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<articles>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Tamización de anticuerpos anti-tripanosoma cruzi en los bancos de sangre de la seguridad social</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Torres Rosales</surname>
<given-names>Ana Lorena</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution>,  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>111</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front>
</article>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Descripción morfológica y ultraestructural de floraciones algales nocivas en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica y su impacto en la salud</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vargas-Montero</surname>
<given-names>Maribel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Freer</surname>
<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica CIEMic Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas</institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Las flotaciones algales nocivas son fenómenos que están bien caracterizados en algunas partes del mundo, debido al impacto que pueden provocar en los ecosistemas, los efectos adversos que estos fenómenos pueden ocasionar en la salud humana y los problemas económicos y sociales asociados a la reducción de ingresos por parte de los pobladores de las regiones afectadas. Costa Rica no es una excepción a estos eventos algales. Desde la década pasada se ha observado un aumento en frecuencia y duración de los microorganismos capaces de originar FAN. Se tiene poco conocimiento sobre la dinámica de estos eventos en nuestro país. En este estudio se recolectaron muestras de agua en diversos sectores del Golfo de Nicoya (long. 85ºW y lat. 10ºN) sobre la superficie y a 5 metros de profundidad. Se encontraron 33 especies de microalgas: 24 especies de dinoflagelados, 8 diatomeas y 1 cianobacteria las cuales fueron analizadas morfológicamente mediante microscopio óptica y microscopio electrónica comparándolas con bases de datos y fuentes bibliográficas describiendo además la probable potencialidad toxica o dañina de cada una de ellas.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The harmful algae blooms are very weil known and characterized phenomena in some parts of the worid, due to the negative impact that they cause in the ecosystems, the adverse effects in the human health together with economic and social problems associated to the decrease in the revenues of the residents of the affected regions. Costa Rica is not an exception to these algae events. From last decade an increase in frequency, and duration of the microorganisms able to originate HAB has been observed. The dynamics and causative factors of these events are not weil known in our country. In this study we collected samples of the water in diverse sectors of the Gulf of Nicoya (long. 85ºW and lat. 10ºN) on the surface and 5 meters deep. We found 33 microalgae species: 24 dinoflagellates species, 8 diatoms and 1 cyanobacteria. They were analyzed, characterized and describes by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy comparing them with public databases and bibliographical sources. We also describes the possible toxic or harmful potential of each specie.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>flotaciones algales nocivas</kwd>
<kwd>fitoplancton</kwd>
<kwd>toxinas marinas</kwd>
<kwd>dinofiagelados</kwd>
<kwd>microalgas</kwd>
<kwd>cianobacterias</kwd>
<kwd>Harmful algae blooms</kwd>
<kwd>phytoplankton</kwd>
<kwd>marine toxins</kwd>
<kwd>dinofiagellates</kwd>
<kwd>microalgae</kwd>
<kwd>cyanobacteria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
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<article-id>S0253-29482002000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Niveles de glicemia y de hemoglobina glicosilada en un grupo de pacientes diabéticos tipo II de la Península de Guanacaste, Costa Rica</article-title>
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<given-names>Leonor</given-names>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,CCSS Hospital de La Anexión </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>133</fpage>
<lpage>144</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>Se determinaron los niveles de glicemia y hemoglobina Glicosilada fracción C (HbA1c) como parámetros de control metabólico en un grupo de pacientes diabéticos previamente definidos. Se confecciona un estudio retrospectivo documentando los dos parámetros mencionados en los diabéticos tipo II controlados en el Programa de Pacientes Crónicos del Hospital La Anexión, Nicoya, Costa Rica, durante el año 2000. Se analiza el número de diabéticos atendidos, los niveles de glicemia y de HbA1c, sexo, años de evolución de la diabetes, el tipo de tratamiento e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se atendieron 443 diabéticos (73,8% mujeres, 54,5% de 60 ó más años de edad), encontrándose un promedio general de glicemia de 158,02 mg/dl, el 24,4% con glicemias (60-110 mg/dl), el 21,7% entre 141-180 mg/dl y el 23,4% con (201 mg/dl ó más). Los pacientes en dieto-terapia ó glibenclamida poseen relación directamente proporcional con menor nivel de glicemia, mientras que los tratados con insulinoterapia con mayor nivel de glicemia. De todos los pacientes con IMC (20-24.9), el 34,5% presentaron glicemias entre 60-110 mg/dl; con IMC (25-29.9), el 26,9% presentó glicemias entre 127-140 mg/dl; con IMC (30-40), el 25,5% glicemias (201 mg/dl ó más) y con IMC (&gt;40), el 55,5% con glicemias (201 mg/dl ó más), como grupos mayoritarios. Al 61,1% de estos pacientes se les hizo la determinación de HbA1c, resultando en pacientes con HbA1c (4% a 7%), (7,1% a 9,9%) y (10% ó más) con 31,7%, 34,3% y 34% respectivamente. El promedio general de HbA1c fue del 8,91%. Al comparar niveles de glicemia y determinaciones de HbA1c reportados se encontró con las glicemias que el 84% con HbA1c (5.9% 6 menos), el 18% con HbA1c (6%), el 8,3% con (HbA1c 7%), el 9% con (HbA1c 8%), el 10,7% con (HbA1c 9%), ninguna con (HbA1c 10%), el 5,9% con (HbA1c 11%) y ninguna con (HbA1c 12% ó más) respectivamente eran correspondientes según los está ndares internacionales. Los diabéticos con HbA1c y tipo de tratamiento y los niveles de HbA1c, el 81% de los diabéticos con dieto-terapia tenían HbA1c (4% a 7%), el 43,2% con sólo glibenciamida tenían HbA1c (7.1% a 9.9%) y el 55,9% con sólo insulinoterapias (sin hipoglicemiantes orales) tenían HbA1c (10% ó más).De los diabéticos con determinación de HbA1c, el 42,9% tenía de 0 a 4 años de evolución de su DM y el 45,7% tenían algún esquema de insulinoterapia. Al comparar años de evolución y niveles de HbA1c se encontró que el 18,4% de los diabéticos de 0 a 4 años de evolución tenían promedios de &lt;7% de HbA1c y el 20,3% con 10 años ó más de evolución tenían HbA1c de 9% ó más, como grupos mayoritarios. Los diabéticos con determinaciones de HbA1c e IMC, presentaron el 14,4% HbA1c (&gt;7%) e IMC (25-29,9) y el 17,3% con HbA1c (&gt;/=9%) e IMC (25-29,9) como grupos mayoritarios. Se concluye que el análisis de los niveles de glicemia y de HbA1c permite evaluar el estado del control metabólico de los pacientes diabéticos, comparar estos resultados con las estadísticas nacionales disponibles y efectuar ajustes en las estrategias de control en estos pacientes. Sin embargo, la determinación de la HbA1c debe ser prioritaria por sobre el nivel de glicemias, ya que la confiabilidad de los reportes de glicemias se ve influida por diversos factores que afectan la adherencia del paciente, mientras que la HbA1c supera ese obstáculo.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>To determine fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in a group of type two diabetic patients of a costarican rural zone, it was performed a descriptive investigation with 443 diabetic patients of the Chronic Patients Program of the Anexion Hospital, Costa Rica during year 2000. The fasting plasma glucose general average was 158,02 mg/dl, ranges 70-110 mg/dl (24,4%), 141-180 mg/dl (21,7%), &gt;/= 201 mg/dl (23,4%). The less body mass index, the less level of fasting plasmaglucose. HbA1c was measured in 61,1% of those patients and the general average was 8,91%, with ranges of 31,7% (HbA1c 4%-7%), 34,3% (HbA1c 7,1%-9,9%) and 34% (10% or more). The comparison between giycemia and HbA1c was oniy good in the 84% patients with HbA1c (5.9% or less), 18% with HbA1c (6%), 8,3% with (HbA1c 7%),9% with (HbA1c 8%), 10.7% with HbA1c (9%), none with HbA1c (10% and 12% or more), The 18.4% of the diabetics with 0-4 years of diagnosis of DM have less that 7% of HbA1c and the 20.3% of diabetics with 10 or more years of DM diagnosis have 9% or more of HbA1c. This is the first study that measure fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in Costa Rica, so we cannot make comparativa analysis. HbA1c report is preferable to monitor the metabolic control of the diabetic population, because the confiability of glycemic reports are influence by many factors that jeopardice the compliance of the diabetics.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>HbA1c</kwd>
<kwd>índice de masa corporal</kwd>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>HbA1c</kwd>
<kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
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<front>
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<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
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<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
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<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Ministerio de Salud  </institution>
<addr-line>Puntarenas </addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas </institution>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>145</fpage>
<lpage>150</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
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<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>Dengue is the most important mosquito-transmitted viral disease. The etiological agent is a flavivirus calied Dengue virus and the main vector is Aedes aegypti, a mosquito adapted to human environment. This disease reemerged in Costa Rica in 1993 and now is endemic in the Pacific cost, mainly in Puntarenas city. The aim of this report is the description of some aspects of dengue in the town of Esparza, Puntarenas, Costa Rica during the last five years. The most important epidemic peak of dengue occurred between June and December 1997, with 1347 cases. That pattern, characterized by the absence of cases during the first five to seven month of each year was stable until 2001. This year there were cases of disease all the months that increase in frequent at the end of the year to get an epidemic peak during January-February of 2002, with 90 and 77 cases, respectively. ls important the evaluation of the possible epidemiological determinants evolved in the change of the pattern of dengue in Esparza; one of the most important factors could be the poor water supplied, because many families adopted the practice of accumulated water containers in their homes and bored wells.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>flavivirus</kwd>
<kwd>Dengue</kwd>
<kwd>Aedes aegypti</kwd>
<kwd>flavivirus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La microscopio electrónica ha avanzado mucho desde su invención hace 60 años y su aplicación en las ciencias biomédicas ha sido muy grande. Paralelo al desarrollo de nueva tecnología en este campo y que ha permitido alcanzar una resolución de 1,4. Å para el microscopio de transmisión y de 30 a 70 Å para el microscopio de rastreo, se le han adaptado a estos microscopios otros aparatos que permiten realizar un análisis elemental de la muestra que está siendo examinada en el microscopio. La ventaja de este procedimiento es que la muestra que está siendo observada en tiempo real puede ser analizada en su composición química sin ser destruida. Adicionalmente es posible realizar un análisis de la distribución de sus elementos en toda la muestra. La aplicación de este nuevo método en las ciencias biológicas es muy amplia. Podemos detectar materiales inorgánicos como el plomo, arsénico, calcio, mercurio, aluminio, etc, en diferentes tejidos del cuerpo, obtenidos de biopsia o autopsia. Una aplicación práctica es el análisis de la composición de cálculos vesiculares o urinarios determinando de esta manera la fisiopatogenia del proceso.</p></abstract>
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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id pub-id-type="pid">S0253-294820020002</journal-id>
<journal-title>Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Rev. costarric. cienc. méd</abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social</publisher-name>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482002000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Diferenciación de Entamoeba histolytica / entamoeba dispar y los nuevos hallazgos en la patogénesis de la amibiasis intestinal</article-title>
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<aff id="A01">
<institution>,Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales  </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution>,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología </institution>
<addr-line> </addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<year>2002</year>
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<volume>23</volume>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>173</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http:/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482002000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p>La introducción de nuevas metodología moleculares ha permitido la diferenciación de Entamoeba histomica de la ameba comensal Entamoeba dispar, morfológicamente idéntica a E. histolytica. Entre los mecanismos de patogenicidad en Entamoeba histolytica se encuentra la presencia de la lecitina de galactosa-galactosamina en la superficie de los trofozoito, responsables de la adhesión a las células intestinales. También se han identificado polipéptidos solubles denominados ameboporos, los que se insertan en la membrana de fa célula blanco e inducen la lisis celular. Además se han caracterizado proteasas de cisteína, capaces de degradar distintos componentes de la matriz extracelular. Las proteasas de cisteína están también involucradas en la evasión de la respuesta inmune por cuanto degradan inmunoglobulinas IgA e IgG, y las anafilotoxinas C3a y C5a. En E. dispar se ha demostrado la presencia de ameboporos y proteasas de cisteína en menor concentración y con menor actividad biológica lo que se cree tiene un impacto en la carencia de patogenicidad de esta especie. Se revisan los nuevos hallazgos en cuanto la epidemiología en distintos países del mundo, utilizando las técnicas moleculares de diferenciación para E. histolytica. En Costa Rica la seroprevalencia por E. histolytica en pacientes con heces positivas por quistes de E. histolyticale / E. dispar fue de 7,3%, por lo que se considera que la mayoría de los pacientes en cuyo examen al fresco se observan quistes se trata verdaderamente de E. dispar, por cuanto la presencia de anticuerpos se utiliza para diferenciar una infección por E. histolytica de una causada por E. Dispar. El referencia al diagnóstico el hallazgo de trofozoitos con eritrocitos fagocitados en heces frescas o biopsias se correlaciona con la presencia de E. histolytica. Por el contrario los quistes de ambos protozoarios son indistinguibles. En la actualidad se dispone de variadas técnicas inmunológicas, algunos comercialmente disponibles, para la detección de antígenos en heces y anticuerpos en suero, para ambos casos la técnica más utilizada es el ELISA.</p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p>The introduction of molecular techniques allowed the differentiation of Entamoeba histomica from E. dispar, a comensal ameba morphologically indistinguisable from E. histolytica. Pathogenic mechanisms of E. histolytica inciudes the presence of a galactosa binding lectin that attachs trophozoites to intestinal epithelial cells. Also pore-forming peptides termed amebopores have been demonstrated, this peptides oligomerize after insertion in the cell membrane and form waterfilled channels through which ions and other molecules can pass, causing cell lysis. Cysteine proteasas have also been characterized as a viruience factor responsable of the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the evasion of the immune response by degradation of IgA, disruption of IgG, and degradation of anaphylotoxins C3a and C5a. The new epidemiological findings around the worid by the use of molecular technics are also discussed. In Costa Rica seroprevalence of 7,3% in E.histoyica / E.dispar cysts positive patients is taken an indication that the majority of the infections are caused by E. dispar. Antibody are present only in E. histoyica infection. As far as diagnosis, the finding of trofozoites with enguifed eritrocytes in fresh fecal samples or biopses correlates with E. histoyica. On the other hand, cysts of both protozoa are indistinguisable. Several immunological technics are available for the determination of antigen in stool samples or antibodies in sera.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Entamoeba histolytica</kwd>
<kwd>Entamoeba dispar</kwd>
<kwd>patogénesis</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiología</kwd>
<kwd>diagnóstico diferencial</kwd>
<kwd>Entamoeba histolytica</kwd>
<kwd>Entamoeba dispar</kwd>
<kwd>pathogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>diferencial diagnosis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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