estudiantil de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Dicha enzima, de localización básicamente hepática, es importante en el metabolismo de una serie de fármacos de interés clínico, así como en la activación de sustancias pro-cancerígenas. El estudio utilizó como droga sonda la cafeína y una razón de sus metabolitos, detectados en orina, para la valoración de la actividad del CYP 1A2. La población estudiada, 93 sujetos provenientes principalmente de la provincia de San José, muestra una distribución unimodal sin diferencias en cuanto a sexo o edad, como es de esperar. Los valores de la razón de la &quot;CYP 1A2&quot; oscilan entre 0,61 y 9,0 con un promedio de 4,4. Las variaciones que pueden mostrar los individuos en los niveles plasmáticos de fármacos con este tipo de metabolismo, si las hay, no deberán atribuirse simplemente a las diferencias metabólicas hepáticas o a la edad. Deberán buscarse en otros factores que puedan cambiar el metabolismo y la respuesta terapéutica como una hepatopatía, tabaquismo, consumo de anticonceptivos, fármacos inductores o inhibidores y grupo étnico. Para tratar de responder estas inquietudes se están realizando en este momento otras investigaciones. Además, la actividad hepática del CYP 1A2 no debe considerarse, por si sola, como un factor de riesgo que incline la balanza del cáncer hacia uno u otro sexo.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The activity of the citocromo 1A2 was investigated according to its initials in English (CYP 1A2) in a student population of the University of Costa Rica. This enzyme, of basically hepatic localization, is important in the metabolism of a series of drugs of clínical interest, as well as in the activation of pro-cancerigenic substances. The study used like drug sounds out the caffeine and a reason of its metabolites, detected in urine, for the valuation of the activity of the CYP 1A2. The studied population, 93 coming fellows mainiy of San José's county, it shows a distribution unimodal without differences as for sex or age, like it is of waiting. The values of the reason of the CYP 1A2 oscillate between 0,61 and 9,0 with an average of 4,4. The variations that the individuals can show in the plasmatic levels of drugs with this metabolism type, if there are them, they won't simply be attributed to the hepatic metabolic differences or the age. They will be looked for in other factors that can change the metabolism and the therapeutic answer as a hepatic pathology, tobacco, consumption of contraceptive, inductions or inhibitors drugs and ethnic group. To try to respond these restlessness they are being carried out other investigations at this time. Also, the hepatic activity of the CYP 1A2 should not be considered, for if alone, as a factor of risk that inclines the scale of the cancer toward one or another sex.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>actividad CYP 1A2</kwd>
<kwd>sustancias cancerígenas</kwd>
<kwd>CYP 1A2 activity</kwd>
<kwd>cancerigenic substances</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se optimizó y validó un método colorimétrico para la determinación de cobre sérico empleando el ácido bicinconínico, el cual forma rápidamente un complejo violeta con el cobre I. El método presenta linealidad hasta 300 µg/dL y el límite de detección es de 8 µg/dL. La recuperación promedio obtenida fue de 99,7 por ciento. La bilirrubina y otros iones como hierro, calcio, magnesio y zinc no producen interferencia. La imprecisión para sueros con valores bajos, medios y altos mostraron coeficientes de variación de 2,6, 1,8 y 1,2 por ciento en un mismo día y 4,8, 3,0 y 1,5 por ciento día a día, respectivamente. El método correlaciona adecuadamente con el análisis de cobre empleando dibencilditiocarbamato de zinc. Además se comparó la relación cobre total en suero/actividad de cerulopiasmina en pacientes con enfermedad de Wilson y personas normales. Se observó que en pacientes con enfermedad de Wilson esta relación es superior a 2,0 mientras que en heterocigotos y personas que no padecen esta enfermedad la relación es cercana a 1,0. Esta relación podría emplearse como un índice de la concentración de cobre no unido a ceruloplasmina.</p></abstract>
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<kwd-group>
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<kwd>ceruloplasmina</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad de Wilson</kwd>
<kwd>ácido bicinconínico</kwd>
<kwd>copper serum</kwd>
<kwd>caeruloplasmin</kwd>
<kwd>Wilson's disease</kwd>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El satelitismo plaquetario es una condición de descripción poco frecuente y exclusivamente in vitro en muestras de sangre anticoaguladas con EDTA y no está asociada con ninguna manifestación clínica. El fenómeno consiste en el hallazgo de leucocitos polimorfo-nucleares (PMN) formando una especie de rosetas con las plaquetas. Recientemente se describieron dos casos de esta condición en Costa Rica. En este informe se describe un tercer caso aparecido recientemente. El paciente es un adulto de 21 años de edad, sin ninguna manifestación patológica. Cada hora o dos horas se hicieron extendidos de sangre periférico de una muestra anticoagulada con EDTA y mantenida a temperatura ambiente por 12 horas. El porcentaje de satelitismo plaquetario fue exacerbado entre las dos y las 6 horas, cuando más del 90% de los PMN aparecieron formando rosetas con las plaquetas. Luego, esa frecuencia cayó a menos del 50 %. El hallazgo de un tercer caso de esta condición en Costa Rica en un tiempo relativamente corto desde que se describieron los dos casos previos, hace sospechar que se trata de un fenómeno que posiblemente es más frecuente de lo informado en la literatura.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Platelet satellitism is a rare condition of not very frequent description and exclusively in vitro in EDTA treated blood samples, and it is not associated with any clinicas manifestation. The phenomenon consist in the finding of platelet around polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes forming a kind of rosettes. Recently two cases of platelet satellitism were describes in Costa Rica. That report aimed to describes a third case recentiy appeared in this country. The patient is an adult man of 21 years old, without any manifestad pathological signs. Peripheral blood smears made each one or two hours form an EDTA treated blood sample kept at room temperature for 12 hours were analysed. The platelet satellitism was exacerbase in the smears made from 2 to 6 hours, because more than 90% of the PMN appeared forming platelet rosettes. Then, this frequent down at less than 50%. The finding of the third case from Costa Rica in a relatively short time, race the suspicious that platelet satellitism couid be a more frequent phenomenon than is deduced from the medical literatura reports.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>satelitismo plaquetario</kwd>
<kwd>anticoagulante EDTA</kwd>
<kwd>Platelet satellitism</kwd>
<kwd>anticoagulant EDTA</kwd>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>El cromo es un elemento esencial para humanos y animales ya que tiene una función preponderante en el metabolismo de la insulina como factor de tolerancia a la glucosa (FTG). Su deficiencia genera un deterioro del metabolismo de la glucosa por la mala eficiencia de la insulina. Debido a la importancia de este elemento se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva y se presentan algunos estudios realizados con animales de laboratorio y seres humanos, que demuestran con resultados el efecto del cromo sobre el mejoramiento del estado de pacientes diabéticos no insulino dependientes. Se presentan tres sustancias como formas biológicamente activas del cromo: un material rico en cromo conocido como factor de tolerancia de la glucosa, el picolinato de cromo, y una sustancia de bajo peso molecular LMWCr en sus formas apo y holo que contiene cromo que se enlaza al receptor de insulina y mejora su actividad. También se presenta información sobre el estado de la diabetes en Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The Chromium is an essential element for human and animals, because it a preponderant function in the insulin metabolism as a glucose tolerance factor (GTF). The deficiency of chromium engenders a deterioration in the glucose metabolism due to bad efficiency of insulin. Because the importance of this element an exhaustive reference review was made and this presents some studies realized in laboratory animals and in human beings where it is prove with resuits the effect of chromium over the improvement of patients with non-insulin dependant diabetes. Three substances are presented as chromium active biological forms: a material rich in chromium known as glucose tolerance factor, chromium picolinate and a substance of low molecular weight LMWCr in its forms of apo and holo that contains chromium and it links the insulin receptor and improves its activity. Also this paper presents information about the condition of diabetes in Costa Rica.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Cromo</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>glucosa</kwd>
<kwd>insulina</kwd>
<kwd>Chromium</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>glucose</kwd>
<kwd>insulin</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Los actos de bioterrorismo suscitados luego de los atentados terroristas del 11 de septiembre de 2001, reabrieron el interés por revisar los temas relacionados con armas biológicas y las posibles implicaciones bioterroristas. Este es un tema que incluye la definición de armas biológicas, como son los agentes infecciosos, toxinas y la nueva modalidad representada por los biorreguladores (hormonas, citoquinas, neurotransmisores, etc.). En una visión retrospectiva de este tema, surgen los problemas bioéticos de los atroces experimentos diseñados durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el periodo de la guerra fría, que llevaron al perfeccionamiento del armamento biológico, como fue constatado en lrak luego de la Guerra del Golfo. Ante este tipo de investigación hay una reprobación prácticamente mundial por el flagrante irrespeto de los derechos humanos; sin embargo, a veces pasan desapercibidos otros experimentos de pruebas de medicamentos y vacunas que también violan los derechos humanos, pero son cobijados con objetivos que parecen muy beneficiosos para la humanidad, pero cuyos lineamiento éticos pueden estar al lado de esa investigación en armas biológicas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The acts of bioterrorism after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attempts arouse and recaptured the interest to review the theme related with biological weapons and possible bioterrorism implications. Such theme includes the definition of biological weapons as the infectious agents, toxins, and the newest modality represented by bioregulators (hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters, etc.). In a retrospective view of this theme, bioethic problems due to the outrageous experiments designed during the World War II and the period of cool war arose, which lead to the improvement of biological weapons, such as occurred in lraq after the Golf war. This type of research raised the worldwide reprobation because of their flagrant disrespect to human rights. However, sometimes experiments with humans are misperceived such as the probes for treatments or vaccines that also violate the human rights but are masked with objectives that look very profitably to the humanity. Those experiments would be rejected, such as occurred with the research of biological weapons.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
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<kwd>guerra biológica</kwd>
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<kwd>bioética</kwd>
<kwd>Bioterrorism</kwd>
<kwd>biological war</kwd>
<kwd>anthrax</kwd>
<kwd>bioethics</kwd>
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<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000100008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las concentraciones de solutos en soluciones clínicas se expresan usando diferentes unidades simultáneamente. Comúnmente se usan factores para su interconversión, lo que acarrea frecuentemente pérdida de familiaridad con sus definiciones. Para contribuir a mejorar la comprensión y manejo de las diferentes unidades de concentración, se presenta en este trabajo un desarrollo teórico y práctico de las mismas, así como una metodología alterna que facilita la interconversión entre ellas.</p></abstract>
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